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Viewing cable 07JAKARTA590, INDONESIA ANTI-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS (TIP)
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| Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 07JAKARTA590 | 2007-03-01 10:06 | 2011-08-24 01:00 | UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY | Embassy Jakarta |
VZCZCXYZ0000
RR RUEHWEB
DE RUEHJA #0590/01 0601006
ZNR UUUUU ZZH
R 011006Z MAR 07
FM AMEMBASSY JAKARTA
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC 3552
INFO RUEHAD/AMEMBASSY ABU DHABI 0220
RUEHKL/AMEMBASSY KUALA LUMPUR 2191
RUEHKU/AMEMBASSY KUWAIT 0310
RUEHRH/AMEMBASSY RIYADH 0445
RUEHUL/AMEMBASSY SEOUL 3886
RUEHGP/AMEMBASSY SINGAPORE 5738
RUEHKO/AMEMBASSY TOKYO 0269
RUEHBJ/AMEMBASSY BEIJING 3858
RUEHMO/AMEMBASSY MOSCOW 0414
RUEHHK/AMCONSUL HONG KONG 2227
RUEHIN/AIT TAIPEI 1871
RUEAWJB/DEPT OF JUSTICE WASHDC
RUEAUSA/DEPT OF HHS WASHDC
RUEHC/DEPT OF LABOR WASHDC
RUEATRS/DEPT OF TREASURY WASHDC
UNCLAS JAKARTA 000590
SIPDIS
SENSITIVE
SIPDIS
FOR G/TIP, G, INL, DRL, PRM, EAP/RSP
E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: KCRM PHUM KWMN SMIG KFRD ASEC PREF ELAB
SUBJECT: INDONESIA ANTI-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS (TIP)
REPORT, March 2005 to March 2006
REF: A. STATE 17811
¶B. 06 JAKARTA 13324
¶C. 06 JAKARTA 2849
¶D. 05 JAKARTA 12001
-------
SUMMARY
-------
¶1. (SBU) Indonesia remained a major sending country for
international trafficking in persons (TIP) and faced a
very significant internal trafficking problem. Indonesia
was also a receiving country for trafficked prostitutes,
though their numbers were very small relative to
Indonesian victims. The Government of Indonesia (GOI)
recognized trafficking as a crime and a serious national
issue, and took significant strides this year in law
enforcement, against corruption-related complicity, and
by completing a final draft in February 2007 of a strong,
comprehensive anti-trafficking bill. Indonesia has not,
however, met minimal TIP standards under U.S. law.
¶2. (SBU) Indonesia achieved modest to significant
progress in combating trafficking in specific areas over
the past year, with strong political will evident at top
levels of government and at many local levels. The House
of Representatives (DPR) completed the final draft in
February 2007 on a strong comprehensive anti-trafficking
bill, which is scheduled for consideration by the full
House and likely passage on March 20, 2007. This bill is
expected to give law enforcement the clear mandate needed
to go after all forms of trafficking, including debt
bondage and sexual exploitation. The Yudhoyono
administration's political will to eliminate trafficking
was demonstrated in the past year. In August 2006,
President Yudhoyono issued a presidential decree on
reform policy on placement and protection system of
Indonesian migrant workers to provide more comprehensive
protection of migrant workers and better coordination
among agencies. The President furthermore has appointed
senior level officials in key positions with clear
instructions to eliminate trafficking, resulting in
noticeable progress.
¶3. (SBU) Law enforcement against traffickers increased in
2006 over 2005, with arrests up 29 percent from 110 to
142, prosecutions up 87 percent from 30 to 56, and
convictions up 112 percent from 17 to 36. The average
sentence in these cases was 54 months in prison compared
to 30 months in 2005, a 55 percent increase. The
government trained over a thousand law enforcement
officials on fighting trafficking, oftentimes in inter-
agency courses also attended by NGOs. The numbers of
special anti-trafficking police and prosecutors
increased. The National Plan of Action (NPA) bore fruit
in more effective national coordination. As President
Yudhoyono's clear stance on clean government filtered
down this year through the ranks, corrupt officials
complicit in trafficking have been fired, prosecuted or
transferred, an opening salvo against official impunity.
Cooperation among various government offices and
international NGOs at Indonesian diplomatic missions in
key sending areas resulted in an increase of rescued
victims, and more humane repatriation. Ministry of
Manpower and national police took initial steps to
cooperate in providing protection of trafficked migrant
workers by signing a February 2007 MOU which provides for
joint enforcement at all transit airports and ports.
Under the 2006 Presidential migrant worker protection
decree, an agency to place and protect Indonesian migrant
workers began operating in early 2007 with an initial
inter-agency meeting and public policy statements
promising to protect workers from exploitation. Under
MOUs with international donors, the GOI began funding
this year the psychological rehabilitation of trafficking
victims, a third or more of the cost of their medical
treatment, and health services in Malaysia, in addition
to the law enforcement costs of dozens of police
investigators and prosecutors dedicated to trafficking at
the national level, as well as a significant increase in
local anti-trafficking police units across the country.
The number of women's police desks helping victims
skyrocketed to 280 in 2006, while national trafficking
police investigators nearly doubled to 20.
¶4. (SBU) Significant progress in a comprehensive and
coordinated attack on trafficking took place at the
provincial and local levels as NPA local task forces took
root in communities across the country, 17 at last count.
Local task forces resulted in good cooperation among law
enforcement agencies, social service providers and NGOs
in many communities as these task forces met frequently.
Some provincial governments contributed funding to anti-
trafficking efforts and also passed local laws to protect
citizens from trafficking, not waiting for the passage of
national legislation. These efforts took place both
under the leadership of the national Ministry of Women's
Empowerment and spontaneously at the local levels due to
grassroots civil society campaigns. Brisk media coverage
of trafficking continued, led by both government and NGO
campaigns. The GOI made good progress in sheltering
victims abroad, repatriating victims and expanding victim
services for both externally and internally trafficked
persons. A fourth integrated medical recovery center
opened to treat victims.
¶5. (SBU) Indonesia made limited or no headway on other
difficult anti-trafficking steps. Illegal involvement of
individual security force members and corrupt officials
in prostitution linked to trafficking remained unchecked.
Progress is just beginning to curb corruption that allows
Indonesians to be easily trafficked abroad, last year's
efforts focusing on children and to a lesser extent on
women. While the Ministry of Manpower continued
crackdowns on illegal activities of migrant manpower
agencies, there was no official recognition of the
reality that Indonesia's migrant worker system does not
protect workers from exploitation, debt bondage and other
abuses. The numbers of cases of severe abuse of
trafficked victims overseas, particularly those in
Malaysia and Saudi Arabia, remained alarming. An MOU
with Malaysia signed in May 2006 ceded some basic
workers' rights to employers making it easier for
Indonesians to be trapped in human bondage. Government
spending on trafficking is far from covering minimal
needs, and there is an urgent need for the government to
take over services now being funded by foreign
governments and international NGOs.
¶6. (SBU) Within the context of the country's emerging
democracy, Indonesia's anti-trafficking commitment faced
the same serious constraints affecting other issues of
national importance: endemic corruption, the weakness of
government structures and law enforcement at all levels,
limited public budgets, poverty, a weak public education
system, and competing priorities from other urgent
issues. Nevertheless, Indonesia made some significant
gains in the fight against trafficking in persons.
Indonesia continued to welcome and cooperate with
international anti-Trafficking assistance, and anti-
trafficking partnership with the U.S. Mission and U.S.
grantees remained strong.
¶7. (SBU) Indonesia has made important strides in
trafficking, all the more so if the anti-trafficking bill
passes in March 2007, but will still need to address some
major hurdles:
--Implementation of the anti-trafficking law, which will
require both continued political will and socializing the
law among law enforcement officials and civil society.
Indonesia will need continued international support in
this effort.
--Greatly accelerated efforts to combat the corruption
that feeds trafficking, particularly among law
enforcement officials, including the military and
ministry of manpower officials.
--Increased GOI funding for law enforcement against
traffickers and for rescue, recovery and reintegration of
victims. At the same time, this is a great financial
burden for a country struggling with so many other
pressing issues. International support will be required
for the next few years to allow the GOI time to budget
for these needs.
--A migrant manpower recruitment and placement system
that protects and benefits the workers rather than
exploiting them to the benefit of the manpower agencies
and employers.
--Much greater awareness of the trafficking problem and
cooperation in combating it by a few receiving countries
which account for the vast majority of human bondage of
Indonesians.
--More exploration of the issue of debt bondage by
domestic workers within Indonesia, particularly children,
and enforcement of existing laws to protect those
workers. End Summary.
-------
SOURCES
-------
¶8. (U) The U.S. Mission in Indonesia contacted and
received information from many GOI sources specifically
for the preparation of this report, including: the
People's Welfare Coordinating Ministry, the Women's
Empowerment Ministry (hereinafter the Women's Ministry),
the National Police (POLRI), the Attorney General's
Office (AGO), the Manpower and Transmigration Ministry
(the Manpower Ministry), and a number of local government
offices, including in East Java and North Sumatra.
Valuable information came from international and domestic
NGOs, including the International Catholic Migration
Commission (ICMC), the American Center for International
Labor Solidarity (ACILS), Save the Children-USA, and The
Asia Foundation. Mission research also included valuable
input from international organizations such as the
International Labor Organization (ILO), UNICEF, and the
International Organization for Migration (IOM), the
latter of which was particularly helpful in providing law
enforcement statistics. A breakdown of Mission hours
spent in preparation of the report will follow
separately.
¶9. (U) The report text follows the general outline of
themes and questions provided in ref A instructions. Each
section begins with a capsule "update" that briefly
summarizes the most important new information included in
the text.
¶10. (U) The Jakarta Mission point of contact on the TIP
issue is Political Officer Stanley Harsha, tel. (62) 21-
3435-9146, fax (62) 21-3435-9116.
¶11. (SBU) Report text:
-----------------------------------------
¶I. OVERVIEW OF INDONESIA'S ACTIVITIES TO
ELIMINATE TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS
-----------------------------------------
UPDATE
------
The past year did not witness significant change in
overall trafficking patterns in Indonesia. There is a
continuous trend of Indonesians seeking work abroad as
high unemployment and poverty pushes workers overseas.
The GOI curtailed the practice of allowing young women to
travel to Japan under the guise of "cultural performers,"
according to immigration and Women's Empowerment Ministry
officials, resulting in a decrease in reported trafficked
women in Japan. Anti-trafficking police complained
during a February 2007 meeting that the problem persists
of West Kalimantan women being trafficked to Taiwan as
contract brides who end up either being forced into
prostitution or used by their spouses for a couple of
years and then sent home; a November 2006 ACILS/ICMC
report "When They Were Sold" confirms this. According to
NGOs, export of "cultural performers" to Japan, who
oftentimes end up being trafficked into prostitution,
persisted despite official claims that this type of
practice was stopped in 2006. Ministry of Manpower
statistics on problems with workers returning from Taiwan
and Singapore document a high number of cases of sexually
transmitted diseases. Reports have begun trickling into
NGOs of women displaced by a mudflow disaster near
Surabaya being forced into prostitution because of
economic hardship, but it was too early to document this.
Domestic trafficking continued to be concentrated in
prostitution, with rampant complicity by security
officials. An Atma Jaya University study in late 2006
documented illegal methods used by manpower agencies to
keep workers in debt bondage from the time they are
recruited, also documented by ACILS/ICMC. The Ministry
of Manpower remained passive this year in stopping these
and other abuses, its raids on manpower agencies having
no effect on trafficking. Cases of severe abuse of
Indonesians trafficked abroad, particularly to Malaysia
and Saudi Arabia, continued unabated. The GOI made
significant progress in efforts by its Mission in
Malaysia to protect, treat and repatriate victims.
A new witness protection law enacted in August, 2006
should give prosecutors more leeway in providing
testimony against traffickers while protecting victims by
such means as allowing use of videotaped testimony. Many
local governments and communities became galvanized to
stop trafficking in 2006 as public consciousness grew
perceptibly. A number of provincial and local governments
passed anti-trafficking or women and child protection
laws. Local governments also increased funding for
prevention and treatment, and are carrying out
coordinated efforts between civil society and government.
Civil society across Indonesia kept the media spotlight
on trafficking, resulting in many in-depth reports on
television and in print. The visits to Indonesia by TIP
envoy Ambassador John Miller and a UN special envoy
brought attention to crucial trafficking issues to
officials and the public, while U.S. Ambassador to
Indonesia Lynn Pascoe raised the trafficking problem and
the urgent need to pass the anti-trafficking bill during
numerous meetings with several ministers. The message
that trafficking is a top bilateral issue and
multilateral issue for the U.S. was clearly appreciated
by all relevant senior government officials.
President Yudhoyono took action to protect migrant
workers through an August 2006 decree to provide them
more comprehensive protection and by giving strong
messages to senior officials to eliminate trafficking.
Honest, conscientious officials were appointed at senior
levels with the political will to carry through. For the
first time this year, significant numbers of police,
prosecutors and immigration officials understood the
wider meaning of human trafficking and began working
together, and this education process began reaching
hundreds of judges. Under the leadership of the Ministry
of Women's Empowerment and a Parliamentary special
committee on anti-trafficking, work on the comprehensive
anti-trafficking bill proceeded at a feverish pace from
October to date, fully taking on board civil society's
suggestions to strengthen the legislation. The bill was
delayed only by final efforts to ensure the bill's
language would cover all the crucial elements and could
be clearly understood by law enforcers. Indonesian and
international NGOs deemed the bill to be strong in all
major aspects. The bill is now scheduled for final
debate and possible passage on March 20.
For the third year in a row, the Ministry of Women's
Empowerment published a report in 2006 on efforts to
fight trafficking covering the period of April 2005 to
March 2006. The GOI reported for the first time this
year the anti-trafficking budget for the Ministries of
Women's Empowerment and the Coordinating Ministry for
Social Welfare, totaling $4.8 million for 2007. End
update.
INDONESIA FACES SIGNIFICANT TRAFFICKING CRIMES
--------------------------------------------- -
Indonesia, a developing country and emerging democracy
with the world's fourth largest population, is a place of
origin for a significant number of internationally
trafficked women and children, and to a lesser extent
men. Indonesia is also a transit and destination country
for international trafficking, although foreign victims
are very small in number relative to Indonesian victims.
Very significant incidents of trafficking occur within
Indonesia's borders, including for prostitution.
Different regions of the country are identifiable as
sending, transit and/or receiving areas for internal as
well as international trafficking. There were no reports
during this period of trafficking in territory outside of
GOI control.
Source region, transit region and receiving region
of trafficking in persons in Indonesia
--------------------------------------------- -----
Update
-------
Source regions: Various official data and observations
by ACILS/ICMC (November 2006, When They Were Sold)
indicate that all provinces of Indonesia are both sources
and destinations. An ACILS analysis of Department of
Social Affairs data on women and girls entering
prostitution in 1994-95 and 2004 found it difficult to
draw any firm conclusions. The biggest increase in
prostitution in recent years has been into South Sumatra
and Bangka Belitung, followed by Jakarta, Riau and Riau
Islands. However, places which traditionally have had
high levels of prostitution such as East Java and West
Kalimantan continue to be destinations for traffickers
even if the absolute numbers of prostitutes is not
increasing because of the high replacement rate of
prostitutes in such places. On the other hand, in more
isolated places such as Bangka Belitung, Riau Islands,
Halmahera, Moluccas and Papua, traffickers find it easier
to isolate and hold women and girls in captivity, the
ACILS study points out.
Eastern Indonesia continues to be a source area, transit
point and destination for victims of human trafficking.
East and Central Java, North Sulawesi, Bali and Nusa
Tenggaram, East Kalimantan and West Kalimantan provinces
are among the source areas for both domestic and
international human trafficking. East Java and Central
Sulawesi are transit points and used for "socialization"
of women being trafficked for commercial sex work
domestically and around Southeast Asia. Surabaya and
Bali remain destinations for domestic trafficking victims
for both commercial sex work and child labor.
Transit regions: A November 2006 ACILS report concludes
that most trafficking to Malaysia and Singapore follows
two major routes, known as the eastern and western
corridors. The western corridor is composed of two
departure points: Batam Island, Riau and Entikong, West
Kalimantan for travel by air from Kuching to Kuala
Lumpur. Nunukan, East Kalimantan is the eastern corridor
departure point to Malaysia and Brunei. There are
various air, sea and land routes from other points in
Indonesia to these departure points.
Domestic trafficking routes are varied and not well
defined.
Receiving regions: According to latest available IOM
statistics covering March 2005 to October 2006 of 1,650
victims it has assisted, the destinations were as
follows:
--------------------------------------
DestinationQQFreqQPercent
--------------------------------------
MalaysiaQQ856Q63
IndonesiaQQ432Q32
Saudi ArabiaQQ41Q3
JapanQQQ15Q1
SyriaQQQ 8Q1
KuwaitQQQ 4Q0
--------------------------------------------- -----
Types of ProblemsQQSaudiQKuwait UEAQTaiwan
MalaysiaQSingapore
--------------------------------------------- ----
Salaries not paidQQ895Q208Q 156Q30Q 47QQ34
Sexually abused QQ707Q47Q 62Q43Q 17QQ18
AbusedQQQ 668Q93Q 91Q61Q 47QQ36
Work not in accordance
with training/promisesQ625Q92Q 80Q283Q 91QQ108
injured at workQQ769Q73Q 72Q103Q 110QQ64
--------------------------------------------- -
End update.
RELIABLE STATISTICS UNAVAILABLE
-------------------------------
Reliable statistics or estimates of the overall number of
victims remain unavailable, in large part because of the
illegal and informal nature of trafficking, the lack of
systematic research, and frequent definitional problems.
The sources available for information on the prevalence
of TIP include GOI agencies (particularly the Women's
Ministry and the People's Welfare Coordinating Ministry),
domestic and
international NGOs and international organizations,
including UNICEF, IOM and ILO. Most organizations'
estimates rely upon a combination of extrapolation, field
experience, press reports and anecdotal evidence. Some
of these organizations will not provide estimates due to
the uncertainty of their information. Definitional
problems, often including a lack of distinction between
human trafficking, lesser abuses of workers, and illegal
migration make some estimates very
unreliable.
Crude estimates of the prevalence of TIP vary
tremendously, but most indicate the number of victims in
the upper tens of thousands or higher. In past years,
GOI documents referenced various estimates of the total
number of victims, usually in the hundreds of thousands,
without providing details for these figures. The GOI's
2005-2006 TIP report did not offer an estimate of
victims. GOI officials charged with the issue state that
they do not have reliable, overall estimates of the
number of victims.
Other non-governmental estimates of the overall number of
TIP victims exist, but do not have a strong basis in
systematic research. Migrant worker advocacy groups
occasionally cited very high and seemingly inaccurate
numbers. To the extent that such organizations do not
differentiate between trafficking and lesser abuses of
migrant workers, their figures represent gross
overestimates.
INTERNAL TRAFFICKING MOST SIGNIFICANT
-------------------------------------
Update
------
While reliable figures do not exist, many anti-
trafficking organizations believe the number of victims
of internal trafficking exceeds the number of Indonesians
trafficked overseas. The U.S. Mission's observations
support this conclusion. Internal trafficking is largely
in prostitution. Exploitation and abuse of children in
the fishing industry and of women and girls in domestic
servitude are serious abuses as reported in a June 2003
Human Rights Watch report and a February 2007 Amnesty
International report, but links to trafficking are not
extensive. As ACILS reports (November 2006 "When They
Were Sold"), the movement of women and girls is more
aided by friends and relatives than by professional
recruiters, and the lack of an elaborate recruiting
process and fees paid by employers prohibits large
profits by would be traffickers. Forced labor and worst
forms of child labor better describes the situation in
the fishing industry and domestic servitude than does
trafficking. End update.
BOUNDARY ESTIMATES
------------------
Some groupQR- S)P victims: female migrant workers,
prostitutes and child domestic workers. (There are other
categories that also generate TIP victims, but not are
included in these ICMC/ACILS boundary ecqqcW^kre not estimates of the
number of victims (for example, most female migraB!@`D`Q}-------------------------------- -----------------
TABLE 1: WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN SECTORS
VULNERABLE TO TRAFFICKING
--------------------------------------------- ----
SECTOR Women Children Children
------ -------------- --------
In-country Sex
Workers 130k - 240k 39k - 72k
Female Migrant
Workers 1.4 - 2.1 mil. n/a
In-country domestic
workers 860k - 1.4 mil. 215k - 350k
--------------- -----------
2.4 - 3.7 mil. 254k - 422k
SOURCE: ICMC/ACILS, 2003
--------------------------------------------- -----
DATA ON PROSTITUTION
--------------------
Prostitution constitutes a major source of concern for
TIP in Indonesia due to the number of women and children
involved; the clandestine, abusive and often forced
nature of this work; the prevalence of organized crime;
and the frequent awareness and/or complicity of officials
and security forces (police and military) in
prostitution. The boundary estimates for domestic sex
workers are somewhat more precise than for other areas.
ICMC/ACILS in 2003 estimated between 130,000 to 240,000
in-country prostitutes. A number of studies have
consistently found that on average children make up some
25 to 30 percent of persons working as prostitutes. Using
30 percent, ICMC/ACILS arrives at boundary estimates of
some 39,000 to 72,000 child prostitutes. This range also
corresponds generally with a UNICEF estimate. Underage
prostitutes (those under 18 years of age) are by
definition TIP victims under the Trafficking Victims
Protection Act of
¶2000.
The ILO generated data on the incidence of the worst
forms of child labor, including child trafficking for
prostitution, through a series of "rapid assessments"
conducted in 2003. The ILO carried out the assessments in
limited geographic areas of concern for specific types of
child labor. For child trafficking into prostitution,
the ILO assessment focused on Java, home to 60 percent of
Indonesia's population. The ILO field research generated
"best guess" estimates for child prostitutes in these
provinces, noted in Table 2.
--------------------------------------------- ---
TABLE 2: ESTIMATES OF TOTAL NUMBER OF PROSTITUTES
AND CHILD PROSTITUTES ON JAVA
LOCATION TOTAL TOTAL PERCENT
PROSTITUTES UNDERAGE UNDERAGE
-------- ----------- -------- --------
West Java: 31,380 9,000 29
Jakarta: 28,620 5,100 18
East Java: 14,279 4,081 29
Central Java: 8,495 3,177 37
Yogyakarta 1,106 194 18
----------- -------- --------
83,880 21,552 26
SOURCE: ILO RAPID ASSESSMENTS, 2003
--------------------------------------------- ---
STUDY ON PAPUA
--------------
In remote Papua, a 2005 ICMC field study estimated that
there were over 3,000 internally trafficked women and
girls in the sex trade, including some 1,000 child
prostitutes, in the area's seven largest population
centers. Almost all child street prostitutes were of
Papuan origin. In contrast, most victims in karaoke bars
and brothels originated from Indonesian areas outside
Papua, with the greatest number coming from North
Sulawesi. The victims normally arrived by ship, often
with false promises of employment. Internal migrant
workers generated much of the demand for prostitution.
Geographic isolation, economic underdevelopment, and lack
of civil society concern increased the severity of
trafficking conditions in Papua.
Update
------
Riau Progress Limited
---------------------
The Riau islands including Batam, Tanjung Pinang, Bintan
and Karimun, a transit and destination area, did not make
substantial progress in 2006. In Batam, the results of
anti-trafficking activities have been mixed. NGOs report
that the police chief has increasingly focused his
efforts on trafficking but that the results are not yet
clear. The Head of Batam's office for Women's Empowerment
reported that her office handled 226 cases for Batam city
in 2006. Most of these cases involved returning
trafficking victims to their home provinces. YMKK, a
foundation dealing with health issues for trafficking
victims report that they handled 35 cases in 2006. They,
too, report that most of their activities involve
repatriation of victims. Only three of these cases, they
report, were extensively investigated by the police; none
went to trial. According to NGO representatives, plans
have been made for them to work more closely with the
provincial government, the police, hospitals and
prosecutors in 2007.
Trafficking of women and girls to Riau Islands takes
place primarily for sexual exploitation in the large
numbers of entertainment establishments in Batam, Tanjung
Pinang and Balai Karimun. Riau Islands are also a
transit area, to Malaysia in particular. Local NGOS also
report many girls being trafficked by pimps overnight to
Singapore as prostitutes, using false documents. This
practice is difficult to control as many Indonesian women
also travel to Singapore to shop. In addition, there are
reported incidences of selling babies born to women in
prostitution and in labor export holding centers; it can
be inferred that some babies sold are from trafficked
women and girls with unwanted pregnancies, but it cannot
be stated conclusively that this form of baby selling is
a form of trafficking. The ACILS November 2006 report
concluded that this issue warrants further exploration.
YMKK estimates there are 5,000 sex workers in Batam
alone, five percent under 18 years of age. ICMC estimates
that 25 percent of the women and girls working as
prostitutes in massage parlors and bars are under age 18.
While there is some freedom of movement for prostitutes
working in red light districts to leave the enclosures of
these "lokalisasis," there are many reports that they
cannot leave unescorted. According to Indonesian media,
NGOs, and ILO research, Malaysians and Singaporeans
constitute the largest number of sex tourists in Batam
and the surrounding areas like Balai Karimun and Tanjung
Pinang. The area's sex industry is also heavily
dependent on Indonesian clients, drawn in part from the
population of hundreds of thousands of migrant workers in
Batam. ILO research described Tanjung Balai Karimun,
near Batam, as operating a "prostitution economy."
INDONESIAN VICTIMS IN MALAYSIA
------------------------------
Update
------
Malaysia is commonly identified as the country receiving
the greatest number of Indonesian trafficking victims.
According to ACILS, in Malaysia the risks of being
trafficked are compounded by the fact that probably more
women and girls enter Malaysia illegally than legally to
seek employment. ACILS has accounts that an over-supply
of Indonesian women and girls in Malaysia results in
placement agencies in Malaysia offering incentives to
hire more foreign maids including offering the recovery
of employment fees from the employee through wage
reductions. Various sources report that the first five
months of wages are commonly deducted. IOM reported that
from March 2005 to October 2006, 72 percent of female
victims recovered from various countries had chlamydia,
and a significant proportion had other STDs, including
1.7 percent who were HIV positive. Of these victims, 63
percent were recovered from Malaysia.
A 2006 bilateral MOU between Indonesia and Malaysia
failed to give adequate protection to Indonesian migrant
workers, opening the door to abuse. The agreement allows
employers to hold workers' passports, restricting their
freedom to return home, allows monthly deductions of up
to 50 percent of negotiated wages to repay loans and
advances, and does not specify time off.
Past NGO and GOI estimates of Indonesian prostitutes
(whether trafficked or not) and child prostitutes in
Malaysia have ranged in the thousands, but such estimates
do not have a strong basis in substantive research.
Officials at the Women's Ministry reported that during
2004 the GOI repatriated from Malaysia 1,047 allegedly
trafficked prostitutes, the latest data available. IOM
recorded 470 Indonesian trafficking victims, including
110 children, repatriated from Malaysia from March 2005
to February 2006. Of these, 81 were trafficked into
prostitution, representing 62 adults and 19 children.
Domestic workers constituted the largest number of
victims, 267, repatriated with IOM assistance.
The ILO, IOM, NGOs and Indonesian diplomats in Malaysia
have noted reports of illegal Indonesian migrant workers
trafficked to isolated plantations and plywood factories
in Malaysia. It was not clear in all instances whether
such reports met the definition of trafficking or
represented other types of labor abuse. In July 2006,
IOM reported that 10 out of the 78 plantations workers
rescued from Malaysia, 13 percent, were children.
"CULTURAL PERFORMERS" IN JAPAN
------------------------------
GOI stopped permitting Indonesian women to travel to
Japan and South Korea as "cultural performers" in June
2006, according to the Ministry of Women's Empowerment,
thus curtailing a practice that lead to being trafficked
into prostitution. The Indonesian migrant workers
protection NGO Kopbumi, however, could not confirm
whether the number of victims has reduced or not.
Kopbumi reported that even though the government had
banned women to travel to Japan as "cultural performers",
the practice still exists. Kopbumi estimated that about
100 women go to Japan as "cultural performers" or
"apprenticeship" per month, but they have no written data
to back this up. For 2005, the National Police Agency of
Japan in February 2006 reported that 117 foreign women
were recovered with Indonesians comprising the largest
group of victims, totaling 44 women (source: The Jakarta
Post, February 10, 2006.) End update. Prior to