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### Viewing cable 03HANOI1411, TRAINING VIETNAM'S JUDGES: MORE WORK NEEDED

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Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
03HANOI1411 | 2003-06-09 06:28 | 2011-08-25 00:00 | UNCLASSIFIED | Embassy Hanoi

`

    This record is a partial extract of the original cable. The full text of the original cable is not available.

` `

    UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 03 HANOI 001411

    SIPDIS

    STATE FOR EAP/BCLTV, DRL, and DRL/PHD

    E.O. 12958:  N/A
    TAGS: PGOV PHUM EAID SOCI VM
    SUBJECT: TRAINING VIETNAM'S JUDGES:  MORE WORK NEEDED

    Ref:  A)  HCMC 0499 and previous

          B)  HANOI 0935
          C)  FBIS SEP20021128000048
          D)  02 HANOI 2902

    ¶1.  (U)  Summary:  The low quality of professional skills
    among Vietnamese judges at all levels -- local, provincial
    and national -- is a well-recognized problem (refs c & d).
    Judges for the high-profile Nam Cam trial in Ho Chi Minh
    City (ref a) were carefully picked from among the best
    available throughout the country.  Undergraduate legal
    education became available only in 1979, and not until 1990
    were new judges required to have even a bachelor's degree.
    Efforts to provide intensive specialized training for judges
    began in 1998 with the creation of a Ministry of Justice
    (MOJ)-managed training school.  The GVN is debating the
    merits of establishing a National Judicial Training Academy
    to help improve the quality of judges and other court
    personnel.  The GVN welcomes foreign technical assistance,
    including from the U.S., to improve the quality of its
    judges.  End summary.

    -----------------
    Humble beginnings
    -----------------

    ¶2.   (U)  Vietnam did not even have a Ministry of Justice
    between 1960 and 1981; thereafter, it was considered a very
    backwater and under-funded Ministry until at least the
    1990s.  (Its subsequent rise was demonstrated with its move
    in 2002 to the elegantly refurbished -- at least on the
    exterior -- old Soviet Embassy buildings on a major
    thoroughfare.)  No tertiary-level legal education was
    available until 1979.  Judges were not required to have a
    bachelor-level degree -- in any field -- until 1990.

    -----------------
    Academic Training
    -----------------

    ¶3.  (U)  In Vietnam, academic legal education is offered
    primarily by the Hanoi Law University, the Ho Chi Minh City
    Law University, and the Law Faculty of Hanoi National
    University, although smaller law faculties also exist at Hue
    University, Can Tho University, Dalat University, and the
    National Police Academy.  The Hanoi Law University,
    established in 1979, is the largest and most prestigious
    legal education program in term of numbers of students and
    lecturers.  The Ho Chi Minh City Law University was
    established in 1987, initially as a branch of the Hanoi Law
    University.  Private institutions are not yet allowed to
    provide legal training, according to one law professor.
    Vice Rector of the Hanoi Law University Le Hong Hanh told
    poloffs that training at law colleges, even at the graduate
    level, is abstract and not tailored for professional judges,
    trial attorneys, prosecutors, or other court officials.
    Graduates from law colleges are not trained for specific
    functions such as being a prosecutor, he asserted.  The
    Police Academy, under the Ministry of Public Security (MPS),
    reportedly provides a more vocational approach, but only for
    MPS staff.

    ¶4.  (U)  The law bachelor's curriculum requires four years.
    One and a half years are devoted to classes mandated by the
    Ministry of Education and Training (MOET) for all Vietnamese
    college students, including Marxist-Leninist ideology and Ho
    Chi Minh thought, "scientific socialism," foreign languages,
    and computer courses.  There is a separate set of core
    courses for all law students that provides basic courses in
    various fields of law -- criminal, civil, family,
    administrative, labor, land, financial, banking, and
    international.  The core law course also includes a set of
    historical and comparative law classes covering theories of
    relations between "the state and the law," culminating in a
    specific study of state and law relations in Vietnam.  This
    sequence, together with the compulsory courses, places the
    law and courts in the clear context of a state "guided" by
    the CPV.  The final part of the law school curriculum is
    composed of specialized courses in the fields of law
    mentioned above as well as related classes such as criminal
    investigation, forensics, auditing, intellectual property,
    and contracts.

    ¶5.  (U)  According to law professors, there is currently
    some internal debate over how to handle "unclear issues" in
    the curriculum over the CPV's future role in the kind of
    "rule of law" state that Vietnam is becoming.  The formal
    curriculum still hews closely to "the Party line," but there
    are a few "study groups" including professors and students
    that discuss such issues "rather freely," according to some
    foreign-educated professors.

    --------------------------------------
    Training the next generation of judges
    --------------------------------------

    ¶6.  (U)  In January 2002, a CPV Politburo resolution on
    "urgent judicial tasks" identified judicial training as a
    national priority.  Also in 2002, the National Assembly
    revised the Ordinance on Judges and Lay Assessors to mandate
    that all future judges hold a certificate from MOJ's
    training school, which had been set up in 1998, prior to
    appointment.  (The requirement does not hold for sitting
    judges.)  Lay assessors, who also sit on court panels and
    decide cases alongside judges, still receive very little
    training (ref b).

    ¶7.  (U)  According to the MOJ school director, Dr. Phan Huu
    Thu, there have been six sessions of these one-year courses
    for "judges to be" thus far.  Participants -- mostly court
    clerks with several years of experience assisting judges
    administratively -- are selected by district and provincial
    courts for their potential to win appointment as judges.
    They must also be otherwise qualified for the bench:
    candidates must be "reliable," have a bachelor's degree in
    law, be of "good character," and have at least four years
    experience in the legal field for appointment to a district
    court (six years for a provincial court).  CPV membership is
    not a formal requirement.  Beginning in 2004, the school
    will require an entrance exam to make sure that all
    applicants are sufficient qualified academically, Thu said.
    The school also has courses for other legal officials
    including clerks of court, notaries, and executors (court
    officials charged with ensuring that sentences are carried
    out and that appeals are handled correctly).

    ¶8.  (U)  Dr. Thu said roughly 60 per cent of course
    graduates had already been appointed to the bench.  The
    aspiring judges spend eight months in the classroom.  Almost
    all of this time is devoted to the Criminal Procedures Code
    and on case studies based on it, as well as on
    practicalities such as how to issue an arrest warrant.
    According to Dr. Thu (who matriculated at a French law
    school), the case study method used borrows elements from
    France, Japan, Germany, and the U.S.  Students then intern
    for two and a half months at a court in their home province,
    and devote the final month to preparing for and taking the
    final exam.  Apparently, nearly everyone passes.

    ¶9.  (U)  Dr. Thu claimed his school had already made
    important contributions to improving the quality of new
    judges, attorneys, and other court officials.  However, he
    expressed regret that the school is still unable to provide
    in-service training for existing judges -- many of whom have
    had little or no formal academic training.  Nor has the
    school provided training for specialized judges serving in
    the Labor or Economic Courts.  Management of trials is not
    part of the curriculum, and very little attention is given
    to the role of the judge.

    --------------------------------------------- ---
    Other Training for Court and Procuracy Officials
    --------------------------------------------- ---

    ¶10.  (U)  The Supreme People's Court (SPC) and the Supreme
    People's Procuracy (SPP) also manage separate schools
    providing professional training for their respective staffs.
    The SPC training school, established in 1994, is a modest
    affair with just a few rotating trainers, providing only
    short-term training.  Serving judges teach the courses.
    Some courses cover relevant laws for judges newly assigned
    to various specialized courts.  There are also general in-
    service training courses lasting one to two months that
    include topics ranging from how to interpret laws to
    courtroom management.  A main focus has been to provide at
    least some training for pre-1990 appointees who often have
    little or no formal training.  SPC officials say that they
    would like to expand the school, currently housed in four or
    five dilapidated rooms of the SPC building in Hanoi, to
    provide more thorough training, but lament that there is no
    funding to do so.

    ¶11.  (U)  The SPP runs two "colleges" -- in Ho Chi Minh City
    and in Hanoi -- providing both short-term and long-term
    training for prosecutors and other Procuracy staff.  The
    colleges no longer offer bachelor's degree programs but
    instead offer a one-year intensive course for Procuracy
    employees who already have bachelor's degrees in law.  This
    certificate is now a requirement for appointment as a
    prosecutor.

    ----------------------------
    A National Judicial Academy?
    ----------------------------

    ¶12.  (U)  According to Director Thu of the MOJ training
    school, discussions are underway on the establishment of a
    national judicial academy to provide advanced training for
    all types of court officials, merging the separate
    institutes under the Ministry of Justice, the Supreme
    People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuracy.  At
    present, the differing approaches of these schools
    reportedly have led to a less than harmonious approach to
    legal training.  Thu said he personally favored putting the
    academy under the Ministry of Justice.

    ¶13.  (U)  Le Huu The, Director of the SPP Procuratorial
    Science Institute, and Nguyen Van Don, Director of the Hanoi
    Procuracy College, separately dismissed the necessity of
    making their training institutions part of a bigger academy.
    Both pointed out that the training of employees must be in
    line with the Procuracy's overall personnel plan and
    underscored their discomfort with the idea of the MOJ
    running an institution that would train Procuracy staff.

    ¶14.  (U)  Deputy Director Ngo Cuong of the SPC Judicial
    Science Institute also voiced doubts that the MOJ would do a
    good job running such an institution.  Cuong criticized the
    current MOJ training school for being already unable to meet
    the needs of its students and their employers.  Cuong
    claimed that the school's curriculum was too focused on how
    to carry out procedural functions such as issuing documents.
    According to Cuong, "most of the students in classes for
    judges have long worked as clerks of court.  They should
    already know court procedures very well."  Cuong criticized
    the MOJ school for failing to provide practical training on
    how to run a courtroom and how to deal with actual cases.
    He admitted that the MOJ school is useful for training
    notaries and executors, and perhaps even attorneys, but
    asserted that the SPC should take the lead in both long- and
    short-term professional training for judges.

    -------
    Comment
    -------

    ¶15.  (U)  However the GVN decides to train judges, part of
    their training must be to develop the role of the judge as
    an impartial "moderator" between prosecutor and defense
    attorney.  Officials such as the SPC's Cuong recognize this
    and complain that current training neglects this aspect of a
    judge's work and perpetuates the dominant role of the
    prosecutor in the courtroom, where approximately 95 pct of
    all cases end in conviction.  (Even higher during the just-
    concluded Nam Cam case.)  Common wisdom in Vietnam holds
    that prosecutors and judges generally determine the outcomes
    of trials before they even begin.  One attorney claimed that
    judges have been known to ask defendants questions such as,
    "When did you commit the crime?"

    ¶16.  (U)  CPV and GVN officials have spoken of the need for
    speeding up Vietnam judicial reform process for several
    years, and have prioritized upgrading the capabilities of
    judges and other court officials.  This will require not
    only elevating the role and responsibility of judges, but
    also allowing defense attorneys to operate on a more
    genuinely equal footing with prosecutors (septel).  It will
    require years to develop genuinely knowledgeable judges and
    defense attorneys, as well as to overcome a legal culture
    dominated by prosecutors and police.

    ¶17.  (U)  Some USG assistance is already underway toward the
    goal of improving the quality of judges through mechanisms
    such as the USAID-funded STAR program (in support of U.S.-
    Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement implementation), the U.S.-
    Vietnam Trade Council BTA and legal curriculum programs, and
    PAS International Visitors programs.  The UNDP Legal Needs
    Assessment (ref d) targets areas for foreign technical
    assistance, including strengthening the legal education
    system.  Vietnamese judges, from Presiding Judge of the
    Supreme People's Court Nguyen Van Hien on down, have
    expressed strong interest in learning more about the U.S.
    court system.  A delegation from the Supreme People's Court,
    possibly led by Justice Hien, is planning to visit the U.S.
    in summer 2003 under the auspices of the STAR program.
    PORTER

`