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raucous.52 Varro is quoted for the rather puzzling statement that the right-hand pipe had one hole and the left-hand pipe two, one of which produced a high note and the other a low one. Virgil too speaks of a 'two-hole melody', and 'two-holed pipes' are mentioned by Athenaeus immediately after Phrygian ones.53 I suspect that these were not pipes with only two finger-holes, but pipes with two parallel tubes of different length or bore, both played with the left hand, while the right hand played a separate single-bore pipe; the longer of the left-hand pipes would serve to provide a deep drone. This is the arrangement found in the Sardinian launeddas, in which musicologists have recognized a unique survival from antiquity. It is a triple clarinet with a shorter pipe played by the right hand and two longer ones, bound together, by the left, the longer of these two being a bass drone.54 The launeddas has no horn, but most of the hornpipes found in Europe and north Africa have two pipes bound together so that one finger closes holes in both at once, and the instrument represented in the eighth-century BC Phrygian figurine mentioned above appears to have been of this type.55 It does not seem, in view of the evidence of art, that this was the only or even the usual form of the Phrygian pipes, but it may have been one variety. |
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From the fourth century BC we hear of a small pipe called gingros, gingras, gingrias, or gingrainos, of Phoenician or Carian origin. It is described as being a hand's span in length, high-pitched and plaintive, and used in teaching beginners.56 Another variant of the name is ginglaros, which according to Pollux is a small Egyptian aulos suitable for playing as a single pipe.57 This suggests that it had enough holes to occupy both hands. The practice of playing a single pipe (monaulos), though rare, had been known since the Archaic age. It is attested by early figurines from Sparta, and by occasional literary references.58 The pipe that was so played was at least in some |
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52 Lucr. 2. 619, Catull. 64. 263 f., Ov. Fast. 4. 190, Sen. Agam. 689, Val. Flacc. 2. 583, etc. Aristid. Quint. p. 85. 4, however, characterizes it as 'feminine, wailing, mournful'. Cf. Acro on Hor. Carm. 4. 15. 30. |
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53 Verg. Aen. 9. 618, Varro ap. Serv. ad loc. (fr. 283 Funaioli), discussed by Howard, 47; Ath. 176f, cf. Poll. 4. 77. |
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54 See Paquette, 237f.; NG ix. 390. |
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55 See NG viii. 719f.; Rimmer, 29. |
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56 Xenophon(?), Antiphanes and others cited by Ath. 174f-175b; cf. Athenion fr. 1. 31, Poll. 4. 76, Hsch.; gingrina, Festus (Paulus) p. 95 M. |
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57 Poll. 4. 82; ginglarion, Anecd. Bekk. 88. 4. |
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58 H. Hofmann, Arch. Anz. 1904. 57 (9th-8th c., unknown provenance, not certainly Greek; Aign, 87); A. J. B. Wace, BSA 15 (1908/9), 137, and in R. M. |
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(Footnote continued on next page) |
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