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PHUM PINR PTER PGOV PREL PREF PL PM PHSA PE PARM PINS PK PUNE PO PALESTINIAN PU PBTS PROP PTBS POL POLI PA PGOVZI POLMIL POLITICAL PARTIES POLM PD POLITICS POLICY PAS PMIL PINT PNAT PV PKO PPOL PERSONS PING PBIO PH PETR PARMS PRES PCON PETERS PRELBR PT PLAB PP PAK PDEM PKPA PSOCI PF PLO PTERM PJUS PSOE PELOSI PROPERTY PGOVPREL PARP PRL PNIR PHUMKPAL PG PREZ PGIC PBOV PAO PKK PROV PHSAK PHUMPREL PROTECTION PGOVBL PSI PRELPK PGOVENRG PUM PRELKPKO PATTY PSOC PRIVATIZATION PRELSP PGOVEAIDUKNOSWGMHUCANLLHFRSPITNZ PMIG PREC PAIGH PROG PSHA PARK PETER POG PHUS PPREL PS PTERPREL PRELPGOV POV PKPO PGOVECON POUS PGOVPRELPHUMPREFSMIGELABEAIDKCRMKWMN PWBG PMAR PREM PAR PNR PRELPGOVEAIDECONEINVBEXPSCULOIIPBTIO PARMIR PGOVGM PHUH PARTM PN PRE PTE PY POLUN PPEL PDOV PGOVSOCI PIRF PGOVPM PBST PRELEVU PGOR PBTSRU PRM PRELKPAOIZ PGVO PERL PGOC PAGR PMIN PHUMR PVIP PPD PGV PRAM PINL PKPAL PTERE PGOF PINO PHAS PODC PRHUM PHUMA PREO PPA PEPFAR PGO PRGOV PAC PRESL PORG PKFK PEPR PRELP PREFA PNG PGOVPHUMKPAO PRELECON PINOCHET PFOR PGOVLO PHUMBA PRELC PREK PHUME PHJM POLINT PGOVPZ PGOVKCRM PGOVE PHALANAGE PARTY PECON PEACE PROCESS PLN PRELSW PAHO PEDRO PRELA PASS PPAO PGPV PNUM PCUL PGGV PSA PGOVSMIGKCRMKWMNPHUMCVISKFRDCA PGIV PRFE POGOV PEL PBT PAMQ PINF PSEPC POSTS PHUMPGOV PVOV PHSAPREL PROLIFERATION PENA PRELTBIOBA PIN PRELL PGOVPTER PHAM PHYTRP PTEL PTERPGOV PHARM PROTESTS PRELAF PKBL PRELKPAO PKNP PARMP PHUML PFOV PERM PUOS PRELGOV PHUMPTER PARAGRAPH PERURENA PBTSEWWT PCI PETROL PINSO PINSCE PQL PEREZ PBS
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### Viewing cable 02HANOI2975, WINNING THE HEARTS AND MINDS OF THE ETHNICS

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Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
02HANOI2975 | 2002-12-15 23:57 | 2011-08-25 00:00 | UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY | Embassy Hanoi

`

    This record is a partial extract of the original cable. The full text of the original cable is not available.

     UNCLASSIFIED     PTQ7687

    PAGE 01        HANOI  02975  01 OF 04  160035Z
    ACTION EAP-00

    INFO  LOG-00   NP-00    AID-00   AMAD-00  ACQ-00   CIAE-00  DINT-00
          DODE-00  DOEE-00  SRPP-00  DS-00    EB-00    ED-01    FBIE-00
          UTED-00  VC-00    HHS-01   H-01     TEDE-00  INR-00   IO-00
          L-00     VCE-00   AC-01    NSAE-00  NSCE-00  OIC-02   OMB-01
          OPIC-01  PA-00    PM-00    PRS-00   ACE-00   P-00     SP-00
          STR-00   TEST-00  TRSE-00  USIE-00  PMB-00   DSCC-00  PRM-00
          DRL-02   G-00     NFAT-00  SAS-00     /010W
                      ------------------180D8F  160036Z /38
    FM AMEMBASSY HANOI
    TO SECSTATE WASHDC 8346
    INFO AMCONSUL HO CHI MINH CITY
    AMEMBASSY PHNOM PENH
    AMEMBASSY VIENTIANE
    USCINCPAC HONOLULU HI

` `

    UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 04 HANOI 002975

    SIPDIS

    SENSITIVE

    E.O. 12958: N/A
    TAGS: PHUM SOCI PINS PGOV VM ETMIN
    SUBJECT:  WINNING THE HEARTS AND MINDS OF THE ETHNICS

    REF:  HANOI 2885

    ¶1.  (SBU)  SUMMARY.  VIETNAM'S MULTI-ETHNIC SOCIETY REMAINS
                           UNCLASSIFIED

    PAGE 02        HANOI  02975  01 OF 04  160035Z
    HEAVILY DOMINATED BY THE MAJORITY ETHNIC KINH.  ETHNIC
    MINORITIES ARE OFTEN LOCATED IN ECONOMICALLY MARGINAL PARTS
    OF VIETNAM, ESPECIALLY THE MOUNTAINOUS AREAS IN THE NORTH,
    NORTHWEST, AND CENTRAL HIGHLANDS.  THE GVN HAS UNDERTAKEN A
    VARIETY OF PROGRAMS TO BRING GREATER SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS
    TO THESE AREAS, TO PROMOTE ETHNIC MINORITY CADRES, AND TO
    ENSURE PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION WITHIN THE NATIONAL
    ASSEMBLY.  THE EFFORTS BY THE GVN AND CPV TO EXTEND THEIR
    REACH AND TO PROVIDE SERVICES DOWN TO THE LOWEST
    ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS WITHIN THESE REMOTE AREAS IS
    IMPRESSIVE, BUT PROBABLY HAS AS MUCH TO DO WITH CREATING AND
    MAINTAINING SOCIAL ORDER AND POLITICAL CONTROL AS WITH
    ENSURING THE GENERAL WELL-BEING OF THESE MINORITY
    POPULATIONS.  ALTHOUGH OFFICIALS WOULD PROBABLY DENY IT TO
    THEIR LAST BREATH, MOST VIETNAMESE PROBABLY SEE ASSIMILATION
    AS A DESIRABLE GOAL, AS WELL AS A NATURAL PRODUCT OF
    MODERNIZATION.  WHILE TRYING ECONOMICALLY TO WIN THE HEARTS
    AND MINDS OF THE MINORITY POPULATIONS, AND POLITICALLY TO CO-
    OPT THEM INTO THE SYSTEM, THE NET RESULT WILL LIKELY BE MORE
    AND MORE ETHNIC MINORITIES WHO LOOK AND TALK LIKE EVERYONE
    ELSE, APART FROM SPECIAL FESTIVALS IN WHICH THEY WEAR
    "TRADITIONAL COSTUMES" AND PERFORM QUAINT ETHNIC FOLK DANCES
    AND SONGS.  THERE ARE, HOWEVER, REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN HOW
    FAR ALONG THIS PROCESS HAS ALREADY GONE.  END SUMMARY.

    ¶2.  (U)  OFFICIAL GVN PROPAGANDA BOASTS OF VIETNAM'S ETHNIC
    DIVERSITY, WITH 54 MAJOR GROUPS, OF WHICH THE MAJORITY KINH
    COMPRISE OVER 85 PCT OF THE POPULATION.  THE CONSTITUTION
    (ARTICLE 5) GUARANTEES "EQUALITY, SOLIDARITY, AND MUTUAL
    ASSISTANCE AMONG ALL NATIONALITIES," AND ALSO "FORBIDS ALL
    ACTS OF NATIONAL DISCRIMINATION AND DIVISION."  ONLY FIVE
                           UNCLASSIFIED

    PAGE 03        HANOI  02975  01 OF 04  160035Z
    ETHNIC MINORITY GROUPS HAVE OVER ONE MILLION PEOPLE,
    HOWEVER; FIVE OTHERS HAVE LESS THAN ONE THOUSAND PEOPLE, AND
    ANOTHER 14 GROUPS HAVE FEWER THAN 10,000 PEOPLE, ACCORDING
    TO OFFICIAL STATISTICS.  STATE PROPAGANDA STRESSES THAT "NO
    ETHNIC GROUP POSSESSES ITS OWN TERRITORY," THAT THERE ARE AT
    LEAST SOME ETHNIC MINORITIES LIVING IN ALL 61 PROVINCES AND
    CENTRALLY-CONTROLLED CITIES, AND THAT ONLY NINE PROVINCES
    HAVE MORE THAN 50 PCT OF THEIR POPULATION COMPOSED OF ETHNIC
    MINORITIES.   AS NOTED IN REFTEL (WHICH EXAMINED ETHNIC
    MINORITY EDUCATION), CAO BANG IN NORTHERN VIETNAM (WITH A
    310 KILOMETER BORDER WITH CHINA) HAS THE HIGHEST
    CONCENTRATION OF ETHNIC MINORITIES, MAKING UP 96.07 PCT OF
    THE PROVINCIAL POPULATION.

    THE VIEW FROM THE CENTER
    ------------------------

    ¶3.  (U)  ACCORDING TO OFFICIALS AT THE ETHNIC MINORITIES
    COMMISSION, IN ADDITION TO EXTENSIVE PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION
    AND FOR INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT (REFTEL), THE GVN ALSO
    OFFERS SPECIAL ASSISTANCE TO ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE FORMS,
    INTER ALIA, OF:
    --  PRICE SUPPORTS TO EQUALIZE THE COSTS OF CERTAIN CONSUMER
    COMMODITIES;
    --  IN SOME LOCALITIES, DIRECT PAYMENTS OF UP TO 1 MILLION
    DONG (USD 70) PER FAMILY PER YEAR TO OFFSET HIGHER LIVING
    COSTS;
    --  SOME FREE NEWSPAPER SUBSCRIPTIONS; AND,
    --  SUBSIDIES FOR PHARMACEUTICALS IN SOME CASES, AND FREE
    CARE AT VILLAGE HEALTH CENTERS.

                           UNCLASSIFIED

    PAGE 04        HANOI  02975  01 OF 04  160035Z
    ¶4.  (U)  COMMISSION OFFICIALS HAVE CLAIMED IMPORTANT
    ECONOMIC PROGRESS VIS--VIS THE ETHNIC MINORITIES, AT LEAST
    SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE "DOI MOI" ECONOMIC RENOVATION
    PERIOD IN 1986.  "HALF" OF THE MINORITY POPULATIONS HAVE
    BEEN "FREED FROM POVERTY," A MUCH MORE DRAMATIC RATE OF
    IMPROVEMENT THAN IN THE PREVIOUS DECADES OF VIETNAMESE
    SOCIALISM, THEY NOTED.  AGRICULTURE HAS BEEN "MODERNIZED,"
    WITH GREATER VARIETIES OF CROPS INTRODUCED.  HIGHER LEVELS
    OF EDUCATION HAVE PRODUCED "MORE INTELLECTUAL" RURAL
    RESIDENTS AMONG THE MINORITIES.  HOWEVER, OFFICIALS ADMITTED
    THAT "DISPARITIES WILL REMAIN" BETWEEN THE ETHNIC MINORITIES
    IN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS AND THE MAJORITY KINH, AND THAT THE
    STRUGGLE TO "RESOLVE THE PROBLEM OF SOCIAL EQUALITY" WILL
    CONTINUE TO POSE A CHALLENGE TO THE GVN.  NOTABLY, EVEN IF
    VIETNAM MEETS THE GVN TARGET OF BECOMING A DEVELOPED COUNTRY
    BY 2020, THE MOUNTAINOUS AREAS "IN REALITY" WILL NOT MAKE IT
    TO THIS LEVEL, OFFICIALS READILY CONFESSED.  ONE OF THE NEW
    CHALLENGES WILL BE TO BALANCE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN
    MOUNTAINOUS AREAS WITH ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, THEY ADDED.

    ¶5.  (U)  OFFICIALS AT THE COMMISSION AND AT THE NATIONAL
    ASSEMBLY HAVE OFTEN CITED THE RELATIVELY HIGH NUMBERS OF
    ETHNIC MINORITIES (COMPARED TO THEIR PERCENTAGES OF THE
    POPULATION) WITHIN THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY.  IN THE MAY 19
    ELECTIONS, ALMOST 20 PCT OF THE CANDIDATES WERE ETHNIC

                           UNCLASSIFIED

                               UNCLASSIFIED     PTQ7688

    PAGE 01        HANOI  02975  02 OF 04  160036Z
    ACTION EAP-00

    INFO  LOG-00   NP-00    AID-00   AMAD-00  ACQ-00   CIAE-00  DINT-00
          DODE-00  DOEE-00  SRPP-00  DS-00    EB-00    ED-01    FBIE-00
          UTED-00  VC-00    HHS-01   H-01     TEDE-00  INR-00   IO-00
          L-00     VCE-00   AC-01    NSAE-00  NSCE-00  OIC-02   OMB-01
          OPIC-01  PA-00    PM-00    PRS-00   ACE-00   P-00     SP-00
          STR-00   TEST-00  TRSE-00  USIE-00  PMB-00   DSCC-00  PRM-00
          DRL-02   G-00     NFAT-00  SAS-00     /010W
                      ------------------180D97  160036Z /38
    R 152357Z DEC 02
    FM AMEMBASSY HANOI
    TO SECSTATE WASHDC 8347
    INFO AMCONSUL HO CHI MINH CITY
    AMEMBASSY PHNOM PENH
    AMEMBASSY VIENTIANE
    USCINCPAC HONOLULU HI

    UNCLAS SECTION 02 OF 04 HANOI 002975

    SIPDIS

    SENSITIVE

    MINORITIES.  61 PCT OF THESE CANDIDATES WON THEIR SEATS,
    PRODUCING A TOTAL OF 86 ETHNIC MINORITY DELEGATES (OUT OF
    498 TOTAL DELEGATES -- ABOUT 17 PCT).  NONG DUC MANH,
                           UNCLASSIFIED

    PAGE 02        HANOI  02975  02 OF 04  160036Z
    GENERAL SECRETARY OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF VIETNAM (CPV),
    IS AN ETHNIC TAY FROM BAC KAN PROVINCE, AND THE HIGHEST
    RANKING ETHNIC MINORITY IN SRV HISTORY (OR VIETNAMESE
    HISTORY, FOR THAT MATTER).  HE IS THE SOLE ETHNIC MINORITY
    MEMBER ON THE CPV POLITBURO, ALTHOUGH THERE ARE TEN OTHERS
    ON THE 150-PERSON CPV CENTRAL COMMITTEE.  ONLY TWO AMONG THE
    30 GVN MINISTERS (OR EQUIVALENTS) ARE ETHNIC MINORITIES:
    KSOR PHUOC, THE CHAIRMAN OF THE ETHNIC MINORITIES
    COMMISSION, AND QUACH LE THANH, THE CHIEF STATE INSPECTOR.

    REALITIES IN THE NORTH:  CAO BANG
    ----------------------------------

    ¶6.  (U)  OFFICIALS IN CAO BANG PROVINCE PAINTED A ROSY
    PICTURE OF INTER-ETHNIC HARMONY DURING POL/C'S NOVEMBER
    VISIT.  ETHNIC TAY MAKE UP THE PLURALITY OF THE POPULATION,
    WITH 40 PCT; ETHNIC KINH COMPOSE LESS THAN 5 PCT.  THEY
    CLAIMED THAT 80 PCT OF ALL CADRES IN THE PROVINCE CAME FROM
    ONE OF THE EIGHT ETHNIC GROUPS, WITH PERCENTAGES OF ETHNIC
    MINORITY CADRES EVEN HIGHER AT THE VILLAGE AND COMMUNE
    LEVELS.  A SIMILAR RATIO EXISTS WITHIN THE PROVINCIAL
    PEOPLE'S COUNCIL, WHILE 100 PCT OF ITS NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
    DELEGATES ARE ETHNIC MINORITIES, THEY CLAIMED.  (ACTUALLY,
    ONE CAO BANG NA DELEGATE -- NGUYEN HONG VINH, CPV CENTRAL
    COMMITTEE MEMBER AND STANDING DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF THE CC'S
    IDEOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL DEPARTMENT AS WELL AS PRESIDENT OF
    VIETNAM JOURNALISTS ASSOCIATION -- IS AN ETHNIC KINH.)  CAO
    BANG ALSO CLAIMED A 100 PCT TURNOUT RATE AT THE MAY 19
    NATIONAL ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS (NOTE:  AN ASTONISHING FEAT
    ANYWHERE, MUCH LESS IN SUCH A MOUNTAINOUS AND REMOTE AREA.
    END NOTE).
                           UNCLASSIFIED

    PAGE 03        HANOI  02975  02 OF 04  160036Z

    ¶7.  (U)  ACCORDING TO PROVINCIAL VICE CHAIRMAN HOANG VAN
    KHOI (HIMSELF AN ETHNIC TAY), THE VARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS NOT
    ONLY INCREASINGLY LIVE IN MIXED COMMUNITIES BUT ALSO
    NOWADAYS MARRY EACH OTHER MORE FREQUENTLY.  (HE IS MARRIED
    TO AN ETHNIC KINH, WHO SPEAKS FLUENT TAY, HE SAID.)  HE
    CLAIMED THAT THERE WAS NOT, AND HAD NEVER HAD BEEN, ANY
    FIGHTING AMONG ETHNIC GROUPS.  THE CURRENT REALITY, HE
    NOTED, WAS THAT IT WAS MORE AND MORE DIFFICULT TO
    DIFFERENTIATE AMONG THE ETHNIC MINORITIES, SINCE VIRTUALLY
    ALL HAVE TURNED TO MORE "CONVENIENT" WESTERN-STYLE CLOTHES,
    AND SPEAK VIETNAMESE EXCEPT PERHAPS AT HOME.  LOCAL MARRIAGE
    TRADITIONS MIRROR THOSE OF THE MAJORITY KINH:  90 PCT OF
    BRIDES GO TO LIVE WITH THEIR HUSBAND'S FAMILIES, OFFICIALS
    CLAIMED.

    ¶8.  (U)  VICE CHAIRMAN KHOI AND OTHER SENIOR OFFICIALS
    DESCRIBED A PROVINCE THAT HAS "VERY LITTLE RELIGION," WHICH
    THEY ASCRIBED TO THE NON-RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS OF THE ETHNIC
    MINORITIES (AS OPPOSED TO THE MORE TRADITIONALLY BUDDHIST
    KINH, FOR EXAMPLE).  KHOI SAID THERE WERE "ONLY A FEW"
    BUDDHIST TEMPLES IN THE ENTIRE PROVINCE, ALTHOUGH THERE WERE
    SOME TRADITIONAL "HALLS" FOR ANCESTOR WORSHIP AND OTHER
    COMMUNAL "CULTURAL" ACTIVITIES.  HE CLAIMED THAT THERE WERE
    "NO" PROTESTANT CHURCHES, EVEN AMONG THE HMONG, AND ONLY
    "SOME" CATHOLIC CHURCHES, INCLUDING ONE LARGE FRENCH-ERA
    CHURCH PERCHED ON A HILLSIDE IN DOWNTOWN CAO BANG CITY.
    KHOI SAID HE BELIEVED THAT THERE WAS ONLY ONE CATHOLIC
    PRIEST IN THE ENTIRE PROVINCE.

    ANOTHER REALITY CHECK:  BAC KAN
                           UNCLASSIFIED

    PAGE 04        HANOI  02975  02 OF 04  160036Z
    -------------------------------

    ¶9.  (U)  OFFICIALS IN BAC KAN PROVINCE DESCRIBED A VARIETY
    OF RURAL DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMS TO IMPROVE THE LIVES OF
    ETHNIC MINORITIES, WHO MAKE UP ABOUT 55 PCT OF THE TOTAL
    POPULATION, ACCORDING TO NATIONAL STATISTICS.  (NOTE:
    PROVINCIAL OFFICIALS CLAIMED THAT ETHNIC KINH MADE UP ONLY
    ABOUT 15 PCT OF THE PROVINCIAL POPULATION, WHILE ETHNIC TAY
    REPRESENTED 50 PCT OF THE TOTAL, BUT THE ETHNIC MINORITIES
    COMMISSION IN HANOI SUBSEQUENTLY INSISTED THAT ITS
    STATISTICS WERE MORE ACCURATE.  END NOTE)  THEY EXPRESSED
    HOPE THAT THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROVEN EXTENSIVE MINERAL
    RESOURCES WILL BE ATTRACTIVE TO FOREIGN INVESTORS (INCLUDING
    FROM THE U.S.), ALONG WITH THE PROCESSING OF BAC KAN'S LARGE
    TIMBER RESERVES.  THEY ACKNOWLEDGED THE DANGERS OF
    ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN THIS DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESS, AS
    WELL AS THE PROBLEMS CAUSED BY THE CURRENTLY POOR ROAD LINKS
    WITH HANOI AND OTHER MARKETS.

    ¶10.  (U)  PROVINCIAL CADRES ARE VIRTUALLY ALL ETHNIC
    MINORITIES, OFFICIALS CLAIMED, WITH THE MAJORITY BELONGING
    TO THE TAY GROUP.  FOUR OUT OF BAC KAN'S SIX NEW NATIONAL
    ASSEMBLY DELEGATES ARE ETHNIC MINORITIES; THE TWO ETHNIC
    KINH DELEGATES ARE HANOI RESIDENTS (ONE IS DEPUTY PRIME
    MINISTER PHAM GIA KHIEM).  NATIVE SON NONG DUC MANH DID NOT

                           UNCLASSIFIED

                               UNCLASSIFIED     PTQ7689

    PAGE 01        HANOI  02975  03 OF 04  160036Z
    ACTION EAP-00

    INFO  LOG-00   NP-00    AID-00   AMAD-00  ACQ-00   CIAE-00  DINT-00
          DODE-00  DOEE-00  SRPP-00  DS-00    EB-00    ED-01    FBIE-00
          UTED-00  VC-00    HHS-01   H-01     TEDE-00  INR-00   IO-00
          L-00     VCE-00   AC-01    NSAE-00  NSCE-00  OIC-02   OMB-01
          OPIC-01  PA-00    PM-00    PRS-00   ACE-00   P-00     SP-00
          STR-00   TEST-00  TRSE-00  USIE-00  PMB-00   DSCC-00  PRM-00
          DRL-02   G-00     NFAT-00  SAS-00     /010W
                      ------------------180D9D  160036Z /38
    R 152357Z DEC 02
    FM AMEMBASSY HANOI
    TO SECSTATE WASHDC 8348
    INFO AMCONSUL HO CHI MINH CITY
    AMEMBASSY PHNOM PENH
    AMEMBASSY VIENTIANE
    USCINCPAC HONOLULU HI

    UNCLAS SECTION 03 OF 04 HANOI 002975

    SIPDIS

    SENSITIVE

    RUN IN BAC KAN, BUT INSTEAD WAS A SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATE FOR
    HANOI'S CONSTITUENCY #1.

                           UNCLASSIFIED

    PAGE 02        HANOI  02975  03 OF 04  160036Z
    ¶11.  (U)  BAC KAN OFFICIALS, INCLUDING PROVINCIAL VICE
    CHAIRMAN NONG VAN LENH, CLAIMED "EXCELLENT" RELATIONS AMONG
    THE SEVEN MAIN ETHNIC GROUPS, INCLUDING INCREASING LEVELS OF
    INTER-MARRIAGE.  THEY NOTED "NO DISCRIMINATION" AMONG THE
    ETHNIC GROUPS, BUT ADMITTED THAT THE HMONG GROUP WAS LESS
    WELL INTEGRATED DUE PRIMARILY TO THEIR MORE REMOTE LOCATIONS
    AND LESS FREQUENT INTER-ACTION.  AS IN CAO BANG, BAC KAN
    OFFICIALS PORTRAYED THEIR PROVINCIAL POPULATION AS LARGELY
    NON-RELIGIOUS, APART FROM GENERALLY SHARED TRADITIONS OF
    ANCESTOR WORSHIP.  THEY CLAIMED THAT THERE WAS "LITTLE"
    BUDDHISM, AND ONLY "A FEW" CATHOLICS, WHO HAD NEITHER CHURCH
    NOR PRIEST.  AMONG THE HMONG (ESPECIALLY THOSE WHO EMIGRATED
    FROM CHINA IN OR SHORTLY AFTER 1979, THEY NOTED), THERE WERE
    SOME PROTESTANTS, BUT WITH NO FORMAL CHURCHES OR PASTORS.
    THEY ADMITTED THAT RELIGIOUS BROADCASTING IN THE HMONG
    LANGUAGE FROM THE PHILIPPINES WAS HAVING SOME IMPACT IN
    ATTRACTING NEW BELIEVERS, HOWEVER.  THEY ADDED THAT THERE
    HAD BEEN "NO REQUESTS" TO REGISTER ANY CHURCHES, NOR HAD
    THERE EVER BEEN "ANY PROBLEMS" WITH RELIGIOUS BELIEF,
    HOWEVER.  THEY CATEGORICALLY DENIED ANY EFFORTS BY OFFICIALS
    TO FORCE RELIGIOUS BELIEVERS TO RECANT.

    ¶12.  (U)  OFFICIALS NOTED THAT SOME ETHNIC MINORITIES --
    PRIMARILY TAY, HMONG, AND DAO -- FROM BAC KAN HAD BEEN AMONG
    THOSE WHO HAD MIGRATED IN RECENT YEARS TO THE CENTRAL
    HIGHLANDS, BUT DESCRIBED THESE AS STRICTLY "VOLUNTARY" RE-
    LOCATIONS.  "MANY" HAD SUBSEQUENTLY RETURNED IN RECENT
    YEARS, DESCRIBING EVEN GREATER HARDSHIPS IN THE CENTRAL
    HIGHLANDS, THEY NOTED, HOWEVER.

    COMMENT:  LOOKING MORE ALIKE
                           UNCLASSIFIED

    PAGE 03        HANOI  02975  03 OF 04  160036Z
    ----------------------------

    ¶13.  (SBU)  IN THESE MOUNTAINOUS AREAS, ALONG WINDING,
    RUDIMENTARY, AND SOMETIMES DANGEROUS "ROADS," THE OUTREACH
    OF THE GVN -- AND CPV -- IS FAIRLY IMPRESSIVE.  SCHOOLS,
    MEDICAL CLINICS, POST OFFICES, AND, INCREASINGLY,
    ELECTRICITY OFTEN REACH DOWN TO VERY REMOTE SETTLEMENTS,
    ALONG WITH THE PERVASIVE DUAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT AND PARTY
    CADRES.  THE GVN APPEARS TO HAVE BEEN METICULOUS AS WELL IN
    SETTLING UP THE FULL PANOPLY OF REPRESENTATIVE ORGANS --
    "THE PEOPLE'S COUNCILS" -- DOWN TO THE LOCAL LEVEL.  THE
    2002 NATIONAL ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS WERE NOTABLE BY CLEARLY
    IDENTIFYING THE ETHNIC BACKGROUND OF ALL CANDIDATES AND IN
    RETURNING A SLIGHTLY HIGHER PERCENTAGE OF ETHNIC MINORITY
    DELEGATES THAN THEIR SHARE OF THE POPULATION WOULD
    STATISTICALLY WARRANT.  GVN OFFICIALS LIKE TO BOAST THAT
    SUCH RESULTS PUT VIETNAM AHEAD OF THE U.S. IN ENSURING FAIR
    REPRESENTATION OF ALL ETHNIC MINORITIES, AT LEAST WITHIN THE
    NATIONAL LEGISLATURE.

    ¶14.  (SBU)  GVN AND CPV EFFORTS TO ORGANIZE DOWN TO THE
    GRASSROOTS LIKELY MORE PROFOUNDLY REFLECT THE CPV'S LENINIST
    MODEL THAN ITS CONCERN FOR THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-
    BEING OF THE ETHNIC MINORITIES -- ALTHOUGH SUCH CONCERN
    CLEARLY DOES EXIST.  UPON ACHIEVING FIRST INDEPENDENCE AND
    LATER NATIONAL UNIFICATION, THE GVN/CPV'S TOP PRIORITY WAS
    ON CREATING SOCIAL ORDER AND ENSURING UNCHALLENGED CPV RULE.
    GIVEN THE HISTORICAL ISOLATION OF SOME ETHNIC GROUPS -- AND
    IN SOME CASES, OPPOSITION TO THE CPV (ALTHOUGH SOME ETHNIC
    GROUPS, ESPECIALLY IN THE NORTH, WORKED CLOSELY WITH THE CPV
    EVEN IN ITS INFANCY) -- THE GVN AND CPV VIEWED A STRONG
                           UNCLASSIFIED

    PAGE 04        HANOI  02975  03 OF 04  160036Z
    ORGANIZATIONAL NETWORK AS ESSENTIAL; IN MANY PLACES, SUCH AN
    OFFICIAL PRESENCE WAS ALSO UNPRECEDENTED.  THE ECONOMIC
    RESULTS MAY HAVE BEEN MARGINAL (AS ELSEWHERE IN VIETNAM)
    UNTIL THE DOI MOI ERA, BUT THE GVN HAS SINCE 1986 -- AND
    ESPECIALLY OVER THE PAST SEVERAL YEARS -- DEVOTED EVER-
    HIGHER LEVELS OF RESOURCES AIMED AT THE MOUNTAINOUS AREAS.
    OFFICIALS ARE UNDOUBTEDLY RIGHT IN ASSESSING THAT THEY
    CANNOT ELIMINATE THE DISPARITIES WITH LOWLAND AREAS AND
    ESPECIALLY WITH URBAN CENTERS (THOSE GAPS MAY INDEED NOW BE
    WIDENING), BUT CURRENT EFFORTS ARE IN MANY CASES PAYING OFF
    IN IMPROVING LIVING STANDARDS AND IN WINNING SOME ADDITIONAL
    LOYALTY AND GRATITUDE AMONG MANY OF THE ETHNIC MINORITIES IN
    THE NORTH AND NORTHWEST.

    ¶14.  (SBU)  THE COMBINED EFFECT OF VIETNAM'S TOP-DOWN SYSTEM
    AND ITS UNITARY EDUCATIONAL AND CADRE MODELS IS, INEVITABLY,
    GROWING ASSIMILATION OF THE ETHNIC MINORITIES, ALTHOUGH GVN
    OFFICIALS WOULD DENY EMPHATICALLY THAT THIS IS A GOAL.  AS
    MORE AND MORE ETHNIC MINORITIES TURN TO "WESTERN" GARB --
    OFTEN NOTING HOW "UNCOMFORTABLE" TRADITIONAL CLOTHES ARE --
    AND LEARN VIETNAMESE IN SCHOOL AND IN THE WORKPLACE, THEY DO
    LOOK AND ACT MORE AND MORE LIKE THE MAJORITY KINH.
    INCREASED INTER-MARRIAGE AND MOBILITY WILL HEIGHTEN THIS
    TREND.  THE GVN DOES WHAT IT CAN TO ENCOURAGE TRADITIONAL
    FESTIVALS (WHICH ITS TOURISM OFFICIALS RECOGNIZE CAN BE A

                           UNCLASSIFIED

                               UNCLASSIFIED     PTQ7690

    PAGE 01        HANOI  02975  04 OF 04  160036Z
    ACTION EAP-00

    INFO  LOG-00   NP-00    AID-00   AMAD-00  ACQ-00   CIAE-00  DINT-00
          DODE-00  DOEE-00  SRPP-00  DS-00    EB-00    ED-01    FBIE-00
          UTED-00  VC-00    HHS-01   H-01     TEDE-00  INR-00   IO-00
          L-00     VCE-00   AC-01    NSAE-00  NSCE-00  OIC-02   OMB-01
          OPIC-01  PA-00    PM-00    PRS-00   ACE-00   P-00     SP-00
          STR-00   TEST-00  TRSE-00  USIE-00  PMB-00   DSCC-00  PRM-00
          DRL-02   G-00     NFAT-00  SAS-00     /010W
                      ------------------180D9F  160036Z /38
    R 152357Z DEC 02
    FM AMEMBASSY HANOI
    TO SECSTATE WASHDC 8349
    INFO AMCONSUL HO CHI MINH CITY
    AMEMBASSY PHNOM PENH
    AMEMBASSY VIENTIANE
    USCINCPAC HONOLULU HI

    UNCLAS SECTION 04 OF 04 HANOI 002975

    SIPDIS

    SENSITIVE

    GOOD MARKETING HOOK), CEREMONIAL WEARING OF TRIBAL CLOTHES
    (ESPECIALLY FOR THOSE TELEVISED NATIONAL ASSEMBLY EVENTS),
    AND PERFORMANCE OF ETHNIC SONGS AND DANCES, BUT THESE WILL
                           UNCLASSIFIED

    PAGE 02        HANOI  02975  04 OF 04  160036Z
    LIKELY MORE AND MORE BECOME QUAINT CULTURAL ODDITIES, RATHER
    THAN REPRESENT VIBRANT ETHNIC MINORITY TRADITIONS.  REGIONAL
    DISPARITIES, AS WELL AS POSSIBLY GREATER RESISTANCE TO
    CHANGE AMONG SOME ETHNIC GROUPS, WILL MAKE THIS AN UNEVEN
    PROCESS, HOWEVER.
    BURGHARDT

                           UNCLASSIFIED

`