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### Viewing cable 08BRASILIA1354, BRAZIL: UPDATE ON BRAZIL'S AMBITIOUS CIVIL NUCLEAR ENERGY

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Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
08BRASILIA1354 | 2008-10-10 19:53 | 2011-07-11 00:00 | UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY | Embassy Brasilia

`

    VZCZCXRO3718
    RR RUEHRG
    DE RUEHBR #1354/01 2841953
    ZNR UUUUU ZZH
    R 101953Z OCT 08
    FM AMEMBASSY BRASILIA
    TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC 2648
    INFO RUEHRI/AMCONSUL RIO DE JANEIRO 6744
    RUEHSO/AMCONSUL SAO PAULO 2906
    RUEHRG/AMCONSUL RECIFE 8580
    RUEHUNV/USMISSION UNVIE VIENNA 0124
    RHEBAAA/DEPT OF ENERGY WASHDC

` `

    UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 03 BRASILIA 001354

    SENSITIVE

    SIPDIS

    E.O. 12958: N/A
    TAGS: ENRG TRGY KNNP IAEA BR
    SUBJECT: BRAZIL:  UPDATE ON BRAZIL'S AMBITIOUS CIVIL NUCLEAR ENERGY
    PROGRAM

    ¶1.  (U) THIS CABLE IS SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED AND NOT FOR
    INTERNET DISTRIBUTION.

    ¶2.  (SBU) SUMMARY.  The Government of Brazil (GOB) has ambitious
    plans for Brazil's nuclear renaissance.  It intends to complete
    construction of its third nuclear power plant (Angra 3) located near
    Rio de Janeiro and to construct an additional four to eight reactors
    by 2014 in order to keep up with domestic demand.  Deputy Minister
    of Mines and Energy Marcio Zimmermann said that Brazil wants
    American involvement in building the new plants.  There is an active
    discussion about additional reactors coming on line after 2014.  In
    addition, the GOB is seeking to establish the capability and
    capacity to produce nuclear fuel for domestic consumption.  The GOB
    is also considering the creation of a separate state-entity to
    monitor and regulate nuclear energy.  Further, the GOB is already
    grappling with the issue of the disposition of nuclear waste, which
    will become more severe with additional reactors.  END SUMMARY.

    BUILDING MORE REACTORS

    ¶3.  (SBU) Brazil currently has two nuclear power plants, Angra 1 and
    Angra 2, located at Angra dos Reis in the State of Rio de Janeiro.
    These two reactors generate a combined 1,900 megawatts of power and
    contribute to three percent of Brazil's energy.  Angra 3, which will
    be co-located with the two existing reactors, will add 1,200
    megawatts.  State-owned Eletronuclear, which is a subsidiary of
    Eletrobras, currently operates Angra 1 and Angra 2 and will be
    responsible for Angra 3 as well.  Financing of Angra 3 is estimated
    at USD 1.8 billion, and the GOB is still seeking a strategic partner
    to assist in financing the reactor.  On July 23, Environment
    Minister Carlos Minc placed conditions on granting the licenses for
    the construction of Angra 3 through the Brazilian Institute of
    Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA).  According to
    Dr. Laercio Vinhas, Director of the Radiation Protection and Nuclear
    Safety Directorate of the Brazilian National Nuclear Energy
    Commission (CNEN), CNEN is confident that Minc's conditions will not
    interfere with the construction of Angra 3.  The preliminary IBAMA
    license number 279 imposed 60 conditions for the construction of
    Angra 3, with the most salient being the disposition of nuclear
    waste.  At the end of September, IBAMA finally gave permission to
    start construction.  CNEN, which licenses and oversees the operation
    of reactors, had given permission for construction of Angra 3 years
    ago at the time it approved Angra 2 in the 1990's.

    ¶4.  (SBU) The GOB has announced its plans to expand the number of
    nuclear reactors in Brazil by 2014.  By that date, the GOB has said
    publicly that it intends to expand its nuclear energy production to
    make up five percent of Brazil's energy matrix.  Dr. Vinhas of CNEN
    believes this will require the construction of four to eight
    reactors, depending on projected economic growth and energy demand.
    In separate meetings with Acting Deputy Secretary of Energy Jeffrey
    Kupfer and DCM Lisa Kubiske, Deputy Minister of Mines and Energy
    Marcio Zimmermann said that Brazil is planning to build four to six
    new plants and that Brazil wants American involvement in building
    the new plants.  He recalled that Westinghouse had originally been
    involved in building the first Brazilian plant and that Brazil was
    eager to see U.S. firms reengage.  (NOTE: There already is some
    bilateral commercial interaction taking place in the nuclear field.
    Marcelo M. Susini Ribeiro, advisor to the director of Nuclear Fuel
    Production at Brazilian Nuclear Industries (INB), the civilian
    company that runs Brazil's current enrichment facility at Resende
    near Rio de Janeiro, told Econoff that his Director, Samuel Fayad
    Filho, travelled to Pittsburgh September 24 - 28 for meetings with
    Westinghouse. END NOTE.)

    ¶5.  (SBU) For the longer-term, i.e., the period after 2014, the GOB
    is considering bringing on even more reactors.  Minister of Mines
    and Energy Edison Lobao was quoted by Brazilian newspapers as
    suggesting that Brazil would build 50 or 60 nuclear reactors by
    ¶2030.  This proposal was dismissed by CNEN as unfeasible and
    unnecessary.  Moreover, Environment Minister Minc - a staunch
    anti-nuclear activist - said that Lobao was expressing only his
    personal opinion and not the view of the government.  Eletronuclear,
    however, has submitted a study to President Luiz Inacio Lula da
    Silva to urge that the large-scale expansion of Brazil's nuclear
    energy infrastructure commence soon.  If Eletronuclear is to meet
    its target of generating six gigawatts of nuclear power by 2030, as
    called for in Brazil's National Energy Plan 2030- which specifies
    that 6,000 megawatts of nuclear energy be available by that date, it
    believes that construction must begin right away.  Thus far, four
    states in the northeast have expressed interest in housing the
    future power plants, including Bahia, Sergipe, Alagoas and
    Pernambuco.  Press reports indicate that the GOB is looking at
    proposals to build six new reactors of 1,000 megawatts generating
    capacity, and sites in the southeast of Brazil are being considered
    for new plants.  Projections indicate construction on the first two

    BRASILIA 00001354  002 OF 003

    northeast reactors might begin by 2019 and 2021, with the southeast
    ones by 2023 and 2025.   Energy Minister Lobao has stated that
    Brazil would need 50,000 to 60,000 megawatts of nuclear capacity by
    2050, which could explain his comment on the need for 50 to 60
    nuclear power plants.

    IMPROVING NUCLEAR REGULATION AND OVERSIGHT

    6  (SBU) The Ministry of Mines and Energy has announced its
    intention to break up the national monopoly on the construction and
    operation of nuclear reactors to lower the costs involved.  The
    nuclear monopoly is written in Brazil's constitution, but an
    amendment delivered to the Chamber of Deputies in September 2008
    would allow private companies to work with nuclear generation.  The
    Ministry of Science and Technology, however, does not support the
    change, citing concerns over the strategic nature of nuclear power.

    ¶7.  (SBU) Dr. Vinhas of CNEN said that later this month (October
    2008), a committee of 11 ministries will meet to discuss the
    creation of a separate nuclear regulatory agency.  The creation this
    ministerial group, called the Committee for the Development of
    Brazil's Nuclear Program, is coordinated through the President's
    Office (Planalto) and will respond to the perceived increased demand
    for regulation of an expanding nuclear energy program.  Currently,
    CNEN both regulates and plays a role in managing the two nuclear
    reactors and other small-scale nuclear activities.  Dr. Vinhas
    commented that this arrangement might have worked satisfactorily
    with a small nuclear program, but with Brazil's ambitious expansion
    plans, a separate regulatory body makes more sense now.  Of note,
    the GOB has more than doubled CNEN's budget between 2003 and 2008,
    from Reals 70 million to Reals 150 million (about USD 70 million).

    BRAZIL-ARGENTINA NUCLEAR COOPERATION

    ¶8.  (SBU) In March 2008 Brazil and Argentina announced the formation of
    a bilateral Nuclear Energy Commission (COBEN), and stated their
    intention to create a joint state company (EBEN) that will develop
    compact nuclear reactors and enrich uranium.  While Brazil is
    willing to work with Argentina and possibly other countries on
    nuclear energy, it appears that the GOB remains unwilling to share
    technology for uranium enrichment that it has developed.  Dr. Vinhas
    of CNEN says that the Brazilian and Argentine technologies don't
    match well; Brazil pursues light water technology and Argentina is
    similar to the Canadian approach and uses heavy water.  In addition,
    press reports indicate that the Brazilian Navy is adamantly opposed
    to technology transfer to Argentina through this joint endeavor.
    Further, Brazilian Nuclear Industries (INB), the civilian company
    that runs Brazil's current enrichment facility at Rezende, near Rio
    de Janeiro, does not have access to the Navy's enrichment
    technology, which has been developed at the Navy's research center
    at Aramar, located at Ipero.  Aramar's principal project today is
    the construction of a nuclear powered submarine.

    NUCLEAR FUEL AND ENRICHMENT

    ¶9.  (SBU) Brazil has the world's sixth largest reserve of uranium.
    Its actual uranium reserves could be much higher as only 30 percent
    of its territory has been prospected.  Based on the present
    calculated reserve of 500,000 tons, Brazil would have enough uranium
    for 250 years of operation of six reactors.  Nonetheless, Brazil
    currently goes through foreign companies, such as Urenco, to obtain
    fuel-grade uranium for its nuclear facilities.  Dr. Vinhas of CNEN
    reports that the GOB plans to install in Aramar a plant to transform
    yellow cake into UF gas.  This is presently done for Brazil in
    Canada, and the enrichment is done in Europe through Urenco.  The
    GOB wants to obtain self-sufficiency in the production of fissile
    fuel for all of Brazil's nuclear reactors by 2014.  Dr. Vinhas
    states that Brazil has no current plans to export surplus enriched
    fuel, and will instead keep its surplus as a strategic reserve.

    NUCLEAR WASTE

    ¶10.  (SBU) Environment Minister Minc initially stated that he would
    not grant an operational license for Angra 3 unless a proper
    disposal method for nuclear waste was under construction.  However,
    condition 2.18 of license 279 from IBAMA had different wording,
    indicating that it was necessary for Eletronuclear to present a
    proposal and initiate execution of the approved project for the
    final disposition of nuclear waste before the initiation of
    operation of Angra 3.  There has been some confusion over the
    differences between the terms execution and construction as used in
    the license.  The GOB plans to begin the nuclear waste disposal
    project in 2014, and construction will begin in 2019, with
    conclusion in 2026.  It is still unclear what the nuclear waste
    solution will be.  CNEN has stated that Brazil's nuclear program
    does not have the financial means or any reason to reprocess nuclear

    BRASILIA 00001354  003 OF 003

    fuel today, and that it lacks technology to separate plutonium for
    weaponry.  Dr Vinhas said that highly radioactive nuclear waste will
    continue to be stored in the interior pools of each plant in Angra,
    where it will remain for 10 years for cooling.  An external pool
    will be build by 2022, when the internal reserves of Angra 1 and
    Angra 2 will be full.  CNEN believes the pool to be the best
    solution, and that pools are usable for the life of the reactor, or
    circa 60 years.  As Angra 3 will begin operation in 2015, CNEN
    foresees disposal becoming an issue only in 2075.

    COMMENT

    ¶11.  (SBU) After years of inactivity, the GOB is seeking to
    reactivate old projects and launch new ones in the civilian nuclear
    energy field.  Construction of the country's third reactor (Angra 3)
    should begin shortly, and now the GOB is looking at other aspects,
    such as producing its own fuel from its rich supplies of uranium.
    At the same time, the government is trying to put its regulatory
    house in order with a new oversight agency separated from
    management.  Talk of cooperation with Argentina has not progressed
    far and obstacles lie in its way.  GOB looks well-placed to expand
    its civilian nuclear energy sector if it can overcome some
    significant hurdles, with financing at the top of the list.  In the
    past Brazil has struggled to take major infrastructure ideas from
    the drawing board and bring them to fruition.  The GOB's current
    nuclear energy plans offer opportunities for both expanded
    government cooperation on the regulatory and management front, as
    well as business opportunities for private sector.

    SOBEL

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