Currently released so far... 97115 / 251,287
Articles
Brazil
Sri Lanka
United Kingdom
Sweden
00. Editorial
United States
Latin America
Egypt
Jordan
Yemen
Thailand
Browse latest releases
2010/12/01
2010/12/02
2010/12/03
2010/12/04
2010/12/05
2010/12/06
2010/12/07
2010/12/08
2010/12/09
2010/12/10
2010/12/11
2010/12/12
2010/12/13
2010/12/14
2010/12/15
2010/12/16
2010/12/17
2010/12/18
2010/12/19
2010/12/20
2010/12/21
2010/12/22
2010/12/23
2010/12/25
2010/12/26
2010/12/27
2010/12/28
2010/12/29
2010/12/30
2011/01/01
2011/01/02
2011/01/04
2011/01/05
2011/01/07
2011/01/09
2011/01/11
2011/01/12
2011/01/13
2011/01/14
2011/01/15
2011/01/16
2011/01/17
2011/01/18
2011/01/19
2011/01/20
2011/01/21
2011/01/22
2011/01/23
2011/01/24
2011/01/25
2011/01/26
2011/01/27
2011/01/28
2011/01/29
2011/01/30
2011/01/31
2011/02/01
2011/02/02
2011/02/03
2011/02/04
2011/02/05
2011/02/06
2011/02/07
2011/02/08
2011/02/09
2011/02/10
2011/02/11
2011/02/12
2011/02/13
2011/02/14
2011/02/15
2011/02/16
2011/02/17
2011/02/18
2011/02/19
2011/02/20
2011/02/21
2011/02/22
2011/02/23
2011/02/24
2011/02/25
2011/02/26
2011/02/27
2011/02/28
2011/03/01
2011/03/02
2011/03/03
2011/03/04
2011/03/05
2011/03/06
2011/03/07
2011/03/08
2011/03/09
2011/03/10
2011/03/11
2011/03/13
2011/03/14
2011/03/15
2011/03/16
2011/03/17
2011/03/18
2011/03/19
2011/03/20
2011/03/21
2011/03/22
2011/03/23
2011/03/24
2011/03/25
2011/03/26
2011/03/27
2011/03/28
2011/03/29
2011/03/30
2011/03/31
2011/04/01
2011/04/02
2011/04/03
2011/04/04
2011/04/05
2011/04/06
2011/04/07
2011/04/08
2011/04/09
2011/04/10
2011/04/11
2011/04/12
2011/04/13
2011/04/14
2011/04/15
2011/04/16
2011/04/17
2011/04/18
2011/04/19
2011/04/20
2011/04/21
2011/04/22
2011/04/23
2011/04/24
2011/04/25
2011/04/26
2011/04/27
2011/04/28
2011/04/29
2011/04/30
2011/05/01
2011/05/02
2011/05/03
2011/05/04
2011/05/05
2011/05/06
2011/05/07
2011/05/09
2011/05/10
2011/05/11
2011/05/12
2011/05/13
2011/05/14
2011/05/15
2011/05/16
2011/05/17
2011/05/18
2011/05/19
2011/05/20
2011/05/21
2011/05/22
2011/05/23
2011/05/24
2011/05/25
2011/05/26
2011/05/27
2011/05/28
2011/05/29
2011/05/30
2011/05/31
2011/06/01
2011/06/02
2011/06/03
2011/06/04
2011/06/05
2011/06/06
2011/06/07
2011/06/08
2011/06/09
2011/06/10
2011/06/11
2011/06/12
2011/06/13
2011/06/14
2011/06/15
2011/06/16
2011/06/17
2011/06/18
2011/06/19
2011/06/20
2011/06/21
2011/06/22
2011/06/23
2011/06/24
2011/06/25
2011/06/26
2011/06/27
2011/06/28
2011/06/29
2011/06/30
2011/07/01
2011/07/02
2011/07/04
2011/07/05
2011/07/06
2011/07/07
2011/07/08
2011/07/10
2011/07/11
2011/07/12
2011/07/13
2011/07/14
2011/07/15
2011/07/16
2011/07/17
2011/07/18
2011/07/19
2011/07/20
2011/07/21
2011/07/22
2011/07/23
2011/07/25
2011/07/27
2011/07/28
2011/07/29
2011/07/31
2011/08/01
2011/08/02
2011/08/03
2011/08/05
2011/08/06
2011/08/07
2011/08/08
2011/08/10
2011/08/11
2011/08/12
2011/08/13
2011/08/15
2011/08/16
2011/08/17
2011/08/19
2011/08/21
2011/08/22
2011/08/23
2011/08/24
2011/08/25
Browse by creation date
Browse by origin
Embassy Athens
Embassy Asuncion
Embassy Astana
Embassy Asmara
Embassy Ashgabat
Embassy Apia
Embassy Antananarivo
Embassy Ankara
Embassy Amman
Embassy Algiers
Embassy Addis Ababa
Embassy Accra
Embassy Abuja
Embassy Abu Dhabi
Embassy Abidjan
Consulate Auckland
Consulate Amsterdam
Consulate Alexandria
Consulate Adana
American Institute Taiwan, Taipei
Embasy Bonn
Embassy Bujumbura
Embassy Buenos Aires
Embassy Budapest
Embassy Bucharest
Embassy Brussels
Embassy Bridgetown
Embassy Brazzaville
Embassy Bratislava
Embassy Brasilia
Embassy Bogota
Embassy Bishkek
Embassy Bern
Embassy Berlin
Embassy Belmopan
Embassy Belgrade
Embassy Beirut
Embassy Beijing
Embassy Banjul
Embassy Bangui
Embassy Bangkok
Embassy Bandar Seri Begawan
Embassy Bamako
Embassy Baku
Embassy Baghdad
Consulate Belfast
Consulate Barcelona
Embassy Cotonou
Embassy Copenhagen
Embassy Conakry
Embassy Colombo
Embassy Chisinau
Embassy Caracas
Embassy Canberra
Embassy Cairo
Consulate Curacao
Consulate Ciudad Juarez
Consulate Chiang Mai
Consulate Chennai
Consulate Chengdu
Consulate Casablanca
Consulate Cape Town
Consulate Calgary
Embassy Dushanbe
Embassy Dublin
Embassy Doha
Embassy Djibouti
Embassy Dili
Embassy Dhaka
Embassy Dar Es Salaam
Embassy Damascus
Embassy Dakar
DIR FSINFATC
Consulate Dusseldorf
Consulate Durban
Consulate Dubai
Consulate Dhahran
Embassy Guatemala
Embassy Grenada
Embassy Georgetown
Embassy Gaborone
Consulate Guayaquil
Consulate Guangzhou
Consulate Guadalajara
Embassy Helsinki
Embassy Harare
Embassy Hanoi
Consulate Hong Kong
Consulate Ho Chi Minh City
Consulate Hermosillo
Consulate Hamilton
Consulate Hamburg
Consulate Halifax
Embassy Kyiv
Embassy Kuwait
Embassy Kuala Lumpur
Embassy Kolonia
Embassy Kinshasa
Embassy Kingston
Embassy Kigali
Embassy Khartoum
Embassy Kathmandu
Embassy Kampala
Embassy Kabul
Consulate Krakow
Consulate Kolkata
Consulate Karachi
Consulate Kaduna
Embassy Luxembourg
Embassy Lusaka
Embassy Luanda
Embassy London
Embassy Lome
Embassy Ljubljana
Embassy Lisbon
Embassy Lima
Embassy Lilongwe
Embassy Libreville
Embassy La Paz
Consulate Leipzig
Consulate Lahore
Consulate Lagos
Mission USOSCE
Mission USNATO
Mission UNESCO
Mission Geneva
Embassy Muscat
Embassy Moscow
Embassy Montevideo
Embassy Monrovia
Embassy Mogadishu
Embassy Minsk
Embassy Mexico
Embassy Mbabane
Embassy Maseru
Embassy Maputo
Embassy Manila
Embassy Manama
Embassy Managua
Embassy Malabo
Embassy Madrid
Consulate Munich
Consulate Mumbai
Consulate Montreal
Consulate Monterrey
Consulate Milan
Consulate Merida
Consulate Melbourne
Consulate Matamoros
Consulate Marseille
Embassy Nouakchott
Embassy Nicosia
Embassy Niamey
Embassy New Delhi
Embassy Ndjamena
Embassy Nassau
Embassy Nairobi
Consulate Nuevo Laredo
Consulate Naples
Consulate Naha
Consulate Nagoya
Embassy Pristina
Embassy Pretoria
Embassy Praia
Embassy Prague
Embassy Port Of Spain
Embassy Port Moresby
Embassy Port Louis
Embassy Port Au Prince
Embassy Podgorica
Embassy Phnom Penh
Embassy Paris
Embassy Paramaribo
Embassy Panama
Consulate Ponta Delgada
Consulate Peshawar
REO Mosul
REO Kirkuk
REO Hillah
REO Basrah
Embassy Rome
Embassy Riyadh
Embassy Riga
Embassy Reykjavik
Embassy Rangoon
Embassy Rabat
Consulate Rio De Janeiro
Consulate Recife
Secretary of State
Embassy Suva
Embassy Stockholm
Embassy Sofia
Embassy Skopje
Embassy Singapore
Embassy Seoul
Embassy Sarajevo
Embassy Santo Domingo
Embassy Santiago
Embassy Sanaa
Embassy San Salvador
Embassy San Jose
Consulate Surabaya
Consulate Strasbourg
Consulate St Petersburg
Consulate Shenyang
Consulate Shanghai
Consulate Sapporo
Consulate Sao Paulo
Embassy Tunis
Embassy Tripoli
Embassy Tokyo
Embassy Tirana
Embassy The Hague
Embassy Tel Aviv
Embassy Tehran
Embassy Tegucigalpa
Embassy Tbilisi
Embassy Tashkent
Embassy Tallinn
Consulate Toronto
Consulate Tijuana
Consulate Thessaloniki
USUN New York
USMISSION USTR GENEVA
USEU Brussels
US Office Almaty
US Mission Geneva
US Mission CD Geneva
US Interests Section Havana
US Delegation, Secretary
US Delegation FEST TWO
UNVIE
UN Rome
Embassy Ulaanbaatar
Embassy Vilnius
Embassy Vientiane
Embassy Vienna
Embassy Vatican
Embassy Valletta
Consulate Vladivostok
Consulate Vancouver
Browse by tag
AF
ADANA
ASEC
AFIN
AMGT
AE
AORC
AID
AR
AO
AU
ASEAN
AGOA
AFGHANISTAN
AFFAIRS
AMED
APER
ASECARP
APEC
AEMR
AS
AA
ANET
AFLU
ABLD
AL
ASUP
AJ
APECO
AMER
ABUD
AODE
AM
AFSN
AESC
AND
AG
ALOW
AROC
AVIANFLU
ATRN
ACOA
AEGR
AMGMT
AADP
AFSI
ACABQ
APRM
AZ
AIDS
ASE
AGAO
ADCO
ABDALLAH
ARF
AIDAC
ACOTA
ASCH
AC
ASEG
AGR
ACS
AMCHAMS
AN
AMIA
ASIG
ADPM
ADB
ANARCHISTS
ALOWAR
ARM
AUC
AINF
AINT
AORG
AY
AVIAN
AMEDCASCKFLO
AK
ARSO
ARABBL
ASO
ANTITERRORISM
ARABL
AOWC
AGRICULTURE
ALJAZEERA
AMTC
AFINM
AOCR
ABER
ARR
AFPK
ASSEMBLY
ASSK
AZE
AORCYM
AINR
AGMT
AEC
ACKM
APRC
AIN
ASCC
AFPREL
ASED
APERTH
ASFC
ASECTH
AFSA
AOMS
AORCO
ANTXON
ARC
AFAF
ADIP
AIAG
AFARI
AEMED
AORL
AX
ASECAF
AOPC
ASECAFIN
AFZAL
APCS
AMB
AGUIRRE
AEMRASECCASCKFLOMARRPRELPINRAMGTJMXL
AIT
ARCH
AMEX
ALI
AQ
ATFN
AMBASSADOR
AORCD
AVIATION
ARAS
AINFCY
ACBAQ
AOPR
AREP
ALEXANDER
ATRD
AEIR
AOIC
ABLDG
ASEX
AFR
ASCE
ATRA
ASEK
AER
ALOUNI
AMCT
AVERY
APR
AMAT
AEMRS
ASPA
AFU
AMG
ATPDEA
ALL
AECL
ACAO
ASECKFRDCVISKIRFPHUMSMIGEG
AORD
AFL
AME
ADM
ASECPHUM
AGIT
ABT
ASECVE
AGUILAR
AT
ABMC
ALZUGUREN
ANGEL
ASR
ANTONIO
BMGT
BEXP
BM
BG
BL
BA
BR
BTA
BO
BY
BBSR
BLUE
BK
BF
BTIO
BELLVIEW
BE
BU
BN
BH
BD
BC
BTC
BILAT
BT
BX
BRUSSELS
BP
BB
BRPA
BUSH
BURMA
BMENA
BESP
BIT
BBG
BGD
BMEAID
BAGHDAD
BEN
BIO
BMOT
BWC
BLUNT
BURNS
BUT
BGMT
BAIO
BCW
BOEHNER
BFIF
BOL
BASHAR
BIMSTEC
BOU
BIDEN
BZ
BFIN
BTRA
BI
BHUM
BOIKO
BERARDUCCI
BOUCHAIB
BORDER
BEXPC
BTIU
BTT
BIOS
BEXB
BGPGOV
BOND
BLR
CE
CG
CH
CVR
CASC
CU
CI
CD
CO
CDG
CB
CJAN
CPAS
COM
CVIS
CMGT
CT
CENTCOM
CNARC
CTERR
COUNTER
CHIEF
CDC
CTR
CBW
COUNTRY
CLEARANCE
CY
CA
CM
CS
CWC
CN
CITES
CF
CWG
CIVS
CFIS
CASCC
CROATIA
CONS
COUNTERTERRORISM
CASA
COE
CJ
CHR
CODEL
CR
CBC
CACS
CHERTOFF
CAS
CONTROL
CONDITIONS
CONDOLEEZZA
CITEL
CV
CLINTON
CHG
CZ
CON
CTBT
CEN
CRIMES
COMMERCE
CLOK
CRISTINA
CFED
CARC
CND
CTM
CARICOM
COUNTRYCLEARANCE
CBTH
CHINA
CSW
CICTE
CJUS
CYPRUS
CW
CAMBODIA
CENSUS
CIDA
CRIME
CBG
CBE
CMGMT
CAIO
CEC
CARSON
CPCTC
CEDAW
COMESA
CVIA
CWCM
CEA
COSI
CAPC
CGEN
COPUOS
CGOPRC
COETRD
CKGR
CFE
CQ
CITT
CIC
CARIB
CVIC
CLO
CAFTA
CVISU
CHRISTOPHER
CACM
CIAT
CDB
CIS
CUL
CHAO
CNC
CL
CSEP
COMMAND
CENTER
COL
CAN
CAJC
CUIS
CONSULAR
CLMT
CIA
CBSA
CEUDA
CAC
CROS
CIO
CPUOS
CKOR
CVPR
CONG
CONTROLS
CEPTER
CVISCMGTCASCKOCIASECPHUMSMIGKIRF
CDCE
DPOL
DEMARCHE
DHS
DR
DA
DISENGAGEMENT
DEMOCRATIC
DEFENSE
DJ
DY
DARFUR
DHRF
DEA
DTRO
DPRK
DO
DARFR
DOC
DRL
DK
DOJ
DTRA
DOMESTIC
DAC
DOD
DEAX
DIEZ
DEOC
DELTAVIOLENCE
DCOM
DMINE
DRC
DCG
DPKO
DOMESTICPOLITICS
DE
DB
DOT
DEPT
DOE
DHLAKAMA
DHSX
DS
DKEM
DAO
DCM
DANIEL
DEM
DAVID
DCRM
ETRD
EAGR
ETTC
EAID
ECON
EFIN
ECIN
EINV
ELAB
EAIR
ENRG
EPET
EWWT
ECPS
EIND
EMIN
ELTN
EC
ETMIN
EUC
EZ
ET
ELECTIONS
ENVR
EU
EUN
EG
EINT
ER
ECONOMICS
ES
EMS
ENIV
EEB
EN
ECE
ECOSOC
EK
ENVIRONMENT
EFIS
EI
EWT
ENGRD
ECPSN
EXIM
EIAD
ERIN
ECPC
EDEV
ENGY
ECTRD
EPA
ESTH
ECCT
EINVECON
ENGR
ERTD
EUR
EAP
EWWC
ELTD
EL
EXIMOPIC
EXTERNAL
ETRDEC
ESCAP
ECO
EGAD
ELNT
ECONOMIC
ENV
ETRN
EIAR
EUMEM
ENRGPARMOTRASENVKGHGPGOVECONTSPLEAID
EREL
ECOM
ECONETRDEAGRJA
ETCC
ETRG
ECONOMY
EMED
ETR
ENERG
EITC
EFINOECD
EURM
EENG
ERA
EXPORT
ENRD
ECONEINVETRDEFINELABETRDKTDBPGOVOPIC
EGEN
EBRD
EVIN
ETRAD
ECOWAS
EFTA
ECONETRDBESPAR
EGOVSY
EPIN
EID
ECONENRG
EDRC
ESENV
ETT
EB
ENER
ELTNSNAR
ECHEVARRIA
ETRC
EPIT
EDUC
ESA
EFI
ENRGY
ESCI
EE
EAIDXMXAXBXFFR
EETC
ECIP
EIAID
EIVN
EBEXP
ESTN
EING
EGOV
ETRA
EPETEIND
ELAN
ETRDGK
EAIDRW
ETRDEINVECINPGOVCS
EPEC
ENVI
ELN
EAG
EPCS
EPRT
EPTED
ETRB
EUM
EAIDS
EFIC
EFINECONEAIDUNGAGM
EAIDAR
ESF
EIDN
ELAM
EDU
EV
EAIDAF
ECN
EDA
EXBS
EINTECPS
ENRGTRGYETRDBEXPBTIOSZ
EPREL
EAC
EINVEFIN
ETA
EAGER
EINDIR
ECA
ECLAC
ELAP
EITI
EUCOM
ECONEFINETRDPGOVEAGRPTERKTFNKCRMEAID
EARG
ELDIN
EINVKSCA
ENNP
EFINECONCS
EFINTS
ECCP
ETC
EAIRASECCASCID
EINN
ETRP
EAIDNI
EFQ
ECOQKPKO
EGPHUM
EBUD
ECONEINVEFINPGOVIZ
ENERGY
ELB
EINDETRD
EMI
ECONEFIN
EIB
EURN
ETRDEINVTINTCS
EIN
EFIM
ETIO
ELAINE
EMN
EATO
EWTR
EIPR
EINVETC
ETTD
ETDR
EIQ
ECONCS
EPPD
ENRGIZ
EISL
ESPINOSA
ELEC
EAIG
ESLCO
EUREM
ENTG
ERD
EINVECONSENVCSJA
EEPET
EUNCH
ECINECONCS
ETRO
ETRDECONWTOCS
ECUN
EFND
EPECO
EAIRECONRP
ERGR
ETRDPGOV
ECPN
ENRGMO
EPWR
EET
EAIS
EAGRE
EDUARDO
EAGRRP
EAIDPHUMPRELUG
EICN
ECONQH
EVN
EGHG
ELBR
EINF
EAIDHO
EENV
ETEX
ERNG
ED
FR
FREEDOM
FINREF
FJ
FI
FRELIMO
FOREIGN
FAA
FETHI
FAS
FTAA
FRB
FAO
FCS
FINANCE
FWS
FTA
FEMA
FDA
FLU
FRANCISCO
FBI
FORCE
FO
FARC
FK
FT
FCSC
FAC
FM
FMGT
FINV
FCSCEG
FARM
FERNANDO
FINR
FIN
FINE
FIR
FDIC
FOR
FOI
FCUL
FKLU
FMLN
FISO
FIXED
GM
GMUS
GG
GR
GE
GAZA
GT
GH
GZ
GJ
GLOBAL
GV
GABY
GOI
GA
GCC
GB
GY
GATT
GC
GUAM
GEORGE
GTIP
GOV
GOMEZ
GUTIERREZ
GL
GKGIC
GF
GU
GWI
GARCIA
GTMO
GN
GANGS
GIPNC
GAERC
GREGG
GUILLERMO
GASPAR
GERARD
GI
HK
HR
HUMANR
HUMAN
HO
HA
HUMANRIGHTS
HU
HHS
HIV
HUM
HRKAWC
HILLEN
HILLARY
HDP
HUMRIT
HSTC
HUMANITARIAN
HCOPIL
HADLEY
HURI
HL
HRETRD
HOURANI
HG
HARRIET
HESHAM
HI
HNCHR
HARRY
HRECON
HRC
HOSTAGES
HEBRON
HUMOR
HSWG
HYMPSK
HECTOR
HN
HYDE
HUD
HRPGOV
HIGHLIGHTS
ID
ILC
IS
IZ
ICAO
IMO
ITU
IR
IAEA
ICRC
IPROP
IT
IBRD
ISRAELI
IRAQI
ISSUES
ITRA
IV
IO
IGAD
IRAQ
IN
IMF
ICTR
ISCON
IADB
IDB
IEA
INR
IWC
ICCAT
ILO
INMARSAT
IOM
ICJ
IQ
ISPA
ITRD
IPR
INTELSAT
ISN
IAHRC
INTERNAL
IFAD
IICA
IHO
IRAN
IL
IRCE
IC
INTELLECTUAL
IRM
IE
ICTY
IDLI
IFO
ISCA
INF
INL
ISRAEL
INV
IBB
INFLUENZA
ISPL
ITER
ITIA
INRA
ISAF
IACHR
INTERPOL
IFR
IRS
INRB
IEF
ISAAC
ICC
INDO
IIP
IATTC
INAUGURATION
IND
INS
IZPREL
IACI
IEFIN
INNP
ILAB
IA
IMTS
ITALY
ITALIAN
IFIN
IRAJ
IX
ICG
IF
ITPHUM
ITA
IP
IACW
IK
IUCN
IZEAID
IRPE
IDA
ISLAMISTS
ITF
INRO
IBET
IDP
IRC
ISO
ICES
IRMO
ITPGOV
IQNV
IMSO
IRDB
IMET
INCB
IFRC
JA
JO
JP
JM
JCIC
JOHN
JE
JEFFERY
JS
JUS
JN
JOHNNIE
JAMES
JKUS
JOSEPH
JML
JAWAD
JSRP
JIMENEZ
JOSE
JKJUS
JK
JAPAN
KMDR
KPAO
KPKO
KJUS
KCRM
KGHG
KFRD
KWMN
KDEM
KTFN
KHIV
KGIC
KIDE
KSCA
KNNP
KHUM
KIPR
KSUM
KISL
KIRF
KCOR
KRCM
KPAL
KWBG
KN
KS
KOMC
KSEP
KFLU
KPWR
KTIA
KSEO
KMPI
KHLS
KICC
KSTH
KMCA
KVPR
KPRM
KE
KU
KZ
KFLO
KSAF
KTIP
KTEX
KBCT
KOCI
KOLY
KOR
KAWC
KACT
KUNR
KTDB
KSTC
KLIG
KSKN
KNN
KCFE
KCIP
KGHA
KHDP
KPOW
KUNC
KDRL
KV
KPREL
KCRS
KPOL
KRVC
KRIM
KGIT
KWIR
KT
KIRC
KOMO
KRFD
KUWAIT
KG
KFIN
KSCI
KTFIN
KFTN
KGOV
KPRV
KSAC
KGIV
KCRIM
KPIR
KSOC
KBIO
KW
KGLB
KMWN
KPO
KFSC
KSEAO
KSTCPL
KSI
KPRP
KREC
KFPC
KUNH
KCSA
KMRS
KNDP
KR
KICCPUR
KPPAO
KCSY
KTBT
KCIS
KNEP
KFRDCVISCMGTCASCKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG
KNNB
KGCC
KINR
KPOP
KMFO
KENV
KNAR
KVIR
KDRG
KDMR
KFCE
KNAO
KDEN
KGCN
KICA
KIMMITT
KMCC
KLFU
KMSG
KSEC
KUM
KCUL
KMNP
KSMT
KCOM
KOMCSG
KSPR
KPMI
KRAD
KIND
KCRP
KAUST
KWAWC
KTER
KCHG
KRDP
KPAS
KITA
KTSC
KPAOPREL
KWGB
KIRP
KJUST
KMIG
KLAB
KTFR
KSEI
KSTT
KAPO
KSTS
KLSO
KWNN
KPOA
KHSA
KNPP
KPAONZ
KBTS
KWWW
KY
KJRE
KPAOKMDRKE
KCRCM
KSCS
KWMNCI
KESO
KWUN
KPLS
KIIP
KEDEM
KPAOY
KRIF
KGICKS
KREF
KTRD
KFRDSOCIRO
KTAO
KJU
KWMNPHUMPRELKPAOZW
KEN
KO
KNEI
KEMR
KKIV
KEAI
KWAC
KRCIM
KWCI
KFIU
KWIC
KCORR
KOMS
KNNO
KPAI
KBWG
KTTB
KTBD
KTIALG
KILS
KFEM
KTDM
KESS
KNUC
KPA
KOMCCO
KCEM
KRCS
KWBGSY
KNPPIS
KNNPMNUC
KWN
KERG
KLTN
KALM
KCCP
KSUMPHUM
KREL
KGH
KLIP
KTLA
KAWK
KWMM
KVRP
KVRC
KAID
KSLG
KDEMK
KX
KIF
KNPR
KCFC
KFTFN
KTFM
KPDD
KCERS
KMOC
KDEMAF
KMEPI
KEMS
KDRM
KEPREL
KBTR
KEDU
KNP
KIRL
KNNR
KMPT
KISLPINR
KTPN
KA
KJUSTH
KPIN
KDEV
KTDD
KAKA
KFRP
KWNM
KTSD
KINL
KJUSKUNR
KWWMN
KECF
KWBC
KPRO
KVBL
KOM
KFRDKIRFCVISCMGTKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG
KEDM
KFLD
KLPM
KRGY
KNNF
KICR
KIFR
KM
KWMNCS
KAWS
KLAP
KPAK
KDDG
KCGC
KID
KNSD
KMPF
KPFO
KDP
KCMR
KRMS
KNPT
KNNNP
KTIAPARM
KDTB
KNUP
KPGOV
KNAP
KNNC
KUK
KSRE
KREISLER
KIVP
KQ
KTIAEUN
KPALAOIS
KRM
KISLAO
KWM
KFLOA
LE
LU
LH
LA
LG
LO
LY
LANTERN
LI
LABOR
LORAN
LTTE
LT
LAS
LAB
LAW
LVPR
LARREA
LEBIK
LAURA
LS
LOTT
LOVE
LR
LEON
LAVIN
LGAT
LV
LAOS
LOG
LN
LB
MOPS
MO
MARR
ML
MASS
MZ
MR
MNUC
MX
MV
MCC
MY
MEDIA
MTCRE
MG
MCAP
MOPPS
MP
MI
MK
MC
MD
MA
MU
MASC
MW
MT
MEPP
MN
MTCR
MH
MEPI
MIL
MNUCPTEREZ
MMAR
MICHAEL
MUNC
MDC
MPOS
MONUC
MAR
MGMT
MAS
MEPN
MENDIETA
MARIA
MONTENEGRO
MOOPS
MSG
MARITIME
MURRAY
MUKASEY
MOTO
MCA
MFO
MEX
MRSEC
MMED
MACP
MAAR
MINUSTAH
MCCONNELL
MAPP
MGT
MARQUEZ
MANUEL
MNUR
MCCAIN
MF
MOHAMMAD
MOHAMED
MNU
MFA
MILITANTS
MINORITIES
MTS
MLS
MILI
MIAH
MEETINGS
MERCOSUR
MED
MARAD
MNVC
MINURSO
MNUCUN
MIK
MARK
MBM
MPP
MILITARY
MAPS
MNUK
MILA
MTRRE
MACEDONIA
MICHEL
MASSMNUC
MUCN
MQADHAFI
MPS
MARRGH
MRCRE
MTRE
MORALES
MAP
MCTRE
MHUC
MOPSGRPARM
MOROCCO
MCAPS
NL
NU
NS
NI
NPT
NATO
NO
NG
NATEU
NSF
NZ
NAS
NP
NDP
NLD
NGO
NEPAD
NAFTA
NASA
NEA
NGUYEN
NIH
NK
NIPP
NONE
NR
NANCY
NEGROPONTE
NRR
NERG
NSSP
NSG
NSFO
NE
NATSIOS
NFSO
NATIONAL
NTDB
NT
NCD
NTSB
NRC
NELSON
NAM
NH
NPG
NEC
NSC
NFATC
NMFS
NATOIRAQ
NAR
NZUS
NARC
NCCC
NA
NC
NEW
NRG
NUIN
NOVO
NATOPREL
NEY
NV
NICHOLAS
NPA
NW
NARCOTICS
NORAD
NOAA
NON
NTTC
NKNNP
NMNUC
NUMBERING
ODIP
OIIP
OPRC
OSCE
OREP
OTRA
OPET
OSCI
OVIP
OECD
OCII
OUALI
OPDC
OEXC
OFPD
OPIC
OFDP
OPCW
OECV
OAS
OM
OMIG
ODAG
OPREP
ORA
OIC
OEXCSCULKPAO
OIG
OASS
OFFICIALS
ORTA
OSAC
OIL
OIE
OEXP
OPEC
OPDAT
OMS
OES
OHI
OMAR
OCRA
OFSO
OCBD
OSTA
OAO
ONA
OTP
ORC
OAU
OXEC
OA
ODPC
OPDP
OVIPPRELUNGANU
OASC
OSHA
OPCD
OTR
OPPI
OPCR
OF
OFDPQIS
OSIC
OHUM
OSTRA
OASCC
OBSP
OFDA
OPICEAGR
OIM
OGAC
OTA
OTRAORP
OPPC
OESC
OCEA
OVP
ON
OPAD
OTAR
OCS
ODC
OTRD
OCED
OSD
ORUE
OREG
PHUM
PINR
PTER
PGOV
PREL
PREF
PL
PM
PHSA
PE
PARM
PINS
PK
PUNE
PO
PALESTINIAN
PU
PBTS
PROP
PTBS
POL
POLI
PA
PGOVZI
POLMIL
POLITICAL
PARTIES
POLM
PD
POLITICS
POLICY
PAS
PMIL
PINT
PNAT
PV
PKO
PPOL
PERSONS
PING
PBIO
PH
PETR
PARMS
PRES
PCON
PETERS
PRELBR
PT
PLAB
PP
PAK
PDEM
PKPA
PSOCI
PF
PLO
PTERM
PJUS
PSOE
PELOSI
PROPERTY
PGOVPREL
PARP
PRL
PNIR
PHUMKPAL
PG
PREZ
PGIC
PBOV
PAO
PKK
PROV
PHSAK
PHUMPREL
PROTECTION
PGOVBL
PSI
PRELPK
PGOVENRG
PUM
PRELKPKO
PATTY
PSOC
PRIVATIZATION
PRELSP
PGOVEAIDUKNOSWGMHUCANLLHFRSPITNZ
PMIG
PREC
PAIGH
PROG
PSHA
PARK
PETER
POG
PHUS
PPREL
PS
PTERPREL
PRELPGOV
POV
PKPO
PGOVECON
POUS
PGOVPRELPHUMPREFSMIGELABEAIDKCRMKWMN
PWBG
PMAR
PREM
PAR
PNR
PRELPGOVEAIDECONEINVBEXPSCULOIIPBTIO
PARMIR
PGOVGM
PHUH
PARTM
PN
PRE
PTE
PY
POLUN
PPEL
PDOV
PGOVSOCI
PIRF
PGOVPM
PBST
PRELEVU
PGOR
PBTSRU
PRM
PRELKPAOIZ
PGVO
PERL
PGOC
PAGR
PMIN
PHUMR
PVIP
PPD
PGV
PRAM
PINL
PKPAL
PTERE
PGOF
PINO
PHAS
PODC
PRHUM
PHUMA
PREO
PPA
PEPFAR
PGO
PRGOV
PAC
PRESL
PORG
PKFK
PEPR
PRELP
PREFA
PNG
PGOVPHUMKPAO
PRELECON
PINOCHET
PFOR
PGOVLO
PHUMBA
PRELC
PREK
PHUME
PHJM
POLINT
PGOVPZ
PGOVKCRM
PGOVE
PHALANAGE
PARTY
PECON
PEACE
PROCESS
PLN
PRELSW
PAHO
PEDRO
PRELA
PASS
PPAO
PGPV
PNUM
PCUL
PGGV
PSA
PGOVSMIGKCRMKWMNPHUMCVISKFRDCA
PGIV
PRFE
POGOV
PEL
PBT
PAMQ
PINF
PSEPC
POSTS
PHUMPGOV
PVOV
PHSAPREL
PROLIFERATION
PENA
PRELTBIOBA
PIN
PRELL
PGOVPTER
PHAM
PHYTRP
PTEL
PTERPGOV
PHARM
PROTESTS
PRELAF
PKBL
PRELKPAO
PKNP
PARMP
PHUML
PFOV
PERM
PUOS
PRELGOV
PHUMPTER
PARAGRAPH
PERURENA
PBTSEWWT
PCI
PETROL
PINSO
PINSCE
PQL
PEREZ
PBS
RS
REFUGEES
RW
RP
RELFREE
RO
REGIONAL
RIGHTS
REACTION
REPORT
RU
RENAMO
RIGHTSPOLMIL
REFORM
RM
REFUGEE
REL
RELATIONS
ROW
RREL
REGION
RATIFICATION
RBI
RICE
ROOD
RODENAS
RUIZ
RODHAM
ROBERT
RGY
ROY
REUBEN
RELIGIOUS
RUEHZO
RODRIGUEZ
RUEUN
RELAM
RSP
RF
RSO
RCMP
REO
ROSS
RPTS
RENE
REID
RUPREL
RMA
RI
REMON
RPEL
RFE
RFIN
RA
RAFAEL
RAY
RUS
RPREL
ROBERTG
RECIN
RAMONTEIJELO
SNAR
SP
SN
SMIG
SL
SOCI
SU
SG
SF
SENV
SZ
SOE
SCUL
SY
SO
SR
SYR
SE
SA
SW
SIPDIS
SCIENCE
SADC
SI
SCI
SOCIETY
SC
SAARC
STR
SECRETARY
SANC
SSH
ST
SNA
SGWI
SEP
SOCIS
SETTLEMENTS
SPECIALIST
SK
SHUM
START
STET
SCVL
SREF
SCHUL
SCUIL
SYRIA
SECURITY
SPCE
SYAI
SMIL
SOWGC
STEPHEN
SNRV
SKCA
SENSITIVE
SECI
SNAP
SPP
SCUD
SOM
SPECI
SMIGBG
SENC
SCRM
SGNV
SECTOR
SENVEAGREAIDTBIOECONSOCIXR
SENVSXE
SASIAIN
SACU
SENVSPL
SWMN
STEINBERG
SOPN
SOCR
SCOI
SCRS
SILVASANDE
SWE
SARS
SNARIZ
SUDAN
SENVQGR
SM
SNARKTFN
SAAD
SD
SAN
SIPRNET
STATE
SENS
SUBJECT
SFNV
SECSTATE
SSA
SPCVIS
SOI
SOFA
SCULKPAOECONTU
SPTER
SKSAF
SENVKGHG
SHI
SEVN
SANR
SPSTATE
SMITH
SCOM
SH
SNARCS
SNARN
SIPRS
SNARM
SIPDI
SCPR
SNIG
SELAB
SULLIVAN
SENVENV
SECDEF
SOLIC
SOIC
SPAS
SASC
SOSI
SEC
SEN
SENVCASCEAIDID
TU
TH
TW
TSPA
TRGY
TPHY
TBIO
TIFA
TS
TZ
TX
TSPL
TT
TK
TC
TINT
TERFIN
TERRORISM
TIP
TURKEY
TI
TECHNOLOGY
TNGD
TRSY
TRAFFICKING
TOPEC
TPSL
TP
TD
TR
TA
TIO
TREATY
TO
THPY
TECH
TRADE
TPSA
TG
TAGS
TF
TRAD
THKSJA
TVBIO
TNDG
TN
TBIOZK
TWI
TV
TWL
TRT
TWRO
TSRY
TTPGOV
TAUSCHER
TRBY
TRBIO
TL
TPKO
TIA
TGRY
TSPAM
TREL
TNAR
TBI
TFIN
TPHYPA
TWCH
THOMMA
THOMAS
TERROR
TRY
TBID
TPP
TE
THANH
TJ
TBKIO
UNGA
USUN
UN
UG
UNSC
UK
UP
US
UNCTAD
UNVIE
UNHRC
USTR
UNAMA
UNCRIME
UNESCO
UV
UNDP
UNHCR
UNCSD
UNCHR
UZ
USAID
UNEP
UNO
UNPUOS
UY
UNDC
UNCITRAL
UNAUS
UNCND
UA
UNMIK
USTDA
USEU
USDA
UNICEF
UR
UNFICYP
USNC
USTRRP
UNODC
UNRWA
UNOMIG
USTRPS
USAU
USCC
UNEF
UNGAPL
UNFPA
UNSCE
USSC
UGA
UEU
UNMIC
UNTAC
UNION
UNCLASSIFIED
USPS
UNA
UMIK
USOAS
UNMOVIC
UNFA
UNAIDS
UNCHC
USGS
UNSE
UNRCR
UNTERR
USG
UE
UAE
UNWRA
UNCSW
UNSCR
UNCHS
UNDESCO
UNPAR
UNC
UB
UNSCS
UKXG
UNGACG
UNREST
UNHR
USPTO
UNFCYP
USCG
UNIDROIT
UNSCD
UPU
UNBRO
UNECE
USTRUWR
UNCC
UNESCOSCULPRELPHUMKPALCUIRXFVEKV
VM
VE
VT
VETTING
VN
VZ
VIS
VC
VTPREL
VIP
VTEAID
VTEG
VOA
VA
VTIZ
VANG
VISIT
VO
VENZ
VAT
VI
VEPREL
VEN
WFP
WTO
WHO
WTRO
WBG
WMO
WIPO
WA
WI
WSIS
WHA
WCL
WE
WMN
WEBZ
WS
WAR
WZ
WMD
WW
WILLIAM
WEET
WAEMU
WM
WWBG
WWT
WWARD
WITH
WMDT
WTRQ
WCO
WEU
WALTER
WRTO
WB
WHTI
WBEG
WCI
WEF
WAKI
WHOA
WGC
Browse by classification
Community resources
courage is contagious
Viewing cable 07RANGOON1130, BURMA: INCSR I DRUGS AND CHEMICAL CONTROL
If you are new to these pages, please read an introduction on the structure of a cable as well as how to discuss them with others. See also the FAQs
Understanding cables
Every cable message consists of three parts:
- The top box shows each cables unique reference number, when and by whom it originally was sent, and what its initial classification was.
- The middle box contains the header information that is associated with the cable. It includes information about the receiver(s) as well as a general subject.
- The bottom box presents the body of the cable. The opening can contain a more specific subject, references to other cables (browse by origin to find them) or additional comment. This is followed by the main contents of the cable: a summary, a collection of specific topics and a comment section.
Discussing cables
If you find meaningful or important information in a cable, please link directly to its unique reference number. Linking to a specific paragraph in the body of a cable is also possible by copying the appropriate link (to be found at theparagraph symbol). Please mark messages for social networking services like Twitter with the hash tags #cablegate and a hash containing the reference ID e.g. #07RANGOON1130.
| Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 07RANGOON1130 | 2007-11-21 10:31 | 2011-08-25 00:00 | UNCLASSIFIED | Embassy Rangoon |
VZCZCXRO2176
RR RUEHCHI RUEHDT RUEHHM RUEHNH
DE RUEHGO #1130/01 3251031
ZNR UUUUU ZZH
R 211031Z NOV 07
FM AMEMBASSY RANGOON
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC 6872
RUEHBJ/AMEMBASSY BEIJING 1614
RUEHNE/AMEMBASSY NEW DELHI 4268
RUEHVI/AMEMBASSY VIENNA 0097
RUCNASE/ASEAN MEMBER COLLECTIVE
RUEHCHI/AMCONSUL CHIANG MAI 1244
RUEABND/DEA HQS WASHINGTON DC
RUEATRS/DEPT OF TREASURY WASHDC
RUEAWJA/DEPT OF JUSTICE WASHDC
RUCNDT/USMISSION USUN NEW YORK 1170
RHEHNSC/NSC WASHDC
RUEKJCS/SECDEF WASHDC
RUEKJCS/JOINT STAFF WASHDC
UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 08 RANGOON 001130
SIPDIS
SIPDIS
DEPT FOR EAP/MLS, INL, SCT
DEPT OF JUSTICE FOR AFMLS, OIA, OPDAT
VIENNA FOR UNODC OFFICE
E.O. 12958:N/A
TAGS: SNAR PGOV PREL BM
SUBJECT: BURMA: INCSR I DRUGS AND CHEMICAL CONTROL
REF: STATE 136782
RANGOON 00001130 001.2 OF 008
This report responds to reftel request for the INCSR I
Drugs and Chemical Control Report update.
¶I. Summary
Burma took many wrong turns in 2007, including in the war
on drugs. Both UNODC and U.S. surveys of opium poppy
cultivation indicated a significant increase in cultivation
and potential production in 2007, while production and
export of synthetic drugs (amphetamine-type stimulants,
crystal methamphetamine and ketamine) from Burma continued
unabated. The significant downward trend in poppy
cultivation observed in Burma since 1998 halted in 2007,
with increased cultivation reported in Eastern, Northern
and Southern Shan State and Kachin State. Whether this
represents a sustained reversal in poppy cultivation in
Burma, which remains far below levels of 10 years earlier,
remains to be seen. It does indicate, however, that
increases in the value of opium are driving poppy
cultivation into new regions. An increased number of
households in Burma were involved in opium cultivation in
¶2007. While Burma remains the second largest opium poppy
grower in the world after Afghanistan, its share of world
opium poppy cultivation fell from 55 percent in 1998 to 11
percent in 2006, and rose slightly to 12 percent in 2007.
This large proportional decrease is due to both decreased
opium poppy cultivation in Burma and increased cultivation
in Afghanistan. The Golden Triangle region in Southeast
Asia no longer reigns as the world's largest opium poppy
cultivating region, now producing 5 percent of the world's
opium.
Despite increased cultivation in 2007, Burma's opium
cultivation declined dramatically between 1998 and 2006.
The UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimates a
decrease from 130,300 hectares in 1998 to 21,500 hectares
in 2006, an 83 percent decrease. Cultivation in 2007
increased 29 percent, from 21,500 hectares in 2006 to
27,700 hectares. The most significant decline over the
past decade was observed in the Wa region, following the
United Wa State Army's (UWSA) pledge to end opium poppy
cultivation in its primary territory, UWSA Region 2. UWSA
controlled territory accounted for over 30 percent of the
acreage of national opium poppy cultivation in 2005, but
almost no poppy cultivation was reported in the Wa region
in 2006 and 2007. However, there are indications that
cultivation has increased in regions closely bordering UWSA
Region 2.
Burma has not provided most opium farmers with access to
alternative development opportunities. Recent trends
indicate that some opium farmers were tempted to increase
production to take advantage of higher prices generated by
opium's relative scarcity and continuing strong demand.
Increased yields in new and remaining poppy fields
(particularly in Southern Shan State), spurred by favorable
weather conditions in 2007 and improved cultivation
practices, have partially offset the affects of decreased
cultivation. Higher yields in some areas may also signal
more sophisticated criminal activity, greater cross border
networking, and the transfer of new and improved
cultivation technologies.
Burma's overall decline in poppy cultivation since 1998 has
been accompanied by a sharp increase in the production and
export of synthetic drugs, turning the Golden Triangle into
a new "Ice Triangle." Burma is a significant player in the
manufacture and regional trafficking of amphetamine-type
stimulants (ATS). Drug gangs based in the Burma-China and
Burma-Thailand border areas, many of whose members are
ethnic Chinese, produce several hundred million
methamphetamine tablets annually for markets in Thailand,
China, and India, as well as for onward distribution beyond
the region. There are also indications that groups in
Burma have increased the production and trafficking of
RANGOON 00001130 002.2 OF 008
crystal methamphetamine or "Ice" - a much higher purity and
more potent form of methamphetamine than the tablets.
Through its Central Committee for Drug Abuse Control
(CCDAC), the Government of Burma (GOB) cooperates regularly
and shares information with the U.S. Drug Enforcement
Administration (DEA) and Australian Federal Police (AFP) on
narcotics investigations. In recent years, the GOB has
also increased its law enforcement cooperation with Thai,
Chinese and Indian counter-narcotics authorities,
especially through renditions, deportations, and
extraditions of suspected drug traffickers.
During the 2007 drug certification process, the U.S.
determined that Burma was one of only two countries in the
world that had "failed demonstrably" to meet its
international counter-narcotics obligations. Major
concerns remain: unsatisfactory efforts by Burma to deal
with the burgeoning ATS production and trafficking problem;
failure to take concerted action to bring members of the
United Wa State Army (UWSA) to justice following the
unsealing of a U.S. indictment against them in January
2005; failure to investigate and prosecute military
officials for drug-related corruption; and failure to
expand demand-reduction, prevention and drug-treatment
programs to reduce drug-use and control the spread of
HIV/AIDS. Burma is a party to 1988 UN Drug Convention.
II. Status of Country
Burma is the world's second largest producer of illicit
opium. Eradication efforts and enforcement of poppy-free
zones combined to reduce cultivation levels between1998 and
2006, especially in Wa territory. However, in 2007, a
significant resurgence of cultivation occurred,
particularly in eastern and southern Shan State and Kachin
State, where increased cultivation, favorable weather
conditions, and new cultivation practices increased opium
production levels, led to an estimated 29 percent increase
in overall opium poppy cultivation and a 46 percent
increase in potential production of dry opium.
According to the UNODC, opium prices in the Golden Triangle
have increased in recent years, although prices in Burma
remain much lower than the rest of the region due to easier
supply. Burmese village-level opium prices or farm-gate
prices increased from $153 per kg in 2004 to $187 in 2005,
to $230 in 2006 and to $265/kg in 2007. Burmese opium sales
contribute about half of the annual household cash income
of farmers who cultivate opium, which they use to pay for
food between harvests. Forty-five percent of the average
yearly income ($501) of opium cultivating households in
Shan State was derived from opium sales in 2007.
In 2007, the UNODC opium yield survey estimated there were
approximately 27,700 hectares planted with opium poppies,
with an average yield of 16.6 kg per hectare (significantly
higher than the 2006 average yield of 14.6 kg per hectare).
[Independent U.S. opium poppy cultivation surveys also
indicated increased poppy cultivation and estimated opium
production to approximately 27, 700 hectares cultivated and
270 metric tons produced]. The UNODC's opium yield survey
concluded that cultivation had increased 29 percent in
Burma from 2006 levels, with a 46 percent increase in
potential production to 460 metric tons. This represented
a 67 percent increase in the total potential value of opium
production in Burma, from $72 million in 2006 to $120
million in 2007. Nonetheless, both surveys indicated that
opium production is still down 90 percent from its peak
production in 1996.
The general decline in poppy cultivation in Burma since
1996 has been accompanied by a sharp increase in the local
production and export of synthetic drugs. According to GOB
figures for 2007, the GOB seized approximately 1.5 million
methamphetamine tablets, compared to 19.5 million seized in
¶2006. Opium, heroin, and ATS are produced predominantly in
RANGOON 00001130 003.2 OF 008
the border regions of Shan State and in areas controlled by
ethnic minority groups. Between 1989 and 1997, the Burmese
government negotiated a series of cease-fire agreements
with several armed ethnic minorities, offering them limited
autonomy and continued tolerance of their narcotics
production and trafficking activities in return for peace.
In June 2005, the United Wa State Army (UWSA) announced
implementation in Wa territory of a long-delayed ban on
opium production and trafficking. While the cultivation of
opium poppies decreased in the Wa territory during 2006 and
2007, according to UNODC and U.S. surveys, there are
indications from many sources that Wa leaders replaced
opium cultivation with the manufacture and trafficking of
ATS pills and "Ice" in their territory, working in close
collaboration with ethnic Chinese drug gangs.
Although the government has not succeeded in persuading the
UWSA to stop its illicit drug production and trafficking,
the GOBQs Anti-Narcotic Task Forces continued to pressure
Wa traffickers in 2007. UWSA also undertook limited
enforcement actions against rivals in Shan State in 2006
and 2007. In May 2006, UWSA units found and dismantled two
clandestine laboratories operating in territory occupied
and controlled by the UWSA-South in Eastern Shan State.
When the UWSA units entered the lab sites, a firefight
ensued, with eight people fatally wounded, four arrested,
and 25 kg of heroin and 500,000 methamphetamine tablets
seized by the raiding UWSA units. In June 2006, the UWSA
passed custody of the contraband substances to Government
of Burma (GOB) officials. The prisoners remained in the
custody of the UWSA. These UWSA actions likely were
motivated more towards eliminating the competition in their
area than by a desire to stop drug trafficking. In Burma,
opium addiction remains high in places of historic or
current opium production, ranging from 1.27 percent of the
total adult population in Eastern Shan State to 0.97
percent in Kachin State and an estimated 0.83 percent in
the Wa region, the main area of opium production until
¶2006.
III. Country Actions Against Drugs in 2007
--Policy Initiatives. Burma's official 15-year counter-
narcotics plan, launched in 1999, calls for the eradication
of all narcotics production and trafficking by the year
2014, one year ahead of an ASEAN-wide plan of action that
calls for the entire region to be drug-free by 2015. To
meet this goal, the GOB initiated its plan in stages, using
eradication efforts combined with planned alternative
development programs in individual townships, predominantly
in Shan State. The government initiated its second five-
year phase in 2004. Ground surveys by the Joint GOB-UNODC
Illicit Crop Monitoring Program indicate a steady decline
in poppy cultivation and opium production in areas
receiving focused attention, due to the availability of
some alternative livelihood measures (including crop
substitution), the discovery and closure of clandestine
refineries, stronger interdiction of illicit traffic, and
annual poppy eradication programs. The UNODC estimates
that the GOB eradicated 3,598 hectares of opium poppy
during the 2007 opium poppy cropping season (ranging
between July-March is most regions), compared to 3,970
hectares in 2006.
The most significant multilateral effort in support of
Burma's counter-narcotics efforts is the UNODC presence in
Shan State. The UNODC's "Wa Project" was initially a five-
year, $12.1 million supply-reduction program designed to
encourage alternative development in territory controlled
by the UWSA. In order to meet basic human needs and ensure
the sustainability of the UWSA opium ban announced in 2005,
the UNODC extended the project through 2007, increased the
total budget to $16.8 million, and broadened the scope from
16 villages to the entire Wa Special Region No. 2. Major
donors that have supported the Wa Project include Japan and
Germany, with additional contributions from the UK and
Australia. The United States previously funded the UNODC
RANGOON 00001130 004.2 OF 008
Wa project, but halted funding over issued by UWSA
leadership against U.S. DEA agents following the January
2005 indictment of seven UWSA leaders in a U.S. district
court for their role in producing and smuggling heroin to
the United States.
As part of its 15-year counter-narcotics plan, in 2002 the
Burmese Central Committee for Drug Abuse Control (CCDAC)
initiated the "New Destiny" project, which calls for the
complete eradication of poppy cultivation nationwide and
its replacement with substitute crops. The GOB, under its
1993 Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law,
issued notifications controlling 124 narcotic drugs, 113
psychotropic substances, and 25 precursor chemicals. Burma
enacted a "Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Law" in
¶2004.
--Law Enforcement Measures. The CCDAC, which leads all
drug-enforcement efforts in Burma, is comprised of
personnel from the national police, customs, military
intelligence, and army. The CCDAC, under the control of
the Ministry of Home Affairs, coordinates 27 anti-narcotics
task forces throughout Burma. Most are located in major
cities and along key transit routes near Burma's borders
with China, India, and Thailand. As is the case with most
Burmese government entities, the CCDAC suffers from a
severe lack of adequate funding, equipment, and training to
support its law-enforcement mission. The Burmese Army and
Customs Department support the Police in this role. In
2005, CCDAC established two new anti-narcotic task forces
in Rangoon and Mandalay, supplementing existing task forces
in both cities.
Burma is actively engaged in drug-abuse control with its
neighbors China, India, and Thailand. Since 1997, Burma
and Thailand have had 11 cross-border law enforcement
cooperation meetings. The most significant result of this
cooperation has been the repatriation by Burmese police of
drug suspects wanted by Thai authorities: two in 2004, one
in 2005 and one in 2006. According to the GOB, Thailand
has contributed over $1.6 million to support an opium crop
substitution and infrastructure project in southeastern
Shan State. In 2007, Thailand assigned an officer from the
Office of Narcotics Control Board (ONCB) to its mission in
Rangoon. Burma-China cross border law enforcement
cooperation has increased significantly, resulting in
several successful operations and the handover of several
Chinese fugitives who had fled to Burma. While not
formally funding alternative development programs, the
Chinese government has actively encouraged investment in
many projects in the Wa area and other border regions,
particularly in commercial enterprises such as tea
plantations, rubber plantations, and pig farms. China has
assisted in marketing those products in China through lower
duties and taxes. There are also indications that China
conducted its own opium cultivation and production surveys
in 2007 in regions of Burma bordering the PRC, although
they have not shared data resulting from those surveys with
other parties.
After Burma and India signed an agreement on drug control
cooperation in 1993, the two countries have held cross
border Law Enforcement meetings on a biannual basis, the
last being held September 11, 2004, in Calcutta.
The GOB has to date taken no direct action against any of
the seven UWSA leaders indicted by U.S. federal court in
January 2005, although authorities have taken action
against other, lower ranking members of the UWSA syndicate.
In 2007, one of the indicted leaders, Pao Yu-hua, died of
natural causes and another indicted leader, Ho Chun-t'ing,
was captured by Hong Kong Police. He is currently
imprisoned in Hong Kong while U.S. and Hong Kong officials
discuss his extradition to stand trial in the U.S. Another
notorious Burmese drug lord, Khun Sa, who was held under
house arrest in Rangoon following his surrender to the GOB
in December 1996, died from natural causes in October 2007.
RANGOON 00001130 005.2 OF 008
--Narcotics Seizures. Summary statistics provided by
Burmese drug officials indicate that through September
2007, Burmese police, army, and the Customs Service
together seized 1154 kgs of raw opium, 354 kgs of low
quality opium, 73 kgs of heroin, 91 kgs of marijuana,
approximately 1.5 million methamphetamine tablets, 455 kgs
of methamphetamine powder, 395 kgs of methamphetamine ICE,
238 kgs of ephedrine, 3,116 kgs of powdered precursor
chemicals, and 8,723 liters of precursor chemicals.
On January 19, 2007, based on DEA and AFP information, the
Lashio CCDAC ANTF dismantled a heroin refinery in the Man
Lin Hills near Lashio, Shan State. This operation resulted
in the arrest of two defendants and the seizure of
approximately 20.3 kgs of heroin, 20.3 kgs of brown opium,
1.02 kgs of opium residue, 1,100 kgs of ammonium chloride,
770 kgs of sodium chloride, 1,470 liters of ether, 438
liters of hydrochloric acid, 183 liters of chloroform, and various
equipment used in the refining of heroin.
On February 14, 2007, based on DEA and AFP information, the
Muse CCDAC ANTF dismantled a heroin refinery near Khar Li
Khu Village, Mong Ko Township, Burma. This operation
resulted in the arrest of 7 individuals, and the seizure of
7 kgs of brown opium, 89 kgs of ephedrine, 22.75 liters of
mineral spirit, 3 kgs of sodium hydroxide, 2 liters of
hydrochloric acid, 183 liters of chloroform, and various
equipment used in the refining of heroin.
On April 21, 2007, the Tachilek ANTF seized a total of
approximately 264,000 methamphetamine tablets.
On April 23, 2007, based on DEA and AFP information, CCDAC
ANTF seized 224.3 kgs of opium, 300 grams of heroin, opium
seeds, 7.1 million kyat (approximately $6,000), and 50,000
Chinese Yuan (approximately $6,250) in Pan Se, Nam Kham
Township, Burma.
During a May 26, 2007 raid on a heroin refinery in Kokang
region, the Muse ANTF captured a Kachin Defense Army (KDA)
major. Returning from the refinery, ANTF was ambushed by
approximately 60 armed individuals. In the ensuing
firefight, the KDA major was rescued and the opposing force
escaped with the drugs and money seized at the refinery.
Four ANTF officers were killed and two were wounded. The
attackers were identified as KDA and were believed to be
primarily interested in recovering the KDA major.
On June 7, 2007, based on DEA information, the Taunggyi
ANTF seized 195.2 kgs of opium from three locations and
dismantled a heroin refinery.
--Corruption. Burma signed but has not ratified the UN
Corruption Convention. Burma does not have a legislature
or effective constitution; and has no laws on record
specifically related to corruption. While there is little
evidence that senior officials in the Burmese Government
are directly involved in the drug trade, there are credible
indications that mid-and-lower level military leaders and
government officials, particularly those posted in border
and drug producing areas, are closely involved in
facilitating the drug trade. The Burmese regime closely
monitors travel, communications and activities of its
citizens to maintain its pervasive control of the
population, so it strains credibility to believe that
government officials are not aware of the cultivation,
production and trafficking of illegal narcotics in areas it
tightly controls. A few officials have been prosecuted
for drug abuse and/or narcotics-related corruption.
However, Burma has failed to indict any military official
above the rank of colonel for drug-related corruption.
--Agreements and Treaties. Burma is a party to the 1961 UN
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (and became a member of
the 1972 Protocol to the Single Convention in 2003), the
1971 UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the 1988
UN Drug Convention.
RANGOON 00001130 006.2 OF 008
--Cultivation and Production. According to the UNODC opium
yield estimate, in 2007 the total land area under poppy
cultivation was 27,700 hectares, a 29 percent increase from
the previous year. The UNODC also estimated that the
potential production of opium increased by 46 percent, from
315 metric tons in 2006 to 460 metric tons in 2007. The
significant increase in potential opium production in 2007
indicated in the UNODC estimates reflect improved
agricultural methods and an end to several years of
drought, resulting in more favorable growing weather in
major opium poppy growing areas, such as Shan State and
Kachin State.
Burma as yet has failed to establish any reliable mechanism
for the measurement of ATS production. Moreover, while the
UNODC undertakes annual estimates of poppy cultivation and
production, the U.S. has been unable to conduct its annual
joint crop survey with Burma since 2004 due to the GOB's
refusal to cooperate in this important area.
--Drug Flow/Transit. Most ATS and heroin in Burma is
produced in small, mobile labs located near Burma's borders
with China and Thailand, primarily in territories
controlled by active or former insurgent groups. A growing
amount of methamphetamine is reportedly produced in labs
co-located with heroin refineries in areas controlled by
the United Wa State Army (UWSA), the Shan State Army-South
(SSA-S), and groups inside the ethnic Chinese Kokang
autonomous region. Ethnic Chinese criminal gangs dominate
the drug syndicates operating in all three of these areas.
Heroin and methamphetamine produced by these groups is
trafficked overland and via the Mekong River, primarily
through China, Thailand, India and Laos and, to a lesser
extent, via Bangladesh, and within Burma. There are
credible indications that drug traffickers are increasingly
using maritime routes from ports in southern Burma to reach
trans-shipment points and markets in southern Thailand,
Malaysia, Indonesia, and beyond. Heroin seizures in 2005,
2006 and 2007 and subsequent investigations also revealed
the increased use by international syndicates of the
Rangoon International Airport and Rangoon port for
trafficking of drugs to the global narcotics market.
--Domestic Programs/Demand Reduction. The overall level of
drug abuse is low in Burma compared with neighboring
countries, in part because most Burmese are too poor to be
able to support a drug habit. Traditionally, some farmers
used opium as a painkiller and an anti-depressant, in part
because they lack access to other medicine or adequate
healthcare. There has been a growing shift in Burma away
from opium smoking toward injecting heroin, a habit that
creates more addicts and poses greater public health risks.
Deteriorating economic conditions will likely stifle
substantial growth in overall drug consumption, but the
trend toward injecting narcotics is of significant concern.
The GOB maintains that there are only about 65,000
registered addicts in Burma. According to several HIV
Estimation Workshops conducted in 2007 by the National AIDS
Program and the World Health Organization, there are an
estimated 60,000 to 90,000 injecting drug users in Burma.
Surveys conducted by UNODC and other organizations suggest
that the addict population could be as high as 300,000.
According to the UNODC, BurmaQs opium addiction rate is
high, at 0.75 percent. NGOs and community leaders report
increasing use of heroin and synthetic drugs, particularly
among disaffected youth in urban areas and by workers in
mining communities in ethnic minority regions. The UNODC
estimated that in 2004 there were at least 15,000 regular
ATS users in Burma.
The growing HIV/AIDS epidemic has been tied to intravenous
drug use. According to the National AIDS Program, one
third of officially reported HIV/AIDS cases are
attributable to intravenous drug use, one of the highest
rates in the world. Information gathered by the National
AIDS Program showed that HIV prevalence among injecting
RANGOON 00001130 007.2 OF 008
drug users was 46.2 percent in 2006 ? a figure that
remained stable in 2007. Infection rates are highest in
Burma's ethnic regions, and specifically among mining
communities in those areas where opium, heroin, and ATS are
more readily available.
Burmese demand reduction programs are in part coercive and
in part voluntary. Addicts are required to register with
the GOB and can be prosecuted if they fail to register and
accept treatment. Altogether, more than 21,000 addicts
were prosecuted between 1994 and 2002 for failing to
register. (The GOB has not provided any data since 2002.)
Demand reduction programs and facilities are limited,
however. There are six major drug treatment centers under
the Ministry of Health, 49 other smaller detoxification
centers, and eight rehabilitation centers, which, together,
have provided treatment to about 70,000 addicts over the
past decade. Prior to 2006, the Ministry of Health treated
heroin addicts with tincture of opium. However, based on
high levels of relapse, the Ministry of Health in 2006
began to treat heroin addicts with Methadone Maintenance
Therapy (MMT) in four drug treatment centers, found in
Rangoon, Mandalay, Lashio, and Myitkyina. The Ministry of
Health also began dispensing methadone treatment in three
additional sites, two in Kachin State and one in Rangoon.
By August 2007, the Ministry of Health had treated more
than 370 patients using MMT.
As a pilot model, in 2003 UNODC established community-based
treatment programs in Northern Shan State as an alternative
to official GOB treatment centers. UNODC expanded this
program, opening centers in Kachin State. In 2007, UNODC
operated 16 drop-in centers. Since 2004, more 2,000
addicts received treatment at UNODC centers. In 2006 and
2007, an additional 8,028 addicts have sought medical
treatment and support from UNODC-sponsored drop-in centers
and outreach workers who are active throughout northeastern
Shan State. The GOB also conducts a variety of narcotics
awareness programs through the public school system. In
addition, the government has established several demand
reduction programs in cooperation with NGOs. These include
programs coordinated with CARE Myanmar, World Concern, and
Population Services International (PSI), focus on
addressing injected drug use as a key factor in halting the
spread of HIV/AIDS.
However, while maintaining these programs at pre-existing
levels, Burma has failed to expand demand-reduction,
prevention, and drug-treatment programs to reduce drug use
and control the spread of HIV/AIDS. The Global Fund, which
had a budget of $98.5 million to fight AIDS, TB, and
Malaria in Burma, withdrew in 2005. In 2006, foreign donors
established the 3 Diseases Fund (3DF) to provide
humanitarian assistance for AIDS, TB, and malaria. The
3DF, with its budget of $100 million over five years,
supports the work of local and international NGOs, the
United Nations, and the Ministry of Health. In 2007, the
3DF supported HIV/AIDS programs such as HIV surveillance
and training on blood safety. The 3DF also provided funds
for antiretroviral therapy and the MMT program.
IV. U.S. Policy Initiatives and Programs
--Policy and Programs. As a result of the 1988 suspension
of direct USG counter-narcotics assistance to Burma, the
USG has limited engagement with the Burmese government in
regard to narcotics control. US DEA, through the U.S.
Embassy in Rangoon, shares drug-related intelligence with
the GOB and conducts joint drug-enforcement investigations
with Burmese counter-narcotics authorities. In 2006 and
2007, these joint investigations led to several seizures,
arrests, and convictions of drug traffickers and producers.
The U.S. conducted opium yield surveys in the mountainous
regions of Shan State from 1993 until 2004, with assistance
provided by Burmese counterparts. These surveys gave both
governments a more accurate understanding of the scope,
magnitude, and changing geographic distribution of Burma's
RANGOON 00001130 008.2 OF 008
opium crop. In 2005, 2006 and again in 2007, the GOB
refused to allow another joint opium yield survey. A USG
remote sensing estimate conducted indicated a slight
increase in opium cultivation in 2007 and a significant
increase in potential opium production, mirroring UNODC
survey results. Bilateral counter-narcotics projects are
limited to one small U.S.-supported crop substitution
project in Shan State. No U.S. counter-narcotics funding
directly benefits or passes through the GOB.
--The Road Ahead. The Burmese government must reverse the
negative direction of narcotics production in 2007 to
restore the significant gains it made over the past decade
in reducing opium poppy cultivation and opium production.
This will require greater cooperation with UNODC and major
regional partners, particularly China and Thailand.
Large-scale and long-term international aid - including
increased development assistance and law-enforcement aid -
could play a major role in reducing drug production and
trafficking in Burma. However, the ruling military regime
remains reluctant to engage in political dialogue within
Burma and with the international community. Its barriers
to those offering outside assistance have limited the
potential for international support of all kinds, including
support for Burma's counter-narcotics law enforcement
efforts. Furthermore, in order to be sustainable, a true
opium replacement strategy must combine an extensive range
of counter-narcotics actions, including crop eradication
and effective law enforcement, with alternative development
options, support for former poppy farmers and openness to
outside assistance. The GOB must foster closer cooperation
with the ethnic groups involved in drug production and
trafficking, especially the Wa, refuse to condone continued
involvement by ceasefire groups in the narcotics trade,
tackle corruption effectively, and enforce its counter-
narcotics laws more consistently to reach its goals of
eradicating all narcotics production and trafficking by
¶2014.
The USG believes that the GOB must further eliminate poppy
cultivation and opium production; prosecute drug-related
corruption, especially by corrupt government and military
officials; take action against high-level drug traffickers
and their organizations; strictly enforce its money-
laundering legislation; and expand prevention and drug-
treatment programs to reduce drug use and control the rapid
spread of HIV/AIDS. The GOB must take effective new steps
to address the explosion of ATS that has flooded the region
by gaining closer support and cooperation from ethnic
groups, especially the Wa, who facilitate the manufacture
and distribution of ATS. The GOB must close production
labs and prevent the illicit import of precursor chemicals
needed to produce synthetic drugs. Finally, the GOB must
stem the troubling growth of domestic demand for heroin and
ATS.
VILLAROSA