Keep Us Strong WikiLeaks logo

Currently released so far... 97115 / 251,287

Articles

Browse latest releases

Browse by creation date

Browse by origin

A B C D F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z

Browse by tag

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
ETRD EAGR ETTC EAID ECON EFIN ECIN EINV ELAB EAIR ENRG EPET EWWT ECPS EIND EMIN ELTN EC ETMIN EUC EZ ET ELECTIONS ENVR EU EUN EG EINT ER ECONOMICS ES EMS ENIV EEB EN ECE ECOSOC EK ENVIRONMENT EFIS EI EWT ENGRD ECPSN EXIM EIAD ERIN ECPC EDEV ENGY ECTRD EPA ESTH ECCT EINVECON ENGR ERTD EUR EAP EWWC ELTD EL EXIMOPIC EXTERNAL ETRDEC ESCAP ECO EGAD ELNT ECONOMIC ENV ETRN EIAR EUMEM ENRGPARMOTRASENVKGHGPGOVECONTSPLEAID EREL ECOM ECONETRDEAGRJA ETCC ETRG ECONOMY EMED ETR ENERG EITC EFINOECD EURM EENG ERA EXPORT ENRD ECONEINVETRDEFINELABETRDKTDBPGOVOPIC EGEN EBRD EVIN ETRAD ECOWAS EFTA ECONETRDBESPAR EGOVSY EPIN EID ECONENRG EDRC ESENV ETT EB ENER ELTNSNAR ECHEVARRIA ETRC EPIT EDUC ESA EFI ENRGY ESCI EE EAIDXMXAXBXFFR EETC ECIP EIAID EIVN EBEXP ESTN EING EGOV ETRA EPETEIND ELAN ETRDGK EAIDRW ETRDEINVECINPGOVCS EPEC ENVI ELN EAG EPCS EPRT EPTED ETRB EUM EAIDS EFIC EFINECONEAIDUNGAGM EAIDAR ESF EIDN ELAM EDU EV EAIDAF ECN EDA EXBS EINTECPS ENRGTRGYETRDBEXPBTIOSZ EPREL EAC EINVEFIN ETA EAGER EINDIR ECA ECLAC ELAP EITI EUCOM ECONEFINETRDPGOVEAGRPTERKTFNKCRMEAID EARG ELDIN EINVKSCA ENNP EFINECONCS EFINTS ECCP ETC EAIRASECCASCID EINN ETRP EAIDNI EFQ ECOQKPKO EGPHUM EBUD ECONEINVEFINPGOVIZ ENERGY ELB EINDETRD EMI ECONEFIN EIB EURN ETRDEINVTINTCS EIN EFIM ETIO ELAINE EMN EATO EWTR EIPR EINVETC ETTD ETDR EIQ ECONCS EPPD ENRGIZ EISL ESPINOSA ELEC EAIG ESLCO EUREM ENTG ERD EINVECONSENVCSJA EEPET EUNCH ECINECONCS ETRO ETRDECONWTOCS ECUN EFND EPECO EAIRECONRP ERGR ETRDPGOV ECPN ENRGMO EPWR EET EAIS EAGRE EDUARDO EAGRRP EAIDPHUMPRELUG EICN ECONQH EVN EGHG ELBR EINF EAIDHO EENV ETEX ERNG ED
KMDR KPAO KPKO KJUS KCRM KGHG KFRD KWMN KDEM KTFN KHIV KGIC KIDE KSCA KNNP KHUM KIPR KSUM KISL KIRF KCOR KRCM KPAL KWBG KN KS KOMC KSEP KFLU KPWR KTIA KSEO KMPI KHLS KICC KSTH KMCA KVPR KPRM KE KU KZ KFLO KSAF KTIP KTEX KBCT KOCI KOLY KOR KAWC KACT KUNR KTDB KSTC KLIG KSKN KNN KCFE KCIP KGHA KHDP KPOW KUNC KDRL KV KPREL KCRS KPOL KRVC KRIM KGIT KWIR KT KIRC KOMO KRFD KUWAIT KG KFIN KSCI KTFIN KFTN KGOV KPRV KSAC KGIV KCRIM KPIR KSOC KBIO KW KGLB KMWN KPO KFSC KSEAO KSTCPL KSI KPRP KREC KFPC KUNH KCSA KMRS KNDP KR KICCPUR KPPAO KCSY KTBT KCIS KNEP KFRDCVISCMGTCASCKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG KNNB KGCC KINR KPOP KMFO KENV KNAR KVIR KDRG KDMR KFCE KNAO KDEN KGCN KICA KIMMITT KMCC KLFU KMSG KSEC KUM KCUL KMNP KSMT KCOM KOMCSG KSPR KPMI KRAD KIND KCRP KAUST KWAWC KTER KCHG KRDP KPAS KITA KTSC KPAOPREL KWGB KIRP KJUST KMIG KLAB KTFR KSEI KSTT KAPO KSTS KLSO KWNN KPOA KHSA KNPP KPAONZ KBTS KWWW KY KJRE KPAOKMDRKE KCRCM KSCS KWMNCI KESO KWUN KPLS KIIP KEDEM KPAOY KRIF KGICKS KREF KTRD KFRDSOCIRO KTAO KJU KWMNPHUMPRELKPAOZW KEN KO KNEI KEMR KKIV KEAI KWAC KRCIM KWCI KFIU KWIC KCORR KOMS KNNO KPAI KBWG KTTB KTBD KTIALG KILS KFEM KTDM KESS KNUC KPA KOMCCO KCEM KRCS KWBGSY KNPPIS KNNPMNUC KWN KERG KLTN KALM KCCP KSUMPHUM KREL KGH KLIP KTLA KAWK KWMM KVRP KVRC KAID KSLG KDEMK KX KIF KNPR KCFC KFTFN KTFM KPDD KCERS KMOC KDEMAF KMEPI KEMS KDRM KEPREL KBTR KEDU KNP KIRL KNNR KMPT KISLPINR KTPN KA KJUSTH KPIN KDEV KTDD KAKA KFRP KWNM KTSD KINL KJUSKUNR KWWMN KECF KWBC KPRO KVBL KOM KFRDKIRFCVISCMGTKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG KEDM KFLD KLPM KRGY KNNF KICR KIFR KM KWMNCS KAWS KLAP KPAK KDDG KCGC KID KNSD KMPF KPFO KDP KCMR KRMS KNPT KNNNP KTIAPARM KDTB KNUP KPGOV KNAP KNNC KUK KSRE KREISLER KIVP KQ KTIAEUN KPALAOIS KRM KISLAO KWM KFLOA
PHUM PINR PTER PGOV PREL PREF PL PM PHSA PE PARM PINS PK PUNE PO PALESTINIAN PU PBTS PROP PTBS POL POLI PA PGOVZI POLMIL POLITICAL PARTIES POLM PD POLITICS POLICY PAS PMIL PINT PNAT PV PKO PPOL PERSONS PING PBIO PH PETR PARMS PRES PCON PETERS PRELBR PT PLAB PP PAK PDEM PKPA PSOCI PF PLO PTERM PJUS PSOE PELOSI PROPERTY PGOVPREL PARP PRL PNIR PHUMKPAL PG PREZ PGIC PBOV PAO PKK PROV PHSAK PHUMPREL PROTECTION PGOVBL PSI PRELPK PGOVENRG PUM PRELKPKO PATTY PSOC PRIVATIZATION PRELSP PGOVEAIDUKNOSWGMHUCANLLHFRSPITNZ PMIG PREC PAIGH PROG PSHA PARK PETER POG PHUS PPREL PS PTERPREL PRELPGOV POV PKPO PGOVECON POUS PGOVPRELPHUMPREFSMIGELABEAIDKCRMKWMN PWBG PMAR PREM PAR PNR PRELPGOVEAIDECONEINVBEXPSCULOIIPBTIO PARMIR PGOVGM PHUH PARTM PN PRE PTE PY POLUN PPEL PDOV PGOVSOCI PIRF PGOVPM PBST PRELEVU PGOR PBTSRU PRM PRELKPAOIZ PGVO PERL PGOC PAGR PMIN PHUMR PVIP PPD PGV PRAM PINL PKPAL PTERE PGOF PINO PHAS PODC PRHUM PHUMA PREO PPA PEPFAR PGO PRGOV PAC PRESL PORG PKFK PEPR PRELP PREFA PNG PGOVPHUMKPAO PRELECON PINOCHET PFOR PGOVLO PHUMBA PRELC PREK PHUME PHJM POLINT PGOVPZ PGOVKCRM PGOVE PHALANAGE PARTY PECON PEACE PROCESS PLN PRELSW PAHO PEDRO PRELA PASS PPAO PGPV PNUM PCUL PGGV PSA PGOVSMIGKCRMKWMNPHUMCVISKFRDCA PGIV PRFE POGOV PEL PBT PAMQ PINF PSEPC POSTS PHUMPGOV PVOV PHSAPREL PROLIFERATION PENA PRELTBIOBA PIN PRELL PGOVPTER PHAM PHYTRP PTEL PTERPGOV PHARM PROTESTS PRELAF PKBL PRELKPAO PKNP PARMP PHUML PFOV PERM PUOS PRELGOV PHUMPTER PARAGRAPH PERURENA PBTSEWWT PCI PETROL PINSO PINSCE PQL PEREZ PBS

Browse by classification

Community resources

courage is contagious

Viewing cable 09ADDISABABA2648, G/TIP VISIT REVEALS PROGRESS, CHALLENGES IN ETHIOPIA

If you are new to these pages, please read an introduction on the structure of a cable as well as how to discuss them with others. See also the FAQs

Understanding cables
Every cable message consists of three parts:
  • The top box shows each cables unique reference number, when and by whom it originally was sent, and what its initial classification was.
  • The middle box contains the header information that is associated with the cable. It includes information about the receiver(s) as well as a general subject.
  • The bottom box presents the body of the cable. The opening can contain a more specific subject, references to other cables (browse by origin to find them) or additional comment. This is followed by the main contents of the cable: a summary, a collection of specific topics and a comment section.
To understand the justification used for the classification of each cable, please use this WikiSource article as reference.

Discussing cables
If you find meaningful or important information in a cable, please link directly to its unique reference number. Linking to a specific paragraph in the body of a cable is also possible by copying the appropriate link (to be found at theparagraph symbol). Please mark messages for social networking services like Twitter with the hash tags #cablegate and a hash containing the reference ID e.g. #09ADDISABABA2648.
Reference ID Created Released Classification Origin
09ADDISABABA2648 2009-11-09 13:42 2011-08-25 00:00 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Embassy Addis Ababa
VZCZCXRO3287
PP RUEHROV
DE RUEHDS #2648/01 3131342
ZNR UUUUU ZZH
P 091342Z NOV 09
FM AMEMBASSY ADDIS ABABA
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC PRIORITY 6764
INFO RUCNIAD/IGAD COLLECTIVE PRIORITY
RUEPADJ/CJTF HOA PRIORITY
RUEWMFD/HQ USAFRICOM STUTTGART GE PRIORITY
RUEAIIA/CIA WASHINGTON DC
RUEKDIA/DIA WASHINGTON DC
UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 03 ADDIS ABABA 002648 
 
SENSITIVE 
SIPDIS 
 
DEPT FOR G/TIP: RYOUSEY, MFORSTROM; AF/E: JWIEGERT 
 
E.O. 12958: N/A 
TAGS: KTIP PHUM PGOV SMIG ELAB KWMN PREL EAID DJ SU ET
SUBJECT: G/TIP VISIT REVEALS PROGRESS, CHALLENGES IN ETHIOPIA 
 
REF:  ADDIS ABABA 2314 
 
SUMMARY 
------- 
 
1. (SBU)  The Government of Ethiopia (GoE) continues to take steps 
to curb the international trafficking of Ethiopian citizens, but is 
challenged by economic realities, limited law enforcement capacity, 
and ever-changing trafficking patterns.  To combat international 
trafficking, the GoE passed a new labor law and has initiated 
training targeting legal professionals.  In contrast, efforts to 
combat (or even recognize) internal trafficking remain extremely 
limited.  END SUMMARY. 
 
2. (SBU) Meetings held during an October 12-16 visit by Rachel 
Yousey, of the Office to Combat and Monitor Trafficking in Persons 
(G/TIP), provided insight into current trafficking patterns within 
and originating from Ethiopia, as well as GoE, non-governmental 
organization (NGO), and international organization efforts to curb 
trafficking within and out of the country. 
 
UPDATE ON TRAFFICKING PATTERNS 
------------------------------ 
 
3. (SBU) According to Meseret Taddese, Executive Director of Forum 
on Street Children Ethiopia (FSCE), and Mulu Haile, Director of the 
Multipurpose Community Development Project (MCDP), more girls than 
boys are currently trafficked within Ethiopia.  Most girls are 
trafficked to work as domestic laborers, although girls are 
increasingly trafficked for sexual exploitation.  Boys are usually 
trafficked for a specific form of manual labor, based on the skills 
for which their tribe is known (e.g., weaving in the SNNP region, 
herding among the Oromo, guarding and shop keeping among the 
Gurage). 
 
4. (SBU) Meseret and Josiah Ogina, Head of the International 
Organization for Migration's Ethiopia Mission, told Yousey and 
PolOff that two new trafficking patterns have developed in the last 
one to two years:  one from Amhara region to Djibouti and the 
Ethiopia-Djibouti border, and the other from Oromia region to Sudan. 
 In Amhara region, traffickers recruit young women by promising to 
secure them high-paying jobs in Djibouti, but then transport them to 
tent cities that serve truckers along the Ethiopia-Djibouti border. 
While women are generally not forced to stay, they have no means to 
return home and are shamed by the great expense their families have 
paid on their behalf (often over 300 USD, the equivalent of a year's 
salary), and remain in the camps working as cooks, shopkeepers, or 
prostitutes. 
 
5. (SBU) In Oromia region, agents recruit young Muslim women by 
promising them high salaried work as domestic workers in Sudan, only 
to force them into prostitution in brothels in Khartoum or near 
Sudan's oil fields.  Ogina noted that many urban emigrants also use 
Sudan as a jumping-off point to be smuggled to Europe or North 
Africa, lending credibility to agents offering to find rural 
migrants work in Sudan.  The 3000-4000 USD fee charged to smuggle 
urban migrants is usually paid for by family members living abroad. 
 
 
6. (SBU) Meseret reported that increasing numbers of children are 
being trafficked to Djibouti and Sudan for sexual exploitation.  He 
also noted that boys are easily trafficked into Djibouti to serve as 
shop assistants or errand boys because they are not noticed by 
immigration officials alert only to women being trafficked into 
prostitution. 
 
TRAFFICKERS WARY OF ANTI-TIP EFFORTS 
------------------------------------ 
 
7. (SBU) Kassa Kere and Solomon Sima, also of FSCE, told Yousey and 
PolOff that traffickers have become more adept at eluding police and 
NGO efforts to curb trafficking.  Child traffickers have learned to 
avoid the joint FSCE-Addis Ababa Police "Child Protection Unit" at 
the city's main bus terminal, where hundreds of children have been 
rescued over the past few years.  They now disembark outside the 
city, where police and social workers are not trained to recognize 
trafficking patterns.  Likewise, brothel owners in Addis Ababa have 
learned they will be targeted by NGOs and (to a lesser extent) 
police if they "employ" children, and so no longer have young girls 
living on-site, but rather rent rooms to the girls on a short-term 
per-client basis, so they are considered less of a liability. 
 
REVISED LABOR LAW HOLDS PROMISE 
------------------------------- 
 
8. (SBU) The GoE has taken significant action to curb international 
 
ADDIS ABAB 00002648  002 OF 003 
 
 
trafficking in the past, and toward this goal revised the labor law 
governing overseas work in August, 2009.  Saud Mohammed, Director of 
Employment Service Promotion at the Ministry of Labor and Social 
Affairs (MoLSA), praised the revision for granting MoLSA greater 
authority to govern employment agencies that send Ethiopians abroad. 
 The new law requires Ethiopian agencies or their local affiliates 
to maintain a shelter for abused workers in each country where they 
operate, increases the cash and bond deposits that agencies must 
provide as collateral in the event that a worker's contract is 
broken, enables MoLSA to more readily seize that collateral, and 
mandates the establishment of labor attach positions at Ethiopian 
diplomatic missions abroad.  (Comment:  Limited provision of 
consular services for Ethiopian workers abroad has been a weakness 
in GoE efforts.  End comment.)  Ethiopian Private Employment 
Agencies' Association board members Tefera Tadesse and Amha Tesfaye, 
on the other hand, criticized the new law for tightening 
restrictions on employment agencies.  They told Yousey and PolOff 
that as the GoE made business more difficult for them, the number of 
Ethiopians working abroad illegally had increased. 
 
9. (SBU) Saud admitted that Parliament had not provided funding for 
labor attachs, and that MoLSA would not likely be able to establish 
such positions in the near future.  He also noted that while MoLSA 
collects information on employment agencies - including complaints 
from workers overseas - this information is not available to the 
public. IOM is currently helping MoLSA develop an electronic 
repository for this information, and Saud hoped this data would be 
made public in the future. 
 
TRAINING LEGAL PROFESSIONALS AND CONSULAR OFFICERS 
--------------------------------------------- ------ 
 
10. (SBU) Another area of progress has been the GoE's willingness to 
incorporate trafficking into training for judges, prosecutors, and 
police.  In July 2009, the Supreme Court's Justice Professionals 
Training Center agreed to incorporate TIP training into its 
curriculum, working jointly with Project Concern International, a 
G/TIP-funded NGO (reftel).  During this visit, the Ministry of 
Justice's Legal Training Division professed interest in providing 
similar training. 
 
11. (SBU) Separately, Ambassador Halima Mohamed, Ministry of Foreign 
Affairs Director General for Women's Empowerment, acknowledged that 
despite the Ministry's instruction to its diplomatic missions to 
provide more comprehensive services to Ethiopian workers abroad, and 
TIP victims in particular, little progress had been made.  Halima 
stated that at present, consular officers do not receive any TIP or 
labor rights training before entering service, and agreed that 
providing such training was needed to improve consular services. 
Yousey noted that in other countries, U.S. Missions had been able to 
provide such training, and Halima was receptive to this idea. 
(Comment:  Post will work with G/TIP and MFA to further explore this 
possibility.  End comment.) 
 
EFFORTS TO CURB INTERNAL TIP STILL LACKING 
------------------------------------------ 
 
12. (SBU) Numerous NGOs reported receiving cooperation from regional 
and state governments, state-owned enterprises, and local police. 
For example, the SNNP regional government provides free radio time 
to MCDP to air anti-trafficking outreach programming, the Addis 
Ababa police provide full-time police officers to staff Child 
Protection Units alongside social workers from FSCE, and the 
Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation provides free long-distance 
telephone service and the assistance of its employees across the 
country to FSCE.  However, nearly all NGO contacts stated that the 
majority of police officers (aside from those detailed to CPUs) had 
little understanding of TIP, and that their organizations received 
little support from the MoJ.  Others stated that judges and local 
administrators did not consider internal trafficking a serious 
problem. 
 
13. (SBU) Fekadu Tsega, Addis Ababa Administration Deputy 
Prosecutor, and Assistant Prosecutor Hailemariam Temesgen stated 
that they were not aware that a case of internal trafficking in 
persons had ever been prosecuted in Ethiopia.  In a moment of 
extraordinary candor, Hailemariam said it was unlikely any cases of 
internal trafficking would be prosecuted in the near future because 
many GoE officials believed trafficking victims needed employment to 
lift them from extreme poverty, no matter how horrific the 
conditions of that work.  He further stated that many Ethiopians 
believed trafficked children were better off in prostitution than 
they would be starving, so long as the children were above age 15. 
Fekadu noted that there were a few child exploitation cases pending, 
but they were weak, and the prosecutor's only goal was to prevent 
"huge damage."  In response to Yousey's questioning what trafficking 
 
ADDIS ABAB 00002648  003 OF 003 
 
 
cases might be sufficient to merit prosecution, Hailemariam stated 
that cases involving murder, rape, sexual abuse, and severe physical 
abuse would fall into that category. 
 
COMMENT 
------- 
 
14. (SBU) Extreme poverty in Ethiopia and the promise of greater 
opportunity abroad or in urban areas draw many Ethiopians into 
situations of trafficking and extreme physical and emotional abuse. 
Traffickers are wise to GoE and NGO efforts to curb trafficking, and 
new trafficking patterns present challenges to even the best law 
enforcement efforts.  While the GoE has enacted policy changes and 
committed resources to prevent international trafficking, more work 
lies ahead.  Moreover, the GoE has done very little to prevent or 
address internal trafficking - and officials admitted that it will 
likely do little in the near future. 
 
15. (SBU) All groups with which Yousey and PolOff spoke stated that 
better GoE inter-ministerial coordination was needed to curb 
trafficking from and within Ethiopia, namely in the form of the 
Inter-ministerial Trafficking Task Force, which has not met in two 
years.  IOM and EU representatives in Addis are in the early stages 
of developing a strategy to move the GoE toward a more 
comprehensive, coordinated anti-TIP policy, and post will join those 
efforts and initiate its own where appropriate.  Post will continue 
to encourage the GoE to conduct anti-TIP outreach, including the 
training of legal and diplomatic staff, providing technical support 
where possible.  END COMMENT. 
 
16. (U) This message has been cleared by Rachel Yousey. 
 
MCBRIDE