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Viewing cable 07JAKARTA699, INDONESIA ANTI-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS (TIP)
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| Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 07JAKARTA699 | 2007-03-12 02:05 | 2011-08-24 01:00 | UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY | Embassy Jakarta |
VZCZCXYZ0007
RR RUEHWEB
DE RUEHJA #0699/01 0710205
ZNR UUUUU ZZH
R 120205Z MAR 07
FM AMEMBASSY JAKARTA
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC 3754
INFO RUEHAD/AMEMBASSY ABU DHABI 0288
RUEHKL/AMEMBASSY KUALA LUMPUR 2266
RUEHKU/AMEMBASSY KUWAIT 0378
RUEHRH/AMEMBASSY RIYADH 0513
RUEHUL/AMEMBASSY SEOUL 3968
RUEHGP/AMEMBASSY SINGAPORE 5833
RUEHKO/AMEMBASSY TOKYO 0356
RUEHBJ/AMEMBASSY BEIJING 3940
RUEHMO/AMEMBASSY MOSCOW 0483
RUEHHK/AMCONSUL HONG KONG 2303
RUEHIN/AIT TAIPEI 1939
RUEAWJB/DEPT OF JUSTICE WASHDC
RUEAUSA/DEPT OF HHS WASHDC
RUEHC/DEPT OF LABOR WASHDC
RUEATRS/DEPT OF TREASURY WASHDC
UNCLAS JAKARTA 000699
SIPDIS
SENSITIVE
SIPDIS
FOR G/TIP, G, INL, DRL, PRM, EAP/RSP
E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: KCRM PHUM KWMN SMIG KFRD ASEC PREF ELAB
SUBJECT: INDONESIA ANTI-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS (TIP)
REPORT, March 2005 to March 2006 (PART 2 OF 4)
BRIDE PURCHASE PHENOMENON
-------------------------
Update
------
Starting in the early 1990s many women and girls from West
Kalimantan were sent to Taiwan as wives of Taiwanese men.
These women and girls could be called Qmail-order bridesQ
as most often such marriages were negotiated by agents in
Indonesia, selected on the basis of their photographs by
men abroad intending to procure an Indonesian bride, and,
in most cases, the chosen women did not get to see their
husbands until they reached Taiwan. However, because of
the increasing number of foreign brides, the Taiwan
government imposed a limit on the number of brides from
certain countries that could enter Taiwan each year -- for
Indonesian brides the number was limited to 360. It cannot
be said with certainty if that is the reason for the
practice of sending women from Indonesia to Taiwan as mail-
order brides appears to have decreased in recent years, but
reports from West Kalimantan say that the phenomenon still
exists. On the other hand, more Indonesian women are now
opting to work as domestic workers in Taiwan because of
higher wages. There is no evidence yet to suggest that
labor export agencies are using false job orders to procure
Indonesian women for marriage to Taiwanese men. (Source:
ACILS/ICMC, QWhen They Were SoldQ, November 2006).
According to Indonesian trafficking task force police in
Kalimantan, Indonesian women are oftentimes taken to Taiwan
to be used for prostitution or for short-term marriages of
a few years after which they are sent back to Indonesia.
Indonesian police said are trying to detect and put a stop
to this practice. An Indonesian manpower agency also told
us in 2006 that men from many countries, including the
U.S., come to Jakarta to interview potential spouses who
line up for the interviews. End update.
The GOI, including the police, and NGOs like LBH-APIK and
ICMC/ACILS have documented the selling of brides, including
some underage, in the Singkawang District of West
Kalimantan. This area is the focal point for the bride
purchase phenomenon due to the existence of a large, poor
ethnic Chinese community. Most buyers are from Taiwan and
Hong Kong and seek Chinese-speaking women. Anecdotal
evidence and Indonesian officials who have visited Taiwan
suggest that many brides become spouses and part of
families in Taiwan, although some are trafficked for
prostitution, forced domestic work, or other slavery-like
practices. In 2004, the Taiwan police received over 170
reports of abuse from Indonesian women living in Taiwan,
according to Indonesian police sources. Beginning in 2004,
Indonesian police increased their interactions with
counterparts in Taiwan. In August 2005, Indonesian and
Taiwanese officials held a seminar on protections for
Indonesian spouses in Taiwan, and reported that there were
10,115 Indonesian citizen spouses living in Taiwan, roughly
11 percent of all foreign-born spouses.
OTHER FORMS
-----------
Update
------
Organizations working on TIP recognized additional
categories that presumably generate trafficking victims.
In most cases, even less information is available on the
prevalence of trafficking in these sectors. One well-
documented category that appears to meet the TIP definition
is the recruitment of boys to work on offshore fishing
platforms (jermals), employment that exposes these children
to many serious hazards and isolation for months at a time.
The incidence of boys on fishing platforms off the coast of
North Sumatra has decreased dramatically over recent years.
An ILO field study in June 2003 of 100 known platforms
uncovered only 15 children. Though significantly reduced
because of sustained ILO efforts, the practice of employing
young boys to work on jermals still continues. (ACILS:
QWhen They Were SoldQ). End Update. More recent ILO
studies have focused on children trafficked aboard fishing
vessels. The NGO Terre des Hommes documented the
phenomenon of trafficking in babies, as distinct from
illegal adoptions. The plantation sector and narcotics
trafficking may generate an unknown number of trafficking
victims.
VULNERABLE GROUPS
-----------------
Update
------
A 2006 Airlangga University Human Rights Center study
reported traffickers actively solicit new victims in rural
areas of East Java by representing themselves as overseas
employment recruiters. They convince local village leaders
to falsify identity documents in order for the victims to
be eligible to work overseas. Once the local documents are
falsified, it becomes much easier to obtain false passports
and other documentation at a transit point along the
trafficking route.
In East Java, local NGOs report poverty and poor living
conditions motivate young women living in rural areas to
travel to an urban area in search of work. Organized human
trafficking operations identify and target the village
girls in bus and train stations, picking their pockets and
then providing an older woman to comfort the victims and
offer them work. A debt bond is created for food, shelter
and transportation, which the girls are then required to
work off prior to release. The girls are transported to
Surabaya, where they are indoctrinated or sold again and
moved toward Kalimantan and eventually Malaysia or
Thailand. End update.
Women and children are most likely to fall victim to
trafficking in Indonesia. A number of factors contribute
to women's vulnerability, including: poverty, lower
education levels, cultural expectations, unequal status
(relative powerlessness) in the family and society
(particularly in lower income groups), limited economic
opportunities, and expectations of supporting children and
families. Girls who have married and divorced at a young
age appear particularly vulnerable. Age and cultural
traditions that emphasize the authority of older persons
compound children's vulnerability. The frequent complicity
of parents and relatives in the trafficking of children
reflects a lack of respect for children's rights within
some family settings, as well as economic pressures. End
update.
Traffickers victimize persons from many different ethnic
groups. Many persons trafficked originate from densely-
populated, low income areas of Java, reflecting the larger
pool of potential victims on this island that features some
60 percent of Indonesia's total population and contributes
the majority of the country's migrant labor. No accurate
statistics are available to judge, however, if the
prevalence of TIP (as a percent of the population) is
greater on Java than in other regions.
The Women's Ministry conducted a study in 2003 of sending
areas in West Java that supplied women and girls for
prostitution and sex trafficking. The study concluded that
a strong correlation exists between poverty and trafficking
victims at the district level. Other studies have de-
emphasized poverty as the key factor, pointing to the
existence of established trafficking networks that lead to
greater recruitment of victims in some areas compared to
neighboring communities with the same economic profile.
GEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS
-------------------
IOM statistics from March 2005 to October 2006, found that
West Kalimantan is the source for the highest number of
trafficking victims at 24 percent of the total numbers IOM
rescued, followed closely by West Java (21 percent),
Central Java (10 percent), East Java (10 percent), West
Nusa Tengarra (8 percent), North Sumatra (8 percent),
Lampung (4 percent), East Nusa Tenggara (4 percent), Banten
(3 percent), South Sumatra (2 percent), and Jakarta (2
percent). These numbers reflect observations by other
domestic and international groups, as well as the GOI, on
which provinces are the major sending areas. End update.
Traffickers send victims to domestic and overseas
locations. NGOs and the GOI identify the following
provinces as major domestic receiving areas: Bali, East
Java (Surabaya), East Kalimantan, Jakarta, Papua, and Riau
Islands (near Singapore). Certain provinces stood out as
important transit areas for trafficking victims, including:
Bali, Jakarta, East Java, Riau Islands, North Sumatra, West
Kalimantan and East Kalimantan.
In terms of overseas receiving areas, traffickers send
Indonesian victims to several countries. Most GOI, NGO and
press reports concluded that the greatest numbers of
Indonesian victims overseas were found in Malaysia and
Saudi Arabia, respectively, mirroring overall migrant
worker flows to these countries. Other noted destinations
included Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong, Taiwan,
Japan, South Korea, and Singapore. Unlike in some recent
years, there were no new reports of trafficking to
Australia.
GOI agencies and NGOs have documented distinct patterns and
routes of trafficking from and to different locations. For
example, North Sulawesi is known as an area that sends
trafficked women as prostitutes to isolated Papua. West
Kalimantan is the focal point for the bride purchase
phenomenon, due to the existence of a large, poor ethnic
Chinese community there and the fact that most buyers are
from Taiwan and Hong Kong and seek Chinese-speaking women.
Certain villages in Indramayu, West Java, constitute a
well-documented sending area for young girls and women,
particularly into the sex trade. During a February 2003
U.S. Embassy visit, Indramayu officials stated that up to
two-thirds of girls and young women in certain villages had
migrated to work in large cities or overseas, as
prostitutes in many cases, leading the local government to
allocate anti-trafficking funds. Girls from Indramayu
represent the largest group of prostitutes operating in
some prostitution areas of Jakarta.
FOREIGN VICTIMS IN INDONESIA
----------------------------
Update
------
There are no dependable estimates on the numbers of persons
trafficked into Indonesia from aboard but it is relatively
small compared to the number of Indonesian victims inside
and outside the country. An agent who provides foreign sex
workers to his clients claimed the number of foreign women
in prostitution had reached 5,000 from 2000-2003 but that
subsequently it has decreased (ACILS, QWhen They Were
Sold,Q quoting Q150 Titik Operasi, 2006). National police
reported at least 600 foreign prostitutes arrested in raids
conducted in the past five years (Cungkok, Geliat Genit,
2006). Such women and girls are placed at night
entertainment districts and fitness centers in big cities,
including Jakarta, Denpasar, Pekanbaru, Surabaya, Medan,
Bandung, Semarang, Makassar and Balikpapan (ACILS, QWhen
They Were Sold,Q 2006). End update.
Most foreign prostitutes in Indonesia originated from
mainland China. According to NGO information, some 150
foreign prostitutes operated in Batam, coming from China
and Thailand, along with a small number of Europeans. The
media, NGOs, and the ILO reported smaller numbers of women
from Thailand, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Uzbekistan, the
Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Venezuela, Spain and Ukraine.
In August 2005, police and immigration officials in Jakarta
raided nightclubs, saunas and beauty parlors, rounding up
and deporting 68 foreign prostitutes, 63 from China and
five from Russia and Uzbekistan.
In 2004 ACILS and other non-governmental sources reported
Burmese seafarers trafficked aboard fishing vessels from
Thailand operating in Indonesian waters. Over a period of
years, some of these fishermen jumped ship in the remote
eastern Indonesian port of Tual. In 2006, one NGO
estimated that there were some 100 such Burmese fishermen
living in undocumented status near Tual.
TRAFFICKING CONDITIONS, METHODS
-------------------------------
For internal trafficking into the sex trade, traffickers
used debt bondage, violence and threats of violence, drug
addiction, and withholding of documents to keep women and
children in prostitution.
Traffickers employ a variety of means to attract and hold
victims, including promises of well-paying jobs, debt
bondage, community or family pressures, threats of
violence, rape, and false marriages. Promises of
relatively lucrative employment are among the most common
tactics. For example, police and NGO interviews of women
who escaped from forced prostitution in Batam, Papua and
Malaysia commonly reveal that traffickers recruited the
young women with offers of jobs in restaurants,
supermarkets or as domestic servants. Once at their
destination, traffickers used violence and rape to force
them into the sex trade. Migrant worker recruiters also
use misrepresentation and debt bondage to traffic men and
women. Beginning in December 2004 and continuing through
2005, the GOI freed some 2,000 women and girls detained in
illegal Jakarta-area migrant worker holding centers, many
of which reportedly kept their victims illegally confined
under inhumane conditions.
Debt bondage is particularly common in the sex trade.
Indonesian women and girls trafficked into prostitution in
Batam, for example, commonly began with a debt of five to
ten million rupiah (USD 600-1,200). Given the constant
accumulation of other debts, women and girls are often
unable to repay these amounts, even after years of work as
prostitutes. Although detailed information was lacking,
NGOs assumed traffickers would subject foreign victims held
in prostitution to threats, violence, and withholding of
documents.
Some migrant workers, often female, also entered
trafficking and trafficking-like situations during their
attempt to find work abroad through migrant worker
recruiting agencies (PJTKI). Licensed and unlicensed PJTKI
used debt bondage, withholding of documents and confinement
in locked premises to keep migrant workers in holding
centers, sometimes for periods of many months. Some PJTKI
also use threats of violence to maintain control over
prospective migrant workers. Civil society, officials, and
victims themselves commonly viewed conditions of debt
bondage and physical confinement as acceptable aspects of
the migrant worker system, rather than as rights
violations.
Traffickers sent Indonesian victims both overseas and to
domestic locations. As noted above, traffickers focused
disproportionately on women and children. Traffickers also
took advantage of persons in many impoverished regions.
While poverty plays a leading role in facilitating
trafficking, poor educational opportunities, cultural
factors and established trafficking networks also acted as
important determinants.
TRAFFICKERS
-----------
Traffickers fit many different profiles. Some worked in
larger mafia-like organizations, particularly for
trafficking into major prostitution areas. Others operated
as small or family-run businesses. Husband-wife teams of
traffickers were common, with the wife often serving as the
recruiting agent. In many instances, local community
leaders and parents of victims assisted in trafficking.
Some PJTKI operated similar to trafficking rings, leading
both male and female workers into debt bondage, abusive
employment situations and other trafficking situations.
Some of the offending PJTKI held official licenses. Others
operated illegally or appeared to be paper fronts for
traffickers.
Some individual members of the security forces were
complicit in trafficking, particularly by providing
protection to brothels and prostitution fronts in discos,
karaoke bars and hotels, or by receiving bribes to turn a
blind eye to such crimes. An unknown number of civilian
officials, including those who work in local government
service, immigration, and local Manpower offices, either
contributed to or were complicit in trafficking.
There were many reports of families either selling or
encouraging children to enter abusive domestic service or
prostitution. Children worked to pay off debts or advances
provided to their families. In certain rural communities,
such as Indramayu, West Java, the GOI and NGOs repeatedly
noted a culture in which young women were encouraged to
support their families by becoming big-city prostitutes.
SIGNS OF POLITICAL WILL
-----------------------
Update
------
Political will to fight trafficking was clear at the
national leadership level as well as at local levels, while
awareness of the issue continued to penetrate through
government agencies. The Government of Indonesia (GOI)
completed the final draft in February 2007 of a strong,
comprehensive anti-trafficking bill (law) taking input from
Indonesia civil society and international NGOs to ensure
that the bill would cover all major aspects of the issue
and could be an effective tool for law enforcement.
Parliament and the executive branch worked feverishly on
the bill for months in order to bring the bill before the
full Parliament for passage on March 20, 2007.
President Yudhoyono in August 2006 issued presidential
decree No 6/2006 on reform policy on placement and
protection system of Indonesian migrant workers to provide
more comprehensive protection of migrant workers and better
coordination among agencies. This resulted in the
beginning of cooperation between police, immigration,
prosecutors and other officials for the protection of
migrant worker. For example, Ministry of Manpower and
national police took initial steps to cooperate in
providing protection of trafficked migrant workers by
signing a February 2007 MOU which provides for joint
enforcement at all transit airports and ports. The
National Plan of Action (NPA) bore fruit in more effective
national coordination of efforts, as dozens of members of
the task force from all concerned agencies and NGOs met
four times during 2006. The GOI established more victim
medical treatment facilities and dramatically increased the
number of police and prosecutors focused on trafficking.
The President furthermore has appointed senior level
officials in key positions with clear instructions to
eliminate trafficking, resulting in noticeable progress in
law enforcement (see below). The government furthermore
trained over a thousand law enforcement officials on
fighting trafficking, oftentimes in inter-agency courses
also attended by NGOs. The numbers of special anti-
trafficking police and prosecutors greatly increased.
As President YudhoyonoQs clear stance on clean government
filtered down this year through the ranks, corrupt
officials complicit in trafficking have been fired,
prosecuted or transferred. Several senior law enforcement
officials complicit in illegal activities that promoted
trafficking are being investigated for corruption, have
been sanctioned or have been transferred to less sensitive
position, according to various reliable sources.
Cooperation among various government offices and
international NGOs at Indonesian diplomatic missions in key
sending areas resulted in increased victim rescues, and
more humane repatriation. Provincial and local governments
have begun carrying the torch in efforts, passing local
laws, increasing funding, increasing law enforcement
efforts and setting up mechanisms for strong cooperation
between government and civil society.
Progress in North Sumatra
-------------------------
In Western Indonesia, significant progress was made in two
provinces with historical problems with trafficking: North
Sumatra and Aceh. In North Sumatra, the provincial level
anti-trafficking task force brought together
representatives from the provincial offices of health,
women's empowerment, education, social affairs, and youth
with the police, NGOs, and religious groups to promote
cooperation, pool resources, and organize outreach
activities to assist victims. Consistent with the existing
anti-trafficking action plan, the provincial task force met
with counterparts in Malaysia to discuss cooperation in
rescuing and repatriating trafficking victims. They also
met with trafficking victims in Malaysia. In at least one
case, Indonesian police officers joined their Malaysian
counterparts in a raid to rescue an Indonesian victim
there. The provincial task force also helped to organize a
local one in Tanjung Balai, an area that has been a
transit, source, and destination for trafficking victims.
It also conducted training for officials working in local
ports to identify possible victims. These efforts resulted
in the arrest of at least two traffickers and prevented two
groups of under aged girls from being trafficked out of the
region. The task force also worked to bridge relations
between police and local officials. As part of its efforts
to promote anti-trafficking policies at the national level,
the provincial task force organized a regional conference
which brought together relevant officials, NGOs, and
religious groups from neighboring provinces and Jakarta to
discuss joint actions. As evidence of increased commitment
to prosecuting traffickers, the police point out that in
2006, there were 10 trafficking cases handled by the
police. Seven have already been turned over to prosecutors
and the others are still under investigation. A local NGO
active in anti-trafficking activities (Pusaka) points out
that not only have the police been more aggressive in
pursuing traffickers but the prosecutor's office has begun
to recommend long sentences for traffickers. One impact of
this approach has been, according to the NGO, reduced
trafficking in the province as reflected in the number of
victims receiving assistance from NGOs. North Sumatra is
one of a small number of provinces with its own anti-
trafficking law.
Progress in Aceh
----------------
Aceh began to organize its own provincial anti-trafficking
task force based on the North Sumatra model. The
provincial legislature is also in the process of drafting
its own anti-trafficking law with the goal of passage in
¶2007. Representatives of both NGOs and the police have
said that the province's relatively high levels of poverty,
low levels of education, and proximity to destination areas
places it at risk of becoming a source area. Through
awareness campaigns and partnerships with NGOs and
religious leaders, they hope to prevent a trafficking
problem from developing in the first place. End update.
Indonesia' priority to fight trafficking found renewed
expression in public remarks by President Yudhoyono,
cabinet members, and other senior officials. In December
2005, President Yudhoyono called publicly for the quick
passage of the comprehensive anti-trafficking bill and
personally decried the conditions of trafficked migrant
workers. In January 2006, President Yudhoyono and
Malaysian Prime Minister Abdullah Badawi issued a joint
statement, which "condemned acts of trafficking in persons
as an atrocious crime against humanity." The joint
statement also "expressed strong commitment in working
together to combat such crime and instructed the two
countries' respective national police to enhance
cooperation towards such a goal." Indonesia's Women's
Minister and Manpower Minister spoke out against
trafficking publicly and in meetings.
LIMITATIONS, RESOURCES
----------------------
Update
------
GOI officials and NGOs reported that the national and local
governments increased outlays for specific anti-trafficking
efforts over the past several years, although specific
budget figures were difficult to confirm. Nevertheless,
the Ministry of WomenQs Empowerment reported that its anti-
trafficking budget increased by ten percent over 2005 to
US$330,265 for 2006. GOIQs overall budget for anti-
trafficking for 2007 is US$4,876,502. This is the first
year the GOI has reported its overall anti-trafficking
budget. The budget breaks down as follows:
-- Coordinating Ministry for PeopleQs Welfare, $85,678 for
research on empowerment of women and children at risk;
socialization and advocating of anti-TIP policy at border
areas; monitoring and evaluation; position paper of counter
TIP in Indonesia 2006 report;
-- State Ministry for Women Empowerment, $330,232 for
prevention, protection, victim reintegration and
rehabilitation; coordination and cooperation;
-- Department of Social Affairs, $4,460,592 for
reintegration of migrant worker with problems (trafficked,
violence victims) from Malaysia (budgeted for 35,500
people); reintegration of migrant workers with problems
(trafficked, violence) from outer Malaysia;
decentralization of services, (allocated budget for 33
provinces including budget to help trafficking and violence
victims).
The East Java legislature appropriated $38,000 from its
2007 budget to operate the East Java Integrated Service
Center (PPT) operated in the provincial police hospital in
Surabaya. The PPT provides medical and psychological
services for female victims of violence and human
trafficking. There are also 23 regency level PPTs in East
Java. The regencies pay for the daily operations of those
PPTs, which also serve human trafficking victims. End
update.
Given the scope of the country's trafficking problem,
Indonesia's actions against trafficking, whether the
responsibility of national or local governments, continued
to demonstrate serious weaknesses and failings.
Indonesia's relative poverty, weaknesses in governance,
poor public funding, preoccupation with post-tsunami
recovery, and endemic corruption all contributed to these
shortcomings.
As a developing country with a low per capita income, and
as a new democracy of some 240 million people struggling
with a legacy of 40 years of authoritarian rule, Indonesia
faces huge challenges in governance, which significantly
limit the GOI's ability to fight trafficking. Indonesia's
emerging democratic structures commonly lack capacity and
integrity, and face critical funding limitations.
Overall, government funding for anti-trafficking remained
very inadequate, a situation similar to the country's
response to many other crimes and social ills. Limited
funding constrained central and local governments'
assistance and protection efforts. This included the GOI's
ability to detect and assist victims on islands sometimes
many hundreds of miles from the national and provincial
capitals. While the GOI did assist many Indonesians
trafficked abroad, assistance and protection efforts, in
particular for persons trafficked within Indonesia,
remained very sporadic and did not reach most victims.
Limited police budgets and lack of operational funds
severely hampered investigations, many of which required
travel to other police districts.
CORRUPTION
----------
President YudhoyonoQs strong anti-corruption stance
resulted in action against officials complicit in
trafficking in 2006. Anti-corruption actions taken this
year, while just a beginning, are unprecedented and send a
clear message to corrupt officials. The national police
chief, the attorney general and the new director general of
immigration all gave signals to subordinates that
corruption would not be tolerated, taking their lead
directly from the President. As a result, GOI and NGO
sources confirmed that several senior officials suspected
of corruption that contributed to trafficking are either
being investigated for corruption, were sanctioned, or were
transferred to less sensitive positions. New appointments
of senior immigration and police officials with a
reputation for honesty and with the will to crack down on
trafficking further offered more hope for anti-trafficking
efforts. In addition, the following specific actions can
be reported:
On September 29, 2006 former Indonesian Consul General in
Penang, Malaysia, Erik Hikmat Setiawan was sentenced by the
Corruption Court in Jakarta to 20 months and fined of 100
million rupiah in a passport corruption case. Setiawan,
was found guilty of collecting illegal charges by raising
the cost of new immigration documentation. This included
the extension of passports as well as issuing of new
passports for Indonesian citizens, especially laborers in
Penang.
The Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) arrested Eda
Makmur, a former Consul General in Johor Baru, Malaysia,
for allegedly enriching himself by inflating fees for
passport services and misusing his authority while serving
as an Indonesian diplomat in Malaysia. The commission said
it had evidence Makmur had received illegal fees amounting
to 302,000 ringgit (about US$86,285) during his term from
2004 to 2006.
Ministry of manpower told us that an airport official and
four immigration officials were sanctioned and removed from
Jakarta airportQs Terminal 3 in late 2006 for exploiting
migrant workers returning from abroad. End update.
Corruption, which took firm root under the former Suharto
government, remains widespread and deeply entrenched. The
legal system generally functions poorly and rule of law is
weak, severely affecting GOI law enforcement efforts for
all crimes, and TIP cases are no exception. The police
force is only slowly coming to grips with its proper role
in a democracy and under civilian, rather than military,
authority. Corruption in Indonesia's legal system affects
trafficking cases. According to NGO reports, and statements
from officials and police, in recent years traffickers have
used corruption in the legal process to their benefit to
obtain reduced charges and sentences, to manipulate
investigative reporting, and to avoid charges altogether.
Often times, NGOs, officials and private citizens did not
report information on corruption and illegal activities to
the authorities because of concern over retribution or lack
of trust in the system to take action in such cases.
Corruption among government officials and institutions
responsible for producing national identity cards,
passports and other identifying documents contributed
substantially to trafficking. This particularly affected
the trafficking of persons abroad and the trafficking of
minors into prostitution.
The Yudhoyono administration launched a new and promising
anti-corruption campaign, breathing life into an existing
Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) and creating a
special anti-corruption task force under the Attorney
General's Office. The campaign achieved some notable,
high-profile successes in its first 16 months, but
represented only the beginning of a very long process
needed to significantly reduce endemic corruption.
GOI MONITORING AND ASSESSMENTS
------------------------------
Update:
Senior GOI officials periodically evaluate the Government's
performance, including serious shortcomings. The GOI uses
the National Anti-Trafficking Task Force to evaluate
progress and shortcomings under the framework of the
National Action Plan to combat trafficking. Much of the
task forceQs efforts went into final formulation of the
comprehensive anti-trafficking bill. This task force met
four times in the past year. Based on direct Embassy
observations and accounts by international NGOs and GOI
officials the task forceQs meetings also resulted in
noticeable cooperation between various agencies and NGOs.
For example, NGOs are referring victims to trafficking
units at police hospitals, where they receive treatment and
counseling under social services and the health ministry,
and are reintegrated back into their communities via social
services. Police and NGOs are cooperating in investigating
cases where victims are willing to testify. Police and
prosecutors told us that are beginning to work more closely
together. All government agencies are beginning to keep
better statistics on trafficking problems and successes, so
that the extent of the problem is better known. Police and
immigration both report closer cooperation, and more
recently police and manpower officials said they have begun
to cooperate. End update.
The Task Force had the following priorities for 2004-2007:
-- Adoption of the comprehensive anti-trafficking law;
-- Increase in public awareness campaigns and efforts;
-- Promotion of better mechanisms for counter-trafficking
programs at provincial and district levels;
-- Full development of shelters in all provinces and in
half of all districts;
-- Strengthening the capacity of law enforcement officers
and task forces at all levels; and
-- Building data collection and information systems.
As an example of its activity, a National Anti-Trafficking
Task Force meeting, held in late February 2006, endorsed a
number of practical actions, including: targeting the
passage of the anti-trafficking bill in 2006; increasing
GOI public awareness programs; increased attention to the
role of falsified national identity documents in
contributing to trafficking; better defining procedures for
victims to access government services; development of an
awards program for local government leaders who carry out
significant anti-trafficking efforts; and needed follow-up
with the Finance Ministry and the National Planning Board
to explore more national and local level funding in
anticipation of the end of foreign anti-trafficking
assistance.
The GOI produces and publicly distributes an annual anti-
trafficking report, normally available by April of each
year. It completed its third annual report in early 2007
and has begun drafting the next report.
------------------------------
II. PREVENTION OF TRAFFICKING
------------------------------
UPDATE
------
A high level of media attention on trafficking continued in
2006 with civil society continuing to press the media to
pay attention to the crisis. Several major articles were
appearing in the media almost weekly. For example, a major
Surabaya newspaper did a series of hard hitting
investigative articles exploring many facets of women and
girls trafficked into prostitution. A leading national
news magazine had several strong articles about
trafficking. A national television news magazine show did
a one-hour talk show on trafficking, interviewing a girl,
now 16, who was trafficked to Malaysia and abused at age
¶15. The show also interviewed her parents, the brokers who
trafficked her, and anti-trafficking NGOs experts (also
showing the G/TIP Public Service Announcement (PSA) on
trafficking). Meanwhile, the GOI continued a program of
national PSAs and distribution of written pamphlets and
booklets on trafficking aimed at women and girls.
TIP Hero Dewi Hughes and her foundation used her own money
in 2006 to conduct a dialogue and press conference with
five high-profile religious leaders from IndonesiaQs
prominent religious institutions, resulting in the signing
of a declaration calling for other religious leaders to
mobilize against trafficking. Members of three Muslim
women association branches used video training to reach
10,000 people. At its own volition, a national Muslim
organization, Lakpesdam NU, also developed and disseminated
1,000 booklets for Muslim Leaders with talking points on
human trafficking for Friday Prayer sermons. This same
group held a series of talks with expert speakers to
educate its young members about the issue. In Surabaya, a
coalition of anti-trafficking NGOs met monthly at the
American Consul GeneralQs home to coordinate their
activities. Another national Muslim organization, PP
Muhammadiyah, with The Asia Foundation support, is creating
fliers addressing trafficking issues and distributing them
outside participating mosques following Friday prayers.
Four such fliers have been created, and 32,000 copies were
made of each. To date, 124,000 fliers have been
distributed at 21 mosques in 21 regencies, reaching
approximately 100,000 community members, and this effort is
continuing after international NGO support ended. At the
same time, the Association of Aceh Religious Students (RTA)
has produced six opinion articles which have been published
in two different newspapers, reaching approximately 30,000
readers. The national Scout movement continued to expand
its anti-trafficking campaign in West Java. The GOI made
progress in achieving free basic education and free birth
registrations in some districts. The GOI began has
introduced a biometric passport with improved security
features. End update.
GOVERNMENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF TRAFFICKING
-----------------------------------------
Update
------
As explained throughout this report, the level of
government acknowledgement of the trafficking problem has
expanded dramatically. The various social service agencies
already had a high awareness, but are now joined by police
and immigration officials, whose understanding deepened
greatly in 2006. Judges now are beginning to understand
the issue. Ministry of Manpower officials have lagged
behind but the creation of a new migrant worker protection
agency is a hopeful sign. Acknowledgement of military
officials complicit in trafficking has made no progress and
government officials we spoke to were unwilling to
acknowledge this complicity. End update.
The GOI at the most senior levels acknowledges that
trafficking is a serious problem that affects many
Indonesian women and children. This acknowledgement is
reflected in presidential and ministerial-level statements,
including clear public statements by President Yudhoyono in
2005; three related national action plans; national and
local anti-trafficking task forces; additional criminal
sanctions included in the 2002 Child Protection Act; in the
2006 Victim Protection Act; police actions to combat
trafficking; and current GOI and DPR efforts to pass
comprehensive anti-trafficking legislation.
As an important signal of its recognition of the problem,
the GOI seeks, accommodates and welcomes international
assistance to fight the trafficking of Indonesian citizens,
including in the area of law enforcement. Indonesia
actively participated in international, regional and sub-
regional anti-trafficking events, including preparation and
signing of the November 2004 ASEAN anti-trafficking
declaration, and hosting of the ASEAN TIP workshop in 2005.
President Yudhoyono and Malaysian Prime Minister Abdullah
Badawi's January 2006 joint statement condemned trafficking
as "an atrocious crime against humanity."
Some GOI agencies, individual officials and local
governments lagged behind in understanding and
acknowledging TIP. Others took anti-TIP actions without
using the term "trafficking." A number of senior civilian
officials and law enforcement officers continue to believe
that trafficking is a problem only for Indonesians
victimized abroad and they do not acknowledge or admit the
existence of internal trafficking, particularly for
prostitution. In general, trafficking
within Indonesia's borders received less acknowledgment and
priority than trafficking of Indonesians to other
countries, though law enforcement actions against internal
trafficking appeared to increase.
HEFFERN