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PHUM PINR PTER PGOV PREL PREF PL PM PHSA PE PARM PINS PK PUNE PO PALESTINIAN PU PBTS PROP PTBS POL POLI PA PGOVZI POLMIL POLITICAL PARTIES POLM PD POLITICS POLICY PAS PMIL PINT PNAT PV PKO PPOL PERSONS PING PBIO PH PETR PARMS PRES PCON PETERS PRELBR PT PLAB PP PAK PDEM PKPA PSOCI PF PLO PTERM PJUS PSOE PELOSI PROPERTY PGOVPREL PARP PRL PNIR PHUMKPAL PG PREZ PGIC PBOV PAO PKK PROV PHSAK PHUMPREL PROTECTION PGOVBL PSI PRELPK PGOVENRG PUM PRELKPKO PATTY PSOC PRIVATIZATION PRELSP PGOVEAIDUKNOSWGMHUCANLLHFRSPITNZ PMIG PREC PAIGH PROG PSHA PARK PETER POG PHUS PPREL PS PTERPREL PRELPGOV POV PKPO PGOVECON POUS PGOVPRELPHUMPREFSMIGELABEAIDKCRMKWMN PWBG PMAR PREM PAR PNR PRELPGOVEAIDECONEINVBEXPSCULOIIPBTIO PARMIR PGOVGM PHUH PARTM PN PRE PTE PY POLUN PPEL PDOV PGOVSOCI PIRF PGOVPM PBST PRELEVU PGOR PBTSRU PRM PRELKPAOIZ PGVO PERL PGOC PAGR PMIN PHUMR PVIP PPD PGV PRAM PINL PKPAL PTERE PGOF PINO PHAS PODC PRHUM PHUMA PREO PPA PEPFAR PGO PRGOV PAC PRESL PORG PKFK PEPR PRELP PREFA PNG PGOVPHUMKPAO PRELECON PINOCHET PFOR PGOVLO PHUMBA PRELC PREK PHUME PHJM POLINT PGOVPZ PGOVKCRM PGOVE PHALANAGE PARTY PECON PEACE PROCESS PLN PRELSW PAHO PEDRO PRELA PASS PPAO PGPV PNUM PCUL PGGV PSA PGOVSMIGKCRMKWMNPHUMCVISKFRDCA PGIV PRFE POGOV PEL PBT PAMQ PINF PSEPC POSTS PHUMPGOV PVOV PHSAPREL PROLIFERATION PENA PRELTBIOBA PIN PRELL PGOVPTER PHAM PHYTRP PTEL PTERPGOV PHARM PROTESTS PRELAF PKBL PRELKPAO PKNP PARMP PHUML PFOV PERM PUOS PRELGOV PHUMPTER PARAGRAPH PERURENA PBTSEWWT PCI PETROL PINSO PINSCE PQL PEREZ PBS
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### Viewing cable 02ABUJA1327, NIGERIA: A LOOK AT THE EDO STATE TIP PROBLEM

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Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
02ABUJA1327 | 2002-04-29 16:46 | 2011-08-25 00:00 | UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY | Embassy Abuja

`

    This record is a partial extract of the original cable. The full text of the original cable is not available.

` `

    UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 05 ABUJA 001327

    SIPDIS

    SENSITIVE

    DEPT FOR G/TIP, INL, DRL AND AF/RA

    DOL FOR ILAB

    E.O. 19358: N/A
    TAGS: PHUM KCRM KWMN NI IT
    SUBJECT:  NIGERIA:  A LOOK AT THE EDO STATE TIP PROBLEM

    Sensitive but Unclassified -- Protect Accordingly.

    1.(SBU) Summary:  A visit to Edo State, the core of
    the trafficking-in-persons (TIP) problem in Nigeria,
    revealed the dimensions of the steep challenge facing
    law enforcement agencies and social service providers.
    Criminality is widespread in Edo and much of the
    economy is fueled by remittances and other money
    generated by commercial sex trafficking.  Attempting
    to make a dent in this problem are a few local NGOs,
    including one started by the State Governor's wife.
    Post will submit separately (to USAID/WID) a proposal
    for prevention and protection projects in the state.
    End Summary.

    2.(U) RNLEO, USAID's Democracy and Governance Officer,
    and INL FSN visited Benin City, Edo State, April 18-19
    for discussions with state government officials and
    local NGOs  about the commercial sex trafficking
    problem from this state to Europe.  This trip
    coincided with the visit to Lagos and Edo State of
    Italian police, immigration and Ministry of Justice
    officials from Turin and the head of Italy's anti-
    trafficking NGO "TAMPEP."

    Recent History
    --------------

    3.(U) Edo State emerged as the source of African
    prostitutes in Italy in the mid- to late-1980's.
    Thousands of young girls and women from Edo State now
    walk the streets and work the brothels of cities like
    Turin, Milan and Genoa.  Edo residents are unable to
    explain fully the genesis of this phenomenon, but the
    trafficking linkage to Italy is now firm and
    pronounced.  The Nigerian government (GON) estimates
    that 17,000 Nigerian girls, most from Edo State, work
    in Italy under coercive circumstances as prostitutes.

    4.(U) In late 2001, the Italian government negotiated
    a repatriation agreement with the GON, allowing for
    the efficient repatriation of large numbers of
    Nigerian women and girls (and a few men) found in
    Italy without valid immigration documents.  Most of
    these girls and women arefrom Edo State.  The
    agreement has dramatically increased the number of
    charter flights returning the trafficking victims to
    Nigeria.  Since the beginning of the year, almost 400
    TIP victims have been flown back to Nigeria, compared
    with a total of about 500 repatriated in all of 2001.

    5.(U) According to the Italian officials visiting
    Benin City, the Italian government also adopted a TIP
    law in 1998 allowing for trafficking victims to remain
    in Italy and eventually obtain citizenship if they
    "denounce" their traffickers or brothel operators,
    i.e. cooperate with police in investigating and
    prosecuting the syndicates behind the trade in women
    for sex.

    Edo's Criminal Economy
    ----------------------

    6.(SBU) State officials and NGO workers assert  the
    trafficking business is king in Edo State.  When asked
    to what extent the trafficking business affects the
    state's GDP, one official scoffed, "It IS the state's
    GDP!"  Many claim there is hardly a family in Benin
    City without a relative who is or has been involved in
    the sex trade in Italy.  According to one contact, the
    Western Union office in Benin City is flooded daily
    with transfers of hard currency remittances from
    Italy.  (Comment:  This tracks with detailed
    information recently shown to RNLEO by the Italian
    ambassador to Nigeria depicting huge money flows from
    Italy to banks and Western Union in Benin City.  End
    Comment.)

    7.(SBU) No one can adequately explain the Edo
    trafficking phenomenon; why and how one state of
    Nigeria has become the dominant source of sex
    trafficking from Nigeria to Italy and other countries
    in Europe is not completely understood.  Nevertheless,
    this trend has become self-sustaining as former
    trafficking victims recruit others to take their place
    or their perceived success in earning hard currency,
    coupled with economic deprivation at home, drives
    others to follow.  Mrs. Iki Igbinedion, the Governor's
    wife, claims the indigenous Bini culture has been
    corrupted; the export of sex workers is not only
    tolerated but flaunted in some instances.  Too many
    parents are proud to display the items purchased with
    the remittances earned by daughters in bonded sexual
    work in Europe.  Some husbands even send their wives
    to work in the brothels of Europe in order to increase
    the household income.  This stands in contrast with
    traditional Bini values that abhor prostitution, she
    asserts.

    The Code of Silence
    -------------------

    8.(SBU) According to the police and local NGOs,
    traffickers obtain the silence of girls who sign up
    for what they think will be great economic
    opportunities through the use of  rituals based on
    local traditional religions.  Submitting to these
    rituals performed by "traditional" priests, the girls
    takes oaths not to betray their "sponsors"
    (traffickers) or the brothel operators for whom they
    will work in Italy.  The explicit threat of breaking
    these oaths is punishment of the parents or relatives
    of the girls.

    9.(SBU) These oaths, coupled with a country-wide
    mistrust of the police and other government
    authorities, form the greatest obstacle to fighting
    the TIP trade effectively.  Despite the new offer of
    immigration amnesty to TIP victims who denounce their
    traffickers and madams, Italian police find few
    Nigerian girls and women willing to testify against
    these criminals.  Similarly, police in Nigeria
    interviewing returned victims find little success in
    building criminal cases, though corruption and a lack
    of commitment also are factors in the lack of law
    enforcement efforts against the well-entrenched trade.

    10.(SBU) NGOs also face this obstacle.  According to
    NGO workers in Benin City, few returned victims are
    willing to speak out about their ordeals or provide
    valuable first-hand testimony to awareness campaigns.
    Convincing impoverished girls and their families that
    the stories  about easy money in Europe are false has
    been very difficult.  As a means to stop this illicit
    trade, NGOs have launched campaigns using several
    methods, including scare tactics, highlighting the
    dangers of HIV/AIDS,  violence of brothel operators
    and clients, and the risk of being arrested and
    deported without having earned any real money.

    11.(SBU) Most disheartening, note local observers, is
    the desire of many returned victims to trek back to
    Europe to resume their work as sex workers.  Some
    believe this is a result of the promises made to
    families to earn good money, the oaths taken during
    traditional religious rituals, and ultimately the
    desire to "succeed" as they perceive many before them
    having done.  The lack of economic opportunities in
    Edo State is another "push" factor that adds to the
    perception that commercial sex work is one of the
    limited available options for making money.  Anti-TIP
    efforts by local NGOs and the Governor's wife have
    been met by loud local opposition.  Many see these
    efforts as threatening the economic prosperity of
    families in the community.

    Shelter Lacking
    ---------------

    12.(SBU) Local contacts highlighted the problem of
    coping with increasing numbers of trafficking victims
    repatriated from Italy.  Most girls arrive in Lagos,
    are screened quickly by Police or Immigration, and
    released soon thereafter because of the extremely
    limited shelter space at Police and Immigration
    compounds in Lagos.  The Governor's wife was recently
    asked by Police in Lagos to receive and care for 150
    repatriated TIP victims from Edo state but she could
    not provide them with accommodations so they, like
    others arriving en masse, were released.  Many end
    making the trip back to Italy or other destinations in
    Europe.

    13.(SBU) A visit to the Skills Acquisition Center of
    Idia Renaissance found a well-equipped complex capable
    of training up to 250 girls in four skill groups --
    computers, fashion design, hair styling, and home
    economics.  This vocational training center set up by
    the Governor's wife offers girls six months of free
    training and targets both returned trafficking victims
    and girls-at-risk.  The center, however, does not have
    accommodations for overnight lodging of trafficking
    victims.  Two buildings recently donated to Idia
    Renaissance are ideal for conversion to hostels for
    trafficking survivors and capable of housing
    comfortably 60 girls.  Mrs. Igbinedion will provide
    Post with a proposal for assistance in refurbishing
    these buildings.  Aside from immediate shelter needs,
    Embassy officers noted a lack of adequate counseling
    for returned trafficking victims.

    Trafficking or Illegal Immigration?
    -----------------------------------

    14.(SBU) Most local contacts estimate that 70 percent
    of the girls and women trafficked from Edo State are
    aware they will be working as prostitutes in Europe
    and give their consent.  This characterization tracks
    with Embassy  Officers' many conversations with police
    and TIP victims.  This apparent initial consent of the
    majority of girls leaving Nigeria for European
    brothels leads some to classify this trade as simple
    illegal migration and the girls and women involved as
    co-conspirators in this crime.  Weighing the coercive
    and the consensual aspects of  this large-scale
    movement of females from Nigeria is more complicated
    than assessing the sex trafficking that occurs in
    other parts of the world (where the lack of consent is
    clear-cut).  The trade from Nigeria is engineered by
    organized crime and does indeed involve a degree of
    violence and coercion in both Nigeria and Europe.

    15.(SBU) Discussion with the Turin officials
    reinforced the trafficking aspect of this migration.
    They describe the violent and coercive circumstance
    under which the trafficked girls work in Italy.  Their
    travel documents -- even if forged -- are taken away,
    as well as their most basic freedoms.  NGOs have also
    documented the use of force in transporting the girls
    along the routes from Nigeria to Europe, oftentimes
    with forged documents via neighboring ECOWAS
    countries.  While traffickers could once use direct
    flights from Lagos to Europe, more vigilant
    immigration screening has preempted these air routes
    and traffickers are forced to smuggle their human
    cargo through West and Central Africa, across the
    Sahara Desert, and finally across the Mediterranean
    Sea.

    Police vs. Immigration
    ----------------------

    16.(SBU) Mission Officers were surprised to learn that
    both the Nigerian Immigration Service and the state
    Police Command have set up anti-trafficking units in
    Edo State.  The immigration unit has been operational
    for two months but the police unit was only
    established in April.  Both are benefiting from
    equipment donated by the Italian government for anti-
    trafficking purposes.  Neither unit, however,
    confirmed the level of cooperation that will needed to
    tackle the state's trafficking problem.

    17.(SBU) During a frank discussion with Mrs.
    Igbinedion and her NGO's staff, one worker stated that
    corrupt Immigration officials have been known to
    facilitate trafficking, though Immigration officials
    present claimed  they are now screening young female
    passport applicants to see if they have valid
    justification to travel to Europe.  One local
    Immigration anti-TIP official, however, showed his
    true colors when, after the visit to the Idia
    Renaissance vocational training center, he solicited
    money from EMBOFFs  to buy beer.

    Italians Take Hits
    ------------------

    18.(SBU) A formal April 18 meeting of the US and
    Italian visitors with the Governor's wife and the
    committee of local leaders steering her anti-TIP NGO
    became lively as some Nigerian participants attempted
    to pin responsibility for the trafficking problem on
    the Italian demand for African prostitutes.  This
    criticism was particularly motivated by a statement
    from one of the Italian visitors that prostitution in
    Italy is tolerated and customers are seldom arrested
    or prosecuted, though prostitution is technically
    illegal.  A related complaint was the perceived
    consequences of deporting girls to the shame awaiting
    them in Nigeria (for having failed to earn money for
    their families) after having been subjected to extreme
    hardships in Italy.  The head of Italian NGO "TANPEP"
    responded by highlighting the immigration amnesty
    available to TIP victims willing to cooperate in
    police investigations and the "Turnaround" project of
    her NGO in sheltering, training and rehabilitating
    Nigerian trafficking victims in Italy.

    Law Enforcement Cooperation Needed
    ----------------------------------

    19.(SBU) Seeking to balance the Nigerian-Italian
    debate (that Mission officers observed as bystanders)
    one of the Turin police investigators noted the lack
    of law enforcement cooperation between Italy and
    Nigeria. He stated that Italian efforts to investigate
    trafficking crimes in Turin frequently produce details
    on traffickers in Lagos and Edo State but Italian
    authorities are powerless to act on this information.
    He called for a channel of communication to pass
    actionable information on these trafficking crimes.

    20.(SBU) In a side meeting, the Italian police
    officials stated they only have been able to exchange
    business cards with relevant Nigerian police and
    immigration officials, but still hoped to open up an
    effective channel to exchange criminal evidence on
    trafficking. One Italian police investigator expressed
    concerned to RNLEO over the Nigerian perception that
    Italian police do not arrest or prosecute traffickers
    in Italy but only focus on arresting and deporting
    Nigerian commercial sex workers.  He claimed that he
    and his colleagues arrest, on average, one Nigerian
    trafficker or brothel operator a week.  This action is
    perhaps not recognized in Nigeria because the arrested
    Nigerian traffickers often have legitimate Italian
    residency or citizenship and therefore are not
    deported, but incarcerated in Italy.  RNLEO suggested
    that the Italian government, through its diplomatic
    mission in Nigeria, publicize these enforcement
    actions in Nigeria.

    Comment
    -------

    21.(SBU) Edo state is the center of a lucrative and
    well-entrenched criminal trade that probably has the
    support of many  local officials and local law
    enforcement officers. This is underscored by the fact
    that a former Police commissioner of the state was
    arrested in Conakry last year and extradited to stand
    trial in Lagos for trafficking.  Making progress
    against this criminal trade in Edo State will require
    a much stronger, multi-faceted strategy:  greater
    public outreach efforts, more resources to care for
    and rehabilitate trafficking victims, and much
    stronger law enforcement operations against the
    trafficking syndicates.

    22.(SBU) The upsurge in Italian repatriations of
    Nigerian TIP victims has highlighted the immediate
    need for short- and long-term shelters for these girls
    and women.  While many Edo State observers call for
    Italy to cease or reduce the level of deportations,
    the immediate establishment of care facilities in Edo
    State to provide housing for the returnees while they
    are trained in marketable vocations is a dire need.
    There is also a need to set up HIV/AIDS screening
    facilities for repatriated girls/women.  The
    International Organization for Migration (IOM) at
    TANPEP's "Turnaround Project" have expressed interest
    in carrying out coordinated repatriation and care
    activities in Italy and Nigeria.  Post's TIP committee
    will submit separately a funding proposal addressing
    Edo State's acute shelter and vocational training
    needs for TIP victims.

    23.(SBU) The increased deportations of TIP victims are
    clearly not popular in Edo State, but ultimately they
    may serve as a deterrent to future trafficking of
    prospective victims.  It also hits the traffickers
    where it hurts -- cutting into their initial
    investments in smuggling these girls to Europe.  But
    to be effective, this strategy of increased
    deportations must be matched by increased joint
    Italian-Nigerian prosecution of traffickers and better
    care for the victims returned to Nigeria.

    JETER

`