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### Viewing cable 02ABUJA189, 2001 INCSR CHAPTER ON NIGERIA

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Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
02ABUJA189 | 2002-01-22 17:49 | 2011-08-25 00:00 | UNCLASSIFIED | Embassy Abuja

`

    This record is a partial extract of the original cable. The full text of the original cable is not available.

` `

    UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 08 ABUJA 000189

    SIPDIS

    FOR INL

    E.O. 12958: N/A
    TAGS: SNAR NI
    SUBJECT: 2001 INCSR CHAPTER ON NIGERIA

    REF: 01 STATE 203719

    The following is post,s INCSR submission.
    -----------------------------------------

    Nigeria

    ¶I. Summary

    ¶1. Nigeria remains a hub of narcotics trafficking and money
    laundering activity. Nigerian organized criminal groups
    dominate the African drug trade, and transport narcotics to
    markets in the United States, Europe, Asia, and Africa. Some
    of these criminal organizations  are engaged in Advance-Fee
    Fraud, commonly referred to as "419 Fraud8 and other forms
    of defrauding U.S. citizens and businesses.   Years of
    military rule and an associated economic decline contributed
    significantly to the expansion of drug-trafficking and
    criminality in Nigeria. The resulting severe unemployment and
    widespread corruption provided both an incentive and a
    mechanism for Nigerian criminal groups to capitalize on
    Nigeria's central location along the major drug routes and
    access global narcotics markets. Southeast and Southwest
    Asian heroin smuggled via Nigeria accounts for a significant
    portion of the heroin imported into the United States.
    Nigerian criminal elements operating in South America
    transship cocaine through Nigeria on to Europe, Asia, and
    Africa, mainly South Africa. Nigerian-grown marijuana is
    exported to neighboring West African countries and to Europe,
    but not in significant quantities to the U.S.  Aside from
    marijuana, Nigeria does not produce any of the drugs that are
    trafficked by its nationals.

    ¶2. During the past year, President Obasanjo,s public
    denunciation of this criminal activity has been matched by a
    number of steps he has taken to tackle drug-trafficking,
    money-laundering and other organized criminal activities
    while he seeks to improve the image of Nigeria abroad.
    Funding of the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA)
    --Nigeria,s sole drug control agency -- increased 200
    percent while the NDLEA,s dynamic leadership instituted a
    number of internal reforms that have improved the
    professionalism of the 3,500 men and women in the NDLEA.

    ¶3. Nigeria,s effort to strengthen its commitment to drug
    control and the fight against organized crime suffered a
    tragic setback when Chief Bola Ige, the Attorney General and
    Minister of Justice, was assassinated on December 23.  Chief
    Ige, Nigeria,s top law enforcement official and the official
    responsible for the NDLEA,s operations, was the catalyst
    behind many of the new anti-drug and anti-crime initiatives
    in the past year.  President Obasanjo has pledged to find and
    prosecute those behind the assassination and to sustain the
    reforms started by the late Attorney General.

    ¶4. A campaign to root out corruption started shortly after
    President Obasanjo's inauguration in May 1999 has this year
    been sustained and strengthened.  In late 2001, the
    Anti-Corruption Commission hired 93 investigators,
    prosecutors and administrators ) its first batch of
    dedicated personnel.  The Obasanjo Administration supports
    the domestically controversial 1990 NDLEA Act Number 33. This
    law dictates that Nigerians convicted of drug offenses abroad
    will be arrested upon their deportation back to Nigeria, and,
    if convicted, will be liable for a minimum of 5 years
    additional imprisonment for harming the reputation of
    Nigeria. But corruption embedded over 16 years of continuous
    military rule continues to be a problem for an Obasanjo
    Administration committed to rooting it out.

    ¶5. Over the years, Nigerian law enforcement agencies have had
    sporadic success in combating the various elements of the
    drug trade. In 2001, however, the Obasanjo government took a
    number of steps to strengthen the capacity of these agencies
    to deal with organized crime.  Legislation was introduced
    into the National Assembly to improve the existing 1995 Money
    Laundering Act that only criminalizes money laundering
    related to drug trafficking.  Following the June 2001
    designation of Nigeria by the Financial Action Task Force
    (FATF) as a &Non-Cooperative Country or Territory,8 the
    Nigerian Government acted quickly to respond to the FATF by
    designing a new Anti-Terrorism, Economic and Financial Crimes
    Commission that will serve as a strong centralized authority
    to coordinate anti-money laundering efforts, specifically to
    combat the financial activities of narcotics traffickers.
    Legislation creating this new commission has been drafted and
    is expected to be submitted and approved by the National
    Assembly within the first quarter of 2002.  There have been
    few arrests and no convictions under the existing Money
    Laundering Decree.  In addition, asset forfeiture has not
    been a successful deterrent against money laundering or drug
    trafficking activities. Interdiction and enforcement efforts
    are complicated by an absence of inter-agency cooperation and
    a serious lack of resources. Years of neglect by successive
    military regimes left the law enforcement community
    demoralized and ill-equipped to deal with sophisticated,
    international criminal networks. This problem is compounded
    by pervasive corruption throughout all levels of government.
    There have been a few arrests of major traffickers; however,
    it can take years for a case to actually come to trial and no
    mechanism exists to track cases. Cases are often lost within
    Nigeria's judicial system. Nigeria did take a significant
    step in November 2000 by transferring into U.S. custody four
    fugitives wanted on serious narcotics and narcotics-related
    charges, including two who are on the President,s List of
    Significant Foreign Narcotics Traffickers under the Foreign
    Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act. Nigeria is a party to the
    1988 UN Drug Convention.

    II. Status of Country

    ¶6. Nigeria produces no precursor chemicals or drugs that have
    a significant effect on the United States. However, Nigeria
    remains a major drug-trafficking transit country and Nigerian
    criminal elements operate global networks.

    ¶7. The law enforcement agency with sole  responsibility for
    combating narcotics trafficking and drug abuse is the
    National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA). The NDLEA was
    established in 1989, and works alongside Nigerian Customs,
    the State Security Service, the National Agency for Food and
    Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), the National
    Police, and the Nigerian Immigration Service at the various
    ports of entry. NDLEA's most successful interdictions have
    taken place at Nigeria,s international airports.  The agency
    has successfully apprehended individual drug couriers
    transiting these airports and some of the drug traffickers
    sponsoring these couriers.  An improved interdiction effort
    at the Lagos international airport during 2001 has forced
    smugglers to change tactics and ship contraband via Nigeria's
    five major seaports or across its porous land borders.

    ¶8. In late 2001, the NDLEA carried out an unprecedented
    seizure of 60 kilograms of cocaine at the Lagos seaport of
    Tin Can Island.  Following this seizure, the President issued
    an executive decree granting the NDLEA full operational
    access to all of Nigeria,s international sea ports.   This
    move, long called for by the U.S. Government, is expected to
    greatly boost the NDLEA,s interdiction success.

    ¶9. As specialists in moving narcotics and other contraband,
    Nigerian criminal organizations are heavily involved in
    corollary criminal activities such as document fabrication,
    illegal immigration, and financial fraud. Their ties to
    criminals in the United States, Europe, South America, Asia
    and South Africa are well documented. Nigerian poly-crime
    organizations exact significant financial and societal costs,
    especially among West African nations with limited resources
    for countering these organizations.

    III. Country Actions Against Drugs in 2001

    ¶10. Policy Initiatives. In 2001 the democratically elected
    Obasanjo Administration  introduced a number of new
    legislative and executive initiatives to combat narcotics
    trafficking and organized crime.  These include:  drafting
    new money laundering legislation; drafting of legislation to
    create an &Anti-Terrorism, Economic and Financial Crimes
    Commission8 to coordinate government-wide efforts against
    money laundering and financial crimes; granting expanded
    authority to the NDLEA to operate in the five major
    international seaports of Nigeria and the formation of an
    inter-agency anti-fraud committee to improve enforcement
    efforts against financial fraud.  The draft bill to create an
    Anti-Terrorism, Economic and Financial Crimes Commission
    shows the Government,s commitment to meeting its
    international obligations, particularly the criteria of the
    FATF.  Nigeria's counter-narcotics policy is based on the
    National Drug Control Master Plan (NDCMP), in place since
    ¶1998. This plan assigns responsibilities to various
    government ministries and agencies as well as NGOs and other
    interest groups. The master plan also outlines basic resource
    requirements and time-frames for the completion of
    objectives. Many of these goals have not yet been met.

    ¶11. Both chambers in the National Assembly have Narcotics
    Affairs Committees, which monitor the performance of the
    NDLEA and implementation of Nigeria's counter-narcotics
    strategy. While past frequent leadership changes at the NDLEA
    have  impaired the agency's interdiction activities, the
    tenure since October 2000 of the current NDLEA Chairman,
    Alhaji Bello Lafiaji has given the agency new life and much
    greater direction.  Chairman Lafiaji has declared an all-out
    offensive against drug trafficking and has instituted a
    number of internal reforms to improve the professionalism of
    NDLEA staff, including the retiring of officials suspected of
    corruption and improving training and benefits for NDLEA
    personnel.  Chairman Lafiaji also has called for the
    harmonization of Nigeria's narcotics legislation and has
    sought increased international assistance for his agency. The
    NDLEA has also embarked upon a publicity campaign to combat
    narcotics trafficking and drug abuse by staging various
    contraband destruction events around the country.

    ¶12. Accomplishments.  Nigeria,s drug enforcement efforts
    improved substantially in 2001.  With INL assistance, the
    NDLEA launched a more aggressive drug interdiction campaign
    at the Lagos international airport ) long known as a major
    gateway for U.S.- and Europe-bound narcotics.   This effort
    coincided with the resumption of direct (nonstop) flights
    from Lagos to the U.S. in February, after a hiatus of eight
    years.   The report of only one seizure made by U.S.
    authorities at the port of entry of the flight (New York,s
    JFK airport) is evidence of greatly improved screening by the
    NDLEA in Lagos.

    ¶13. The Nigerian Government also improved its record of
    drug-related prosecutions.  Using special drug courts, a more
    energetic effort by the NDLEA to prosecute drug traffickers
    efficiently and successfully produced over 2,000 convictions
    in calendar year 2001.   In a notable November 2001 case, the
    NDLEA froze a bank account of 1.6 million naira that belongs
    to a suspected drug-trafficker and money-launderer.

    ¶14. The Government of Nigeria also pledged to design a
    mechanism to process U.S. extradition requests expeditiously
    while observing due process under Nigerian law and in
    accordance with the Nigerian constitution.  This mechanism
    will include the creation of an exclusive extradition team of
    public prosecutors and the designation of a special court and
    a High Court judge dedicated to extradition cases.  While
    extradition requests were formerly heard in any court,
    including lower magistrates, courts, the Government has now
    centralized the handling of all U.S. extradition requests in
    the Federal High Court of Abuja.

    ¶15. At the Government of Nigeria,s initiative, a high level
    U.S.-Nigeria law enforcement dialogue was initiated in 2001.
    The first meeting of this semi-annual forum, the Bilateral
    Law Enforcement Committee, took place on November 9 in
    Washington D.C. and covered the full range of U.S. and
    Nigerian law enforcement interests: drug control; financial
    fraud; trafficking in persons; corruption; immigration
    crimes; police reform; extradition and money-laundering.  The
    dialogue has already led to commitments by the Government of
    Nigeria to take significant steps towards mutually agreed
    goals by March 2002.

    ¶16. Law Enforcement Efforts.  Nigerian counter-narcotics
    efforts primarily focus on the interdiction of couriers
    transiting Nigeria's air- and sea ports as well as a public
    campaign focused on destroying plots of cultivated marijuana
    throughout the country.  Improved drug interdiction efforts
    at the Lagos airport and sea ports led to a 40 percent
    increase in drug seizures over 2000.  43 kilograms of heroin
    and 98 kilograms of cocaine were seized during 2001.  This
    included a record seizure of 60 kilograms of cocaine at the
    Lagos sea port of Tin Can Island.   The number of drug
    related arrests increased to 3,592 and 2,041 drug convictions
    were handed down during the last year.   Some major
    narcotics-smugglers and their networks continue to elude
    arrest and prosecution, even though the NDLEA recently began
    an intensified effort to investigate major international drug
    traffickers operating in Nigeria, in cooperation with the
    DEA.  Attempts by NDLEA to arrest and prosecute major
    traffickers and their associates often fail in Nigeria's weak
    judicial system, which is subject to intimidation and
    corruption. Asset seizures from narcotics-traffickers and
    money-launderers, while permitted under Nigerian law, have
    never systematically been utilized as an enforcement tool,
    but some convicted traffickers have had their assets
    forfeited over the years. However, the number of traffickers
    so far penalized remains small.

    ¶17. Corruption. Corruption is a pervasive problem in Nigerian
    society. Estimated unemployment is over 25 percent. Civil
    servants, salaries are low. In addition, salaries are
    frequently months in arrears, compounding the corruption
    problem. After its inauguration, the Obasanjo Administration
    embarked on a public anti-corruption campaign. Legislation
    was enacted and an Anti-Corruption Commission was formed.
    This commission began prosecution of several minor officials
    on corruption charges, and has initiated investigations into
    allegations of high-level corruption have been launched.  The
    commission also has hired its first dedicated staff of
    prosecutors, investigators and administrators.  The U.S.
    Government is providing the Commission with training and
    technical assistance for its new staff.  A commission also
    was established to review government contracts awarded by
    past Administrations.  The Obasanjo Administration, however,
    has made limited progress  towards transparency and openness
    in its contracting and decision-making process.  A number of
    criminal cases, launched by the Anti-Corruption Commission
    against public officials accused of bribe-taking, are moving
    forward and are expected to conclude early in 2002, although
    an appeal to the Supreme Court challenging the Commission,s
    constitutionality has delayed these cases.   Meanwhile,
    corruption remains a significant obstacle to
    counter-narcotics efforts, especially in the judicial
    process. While the NDLEA has attempted to purge its ranks of
    officers suspected of corrupt practices, a fear of corruption
    hampers inter-agency cooperation as agencies are often
    distrustful and unwilling to share information.

    ¶18. Agreements and Treaties. Nigeria is a party to the 1988
    UN Drug Convention, the 1961 UN Single Convention and its
    1972 Protocol,  the 1971 UN Convention on Psychotropic
    Substances; and the 2000 UN Convention on Transnational
    Organized Crime. The 1931 U.S.-UK Extradition Treaty, which
    was made applicable to Nigeria in 1935, is the legal basis
    for pending U.S. extradition requests.  Nigeria is a party to
    the World Customs Organization,s Nairobi Convention, Annex
    on Assistance in Narcotics Cases.

    ¶19. Cultivation and Production. Cannabis is the only illicit
    drug produced in any significant quantity in Nigeria. The
    drug is produced in all 36 states. Major cultivation takes
    place in central and northern Nigeria and in Delta and Ondo
    states in the south. Marijuana, or "Indian Hemp" as it is
    locally known, is sold in Nigeria and exported throughout
    West Africa and into Europe. To date, there is no evidence of
    significant marijuana imports from Nigeria into the United
    States. The NDLEA has been engaged in an active eradication
    campaign. Through November  2001, the NDLEA claimed cannabis
    seizures in excess of 290 metric tons and eradication of
    cannabis plants in the field in excess of 270 hectares. In
    August 2001, the NLDEA invited dignitaries and the diplomatic
    corps  to a narcotics destruction ceremony in Lagos to
    highlight the agency,s seizures of narcotics throughout the
    country.

    ¶20. Drug Flow/Transit. Nigeria is a major staging point for
    Southeast and Southwest Asian heroin smuggled to Europe and
    the United States and for South American cocaine transported
    to Europe. While Nigeria remains Africa's drug transit hub,
    there are indications that the preferred methods of
    trans-shipment have changed. Improvement of the overall
    security posture at Murtala Mohammed International Airport
    has forced drug traffickers to ship by sea from Nigerian
    seaports, concealing large quantities of contraband in
    shipping containers, or use other West African airport with
    laxer security controls.

    ¶21. Demand Reduction. Local production and use of marijuana
    have been a problem in Nigeria for some time; however,
    according to the NDLEA and NGOs, the abuse of harder drugs
    (e.g., cocaine, heroin) is on the rise. Heroin and cocaine
    are readily available in many of Nigeria's larger cities. Law
    enforcement officials admit that Nigeria remains a major
    narcotics trans-shipment point, but some officials deny that
    domestic drug abuse is on the rise. U.S. officials and
    training instructors find that many Nigerian officials do not
    understand that by serving as a transit point, Nigeria may
    itself begin to suffer significant drug abuse problems. The
    NDLEA continues to expand its anti-drug clubs at Nigerian
    universities and distribute anti-drug literature. The NDLEA
    also has instituted a teacher,s  manual for primary and
    secondary schools, which  offers guidance on teaching
    students about drug abuse.

    IV. U.S. Policy Initiatives and Programs

    ¶22. Policy Initiatives. U.S.-Nigerian counter-narcotics
    cooperation focuses on interdiction efforts at major
    international entry points and on professionalizing the NDLEA
    and other law enforcement agencies. U.S. training and
    material assistance have continued, with the NDLEA as the
    primary target.  The U.S. DEA office deals with a small group
    of NDLEA representatives to lessen the chance of compromise
    by corrupt individuals. USG working-level representatives
    enjoy good access to their counterparts and there is an
    evident desire on both sides to strengthen these
    relationships. The new NDLEA Chairman appears committed to
    meeting agency goals and improving the morale of NDLEA
    officers.  Bilateral discussions during the last year on the
    need to reform Nigeria,s Police have presaged the planned
    start in 2002 of a USG police reform program.   The Nigerian
    Government has reviewed plans for reform and U.S. assistance
    agencies have prepared their own suggestions for ways to
    proceed, however, the task will be formidable as the police
    lack so much in the way of equipment, and their morale has
    suffered over the years as the situation deteriorated. For
    example, salaries are low and frequently paid months late.
    ¶23. Bilateral Accomplishments.   In 2001, at the request of
    the GON, a U.S.-Nigeria Bilateral Law Enforcement Committee
    was created to advance mutual drug and crime control issues.
    Co-chaired by Nigeria,s Attorney General and the State
    Department,s Assistant Secretary for International Narcotics
    and Law Enforcement Affairs, the group met for the first time
    in November 2001 in Washington.  This meeting produced a
    joint declaration containing Government of Nigeria pledges
    to:  a) introduce new money laundering legislation; b) begin
    investigation of at least one major drug trafficker in
    cooperation with DEA; c) draft and introduce to the National
    Assembly new legislation allowing for the civil forfeiture of
    assets derived from organized crime or drug-trafficking; d)
    commence extradition proceedings of individuals wanted for
    prosecution by the U.S. Government; and e) boost resources
    for the new Anti-Corruption Commission.  Meanwhile, The U.S.
    DEA office in Nigeria continues to work with the NDLEA on
    expanding their relationship.   New INL assistance to the
    NDLEA allowed for a stronger interdiction posture at the
    Lagos international airport ) Nigeria,s largest  drug
    transit point ) forcing many traffickers to re-route drug
    shipments through neighboring countries.   INL assistance has
    also been provided to the Nigerian Police Force to improve
    investigations and enforcement operations against criminal
    organizations involved in advance fee or &4198 fraud, which
    largely targets American citizens and businesses.

    ¶24. The Road Ahead. The U.S.-Nigerian relationship has
    improved significantly with the reintroduction of democratic
    government in Nigeria.  During the past year President
    Obasanjo demonstrated his commitment to the international
    drug fight by increasing the NDLEA,s budget by 200 percent
    and giving this agency long-awaited operational access to
    Nigeria,s sea ports. Nevertheless, much remains to be done
    in the area of drug control and the Federal Government needs
    to address key weaknesses, including the processing of U.S.
    extradition requests and the local prosecution of major drug
    traffickers.  As noted elsewhere in this report, the
    narcotics and crime problems in Nigeria are deeply rooted in
    Nigeria's present governmental system, and in Nigerian
    society.  It will require strong political will and continued
    international assistance for any Nigerian government to
    confront these difficult issues and bring about meaningful
    change.

    ¶25. The U.S. government is working to aid Nigeria in its
    counter-narcotics efforts. One area of prime concern is the
    judiciary. Law enforcement efforts are often stymied by the
    slow pace of the judicial system, which can be attributed to
    both intimidation and corruption of the judiciary by criminal
    organizations. The U.S. Agency for International Development
    has implemented a "Rule of Law" program with the Nigerian
    government to help strengthen and professionalize the
    judiciary.  Through the framework of the new Bilateral Law
    Enforcement Committee, the Nigerian Government has committed
    itself to the establishment of  a reliable extradition
    process that will allow extradition requests to be heard
    expeditiously and fairly. Many U.S. extradition requests for
    narcotics-traffickers have been outstanding for years.

    ¶26. The U.S. Government is also concerned about fundamental
    problems with the Nigerian Police Force and other law
    enforcement agencies.   While President Obasanjo and his
    advisors are aware of the need to modernize the Nigerian
    Police as a key pillar of democratic consolidation, little
    has been done to address key issues such as low salaries for
    police and other law enforcement  personnel.  Salary arrears
    also remain a problem.  The Government of Nigeria needs to
    demonstrate a commitment of its own resources to the fight
    against narcotics trafficking and transnational crime in
    order to strengthen its case for additional foreign donor
    assistance.

    ¶27. The U.S. government provided training for NDLEA personnel
    on general investigative techniques and sent two NDLEA
    officers responsible for drug interdiction at the Lagos
    international airport to a specialized training course in the
    United States.  Since narcotics-trafficking and financial
    crimes are closely linked, the Government of Nigeria must
    also strengthen and utilize its asset forfeiture legislation,
    already in place. In addition, Nigeria must work to bring its
    money-laundering laws into compliance with the FATF 40
    recommendations and work to regulate its banking industry.

    ¶28. The U.S. government will continue to actively engage
    Nigeria on the issue of counter-narcotics and money
    laundering. There have been incremental successes, but
    long-term progress will only come about through the
    continuation of serious dialogue and cooperation, and a
    willingness on the part of Nigeria's government to confront
    difficult issues. The underlying institutional and societal
    factors that contribute to narcotics-trafficking and
    money-laundering activities in Nigeria are deep-seated and
    require comprehensive, long-term solutions.

    ============================================= ===

    Money Laundering Chapter:

    ¶29. Nigeria (Primary). The Federal Republic of Nigeria is a
    hub of money laundering and  financial crime activity, not
    only for the West African sub-region but also increasingly
    for the entire continent. It is the most populous country in
    Africa, dominating the West African sub-region economically
    and militarily. Nigeria is also Africa's most significant
    narcotics trans-shipment point. Nigerian criminal
    organizations utilize sophisticated global networks to ship
    narcotics via Nigeria to markets in the United States,
    Europe, and other African countries. Nigerian
    money-laundering is directly linked to narcotics-trafficking
    as well as corollary activities such as document,
    immigration, and financial fraud. Though the execution and
    coordination of these criminal activities may be taking place
    increasingly outside of Nigeria, the majority of the proceeds
    from these illegal activities continues to be  repatriated to
    Nigeria and these funds are often used to fund subsequent
    criminal operations.

    ¶30. The combination of narcotics-trafficking and money
    laundering, and the fact that Nigeria has failed to
    adequately address corruption among law enforcement, customs,
    immigration, other government agencies, and within
    society-at-large, makes it unusually difficult to have an
    effective anti-money laundering program.

    ¶31. In June 2001 the Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
    declared Nigeria, along with 15 other countries, a
    &Non-Cooperating Country or Territory8 (NCCT) for its
    failure to address FATF concerns on international money
    laundering.

    ¶32. Nigeria is notorious for the various financial schemes
    that originate there. Nigerian Advance Fee Fraud, commonly
    known as "Four-one-nine Scams," (419 is the reference to
    fraud in Nigeria's criminal code) has become highly lucrative
    for criminal enterprises. With the help of phone books,
    business directories, and email lists, Nigerian criminal
    organizations fax, mail, and email targeted businesses and
    individuals around the world with enticing "get rich quick"
    offers. The proposed schemes take various forms, for example,
    by promising a transfer of funds "from an over-invoiced
    contract" in Nigeria to a target's bank account. The cash in
    question might be profit from a crude oil sale that a
    business person "needs help in transferring out of the
    country" or the disbursement of funds for a specific charity
    from the estate of a recently deceased individual. Often,
    these 419 letters and schemes are written on "official"
    letterhead stationary. An elaborate system may be utilized to
    provide bogus references. Advance Fee Fraud perpetrators may
    request bank account information to gauge the targeted
    victim's level of trust and provide the impression that a
    funds transfer is imminent. All 419 Scams eventually request
    payment of a fee (or fees) so that the alleged transfer of
    funds can be facilitated. While actual monetary losses by US
    citizens are difficult to gauge -- many victims are reluctant
    to report such activity to law enforcement agencies --
    conservative estimates place such losses by American citizens
    and businesses in the hundreds of millions of dollars
    annually. Substantial proof exists that narcotics traffickers
    have utilized 419 Scams to fund their illicit smuggling
    efforts.

    ¶33. The current anti-money laundering law, Money Laundering
    Decree No. 3 of 1995, criminalizes narcotics-based money
    laundering, but is useful only if the predicate offense is
    narcotics trafficking. It requires banks to identify
    customers, maintain records, and report large and suspicious
    transactions to the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). It also
    provides for the seizure and forfeiture of drug-related
    assets, although forfeiture requires a conviction and thus is
    seldom effectively used. Enforcement of the legislation
    relies on the effective record keeping of banks, submissions
    of Suspicious Activity Reports (SARs) and account holder
    identification.  Enforcement of this banking oversight
    responsibility, which is shared by the CBN and the National
    Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA), has been weak and
    inconsistent because of lack of training, excessive
    bureaucracy, and corruption.

    ¶34. The NDLEA and the CBN,s Money Laundering Surveillance
    Unit (MLSU) have the power to demand, obtain, and inspect the
    books and records of a financial institution to confirm
    compliance with the provisions of the money laundering
    decree.  Yet, the effectiveness of this authority is hindered
    by weak record keeping and analysis of bank records,
    including account holder identification data, filing of SARs
    and information on bank management staff and affiliate
    overseas banks.  These deficiencies were highlighted by the
    FATF in its declaration of Nigeria as a Non-Cooperative
    Country or Territory (NCCT) in June 2001.   There have been
    no money laundering convictions.

    ¶35. In response to international concerns, particularly the
    NCCT status given Nigeria by the FATF, the GON has taken
    steps to revise the 1995 money laundering law and create a
    centralized unit under the Office of the Presidency to combat
    money laundering and financial crimes.   It took the
    initiative in late 2001 to engage the FATF in a dialogue on
    how to improve Nigeria,s money laundering control regime,
    including a GON-initiated  meeting with the FATF,s Africa
    and Middle East Review Group in Rome in December 2001.  The
    Nigerian government has also opened up a high-level law
    enforcement exchange with the U.S. Government, covering a
    wide array of issues, including money laundering and
    financial crimes.  This forum, the U.S.-Nigeria Law
    Enforcement Committee, first met in Washington in early
    November 2001.  In 1998, the GON began cooperating with the
    U.S. Postal Inspection Service to identify and crack down on
    fraud operations through the mail. In addition, the U.S.
    Secret Service has maintained an office in the U.S. Consulate

    SIPDIS
    General in Lagos since 1995, and in June 2000, opened a
    separate office to assist in the effort to combat Advanced
    Fee Fraud and other illegal operations, including U.S. dollar
    counterfeiting operations. In May 1999, a decree was issued
    that, according to the NDLEA, altered the burden of proof in
    money laundering cases to facilitate prosecution.

    ¶36. Nigeria is a party to the 1988 UN Drug Convention, and in
    December 2000, signed the United Nations Convention against
    Transnational Organized Crime.

    ¶37. The steps taken to address the FATF,s concerns are
    encouraging.  Nigeria urgently needs to enact and implement
    the draft changes to its anti-money laundering law so that it
    can meet international standards and protect itself against
    financial crimes and money laundering. Nigeria also needs to
    demonstrate its ability to take action against corruption and
    fraud. In addition, Nigeria should move quickly to create a
    centralized financial intelligence unit, something that the
    proposed Anti-Terrorism, Economic and Financial Crimes
    Commission might incorporate, that would receive and analyze
    information and cooperate with foreign counterparts in money
    laundering investigations so that Nigeria can protect its
    financial system from widespread abuse by criminals and
    criminal organizations.

    ============================================= ===

    ------------------------
    Nigeria Statistics Table
    ------------------------

    Category . . . CY 1999 . . . CY 2000 . . . .CY2001

    Drug Seizures
    -------------
    Heroin (kilograms)81.35 ** . .56.60 . . . . 43.59
    Cocaine . . . . . 15.64 . . . 50.42 . . . . 98.47 NN
    Marijuana . . .  . .NA . . .272,260 . . . 293,022
    Ephedrine . . . . . NA . . . . . 0 . . .  116.00

    Marijuana Eradication
    ---------------------

    Operation &Burn-the-Weed8
    Hectares . . . . . . . . . . .1,038 . . . . . 394
    Kilograms destroyed . . . 1,038,345 . . . 394,250

    Prosecution
    -----------

    Drug Arrests . . .NA . . . . . 2,385 . . . . 3,592

    Drug Convictions .NA . . . . . 1,624 . . . . 2,041

    Drug Acquittals . NA . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 0

    Notes

    ** 1999 heroin seizures included one single seizure of 60
    kilograms
    made at the Kano airport
    NN 2001 cocaine seizures include one single seizure of 60
    kilograms made
    at the Lagos sea port of Tin Can Island .
    Jeter

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