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Viewing cable 09ADDISABABA2616, HIGH RISK OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS FOR RURAL
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| Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 09ADDISABABA2616 | 2009-11-04 11:38 | 2011-08-25 00:00 | UNCLASSIFIED | Embassy Addis Ababa |
VZCZCXYZ0019
RR RUEHWEB
DE RUEHDS #2616/01 3081138
ZNR UUUUU ZZH
R 041138Z NOV 09
FM AMEMBASSY ADDIS ABABA
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC 6715
INFO RUCNIAD/IGAD COLLECTIVE
RUEAIIA/CIA WASHINGTON DC
RUEPADJ/CJTF HOA
RUEKDIA/DIA WASHINGTON DC
RHEHAAA/NSC WASHDC
RUEKJCS/SECDEF WASHINGTON DC
RUEWMFD/HQ USAFRICOM STUTTGART GE
RUEKJCS/JOINT STAFF WASHINGTON DC
UNCLAS ADDIS ABABA 002616
SIPDIS
E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: PHUM PGOV ET
SUBJECT: HIGH RISK OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS FOR RURAL
ETHIOPIAN GIRLS
Summary
--------
¶1. (SBU) Rural Ethiopian girls are more at risk of having
their rights violated compared to the general Ethiopian
population due to harmful traditional practices and cultural
attitudes towards females. While there are laws in place to
protect girls from some rights violations, the laws are not
enforced in most cases. Ethiopia has one of the highest
rates of early marriage in Sub-Saharan Africa; the median age
of marriage for rural Ethiopian girls is 16.5 years, despite
Ethiopian law which sets the legal marriage age at 18. Most
early marriages do not involve consent of the bride, though
this is mandated by law. Although illegal, female genital
mutilation (FGM) is widely practiced, with a prevalence rate
of 45.8 percent. Only 35 percent of rural Ethiopian girls
are literate, and over 40 percent never attend school; those
who attend do so for an average of only two years. Child
labor laws are generally not enforced, resulting in
significant numbers of adolescent (aged 10-19) domestic
workers in Addis Ababa who work an average of 64 hours per
week for USD 6 per month. Adolescent domestic workers are at
a higher risk for HIV infection and physical/sexual violence.
Pastoralist girls from the Afar and Somali regions face an
increased risk of undergoing FGM and have higher maternal
mortality rates, lower school attendance rates, and higher
prevalence of early marriage than the general Ethiopian
female population. The scarcity of police and other law
enforcement officials in the Afar and Somali regions leaves
enforcement of legal frameworks protecting pastoralist girls
largely to male-dominated traditional institutions that
reinforce cultural norms by applying traditional and
customary law. Recently passed legislation restricting
funding for civil society organizations (CSOs) engaged in
human rights advocacy is having a detrimental effect on the
ability of many CSOs to protect girls' rights. End Summary.
¶2. (SBU) On October 20, PolOff attended a conference in Addis
Ababa entitled "Empowering Rural Ethiopian Girls." Several
Ethiopian and international NGO representatives working
directly with rural girls in Ethiopia attended the
conference. This cable includes information collected
through discussions PolOff had with these individuals and
also includes recent research findings presented at the
conference. Individual statements made below without express
sourcing can be traced to one of these authoritative sources.
Harmful Traditional Practices: Early Marriage and FGM
---------------------------- ------------------------
¶3. (SBU) According to a 2006 study by International Family
Planning Perspectives (IFPP), Ethiopia has one of the highest
rates of early marriage in Sub-Saharan Africa. Nineteen
percent of Ethiopian girls are married before their 15th
birthday, in violation of Ethiopian law which sets the legal
marriage age at 18. The median age of marriage for rural
Ethiopian girls is 16.5 years. Though the Ethiopian
constitution states that "marriage shall be entered into only
with the free and full consent of the intending spouses,"
most early marriages do not involve the consent of the bride.
A Population Council study among adolescent girls in the
Amhara region found that only 15 percent of married girls had
consented to be married. Further, 81 percent of married
girls aged 10-19 in the sample reported that their first
sexual intercourse occurred against their will.
¶4. (SBU) The prevalence of early marriage is highest in the
central and northern regions of Ethiopia. In these regions,
girls are traditionally expected to be married before or at
the time of puberty. In the Amhara region, 50 percent of
girls are married by the age of 15 and 80 percent by the age
of 18, according to the 2006 IFPP study. Parents often
choose to marry daughters early because of the risk of loss
of virginity, economic gain (bride price), and perceived
inability to refuse the suitor's family (cultural norm).
Marriage also builds alliances between families, contributes
to the status of the parents, and relieves the economic cost
of raising and feeding the girl. Many rural Ethiopians
believe that a girl who is not married by late adolescence
represents a failure and disgrace to the family. Early
marriage often results in adolescent pregnancy, which
subjects the mother to increased risk of obstructed labor,
obstetric fistula, and death.
¶5. (SBU) Marriage by abduction, the forceful subjugation of a
girl into marriage, is a serious problem in rural Ethiopia.
According to a 2007 Population Council study, there was a
21.4 percent nationwide prevalence rate of marriage by
abduction in 2007. If a girl or her family refuses a
suitor's marriage proposal, the suitor may forcibly take the
girl from the village and rape her. The next day they return
to the village and village elders make the marriage official.
The girl's family usually does not protest since the girl is
no longer a virgin and hence undesired by other suitors.
This problem has decreased recently (down from 33.1 percent
in 1997) with increased cooperation from police and faster
court decisions punishing perpetrators; however, it still
remains a serious problem.
¶6. (SBU) Female genital mutilation (FGM) is illegal in
Ethiopia, though punishment is mild, with a minimum of three
months imprisonment and USD 40 fine for perpetrators, and
maximum of three months imprisonment and USD 40 fine for
parents or others who act as accomplices. FGM can cause
bleeding, infection, complicated labor, fistula, diminished
sexual attraction, and death of the victim. Though the
nationwide prevalence rate of FGM has declined from 60 to
45.8 percent from 1997 to 2007, according to a 2007
Population Council study, in the Somali region the rate has
remained constant at about 70 percent. Improvement in the
enforcement of laws prohibiting FGM has had the unintended
consequence of increasing the rate of clandestine FGM
procedures. Government health extension workers, located in
every kebele (district), serve as watchdogs for harmful
traditional practices, alerting police of violations.
Educational Opportunities Limited
---------------------------------
¶7. (SBU) According to a 2004 Population Council study, 35
percent of rural Ethiopian girls were literate (Note: The
same study found that 92 percent of urban boys were literate.
End Note.) Over 40 percent of rural girls never attend
school; those who do attend do so for an average of only two
years. For many girls, inability to pay school fees (poor
families prefer to send boys) and early marriage often
interrupt their education. One half of the girls who attend
school start late - between the ages of eight and ten - and
another 30 percent begin after the age of ten. Rural parents
cite the need for girls' household help and the futility of
sending girls to school as reasons for the low enrollment.
Girls who attend school often face additional hardships,
including no parental support and no time for homework
because of household chores (typically fetching firewood and
water), further decreasing their chances for success.
Menstruation also often causes absence from school, since
most girls do not own underwear and have no access to
feminine hygiene products.
Domestic Servants and Pastoralist Girls Particularly
Vulnerable
------------------------------
--------------------------------
¶8. (SBU) Certain groups of girls are particularly
marginalized, including urban adolescent domestic workers and
pastoralist girls from the Afar and Somali regions. Ethiopian
law stipulates that it is illegal for children below the age
of 14 years to be engaged in wage labor. Special provisions
apply for working children aged 14-18, including stipulation
of a maximum of seven working hours per day, and prohibition
of work before six a.m. or after 10 p.m. However, laws
against child labor are not enforced. A 2007 Population
Council study indicated that 15 percent of the female
adolescent population (aged 10-19) in Addis Ababa worked as
domestic servants, most of whom were trafficked from rural
areas, though some migrated freely. The same study indicated
that adolescent domestic workers worked extremely long hours
(average 64 hours per week) with a mean income of
approximately USD 6 per month. (Note: In Ethiopia, domestic
work is considered to be among the lowest status work of all
occupations and the most poorly paid. End Note.) Likely due
to their heavy work burdens, limited free time, and
restrictions by their employers, domestic servants are
largely absent from governmental and non-governmental
programs.
¶9. (SBU) Rural families are frequently supportive of their
daughters' migration to Addis Ababa and other urban centers
to become domestic workers because they feel that employers
will give the girl a good home and better opportunities.
While there is a tradition in Ethiopia of urban families
taking in rural relatives to enable them to receive a better
education, many girls are trafficked by a broker or family
member who fraudulently misrepresents the opportunities that
will be provided to the child. In such cases, promises of
good schools and light housework result in forced labor and
poorer living conditions than the child faced in the
countryside. The following is a testimony from a ten year
old domestic worker who migrated to Addis Ababa at the age of
nine: "Since my parents were not able to educate and raise
me, I came to Addis Ababa to work as a domestic worker. When
I was there (in the rural area), I used to herd cattle for
people and since life didn't go well for me and since they
made me do things that were too much for me, I came to Addis
Ababa to work as a domestic worker."
¶10. (SBU) A 2007 Population Council study found that
adolescent domestic workers were less likely to be educated
or to live with parents compared with other categories of
adolescents, making them more vulnerable to physical/sexual
abuse and HIV/AIDS than other adolescents. The HIV epidemic
in Ethiopia is increasingly urban and female, according to a
2005 Central Statistics Authority survey. Nearly eight
percent of urban females were living with HIV in 2005,
compared to two percent of urban males. Some areas in Addis
Ababa, such as Mercato, a large central market area, are
destinations for the poorest migrant girls from rural areas,
who are often absorbed initially into domestic service. Some
of these girls eventually drift into sex work. Several
flower plantations in Ethiopia employ large numbers of
adolescent girls, many of whom have fled early marriage or
who were sent by their families to generate income. At the
flower plantations, girls live without parents in small
rented rooms shared with several other females and males.
Due to their increased vulnerability, the HIV/AIDS rate among
these girls is significantly higher than among the general
population.
¶11. (SBU) Pastoralist girls from the Afar and Somali regions
face an increased risk of undergoing FGM and have higher
maternal mortality rates, lower school attendance rates, and
higher prevalence of early marriage than the general female
population, according to a 2007 Population Council study.
The scarcity of police and other law enforcement officials in
the region leaves the enforcement of legal frameworks
protecting pastoralist girls largely to traditional
institutions. The male-dominated traditional institutions
often reinforce discriminatory cultural norms by implementing
traditional and customary law.
Comment
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¶12. (SBU) Recently passed legislation restricting funding for
civil society organizations (CSOs) that engage in activities
that promote human rights is having a detrimental effect on
CSOs' ability to protect girls' rights. In February, the
Ethiopian Parliament adopted the Charities and Societies
Proclamation (CSO law), which prohibits CSOs that receive
more than 10 percent of their funding from foreign sources
from engaging in activities that promote human rights,
specifically including the rights of children and the
disabled and equality among nations, nationalities, people,
gender, and religion. Several of the CSOs present at the
conference told PolOff that they have had to disengage in
advocacy work and focus their activities on service-delivery.
Many expressed frustration and uncertainty about their
organizations' futures. End Comment.
MUSHINGI