Jean Fouquet: The Trinity with the Virgin Mary 
From the Book of Hours of Etienne Chevalier (Chantilly) 
The mandala encloses the three identical male figures composing the Trinity and a fourth, female figure, together with the four symbols of the Evangelists, three in the form of animals and one (Matthew) in the form of an angel. Mary is Queen of the Angels. (CL pp. 64ft. and 107ft.) 

PSYCHOLOGY 
AND RELIGION: 
WEST AND EAST 
c. G. JUNG 

TRANSLATED BY R. F. C. HULL 
ROUTLEDGE & KEGAN PAUL 
LONDON 

61451 j 0 
FIRST PUBLISHED 1958 
~ BY ROUTLEDGE & KEGAN PAUL LTD. BROADWAY HOUSE, 68-74 CARTER LANE LONDON E.C.4 
/3F 23 
, J76:<. vU 
THIS EDITION IS BEING PUBLISHED BY ROUTLEDGE & KEGAN PAUL LTD. IN ENGLAND AND BY BOLLINGEN FOUNDATION IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. THE PRESENT VOLUME IS NUMBER 11 OF THE COLLECTED WORKS, AND WAS THE SEVENTH TO APPEAR. 
PRINTED IN THE U. S. A. 

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EDITORIAL NOTE 
The title Psychology and Religion: West and East calls for comment, since no single volume can cover lung's publications on a subject that takes so prominent a place in all his later works. To a full understanding of lung's thesis on religion a thorough grasp of his theory of the archetypes is essential, as well as a knowledge of several other of the volumes of the Collected Works, of which Aion and Psychology and Alchemy may be singled out. 
It could, therefore, be said that the Editors would have been better advised to group all these works under the general title Psychology and Religion) rather than confine this title to a single volume. It will not be out of place to remember that lung's definition of religion is a wide one. Religion, he says, is "a careful and scrupulous observation of what Rudolf Otto aptly termed the numinosum." From this standpoint, lung was struck by the contrasting methods of observation employed by religious men of the East and by those of the predominantly Christian West. 
The main part of the title is that of the Terry Lectures for 1937, its general applicability being evident; but the volume has a particular aim, which the subtitle West and East clarifies. Thus the division into two parts, "Western Religion" and "Eastern Religion," reflecting lung's idea that the two are radically different. 
In the original "Psychology and Religion," which introduces Part One, lung expounds the relation between Christianity and alchemy. This connection he has worked out in greater detail in Psychology and Alchemy) where he says that "alchemy seems like a continuation of Christian mysticism carried on in the subterranean darkness of the unconscious." There follow in this volume "A Psychological Approach to the Dogma of the Trinity," translated for the first time into English, and "Trans- 
v 

EDITORIAL NOTE 
formation Symbolism in the Mass," which presents alchemical and Aztec parallels to the Christian ritual. Part One ends with the provocative essay "Answer to lob." These three works, all original researches of distinctive importance, are especially sig- 
~ficant because they penetrate to the heart of Christian symbolism and shed new light on its psychological meaning. Part One also contains two forewords, of particular interest because the books they introduce both illustrate the relevance of lung's work for religious thinking; a short essay on the Swiss saint, Brother Klaus; and two essays on the relation be~ween psychotherapy and religious healing. 
It is worthy of note that most of the works on Eastern religion in Part Two are commentaries or forewords, in contrast with the authoritative tone of lung's writings on Christianity and alchemy. This fact confirms what should be clear from all his work: that his main interest has been in the psychology of Western man and so in his religious life and development. 
It may be a matter for surprise that the foreword to the I Ching, which closes the volume, is included here; it is a document that would scarcely be termed religious, in the common usage of that word. If, however, lung's definition cited above be kept in mind, and if it be remembered that the earlier interpretations of what is now known as synchronicity were essentially religiousin lung's sense and that the I Ching was studied by the most illustrious of the Eastern sages, the intention of the Editors will be apparent. lung's commentary on The Secret of the Golden Flower might equally well have come into the second part of this volume, but because of the many analogies between this Taoist text and alchemy, the Editors have placed it in Volume 13, Alchemical Studies. 
"" 
Grateful acknowledgment is made to the School of American Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico, for a quotation from the Anderson and Dibble translation of Sahagun; to the Clarendon Press, Oxford, for passages from M. R. lames, The ApocrYPhal New Testament; the Oxford University Press, for Professor lung's commentary on The Tibetan Book of the Great Libera- 
VI. 

TRANSLATOR'S NOTE 
tion; and the Harvill Press and the Henry Regnery Company for Professor lung's foreword to God and the Unconscious. 
The frontispiece is from a photograph by Giraudon, Paris, of an illustration in the Book of Hours of Etienne Chevalier, Conde Museum, Chantilly. 
TRANSLATOR'S NOTE 
I wish to make grateful acknowledgment to the following persons, whose various translations have been consulted to a greater or less degree during the preparation of this volume; Miss Monica Curtis, for help derived from her perceptive translation of extensive portions of "Transformation Symbolism in the Mass," published as Guild Lecture No. 69 by the Guild of Pastoral Psychology, London, and of which certain passages are incorporated here almost verbatim; Father Victor White, O.P., for the use of his translation of the foreword to his book God and the Unconscious; Dr. Horace Gray, for reference to his translation of "Brother Klaus" in the Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases; Mr. W. S. Dell and Mrs. Cary F. Baynes, for reference to their translation of "Psychotherapists or the Clergy" in Modern Man in Search of a Soul; Dr. lames Kirsch, for making available to me his private translation of "Answer to lob," prepared for members of a seminar he conducted at Los Angeles, 1952-53, and also for his helpful criticism during personal discussions; Mrs. Cary F. Baynes, for reference to her translation of "Yoga and the West" in Prabuddha Bharata and for the use with only minor alterations of her translation of the foreword to the I Ching; Miss Constance Rolfe, for reference to her translation of the foreword to Suzuki's Introduction to Zen Buddhism; and Mrs. Carol Baumann, for reference to her translation of "The Psychology of Eastern Meditation" in A rt and Thought. Acknowledgment is also made to Mr. A. S. B. Glover for his translations of many Latin passages throughout as well as for the index. 
vu 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 
EDITORIAL NOTE TRANSLATOR'S NOTE 
PART ONE: WESTERN RELIGION 
I 
Psychology and Religion 
Originally published in English: The Terry Lectures of 1937 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, and London: 
Oxford University Press, 1938); here revised and augmented in accordance with the Swiss edition (Zurich: Rascher, 1940). 
1.	The Autonomy of the Unconscious, 5 
2.	Dogma and Natural Symbols, 34 
3.	The History and Psychology of a Natural Symbol, 64 
I I 

v: 

A Psychological Approach to the Dogma of the Trinity 107 Translated from "Versuch zu einer psychologischen Deutung 
des Trinit1itsdogmas," Symbolik des Geistes (Zurich: Rascher, 
1948). 
Introduction, 109 
1. Pre-Christian Parallels, 112 
I. Baby lonia, ll2. - 11. Egypt, ll5. - Ill. Greece, 117 
IX 

	Psychoanalysis and the Cure of Souls 	3~ 
Translated from "Psychoanalyse und Seelsorge," Ethik: 
Sexual- und Gesellschatts-Ethik (Halle), V (1928). 
V 
	Psychotherapists or the Clergy 	3: 
Translated from Die Beziehungen der Psychotherapie zur Seelsorge (Zurich: Rascher, 1932). 
2.	Father, Son, and Spirit, 129 3. The Symbola, 138 
1. The Symbolum Apostolicum, 141. - 11. The Symbolum of Gregory Thaumaturgus, 142. - Ill. The Nicaenum, 143. - IV. The Nicaeno-Constantinopolitanum, the Athanasianum, and the Lateranense, 144 
4. The Three Persons in the Light of Psychology, 148 I. The Hypothesis of the Archetype, 148. - Ii. Christ as Archetype, 152. - Ill. The Holy Ghost, 157 
5. The Problem of the Fourth, 164 
I. The Concept of Quaternity, 164. - 11. The Psychology of the Quaternity, 180. -Ill. Genera] Remarks on Symbolism, 187 
6. Conclusion, 193 
I I 1 
	Transformation Symbolism in the Mass 	201 
Translated from "Das Wandlungssymbol in der Messe," Von den Wurzeln des Bewusstseins (Zurich: Rascher, 1954). 
1.	Introduction, 203 
2. The Sequence of the Transformation Rite, 208 
1. Oblation of the Bread, 208. - 11. Preparation of the Chalice, 209. - Ill. Elevation of the Chalice, 212. - IV. Censing of the Substances and the Altar, 212. 
-V. The Epiclesis, 213.-VI. The Consecration, 214. 
- VII. The Greater Elevation, 216. - VIII. The Post· 
Consecration, 216. - IX. End of the Canon, 2 18. x. Breaking of the Host ("Fractio"), 218. - XI. Consignatio, 219. - XII. Commixtio, 219. - XIII. Conclusion,220 
3. Parallels to the Transformation Mystery, 222 
1. The Aztec "Teoqualb," 222. - 11. The Vision of Zosimos,225 
4. The Psychology of the Mass, 247 
I. General Remarks on the Sacrifice, 247. - 11. The Psychological Meaning of Sacrifice, 252. - Ill. The Mass and the Individuation Process, 273 
x 

CONTENTS 
IV 
Foreword to White's God and the Unconscious Originally translated from a manuscript and published in English in the book by Victor White (London: Harvill, 1952; Chicago: H. Regnery, 1953). 
Foreword to Werblowsky's Lucifer and Prometheus Originally translated from a manuscript and published in English in the book by R. J. Zwi Werblowsky (London: 
Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1952). 
Brother Klaus 
Translated from a book review in the Neue Schweizer Rundschau (Zurich), new series, I (1933). 
VI 
Answer to Job 
Translated from Antwort aut Hioh (Zurich: Rascher, 1952). 
Prefatory Note, 357 Lectori Benevolo, 359 Answer to Job, 365 
Xl 

3 
35 

	~v,~ ~ L'~ ~" 	CONTENTS 

PART TWO: EASTERN RELIGION 
V I I 

	The Holy Men of India 	5 
Translated from the introduction to Heinrich Zimmer, Der Weg zum Selbst (Zurich: Rascher, 1944). 

Psychological Commentary on The Tibetan Book of 
	the Great Liberation 	475 
Originally published in English in the book (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1954). 
1. The Difference between Eastern and Western Thinking,475 
2. Comments on the Text, 494 

IX 
Foreword to the I Ching 
Originally translated from a manuscript and published in English in The I Ching) or Book of Changes) translated by Cary F. Baynes from the German translation of Richard Wilhelm (New York: Pantheon Books [BoIIingen Series XIX] and London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1950). This is the Baynes translation of the Foreword with minor revisions. 

5 

Psychological Commentary on The Tibetan Book of the Dead 
Translated from "Psychologischer Kommentar zum Bardo Thodol," in Das Tibetanische Totenbuch) 5th edition (Zurich: Rascher, 1953). 
V I I I 
Yoga and the West 
Originally translated from a manuscript and published in English in Prabuddha Bharata (Calcutta), February 1936. 

509 / 
529 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 
INDEX 

6 
6 

Foreword to Suzuki's Introduction to Zen Buddhism 538; Translated from the foreword to D. T. Suzuki, Die Grosse 
Befreiung: Einfuhrung in den Zen-Buddhismus (Leipzig: 
Curt Weller, 1939). 

The Psychology of Eastern Meditation 
Translated from "Zur Psychologie ostlicher Meditation," Symbolik des Geistes (Zurich: Rascher, 1948). 
Xll 

558 / 

xiii