The Tom
Bearden
Website

Help Support Tom's
Work

THE FINAL SECRET OF FREE ENERGY

ã 1993 T. E. Bearden

A.D.A.S.

P.O. Box 1472

Huntsville, AL 35807

February 9, 1993
(slightly revised March 23,
1993)

Foreword

This paper contains the real secret of tapping the vacuum
energy very simply, using almost any source of potential (battery,
electrostatic generator a la Swiss electrostatic device (the Testatika),
elevated wire wire/250 V/m in the earth/ionosphere potential, etc). The
objective is for the moderately technical reader to understand how to
build and understand not only a single device, but also hundreds of
different kinds of them. While it is quite simple, the "magic principle"
contained in this paper only took me some 30 years to discover.

The precise definitions necessary to understand the free
energy rationale are included. Also included are some very simple pseudo
equations for the process. Do not underestimate these simple pseudo
equations -- they tell the tale that's needed.

Also, there has been little or no time to "dress up" the
paper. It's simply written down very informally, to get the necessary
points across.

Nearly everything fundamental that we've been
taught about EM energy is wrong or incomplete. Even the definition
of energy in physics is wrong! Let me summarize a few of the things
that are wrong with the classical electromagnetics (CEM) model as
follows:

CEM is still utilizing a model based on a material ether.
Although the Michelson-Morley experiment destroyed the material ether
assumption in 1887, the classical EM model has never been corrected. It
also contains no definition of charge, and no definition of potential. In
many cases, algorithms to calculate a magnitude are boldfacedly and
erroneously advanced as "definitions." CEM still prescribes the force
fields as the causes of all EM phenomena; it has been known since 1959
that forces are effects and not causes, that EM force fields exist only in
and on the charged particles of mass in the physical system, and that the
potentials are the primary causes of EM phenomena. The lack of definitive
definitions of mass and force in mechanics is carried over into EM theory;
there is no adequate definition of EM force or of EM mass. The magnitude
of the electrical charge on an electron is not quantized. Instead, it is
discretized, being a function of the magnitude of the virtual photon flux
(VPF) exchange between the vacuum and the charged particle. When the
charged particle is placed in a potential that differs from ambient, then
the magnitude of the VPF -- and hence the magnitude of the electric charge
on the electron -- is altered. The CEM assumption of an "empty vacuum" is
totally falsified by modern quantum mechanics. The CEM notion that EM
force fields and force field waves exist in vacuum is totally false. Only
potentials and potential gradients exist in the vacuum. EM waves in vacuum
are not force field waves as CEM prescribes; instead, they are
oscillations of potentials and potential gradients. Potentials have a
bidirectional EM wave-pair structure, where the bidirectional wave pairs
are phaselocked in a harmonic series. In each wave pair, photons and
antiphotons are continually coupling (into spin-2 gravitons) and
decoupling. This is where gravitation and electromagnetics are unified.
The CEM notion that singular EM forces exist in either matter or the
vacuum is false; Newton's third law requires that all forces exist in
oppositive pairs. Not a single one of the equations universally taught as
"Maxwell's equations" ever appeared in any book or paper by James Clerk
Maxwell; instead, they are Oliver Heaviside's equations. Maxwell's actual
theory was written in quaternions, which is a complete system of
mathematics. The Heaviside/Gibbs vector version

(1) has a lower topology,

(2) is not a complete system of mathematics, and

(3) actually captured only a subset of Maxwell's actual
theory.

Tensor theory does not recapture that which was lost.

There are even more errors in CEM, but these should
suffice to make the point: Classical electromagnetics theory is
seriously flawed, with archaic foundations, riddled with errors, and it
should be completely redone. Until this revamping of CEM is
accomplished, the present model solidly blocks free energy, antigravity, a
unified physical field theory, and a unified theory of mind and matter
interaction.

A second paper this year will detail the exact long-term
causative mechanism for cancer and leukemia, and the exact mechanism for
essentially 100% cure of terminal tumors in laboratory animals,
demonstrated by the Priore team in France in the late 1960s and early
1970s. The same mechanism can be used to cure AIDS.

Throughout the world, humankind is suffering. In the poor
populations of the world, early death is the norm, as is frequent famine.
One third of the human race goes to bed hungry each night. Protein
starvation of children is common. One third of the human race is infected
with worms. Many other diseases ravage the far-flung poor peoples of the
world. They have little or no industries. They have no abundant electrical
power. They have little education, and little modern knowledge. They have
little or no medical treatment. In short, they are born without hope; live
in misery, filth, disease, and poverty, and die without dignity.

Meanwhile, the factories, cities, and enclaves of the
"developed and developing" worlds belch forth fumes, toxic and hazardous
wastes, and pollutants. They also spew forth weaponry which for one reason
or another is used to arm the poorer nations, for use in destroying
themselves and their impoverished neighbors. Warfare, terror, banditry,
despotism, and all the four horsemen of the Apocalypse are truly loosed in
the earth.

We simply must do better than that. And we can do
better than that! But to do better, we've got to make the basics available
to impoverished nations, cheaply and easily. Primary among their needs are
energy and medical treatment. Given those, populations can be stabilized,
people educated, development begun, and the living standard drastically
elevated.

So that is the immediate goal. In this paper, I am freely
giving away what required me an arduous 30 years of my life to discover.
Shortly we will also detail the new methodology for a new therapeutic
science, hopefully to cure the diseases that ravage humanity.

God willing, this paper will trigger a thousand, or even
ten thousand, scientists and engineers to develop overunity energy
devices. If so, shortly we can rid our biosphere of noxious automobile and
factory exhausts, radioactive nuclear wastes, and massive oil spills. We
can remove many of the hydrocarbon combustion pollutants from the air,
stop acid rain and the destruction of our forests, and stop the steady
rise of carbon monoxide in our air. If that truly tends toward a
"Greenhouse" effect, then we can halt that effect as well.

The Creator has always given us bountiful free electrical
energy, everywhere, easily and readily for the simple taking. It has only
been our own blindness and folly that have prevented us from seeing and
using this free energy bounty.

So here is the final secret of abundant, free electrical
energy. Please use the knowledge well and see that its benefits also
accrue to those impoverished ones who need it so desperately. Remember the
adage, "Inasmuch as you have done it to these little ones..."

This is for those little ones. You are our
brothers and sisters. We want you to live. And we want you to have a
better quality of life, not just bare existence. We care.

Tom Bearden

February 9, 1993

THE FINAL SECRET OF FREE ENERGY

ã T. E. Bearden 1993

Some Definitions

The Quantum Mechanical Vacuum: First we need some
definitions. We start by assuming the quantum mechanical
vacuum.1
Empty "spacetime" is filled with an incredibly intense flux of virtual
particles. It is a plenum, not an emptiness. We shall be interested only
in the fantastic flux of virtual photons, for we are discussing
electromagnetics.

Energy and Potential: Energy is any
ordering, either static or dynamic, in the virtual particle flux of
vacuum. EM energy is any ordering, either static or dynamic,
in the virtual photon flux (VPF) of vacuum. That is, for a particular kind
of "field" energy, we simply choose the so-called quantum particle of that
field, and consider only that kind of virtual particle flux.

Potential is any ordering, either static or
dynamic, in the virtual particle flux of vacuum. Hey! That's exactly the
same definition as energy. Quite correct. Energy and potential are
identically the same. Neither is presently defined correctly in
physics.

Energy is normally defined as "Energy is
the capacity to do work." That's totally false. Energy has the capacity to
do work, because work is correctly defined as the dissipation
(disordering; scattering) of energy (order). The scattering of energy is
work. It is not energy! I.e., energy is not definable as its own
scattering!

Look at it this way: A man has the capacity to
catch fish. That is true, but it is not a definition, since a definition
must in some sense be an identity. You cannot say that a man is
the capacity to catch fish! That may be a submitted definition, all
right, but it is false. Similarly, energy has the capacity to do
work; that is one of its attributes. But energy IS the
ordering in the VPF (we are referring from now on primarily only to
EM).

Scalar and Vector Potentials: The scalar
potential is any static (with respect to the external observer)
ordering in the VPF of vacuum. The vector potential is any
dynamic (with respect to the external observer) ordering in the VPF of
vacuum. We shall be interested in the electrostatic scalar potential. So
it is a static ordering -- a stationary template -- in the
VPF of vacuum, much as a whirlpool is a stationary ordering (template,
form) in the rushing flow of a river.

The Scalar Potential Has An Internal
Structure

The Structure of the Scalar Potential: According
to rigorous proofs by Whittaker2 and Ziolkowski,3 any scalar potential
can be mathematically decomposed into a harmonic series of
bidirectional wave pairs. Figure 1 shows this Whittaker/Ziolkowski
(WZ) structure. In each pair, the forward-time wave is going in one
direction, and its phase conjugate (time-reversed) replica wave is going
in the other. According to the so-called distortion correction
theorem4
of nonlinear phase conjugate optics, this PCR wave must precisely
superpose spatially with its partner wave in the pair. The two waves are
in-phase spatially, but 180 degrees out of phase in time.
The wave is made of photons, and the antiwave (PCR wave) is made of
antiphotons. It follows that, as wave and antiwave pass through
each other, the photons and antiphotons are coupling and uncoupling with
each other, because the antiphoton is a PCR photon, and PCR's precisely
superpose spatially with their partner. A photon or antiphoton has wave
characteristics, because it has a frequency; if the wave aspects are
perfectly ordered and perfectly correlated, then so are the photon's
particle aspects.

A Potential Is An Ordering Across the Universe:
So we have -- astoundingly -- perfect VPF inner ordering infolded in the
electrostatic scalar potential! We also have perfect wave/antiwave
ordering infolded in there. When you collect a simple set of charges on a
small ball or in a region, the scalar EM potential from that set of
charges reaches across the universe. In it you have an infinite harmonic
series of phase-locked time-forward EM waves going out from the charges to
all distant points of the entire universe. And you have an infinite
harmonic series of phase-locked time-reversed EM waves coming from all
points of the universe, back to the "collected charges" source.

A Potential Is A River of Energy: The point is,
you have established a mighty, hidden, 2-way river of energy
between that collection of charges and every other point in the universe.
There is infinite energy in each of those infolded waves and antiwaves.
But in a localized region, the energy density in each wave is
finite. Since in finite circuits the potential interacts with a localized
set of mass, we shall be concerned with the local energy density
(joules/coulomb) of the potential.

But forget the conventional myth of visualizing the
potential as pushing a unit charge in from infinity "against the force
field" -- there isn't any force field in the vacuum, as is
well-known in quantum mechanics. Also, Newton's third law requires all
forces to occur in pairs -- each pair consisting of a force and its 3rd
law reaction force. From that viewpoint alone, there is no such thing as
an EM forcefield or force field wave in the vacuum. There are just
gradients of the vacuum potential present in the vacuum. In the
vacuum, an EM wave is actually a wave of the phase locked gradients of the
electrostatic scalar potential and of the magnetostatic scalar potential.
And each such gradient wave is simultaneously accompanied by its phase
conjugate gradient wave, because of Newton's third law.

Newton's third law requires forces to occur in pairs
of equal but antiparallel forces.

Both wave and antiwave co-exist simultaneously in the
vacuum EM wave.5 Therefore it's a stress potential wave, not a force field wave.
It's more like an electromagnetic sound wave,6 and so it is a longitudinal wave,
not a transverse wave. In the EM vacuum wave's interaction with matter
(the so-called "photon" interaction), the wave normally half interacts
with the electron shells of the atom, giving translation forces, while the
anti-wave half interacts with the atomic nucleus, giving the Newtonian 3rd
law reaction (recoil) forces (waves). The EM wave in vacuum is an
electrogravitational wave.

Energy Is Internally Infinite and Unlimited: A
static potential -- which is identically excess energy -- is
internally dynamic and infinite. Energy is internally infinite and
unlimited! But it has a finite energy density in a local region of
spacetime. Since energy interacts with matter locally, we shall be
concerned with the local energy density (joules per
coulomb).

A Principle of Great Importance: The only way you
can have a "chunk" or finite amount of energy to dissipate in a circuit as
work is to first have a potential's local energy density interact with a
local finite mass collector. The normal interacting mass collector is the
free electrons (the free electron gas) in the circuit. You can have, e.g.,
(joules/coulomb x coulomb); (joules/gram x grams); (joules/m3 x m3); etc.

Voltage, Force, Potential Gradients, Loads, and
Work: Now let's look at circuitry aspects. Conventionally they are
a mess. Voltage is "essentially" defined as the "drop in
potential." In other words, it's the dissipation (disordering) of a
"finite amount" of potential gradient. But the only way you can get a
"finite amount" of infinite energy/potential gradient is by first
interacting the potential gradient's internal, finite, excess energy
density with a finite "collector" mass. E.g., (joules/coulomb available
for collection) x (coulombs collecting) = excess joules collected on the
interacting coulombs, available for dissipation.

So voltage is really the dissipation of a finite
collection of excess EM energy/potential gradient. The dissipation
of potential or of its gradient is not potential! You cannot logically
define either potential or energy as is own dissipation!

We presently use the notion of "voltage" in two
completely contradictory ways in electrical physics. Here's how we got the
confusion: We take a potential gradient (which has a local energy
density), and we "collect" it across some charged masses in a locality --
usually the free electrons in the free electron gas in our circuitry. That
is, we express the finite energy density of the potential gradient (before
collection onto charges) in the local region in terms of energy per
coulomb. The potential gradient actually is a change to the ambient
potential, and so it contains an excess energy density (the
magnitude may be either positive or negative). We then collect this
potential (actually this potential density) on a certain number of
coulombs, which places tiny little gradients of potential across (coupled
to) each free electron. The local excess energy density of the potential
gradient multiplied by the amount of collecting mass gives the amount of
excess energy collected (on the interacting charges/coulombs). On each
collecting particle, that little gradient, together with the coupling
particle, constitutes a tiny force. F is not just equal to ma (non
relativistic case); instead, F
º (ma),
where (mass x acceleration) is considered as a unitary, inseparable thing.
So that little potentialized electron (that little EM force)
moves itself around the circuit. In the load (scatterer), the little
potentialized electron (the little force) is subjected to jerks and
accelerations, thus radiating energy (shucking its gradient). Since this
is done in all directions in the scatterer (load), that gets rid of the
gradient, reducing the "little force" (potentialized electron) to zero
because the little potential gradient is lost due to radiation.

Collecting And Dissipating Energy

Energy Dissipation and Collection: Without
further ado, we consider the scalar potential's local energy density in
terms of joules per coulomb. That is, in a specific glob of charges
(i.e., in finite circuits), the amount of energy collected from a
potential gradient onto the finite number of charges receiving/collecting
it, is equal to the number of joules of energy per coulomb that is in the
potential gradient, times the number of coulombs collecting (receiving)
the potential gradient. The current is the activated (potentialized)
coulombs per second that dissipate their potential gradients during that
second. The current multiplied by the time the current flows gives
the activated coulombs that dissipated their activation (potentialization)
during that flow time. Dissipating, activated coulombs multiplied
by the excess energy collected per activated coulomb gives the
energy dissipated (the work or scattering done) in the load.

We define collection as the connection of a
potential gradient (a source) to the charged masses in a circuit element
(the element is called the collector), which for a finite
delay time does not allow its potentialized free electrons to move as
current. In the collector, during this delay time these trapped electrons
are "activated" by potential gradients being coupled to them.

Technically, that delay time in the collector is known as
relaxation time,7 in the case of the free electron gas8 (in a wire or in a
circuit element). A collector then is a circuit element that has a usable,
finite relaxation time. During that relaxation time, the trapped electrons
are potentialized without movement as current; each collecting/receiving
free electron gets a little gradient across it, but no current yet flows.
In other words, during this finite relaxation time (collection time), we
extract potential from the source, but no current. Thus we extract energy
(potential), but no power (which is voltage x amperage). During the
relaxation time, we extract from the source only a flow of VPF, which is
continually replaced in the source by the vacuum's violent VPF exchange
with the source's bipolarity charges. We do not extract power from the
battery/source during relaxation time, but we extract free energy density.
That free energy density, coupling with a finite quantity of electrons,
gives us a collected finite amount of energy. With that background, let's
start again, and go through this in a useful "free energy"
manner.

The Electron Gas. We refer to the conventional
model of the free electron gas in a wire.9 Although the electrons in this gas
actually move by quantum mechanical laws and not by classical laws, we
shall simply be dealing with the "on the average" case. So we will speak
of the electrons and their movement in a classical sense, rather than a
quantum mechanical sense, as this will suffice very well for our
purposes.

When one connects a circuit to a source of potential
gradient (say, to a battery), the first thing that happens nearly
instantly is that the potential gradient races onto the coupling wire and
heads down it at almost the speed of light. As it goes onto the wire, this
gradient "couples" to the free electrons in the free electron gas.
However, inside the wire, these electrons can hardly move down the wire at
all; they can only "slip" once in a while, yielding a "drift" velocity of
a fraction of a cm/sec.10 On the surface, things are just a little bit different.
Most of the "current" in a wire, as is well-known, moves along the
surface, giving us the "skin" effect. [For that reason, many cables are
stranded of finer wires, to provide more skin surface per cm3 of copper, and hence
more current-carrying capability per cm3 of copper.]

So, initially, little gradients of potential appear on
and across each free electron, with a single little Ñf on each electron, and coupled to it. The couplet of [Ñf·me], where me is the mass of the
electron, constitutes a small
DEe.
[This is rigorous; the conventional EM notion that an E field exists in
the vacuum is absurd, and it is well-known in QM that no observable force
field exists in the vacuum. As Feynman pointed out, only the potential for
the force field exists in the vacuum,11 not the force field as such. Or
as Lindsay and Margenau pointed out in their Foundations of Physics, one
does not have an observable

force except when observable mass is present.12]. We have stated it
even stronger: Not only is F = ma, but F º ma (nonrelativistic
case).13
Since no observable mass exists in vacuum, then no observable F exists
there either.

Force, Coupled Gradients, and Electron
Translation

Electrons Coupled to a Potential Gradient Move
Themselves. The point is, when activated by a "coupled potential
gradient," the activated electron moves itself until it loses its
activation (its coupled potential gradient).

Let me say that again, in a little more detail. Forget
the standard notion that a force field such as the E-field causes
electrons to move. Also forget the notion that the E-field is given by E =
-Ñf. In foundations of physics, those
equations are known to be incorrect for the vacuum. EM force fields are
known (in QM foundations theory) to be effects, existing only in
and on the charged particles, and not existing separately at
all,14 or in
the vacuum at all.15 Instead of E = -Ñf, in the vacuum
the correct equation would be something like this: PE = -Ñf.
In this case, we have correctly stated that
the potential gradient PE provides the potential for producing an antiparallel
E-field in and on a coupling/collecting charged mass, and the magnitude
and direction of that potential gradient will be given by -Ñf, if and only if a
charged mass particle is first introduced so that it couples to
PE.

At any rate, the activated/potentialized electron moves
itself. The reason is that it constitutes a force. Force º (mass x acceleration) (non relativistic case). So the
potentialized/activated electron is continuously accelerating. However, it
is prevented from easily moving down the wire directly. To begin to do
that, it essentially has to first move to the outer skin of the copper
conductor.

The Collector: We now consider a circuit element
that we called a collector. (It could be a special coil made
of special material, a capacitor with doped plates rather than simple
conducting plates, or any one of a number of things). The objective is for
the collector to be made of special material so that it has a free
electron gas whose electrons are momentarily not free to move as current
(they continue to move violently around microscopically, but essentially
with zero net macroscopic translation) for a finite delay
(relaxation) time, while they are settling themselves upon the surface and
preparing to move as current. Let's call the electrons NNTE (no net
translation electrons) during that finite delay (relaxation time). During
that "no-current" delay time, the NNTE electrons become
potentialized/activated by the potential gradient impressed across the
collector. So at the end of the NNT time, the NNTE electrons are
potentialized, and each is of the form [Ñf·me].

The Secret of Free Energy

Two Circuits/Two Cycles: We are going to use two
circuits and two cycles, as shown in Figure 2:

(1) We shall connect a collector to a primary
source of potential (to a battery) during the short time that current does
not yet flow, but potential does. (In other words, during the relaxation
time of the collector, we allow the VPF to flow onto the NNTE electrons of
the collector and potentialize (activate) them, but do not yet allow the
electrons themselves to flow as current, but only to move transversely in
the wiring and collector.) This is cycle one of a 2-cycle
process: This is collection of a specific amount of current-free potential
gradient -- power-free energy -- off the potential-source (the battery)
onto a collector. During the collection cycle/time, current does not
and must not flow (we are discussing the ideal case). We are freely
"charging up" the collector as a secondary battery/source.

(2) At the end of the collection
(potentialization/activation) time/cycle in circuit one, the potentialized
collector (the charged secondary source) is sharply switched away from its
connection to the primary potential source (the battery), and at the same
time it is instantly switched into a separate closed circuit with the
load. This is important: In cycle two, the potentialized
collector (with its finite amount of excess trapped EM energy) and the
load are connected in a completely separate circuit, and one that
is closed, with no connection at all to the original source of potential
(in this case, to the battery). Specifically, this "load and potentialized
collector" circuit is completely separate from the primary source; during
cycle two the primary source (the battery) is not connected to
anything.

In other words, all we've taken from the primary source
(the battery) is current-free, force-field-free potential gradient.
So to speak, we've taken a "chunk of potential gradient" from the source,
nothing else. You simply multiply the potential gradient's local energy
density (the so-called "voltage", which is really excess joules per
coulomb) by the number of coulombs of charge that is "activated" (that
"collects" this voltage or excess joules/coulomb) in the collector.
Specifically, we have not taken any power from the battery itself,
and so we have not done any internal work inside the battery upon its
internal resistance, by a "closed circuit electron flow" back into the
battery. We have not permitted such a flow.

Instead, we are using the activated collector as a
temporary, secondary battery. We will utilize this secondary battery
in a conventional manner to power the load, which will also kill the
secondary battery (dissipate its trapped EM energy). But that will
not affect the primary source. The primary source is never used to
directly power the load. It is only used as an infinite source of
potential gradient (i.e., as an infinite source of energy
density).

The Standard Power Extraction Circuit

The Conventional Circuit: We digress momentarily:
In the standard electrical method, the potential source (which is a
bipolarity) is connected across the load. This connects both the external
load and the internal resistance of the battery itself in series, as the
"total circuit load." Electrons then pour through the external load
circuit and through the internal battery resistance, from the "electron
rich" polarity of the source to its "electron poor" opposite polarity. The
scattering of energy in the internal battery resistance is actually doing
work to upset the chemistry that is maintaining the battery's charge
separation (the bipolarity). In this manner, the source's separation of
charges (which is the "gate" furnishing the potential/energy gradient) is
being destroyed as the current flows, and this in turn destroys the source
of the potential gradient.

In other words, normally we, engineers, are trained to
kill the bipolarity, which kills the potential source itself!
Incredible as it may be, we, engineers and scientists, have been trained
to utilize the free "trapped EM energy" furnished by nature through the
source, to destroy the source of the energy/potential, with the same
vigor as they power the external load! In fact, our teachers simply
have never learned any other way to do it except this deliberately
"self-destructive" manner!

A Waterwheel Analogy

Imagine, if you will, a waterwheel that powers a mill,
with a sluice gate upstream in a river, that diverts some river water into
the sluice carrying water to the wheel when the sluice gate is opened into
the river. The diverted water flows down to the waterwheel, turning it,
and the spent water is fed back into the river below the mill site. Now
what fool would connect a pulley onto the waterwheel, with a rope running
from the pulley to the sluice gate, so that when the wheel rotated, part
of the rotational power also was utilized to close the sluice gate and
shut off the water, stopping the waterwheel? If one did so, when the
sluice gate was opened, the waterwheel would rotate only until the sluice
gate was closed, shutting off the water. Then one would laboriously have
to pay to reopen the sluice gate again, then again, then again. No
self-respecting "waterwheel engineer" would do such an unthinkable, insane
thing. But that's exactly what we engineers, electrical physicists, and
scientists have been trained to do! We have no energy engineers or
energy scientists at all; instead, we have all been power
engineers and power scientists. We have all been energy
source killers! In this paper, we shall try to do better, and
rectify "one of the most remarkable and inexplicable aberrations of the
scientific mind which has ever been recorded in history," as Tesla called
the conventional electromagnetics.16 By being energy engineers,
we shall only have to pay for our energy source once, and then we
shall draw as much energy from it as we wish.

External Load Power Is Free; Only The Power In The Source
Costs

Here's the magic secret of free electrical power:
The power in the external load is absolutely free, and it always
has been free.17 In any load circuit, the only power you have
to pay for, and have ever had to pay for, is the power you incorrectly use
to kill your own primary source. The only power that
"costs" more effort/dollars is the power erroneously utilized inside the
source to "close the gate" and kill the primary source. Your electric
power company doesn't pay for any of the collected energy on your load
circuits that is dissipated to power your house. Instead, the power
company charges you for its own ignorance. It charges you for its insane
use of its own freely extracted electrical energy to continually kill the
bipolarity in each of its generators, thus continually killing the free
electrical source of that generator's energy.18

In any electric circuit, we can continue to
indefinitely power the external load indirectly from a
source, so long as we are not so naive as to use any of the free energy we
extract from the primary source to dissipate back inside the primary
source itself and shut it off!

And we can easily and freely multiply electrical
potential. As an example, given a single good source of potential, a
hundred radial wires can be connected to the source. The same potential
will now appear at each of the ends of the hundred wires. A
switcher/collector unit can then operate from each radial line's end, and
power external loads, without "loading" the original primary source. This
"cascading" can be continued indefinitely. A single power plant, e.g., can
power the entire electrical grid of the United States. And a single
automobile battery can power a large, agile, electric automobile at
highway speeds, with sports car acceleration, with unlimited range,
without "refueling," and with no noxious chemical exhaust.

Obvious Impacts

Environmentalists should immediately see that the
chemical pollution of the biosphere by mechanista and processes to obtain
energy can be dramatically reduced, to almost negligible levels. There
need be no huge oil tanker spills, for there need be no huge oil
tankers. There need be no worrisome radioactive wastes from nuclear
power plants, or abandoned hazardous nuclear plants when their life is
finished, because there need be no nuclear power plants. There need
be no noxious exhausts from jet airplanes (which are really what is
diminishing the ozone layer and punching holes in it), automobiles,
trucks, buses, innumerable coal-fired and oil-fired power plants,
etc.

The Electronic Smog Problem

In fairness we point out that, as the usage of free
electrical energy mushrooms, we will be dramatically increasing the
low-level EM signal density of the environment, and that too is
biologically detrimental. Although beyond the scope of this paper, that
cumulative biological damage mechanism has also been uncovered by this
author. A formal paper is presently in preparation for presentation in
March 1993 at the annual meeting and conference of the Alabama Academy of
Science.19
The paper will also present an entirely new definition of cancer, give its
exact long-term cumulative mechanism, and give an exact, scientifically
proven mechanism for eliminating cancer, leukemia, and other debilitating
diseases such as AIDS. For our purposes here, we simply state that we
understand the EM "electronic smog" biological damage mechanism, and how
to go about developing a total counter for it. Eventually, we would see a
small "counter unit" added to each power unit, alleviating the "electronic
smog" problem and preventing biological damage.

Only Dissipate Energy From a Collector, Not the
Source

Completion of the Collection Cycle: But to return
to the completion of our collection cycle (cycle one). During
collection, we have not extracted power from the source. That is
vital. We have not moved the gate through which our source is
furnishing free energy. We have not diminished our primary source. From
our previous definitions of potential, we have indeed extracted trapped
energy from the primary source, because we placed its "local energy
density" across a certain finite collector/mass, instead of extracting
power (dissipating energy inside the source or battery to spoil its
chemistry and deplete its charge separation).

All Energy Is Free

Here's the incredible truth. The entire universe is
filled with mind boggling free energy everywhere, in the simplest of
things. Simply scrape your feet on the carpet, and you will collect
perhaps 2,000 "volts" on your body. At that time, hidden EM energy is
flowing from every point in the universe to your body, and from your body
back to every point in the universe. We know that all macroscopic matter
is filled with stupendous amounts of electrical charge. So an incredible
river of energy -- a great flux -- is driving every single thing, from the
smallest to the largest. Opening a gate to extract trapped EM energy is
simple. Just collect a bit of charge, or scrape your feet hard, or comb
your hair briskly. All we have to do is not be stupid and close the
gate once we've got it opened!

God has been most kind. We have nothing but free energy
everywhere. All energy is furnished to us freely! It's our own
blindness that has made us into energy source killers. All we have to
do is open our eyes to the truth of nature's incredible energy bounty. We
must just freely collect that bountiful fruit from Nature's tree, instead
of chopping down the tree and killing it.

Dissipating The Collected Energy

The Work Cycle: We focus again on cycle two.
Shortly after the now-potentialized collector is connected to the load at
the beginning of cycle 2 (the power cycle, or energy dissipation
cycle, or work cycle), the potential gradient across the
potentialized collector is connected (transferred) across the free
electrons in the load circuit. We assume that the material of the
collector and the switching time have been designed so that, shortly after
switching to the loading/work cycle, the activated/potentialized free
electrons in the electron gas in the collector reach the skin of the
collector, and are free to move as current.

So just after the beginning of cycle two, each of the
free electrons in the load circuit now is potentialized and free to move
down the wiring. Each potentialized (activated) electron has its own
little individual potential gradient across it and coupled to it, due to
the overall potential gradient from the collector. Remember, prior to
coupling to charges, this potential gradient moves through the circuit at
light speed. An EM potential gradient coupled to a charged mass
constitutes an EM force field (excess trapped EM energy per
coulomb, times the number of collecting coulombs). Now each little free
electron with its potential gradient forms a little E-field
(force/charge), and that little E-field (force/charge) is free to move.
That's all it takes to move (accelerate) the little activated electron's
mass through the load (the scatterer). We strongly stress that the
potentialized/activated electron moves itself. It doesn't care whether
or not the external battery is attached or not. It is its own little
motorboat, with its own little engine driving it.

As the little potentialized electrons reach the load (the
scatterer), they bang and clang around in there erratically. That is, the
"scatterer" (load) causes spurious accelerations ("scatterings") of these
self-driven electrons. As is well-known, when a charge is accelerated, it
radiates photons. What actually happens is that these little "jerked
around" electrons shuck off their little potential gradients in the load
(in the scatterer, or the "jerker-arounder") by emitting/radiating photons
in all directions. Hence the heat that is produced in the load; the heat is just these scattered photons. The
theory of calorimetry already states that all the excess energy (on the
potentialized electrons) will be dissipated as this heat (scattered EM
energy).

When all the potentialized electrons have radiated away
their potential gradients in the load (scatterer), they are no longer
potentialized. The free electron gas is again "quiescent" and no longer
potentialized/activated (again, we are talking about "on the average" from
a classical viewpoint).

Repetition and Review

Notice What We've Done: We took some trapped EM
energy density (a chunk of potential gradient, a "voltage" before current
flows) from the source, by switching that potential gradient (energy
density, which is joules per coulomb) onto a collector (containing a
certain number of coulombs of trapped charges) where the potential
gradient activates/potentializes/couples-to these temporarily non
translating electrons. So the finite collector collected a finite amount
of excess energy [joules/coulomb x collecting (trapped) coulombs] on its
now-excited (activated) free electrons. Then, before any current has yet
flowed from the source, we switched that potentialized collector (with its
temporarily restrained but potentialized electrons; with their finite
amount of excess trapped EM energy) away from the source and directly
across the load. Shortly thereafter, the relaxation time in the collector
expires. The potentialized electrons in the collector are freed to move in
the external load circuit, consisting of the collector and the load, and
so they do so. The scattering "shock collisions" due to the erratic
electron accelerations in the load shake off the little potential
gradients on the conduction electrons, emitting photons in all directions,
which we call "heat." In shaking off the photons, the electrons lose their
little potential gradients, hence lose their activation (excess EM
energy).

Rigorously, we have extracted some energy in trapped
form, and allowed it to dissipate in the load, "powering the load" for a
finite discharge/dissipation time and doing work.20 Contrary to the conventional
electrical power engineering, we have also done this without doing any
work inside the source to diminish its ability to furnish potential
gradient.

What Is Energy In An Electric Circuit?

Energy in an Electric Circuit: Here's the
principle loud and clear. Energy in an electric circuit
involves only the potentialization and depotentialization of the electron
carriers in that circuit.21 It involves only the potential gradient (the joules per
coulomb) collected by the circuit to potentialize its electrons, and the
number of coulombs of electrons that are potentialized during the
collection phase. Electric circuits simply utilize electrons as carriers
of "potential gradients," from the source to the load, where these
gradients and the activated electrons constitute excess trapped EM energy.
In the "shocking/scattering" occurring in the load, the jerking
(acceleration) of the electrons causes these activated
(trapped-energy-carrying) electrons to shuck off their potential gradients
by emitting them as scattered photons (heat).

If one is thoughtless enough to allow the primary
potential source to remain in the circuit during the "work" phase, then
one is using the potentialized electrons to also go back into the primary
source and scatter energy from its internal resistance (internal load),
thereby disorganizing the organization that was producing the source
potential and energy in the first place. If one does that, then all
the while one is getting some work (scattering of energy) in the load, one
is also steadily getting some work done inside the primary source to
steadily destroy it! Literally, one is killing the goose that lays the
golden eggs.

Continued Operations: But back to our circuit.
After we complete one full collection/discharge cycle, we wish to continue
producing work in the external load. So we simply switch the collector
back away from the load and onto the primary source, collect some more
current-free potential, and again independently switch the collector with
its repotentialized free electrons back across the load. We can repeat
this two-cycle process to potentialize the external load and power it as
long as we wish, from a battery or other source of potential, and never
take any power at all from the primary battery. We do not need to drain
the battery or source at all, in order to power a load, unless we attempt
to power it directly. Powering the external load is always
free!

Nature has been most kind, and we have been most
ignorant. You can have all the trapped electrical energy you wish,
from any source of potential, for free. You can power all the
external loads you wish, for free, by using a collector as a secondary
source, and simply shuttling potential between the primary source and the
collector.22
But you cannot have power for free from (in) the potential source. If you
allow current flow in your collection cycle, you are depleting the
separated charges inside the battery that are furnishing the source
potential.

The Coal-Fired Locomotive

Rigorous Analogy of a Coal-Fired Locomotive. Now
here's an exact analogy, to assist in understanding. Imagine a coal-fired
train, and a fireman shoveling coal. He has an external load/scatterer of
energy (the fire in the firebox under the boiler). He has a primary source
of potential/energy (the coal car). No fireman in his right mind would
ignite the coal in the chute of the coal bin, to try and get some heat
energy into the firebox! [That is, he would not attempt to extract
power from the source. Yet that's exactly what all we engineers are
trained to do at present.] Instead, the fireman takes out (collects) a
finite amount (a shovelful) of coal (trapped energy). Coal per se
(the potential gradient) has a certain energy density per unit volume
(trapped joules per unit volume of coal) and the shovel (collector) has a
certain volume. Accordingly, the shovelful of coal contains a certain
amount of trapped joules of energy. In the fireman's shovel (the
collector), the energy remains in totally trapped form, as coal not
afire and without its trapped energy being dissipated as work. [He
doesn't act like a fool and ignite the coal in the shovel either!] He then
throws that shovel of coal (collected trapped energy) onto the fire
(scatterer), completely separately from the coal bin/source. He continues
to repeat his shoveling cycle, and each shovelful of coal added to the
fire dissipates additional energy, powering the load.

The Free Energy Principle

All potential gradient (trapped excess energy density) is
free for the taking.23 The potential is due to the violent VPF exchange
between the vacuum and the separated bipolar charges furnishing the source
potential gradient. The energy of the entire universe is flowing through
that source potential. You can have as much of this internal VPF flux
energy (potential) as you wish, as often as you wish, so long as you don't
demand current (which is power, or the rate at which the energy is
being freed and dissipated). It's really simple. You can have all the
trapped energy you wish, from any source. You cannot connect to the
source and start to dissipate the energy as power, however, without
starting to close the "gate" from which your free trapped energy is
coming.

In other words, here's the iron rule: If you
draw current, you kill the bipolarity gate furnishing the potential
gradient (source of energy density). In that case, you kill the
source. If you do not draw current, you do not kill
the bipolarity gate and you do not shut down the source.
In that case, you can continue to "use" it and extract trapped EM
energy from it forever.

Definitions Again

Definitions: I'll put down some simple equations,
that may help to explain it more exactly. First we repeat some
definitions.

Energy is any ordering imposed upon the
virtual particle flux of vacuum. EM energy is any ordering
imposed upon the virtual photon flux of vacuum. Static
energy is an ordering (a template) which is stationary with
respect to the external observer. Dynamic energy is an
ordering (a template) which is not stationary with respect to the external
observer.

Potential: Any ordering imposed upon the
virtual particle flux of vacuum. Scalar potential is an
ordering (template) that is not moving with respect to the external
observer. Vector potential is an ordering (template) that is
moving with respect to the external observer.

The scalar EM potential is any static (with
respect to the external observer) ordering imposed upon the virtual
photon flux of vacuum. Etc.

Note again that energy and potential have exactly the
same definition. Potential is in fact trapped energy. Scalar
EM potential is static EM energy (to the external observer) or
trapped (collected) EM energy. In other words, if one takes off a
differential of potential onto a fixed number of coulombs, one takes off a
certain magnitude of trapped EM energy. In other words, one takes out a
shovelful of coal from the coal car.

Importance of Separation of Charges

We Must Not Dispel the Separation of Charges In Our
Source: The difference in our coal-fired train analogy and our
electrical circuit is that, in the coal train, the coal in the coal car is
not automatically and continually replenished. Also, the coal in the coal
car has already been collected by the mass of the coal car, so it is not
infinite. In the electrical circuit, the potential gradient in the primary
source is continually replenished, automatically, and it is infinite
(though it has a finite energy density). The reason is simple. EM
potential (in the normal sense) is actually a virtual photon flux exchange
between the vacuum (the entire vacuum, all over the universe) and a
charged particle or collection of charged particles.24 Thus the potential
(gradient) is a powerful energy flux, pumped by the vacuum and the entire
universe, that continues automatically, so long as we do not allow the
collected charges in our bipolarity source to be dissipated. In terms of a
battery, we achieved separation of charges inside the battery by chemical
action, and we paid for that initially. Once separated, the charges
essentially stay separated (because of the chemistry) unless we foolishly
do something to dissipate them, such as upsetting the chemistry, so they
are no longer separated positive from negative. So if we don't do anything
to these separated charges, they continue to be driven by their fierce
exchange of virtual photon flux with the vacuum/universe. If we then
simply extract some of that flux exchange, without moving the charges, we
are directly "gating" trapped EM energy from the vacuum/charged particle
VPF exchange.25

The Potential Is Infinite And So Is Its Energy
Content

You Can't Dip The Ocean Dry With a Spoon: Let's
say that another way. The charged particles in our potential source are in
a constant, seething, equilibrium exchange of trapped EM energy with the
entire universe. That energy exchange is so enormous that, if we gate some
of it out to collect on some other "temporarily frozen" charges and
potentialize/activate them, the vacuum flux doesn't even miss it. It's
like dipping a spoonful of water out of the restless ocean. The hole is
instantly filled, and the water replenished. We can dip with that spoon as
much as we wish, and the ocean will never run dry, but will simply
continue to furnish us water, spoonful by spoonful.

The same is true in our electric circuits. We can have
all the potential (trapped EM energy density) we wish, for free, from a
single source, so long as we do not allow work to be done inside the
source to close off our "gate" and kill our primary source.

The Twisted Concept of Voltage

Before We Develop Some Pseudo-Equations: In the
equations we wish to develop, we have one problem, due to the lack of
insight of conventional electrical physicists. That is, they have insisted
upon "measuring" and expressing both the infinite potential
(nondissipated) and a certain quantity of potential (dissipated) in
volts. So they say "a potential of so many volts." That's
nonsense, and totally erroneous. Rigorously, a voltage is a drop or a
dissipation of so much (a finite amount of) collected excess
potential/energy. You "measure" the voltage in a voltmeter by impressing a
potential gradient upon the electron gas in the circuitry, wherein you
collect or get in your voltmeter so much [(joules/coulomb) x coulombs]. A
tiny current (coulombs/second) from this internal collection then flows
for a finite time through the resistance of the voltmeter. So you
dissipate (joules/coulomb) x (coulombs/second) x (seconds), which gives a
certain amount of energy dissipated as work in moving the needle of the
voltmeter. The voltmeter is calibrated so that it effectively indicates
the collected energy per coulomb that was dissipated, and it calls
that entity voltage. It involves a finite amount of energy
that has already been dissipated as work, and it's a measure of the local
energy density of the potential in terms of joules/coulomb. It is
not a measure of the potential proper. It's after the fact; the
extracted (collected) potential gradient it actually refers to existed in
the past, before the work (dissipation of the collected trapped energy)
was done. To refer to the potential before its dissipation as
"voltage" is precisely the same as confusing the future with the past. A
"potential (difference) of so many volts" is actually a statement that "a
potential difference of so much energy per coulomb" could be dissipated in
a load, if it were connected to the load so that a finite amount of energy
was collected, and this finite load-collection was allowed to dissipate as
power (volts/coulomb x coulomb/sec) for a finite time, yielding work. It's
even worse, but it would take a textbook to straighten out this one error
in EM theory.

So we'll leave it at that, and we'll adapt the notion of potential the
way it is corrupted in electrical circuit theory. There it's used not
really as energy, but rather as excess energy per coulomb of
potentialized charge. I apologize for that difficulty, which is not of
my own making, but I must use the conventional notion if we are to greatly
clarify the pseudo equations.

The Equations of Free Energy

The Pseudo-Equations: Let us use the following
subscripts and letter convention, and develop the nomenclature needed:

T =
trapped
d = dissipated or dissipating

m = translated
(moving)
K = energy

V = volts = potential drop (potential dissipated) =
previously collected potential radiated
away as heat in a load, doing work on the load in the process. Unfortunately, we shall also have to speak of a
potential gradient that is not being
dissipated, so we shall have to speak of "trapped volts" which is erroneous, but complies with the common
usage.

f = electrostatic scalar
potential.
Coul = coulombs

i = amperes = Dissipating potentialized coulombs per
second flowing, so amps are something
translating, always. Amps are excited coulombs, per second, that are dissipating their excitation.
With superconductivity excluded, you only
have amps when you have a potential drop
across a load. So we will speak of amps as "dissipating," meaning that potentialized electrons are
traveling through a load, dissipating their
activation (gradients) in the load by
radiating scattered photons (heat).

n = number of electrons in a coulomb = 6.3 x
1018
electrons/coulomb

Here are the pseudo equations (superconductivity is
excluded):

ampm = could/sec = n electronsm/sec = n electronsd/sec [1]

Df = VT (as conventionally referred to). It would be volts if
all [2] of it were dissipated, but it is
not yet dissipated, so it is sort of
"trapped volts". Erroneous, but the common use. So we will speak (somewhat distastefully) of "trapped
volts" and "dissipated volts."

Vd x ampd x sec = watts x sec = power x time = work = Kd [3]

Vd x could/sec x sec = (work) = Kd [4]

In the switching, we switch KT to Kd so

KT Þ Kd [5]

But VT x coulT = KT [6]

Or

[VT] = [KT]
/ [coulT] = trapped
energy/trapped coulomb [7]

[KT] = [VT] x
[coulT] = amount of trapped energy, each cycle [8]

So that's what we were getting at. The amount of trapped
energy you can transfer (in other words, how much coal you get in one
shovelful) depends upon the number of trapped electrons you have in the
trapped free electron gas in the collector, and the potential gradient you
apply to those trapped coulombs to potentialize them.

Relaxation Time and Semiconductors

Relaxation Time: The time it takes for the free
electrons in a conductor (or material) to reach the skin of the wire after
potential is applied, is, of course, called the relaxation
time. During that time, the free electrons in the gas are
"trapped" insofar as producing current (dissipation of the potential) is
concerned. However, immediately after the relaxation time ends, current
begins and dissipation of the trapped energy begins.

In copper, the relaxation time is incredibly rapid. It's
about 1.5 x 10-19 sec. However, in quartz it is about 10 days! So as you
can see, we need to get somewhere in between these two values, and so we
will have to "mix" or "dope" materials. We must get a sufficiently long
relaxation time so that we can switch and collect comfortably in cycle
one, then switch into cycle two for dispersion of the freely collected
energy in the collector. However, the relaxation time we get must also be
short enough to allow quick discharge in the load, as soon as we switch
the primary source away from the collector. Actually, we need a
degenerate semiconductor material instead of plain
copper.

Degenerate Semiconductor Material: A
semiconductor material is intermediate between a good
conductor and an insulator. It's a nonlinear material, and doped. A
degenerate semiconductor material is one which has all its
conduction bands filled with electrons, and so it thinks it is a
conductor. That is, a degenerate semiconductor is essentially a doped
conductor, so to speak. As you can see, we can increase the relaxation
time in our "conductors" connected to the source by making them of
degenerate semiconductor material. What we're talking about is
"doping" the copper in the wire, and in the collector, so that we can have
plenty of time to collect, and switch, and discharge, and switch, and
collect, etc.

Now in a doped conductor (degenerate semiconductor), we
can tailor the relaxation time by tailoring the doping. We must dope the
copper before we make the wire. Why would we wish to do that? We want to
overcome the single problem that so far has defeated almost all the
"overunity" researchers and inventors.

WHEN YOU CONNECT TO A SOURCE, YOU CAN ONLY EXTRACT
CURRENT-FREE POTENTIAL -- FREE "TRAPPED EM ENERGY" -- DURING THE ELECTRON
RELAXATION TIME IN THE CONNECTING CONDUCTORS AND SUCCEEDING CIRCUIT
COMPONENTS. AFTER THAT, YOU'RE STEADILY EXTRACTING POWER, AND THE ENERGY
EXTRACTED FROM THE SOURCE IS BEING PARTIALLY DISSIPATED IN THE
RESISTANCE/LOADING OF THE CIRCUIT, AND PARTIALLY DISSIPATED IN THE
INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF THE SOURCE. IN THE LATTER DISSIPATION, YOU'RE ALSO
DISSIPATING YOUR SOURCE BY DOING WORK ON IT INTERNALLY TO KILL
IT.

Good Copper Wire: Bane of Overunity Inventors:
Many destitute inventors, tinkering and fiddling with overunity
devices, finally get something (a circuit or device) that does yield more
work out than they had to input. At that point, they usually conclude that
it's simply the specific circuit configuration and its conventional
functioning that produces the overunity work. However, usually as soon as
this configuration is more carefully built with very good materials, boom!
It isn't overunity anymore. The inventors and their assistants then
desperately bang and clang away, getting more frustrated as the years
pass. The investors get mad, sue for fraud, or get in all sorts of
squabbles. The scientists who tested it and found it wanting, pooh-pooh
the whole thing as a scam and a fraud, or just a seriously mistaken
inventor. Scratch one more "overunity" device.

Most of these inventors got their successful effect (and
possibly erratically) when they were struggling with inferior, usually
old, usually corroded materials. Actually, the more inferior, the
better. The more contaminated/doped, the better!

The moment you wire up your circuit with good copper
wire connected between the battery or primary source and any kind of
load including the distributed circuitry loading itself, you can forget
about overunity. You will lose it in the copper, after the first 1.5 x
10-19
second!

Think of a really good conductor such as copper as an
essentially linear material. Linear means energy
conservative. Overunity can only be done with a highly nonlinear effect.
So your "conductors" have to be made of nonlinear materials. In fact, they
have to be made of degenerate semiconductor material.
For the type of circuitry we are talking about, the copper has to be doped
and then made into "doped copper" wiring. You also have to utilize the
primary battery only to potentialize a collector (secondary
battery/source), and then use this secondary battery source to
conventionally power the load while also killing itself.

The Wiring And the Collector Must Be of Degenerate
Semiconductor (DSC) Material.26 A good materials
scientist/engineer, together with a decent electrodynamicist, can readily
design and tailor some doped copper wiring so that the material in the
wiring is a degenerate semiconductor material, with a target (desired)
relaxation time. That's what you should use to make the wiring to connect
up your source to the collector with, and that type of material is also
what you use in your collector. You can use either a coil or a capacitor
as the collector, but its "conductive" material has to be degenerate
semiconductor material -- in short, it must be doped to have the proper
relaxation time. From the collector to the load, however, obviously you
want to use a good conductor material. Ordinary copper will do nicely
there.

Once you do that, you're in business. When making the DSC
material, simply tailor the relaxation time to something which is easily
switched. For example, take one millisec. With a relaxation time of that
long, switching is easy. In fact, one could even use good mechanical
switching. Or easily use inexpensive ordinary solid state switching,
without having to go all the way to nanosecond switching.

Then, in the collector, you calculate the number of
"trapped coulombs" you have. Take the "trapped voltage" (current-free
potential's energy density per coulomb) you extract from the source during
the electron relaxation time after the collector is connected. Multiply
the number of trapped coulombs in the collector by the trapped voltage
during collection, and you have the amount of energy in joules that you
extract FOR FREE, without paying for it, from the source during every
collection cycle.

Sources, Collectors, and Power

Tapping Vacuum Energy. You're getting the excess
electrical energy directly from the vacuum, as we briefly pointed out
above. The vacuum will freely replenish all the "trapped voltage" you
extract from the primary source during the electron relaxation time. It
won't replenish a single bit of "dissipated voltage" (power) you extract
from the source.

Note that the same considerations apply in the collector.
It's got to have a somewhat longer electron relaxation time. Its electrons
stay "unrelaxed" during the collection cycle, and allow for some
additional switching time to connect to the load. The "trapped voltage"
across the collector multiplied by the number of trapped coulombs in it,
gives the number of joules of FREE EM ENERGY you extract and get into and
onto the collector (the shovel). In other words, that's your "shovelful of
coal." You then throw the "shovelful" onto the fire/load -- you simply
disconnect the collector from the primary source and connect it across the
external load. The collector (secondary battery) now powers the load and
its own internal resistance, "killing" itself while furnishing the energy
for powering the external load as well.

The Source Can Be Almost Anything: You can use as
a source a simple elevated wire, to "tap" potential from the 200-300
volts/meter between earth and ionosphere. Here again, you need to utilize
calibrated, doped wire.

Finally, you must adjust the repetition switching in
accordance with the discharge time through the load. In other words, you
have a serial process as follows:

(1) extract trapped energy (potential) from the source
onto the collector, Dt1.

(2) Switch the collector off the source, onto the load,
during time Dt2.

(3) Wait while the collected energy in the collector
discharges through the load, during
time Dt3.

(4) Switch the collector back off the load and onto the
potential source, during time
Dt4. That completes one cycle.

The serial timing simply is [Dt1 + Dt2
+ Dt3 + Dt4].

If you balance all the doping and the materials design,
and correlate the switching, you can get all the free energy you wish.
Properly utilized, a single car battery can be used to power an
electric automobile indefinitely.  Or even to power a
battleship.  In the real world, of course, you will
inevitably have a tiny bit of loss as you go, because there's a finite
(though high) resistance between the two poles of your battery. Handling
that is a piece of cake. Simply run a separate little collection circuit
to collect a little bit of trapped EM energy from the slowly leaking
source, and ever so often feed the collected energy back into the battery
as power, to "reseparate" the charges (charge the battery) and replace the
small amount of the primary source's potential gradient that has been
lost. The battery, load, and "trickle charger" then become a
closed-circuit free-energy source that will last for years and
years.

Limited Only By One's Imagination: Of course you
can see many variants; this is just the "master key." You can have
multiple collectors, collecting trapped energy simultaneously or in
sequence off a single source, and pooling their collected energy to more
powerfully power the load. You can utilize a very high "voltage", such as
in the Swiss electrostatic overunity device, to increase the energy
collected per coulomb in each switching (in each shovelful) in accord with
equation [8]. For a battery, you can set a separate little collector/load
device to trickle-charge the battery, overcoming the small normal "leakage
current" that does occur in batteries and in real circuits and devices.
The opportunities are endless. You can put in a unit to take mostly only
power-free energy from the "power line" feeding your business or home,
reducing your utility bill by -- say -- 90%. Or you can simply build a
small home power unit to do the whole job, for only a few hundred dollars.
This simple secret can be used to power the world, cheaply and cleanly,
and to clean up the biosphere.

Conclusion

Well, there you have it. I've given you the benefit of
what required most of my adult life to discover. The definitions advanced
in this paper are rigorous. It took years of sweat and tears to come up
with them. They're simple, but they will change your entire understanding
of electromagnetics, power, and energy once you grasp them. Please read
them, and ponder them, several times. One or two readings will not be
sufficient to fully grasp what is said here.

Also, hopefully, by this time, the reader is beginning to
experience the same emotions as I experienced when I finally discovered
how simple it all really was. First one wants to laugh for about
two hours at how truly ignorant we've all been. Then one wants to
cry for about two hours for the same reason. This could all have
been done a century ago, if we had ever really understood
electromagnetics.

We've had this electromagnetics around for over 100 years
-- Maxwell's book was published in 1873. We got it wrong, starting right
with Maxwell and his use of the material ether, which was almost
universally assumed at the time. Still, by using quaternions, Maxwell
succeeded in packing a great deal more in the model than even he himself
recognized. When the vector aspects interacted to form a zero resultant
translationally, those active interactants were still in there and
still fighting and interacting. The scalar component of the quaternion
remained, and infolded those struggling vectors and functions of them
inside itself. In short, it captured the case where the electromagnetic
energies are involved in translation actions which nullify each other
translationally (electromagnetically). However, the energies are still in
there in the continuing interactants inside the zero vector resultant. As
such, they are trapped EM energy. And it is the trapped EM energy inside a
mass -- not the mass per se -- which is responsible for gravitation. In
other words, Maxwell's theory already correctly captured the
unification of the gravitational field and the electromagnetic field in
1873.

Then Heaviside et al forced Maxwell's theory into a
vector framework, throwing out the scalar component, and discarding the
unification of gravitation and electromagnetics along with it. Serious
errors were made and still exist in many of the fundamental definitions;
in fact, many of them aren't definitions at all. Nearly every engineer and
physicist can readily calculate potentials -- all, of course, on
the "dissipation" side where the potentials are actually the amount of
potential that was collected upon a collector and then dissipated. I could
find hardly a single physicist who really knew what a scalar potential was
prior to a finite amount being collected and dissipated as voltage. Yet
99% of them firmly believed they understood the potential.

So now you have the results of this researcher's long and
arduous quest for the golden fleece. Please go forward with it, to make
this a better and cleaner world for everyone.

Just remember that the control and use of energy is
personal power. The control and use of absolute energy is the control and
use of absolute personal power. In the old adage, power corrupts and
absolute power corrupts absolutely.

Please use it wisely.

NOTES AND REFERENCES

1. For a good discussion of the modern quantum mechanical
view of the vacuum, see I. J. R. Aitchison, "Nothing's plenty: the vacuum
in modern field theory," Contemporary Physics, 26(4), 1985,
p. 333-391. See also T. D. Lee, Particle Physics and Introduction to
Field Theory, Harwood Academic Publishers, New York, 1981 --
particularly Chapter 16, "Vacuum as the source of asymmetry." See Timothy
Boyer, "The classical vacuum," Scientific American, Aug. 1985, p.
70; Walter Greiner and Joseph Hamilton, "Is the Vacuum really Empty?",
American Scientist, Mar.-Apr. 1980, p. 154; Jack S. Greenberg and
Walter Greiner, "Search for the sparking of the vacuum," Physics
Today, Aug. 1982, p. 24-32; Richard E. Prange and Peter Strance, "The
superconducting vacuum," American Journal of Physics, 52(1), Jan.
1984, p. 19-21; R. Jackiw and J.R. Schrieffer, "The decay of the vacuum,"
Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 190, 1981, p. 944. See Paul Davies,
Superforce, Simon and Schuster, 1984 for a layman's overview of
modern physics, including the modern view of the vacuum.

2. E. T. Whittaker, "On the partial differential
equations of mathematical physics," Mathematische Annalen, Vol. 57,
1903, p. 333-355. Since the scalar potential actually consists totally of
a set of hidden bidirectional EM waves, then scalar interferometry
is possible, and not just an oxymoron as it would seem without considering
the inner wave structure of the scalar potential. Two scalar potentials
(each of which is a multi-biwave set) can interfere; it is just a special
kind of multiple wave interferometry between their internal wave
compositions. This is a major point of profound impact on physics.
Whittaker in fact showed that all classical EM could be replaced by
such scalar EM potential interferometry. See E. T. Whittaker, "On an
expression of the electromagnetic field due to electrons by means of two
scalar potential functions," Proceedings of the London Mathematical
Society, Series 2, Vol. 1, 1904, p. 367-372. Further, scalar
interferometry has been proven; today it is called the Aharonov-Bohm
Effect. See Y. Aharonov and D. Bohm, "Significance of Electromagnetic
Potentials in the Quantum Theory," Physical Review, Second Series,
115(3), Aug. 1, 1959, p. 458-491. For confirmation and discussion, see
Bertram Schwarzschild, "Currents in normal-metal rings exhibit
Aharonov-Bohm Effect," Physics Today, 39(1), Jan. 1986, p. 17-20.
For an extensive discussion of the Aharonov-bohm effect and an extensive
list of references, see S. Olariu and I. Iovitzu Popescu, "The quantum
effects of electromagnetic fluxes," Reviews of Modern Physics,
57(2), April 1985. Modern scientists have generally been unaware of the
inner wave structure of the interfering potentials and have utilized only
quantum mechanical theory for the interference. Consequently, they have
been able to experimentally establish the AB effect for only a few
thousand Angstroms distance. With the Whittaker formulation, the AB effect
becomes distant-independent, because the necessary potentials can be
fabricated as laser-like beams, simply by assembling the proper Whittaker
multibeam set. Also, Ignatovich pointed out that the Schroedinger
potential can also be decomposed into just such an internal bidirectional
EM wave set. See V.K. Ignatovich, "The remarkable capabilities of
recursive relations," American Journal of Physics, 57(10), Oct.
1989, p. 873-878.

3. See Richard W. Ziolkowski, "Exact Solutions of the
Wave Equation With Complex Source Locations," Journal of Mathematical
Physics, Vol. 26, 1985, p. 861; "Localized Transmission of Wave
Energy," Proc. SPIE, Vol. 1061, Microwave and Particle Beam Sources and
Directed Energy Concepts, 1989, p. 396-397; "Localized Transmission of
Electromagnetic Energy," Physical Review A, Vol. 39, p. 2005;
"Localized Wave Transmission Physics and Engineering," Physical Review
A, 1992, (in Press); "Localized wave transmission physics and
engineering," Proc. SPIE Conference on Intense Microwave and Particle
Beams II, Los Angeles, CA, vol. 1407, Jan. 1991, p. 375-386. See
Richard W.Ziolkowski, Amr M. Shaarawi, and Ioannis M. Besieris, Nuclear
Physics B (Proc. Suppl.), Vol. 6, 1989, p. 255-258; R.W. Ziolkowski,
and D.K. Lewis, D.K., "Verification of the Localized Wave Transmission
Effect," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 68, 1990, p.6083; Richard
W. Ziolkowski, Ioannis M. Besieris, and Amr M. Shaarawi, "Localized Wave
Representations of Acoustics and Electromagnetic Radiation,"
Proceedings of the IEEE, 79(10), Oct. 1991, p. 1371-1378; I.M.
Besieris, A.M. Shaarawi, and R.W. Ziolkowski, "A bidirectional travelling
plane wave representation of exact solutions of the scalar wave equation,"
Journal of Mathematical Physics, 30(6), 1989, p. 806; A.M.
Shaarawi, I.M. Besieris, and R.W. Ziolkowski, "A novel approach to the
synthesis of nondispersive wave packet solutions to the Klein-Gordon and
the Dirac equations," Journal of Mathematical Physics, 31(10),
1990, p. 2511; "A nondispersive wave packet representation of photons and
the wave-particle duality of light," UCRL-101694, Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 1989; "Diffraction of a classical wave
packet in a two slit interference experiment," UCRL-100756, Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 1989; "Localized energy pulse
trains launched from an open, semi-infinite, circular waveguide,"
Journal of Applied Physics, 65(2), 1989, p. 805; R.W. Ziolkowski,
D.K.Lewis and B.D.Cook, "Experimental verification of the localized wave
transmission effect," Physical Review Letters, 62(2), 1989, p. 147;
R.W. Ziolkowski and D.K. Lewis, "Verification of the localized wave
transmission effect," Journal of Applied Physics, 68(12), 1990, p.
6083; M.K. Tippett and R.W. Ziolkowski, "A bidirectional wave
transformation of the cold plasma equations," Journal of Mathematical
Physics, 32(2) 1991, p. 488; A.M. Vengsarkar, I.M. Besieris, A.M.
Shaarawi, and R.W. Ziolkowski, "Localized energy pulses in optical fiber
waveguides: Closed-form approximate solutions," Journal of the Optical
Society of America A, 1991.

4. For a precise statement of the distortion correction
theorem, see Amnon Yariv, Optical Electronics, 3rd Ed., Holt,
Rihehart and Winston, New York, 1985, p. 500-501.

5. Both wave and antiwave co-exist in the vacuum
simultaneously, forming a stress wave. The entity that is stressed is the
rate of flow of time. In the common interaction with matter, the
time-forward half of the stress wave normally interacts with the electron
shells of the atom, giving electron translations forces. The time-reversed
or anti-wave half interacts with the nucleus, giving the Newtonian 3rd law
reaction (recoil) forces. The so-called "EM wave" in vacuum is a
gravitational wave. It is a wave of oscillation of the rate of flow
of time. It is rather like a sound wave in air, as Tesla pointed out, and
it is a longitudinal wave, not a transverse "string" wave.

6. As pointed out by Nikola Tesla. Tesla was correct, and
all the textbooks with their transverse "string" waves are in error.
There are no strings in the vacuum!

7. E.g., see Clayton R. Paul and Syed A. Nasar,
Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1982, p. 113.

8. E.g., see Clayton R. Paul and Syed A. Nasar, ibid., p.
100-101. See also Raymond A. Serway, Physics For Scientists And
Engineers, With Modern Physics, Saunders College Publishing,
Philadelphia, PA, 3rd Ed., Updated Version, 1992, p. 752-755.

9. Sommerfield's theory of metallic conduction was based
on Drude's concept that the outer valence electrons of a conductor, which
do not form crystal bonds, are free to migrate through the crystalline
lattice structure, and so to form an electron gas. At room temperature, by
quantum mechanical considerations, these free electrons are moving
randomly, but at an average velocity on the order of 106 meters per sec. E.g.,
see Martin A. Plonus, Applied Electromagnetics, McGraw Hill, New
York, 1978, p. 54-58, 62-3, 376-7. If you wish to know just how much power
exchange is driving the collisions of the electron gas in a copper wire,
here is an illustration. In one cubic centimeter of copper wire, the power
exchange in and out of the electron gas is some 4 billion billion watts.
That's the equivalent of 4 billion large electric power plants, each of
1,000 megawatt capacity. And one cubic centimeter of copper is a lump
about the size of the end of our little finger.

10. E. g., see Raymond A. Serway, ibid., p. 743-744 for a
discussion and calculation of the electron drift velocity in copper.

11. Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, and Matthew
Sands, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley, New York,
Vol. 1, 1963, p. 2-4. In the classical EM theory launched by Maxwell and
later modified by Heaviside et al, this problem did not exist for the
original theoretical formulation. In that formulation by Maxwell, and
continued by Heaviside, a material ether is assumed for the model. The
Michelson-Morley experiments of 1887 destroyed the notion of the material
ether, but the classical electromagnetics model has never been corrected
to rectify its very serious foundations flaw in this respect.

12. Robert Bruce Lindsay and Henry Margenau,
Foundations of Physics, Dover Publications, New York, 1963, p.
283-287. Note on p. 283 that a "field of force" at any point is actually
defined only for the case when a unit mass is present at that point. In
spite of this, most classical electrodynamicists continue to adhere to the
notion that the EM field exists as such in the vacuum, but do admit that
physically measurable quantities such as force somehow involve the product
of charge and field. E.g., see J.D. Jackson, Classical
Electrodynamics, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1975, p.
249. Note that holding such a concept is tantamount to holding on to the
material ether, and assuming that the vacuum itself is "measurable" or
"observable."

13. The formula F = ma is simply an algorithm for
calculating the magnitude of the force. It states that "the magnitude of
the force is equal to the magnitude of mass that is accelerating,
multiplied by the magnitude of the acceleration." No such "equals" formula
is a definition; it is only a calculational algorithm.

14. This falsifies one of the assumptions in the common
notion of the scalar potential; that its gradient in vacuum is a force
field. Let us falsify another part of the conventional concept of the
potential. Take the notion of forcibly pushing in "against the field" of a
trapped charge, a unit charge from infinity. At any point you stop, the
work n you have done on the unit charge is equal to the value of the
potential, so it is said. Actually, you pushed in a one-coulomb collector,
and have collected and dissipated as work n joules of energy on that one
coulomb. In other words, the energy density of the potential there, if
collected and dissipated on a collector, is n, where n is joules per
coulomb (NOT joules!). To prove it: suppose we go out on 10,000 radials
from that point, and push in from infinity 10,000 unit charges from
infinity. Then, the total work done "against the potential gradient
("field", in common language) is now 10,000 n. This makes no sense at all
from the conventional view (which carefully refrains from multiple
collectors!). It makes good sense from our view of the potential as having
infinite energy but a finite energy density. In that case, the more
collectors, the more energy collected, for dispersal as work.

15. For a discussion, see Y. Aharonov and D. Bohm,
1959.

16. Nikola Tesla, "The True Wireless," Electrical Experimenter,
May 1919, p. 87.

17. The power in the load is always the time rate of
dissipation of energy that has just been freely collected by the load for
dissipation.

18. One can foresee a day in the not too distant future
when any power company continuing to do such an unthinkable thing will
have a class action suit brought against it by its customers!

19. T. E. Bearden, "Mechanism for Long-Term Cumulative
Biological Effects of EM Fields and Radiation," March 1993 (in
preparation).

20. Precisely analogous to a heat pump's operation -
which as is well-known can readily be "over unity" in its efficiency. The
maximum efficiency of the heat pump is about 8.22. E.g., see David
Halliday and Robert Resnick, Fundamentals of Physics, 3rd Edition
Extended, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1988, Volume 1, p. 510-519. Good
heat pumps normally have about 4.0 efficiency.

21. External power in an electric circuit refers to the
dissipation rate (in the circuit's external load) of the potential
gradients on the activated/potentialized electrons. Internal power refers
to the dissipation rate in the circuit's bipolarity source.

22. We call strong attention to T.W. Barrett, "Tesla's
Nonlinear Oscillator-Shuttle-Circuit (OSC) Theory," Annales de la
Fondation Louis de Broglie, 16(1), No. 1, 1991, p. 23-41. In this
important paper, Barrett shows that a higher topology EM, such as
quaternion EM, allows many things to be accomplished with circuitry that
are not apparent to a conventional vector or tensor analysis of that
circuitry. He also shows the Nikola Tesla's circuits accomplished this
higher topological functioning.

23. It is easy to test this. Connect several different
wires to a single source of potential gradient. With respect to ground,
the end of each one of those wires has the same potential gradient as does
the original source with respect to ground. If you connect 10 wires to a
single "100-volt" potential gradient source, you will have ten 100-volt
potential gradients appear. You can use each of these ten potential
gradients as a primary source. From each of these new primary sources, you
can branch ten more, and now have a hundred potential gradient sources.
You can treat each of these hundred new sources now as a primary source.
To each one, you can add a switcher, collector, and external load, and
drive all 100 loads. Or instead, you can put ten
switcher/collector/external load circuits with each of the hundred new
primary sources, and power all 1,000 external loads. Energy/potential is
free from any source, so long as you do not demand power from the same
source.

24. Per Whittaker and Ziolkowski, this VPF exchange --
from consideration of its wave aspects -- consists of a harmonic series of
bidirectional waves.

25. We are easily permitted to have free energy and
violate the "local energy conservation law for a closed system." This is
because the system is not closed, and so instead we must apply local
energy conservation for an open system with a hidden source. In any
given time interval, the energy taken (scattered) from the system as
external work cannot exceed the sum of the unscattered trapped energy that
was in the system initially and the unscattered energy that flowed into
the system during that time interval.

26. You can actually do away with the separate collector,
and utilize the doped copper DSC material itself as the collector.
However, you will not be able to collect nearly so much energy in each
collection cycle, for dissipating in the load in the subsequent work
cycle.

Figure 1a.  Internal wave structure of
the scalar potential.

Figure 1b.  Internal wave structure of
the scalar potential (end).

Nondissipative components are
shown
by dotted lines.

Dissipative components are
shown by
solid lines.

Figure 2.  The secret of extracting and
using free energy.

Additional
Comments - 12 March 1993

Update - 5 February 1994

Update
- 13 May 1994

Help Support Tom's
Work