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Viewing cable 06RANGOON270, BURMA: TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS REPORT
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| Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 06RANGOON270 | 2006-03-01 03:25 | 2011-08-25 00:00 | UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY | Embassy Rangoon |
This record is a partial extract of the original cable. The full text of the original cable is not available.
UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 08 RANGOON 000270
SIPDIS
FOR EAP/MLS, G/TIP, G, INL, INL/HSTC, DRL, PRM, IWI,
EAP/RSP
SENSITIVE
E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: PHUM KWMN KCRM KFRD ASEC PREF ELAB SMIG BM
SUBJECT: BURMA: TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS REPORT
REF: 03836
Burma's input for the sixth annual Trafficking in Persons
Report follows. Answers are keyed to reftel questions.
Overview
--------
-- A. Burma is a country of origin and, to a lesser extent,
a country of transit for internationally trafficked men,
women and children. Women are trafficked to Thailand as
both domestic servants and sex workers. Women are
trafficked to China as forced brides, and to China and
Malaysia for sexual exploitation. Men and women are
trafficked to Thailand and Malaysia for labor. On rare
occasions, children are trafficked for labor and as street
beggars. Internal trafficking of persons occurs primarily
for labor in industrial zones and agricultural estates, and
for sex workers. There are a few cases of persons
trafficked through Burma from Bangladesh to Malaysia and
from China to Thailand.
The government identifies trafficking "hot spots" in
Kawthoung, Moulmein, Myawady and Tachilek on the Thai
border; Muse and Loijay on the China border; Tamu on the
India border; and Mandalay and Rangoon as transit centers.
Members of the government's anti-trafficking task force are
present in each of these "hot spots."
Information: No reliable estimates exist to gauge the
magnitude of the trafficking problem. Some information is
available from the police transnational crime unit, UN
agencies, international NGOs working on trafficking issues,
and their discussions with victims and community members.
Forced labor also occurs in some ethnic border areas
outside the central government control, but no reliable
information exists about international trafficking in those
regions.
Most At Risk: Those who have migrated voluntarily are
vulnerable to international traffickers. Women are more
vulnerable to be trafficked for sex work and as domestics;
Thais prefer ethnic Shan women in particular. Children are
most at risk to be used as street beggars, and men for
physically demanding labor, such as in the fishing and
construction industries. Those living in abroad in refugee
camps or hiding in the jungle are less likely to be
trafficked because they are out of the reach of brokers.
The GOB identified 426 female trafficking victims and 418
male victims in 2005.
For internal trafficking, the rural poor are most at risk.
They are usually trafficked to richer urban areas, to
industrial zones and plantations as laborers.
The majority of trafficking cases resulting in legal action
were found in Mandalay (a transit point), Tanintharyi (on
Thai border), northern Shan State (on Chinese border), and
in Rangoon (transit point).
The military and provincial and local officials procure a
significant amount of forced labor. Those living in areas
with the highest military presence, i.e., in remote border
areas populated by ethnic groups, are most at risk for
forced labor. Poor villagers in rural regions must provide
labor on demand since they cannot pay to escape it. Most
compulsory labor is performed by the old, youth and women
to keep the primary income earners, usually the males, at
their jobs. Urban poor Burman children in Rangoon and
Mandalay, especially street children, are increasingly at
risk for recruitment as child soldiers.
-- B. Trafficking remains a problem in Burma. The
government has taken significant steps to address
trafficking, but economic deterioration still prompts many
to migrate, putting them at risk to be trafficked at some
point in the process. Many who voluntarily move end up
being trafficked.
New Law: On September 13, 2005, the government passed a
comprehensive Anti Trafficking in Persons Law, drafted with
input from the UN Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the UN
Interagency Project on Human Trafficking in the Greater
Mekong Subregion (UNIAP), the AusAID-sponsored Asia
Regional Cooperation to Prevent People Trafficking
(ARCPPT), Save the Children, and World Vision. The GOB
disseminated the new law and conducted training for the
legal and judicial community. At a National Seminar in
March 2006 sponsored by UNIAP, high-level authorities
emphasized their commitment to implement the new law.
Participants discussed revision of the National Plan of
Action (NAP) on Trafficking to be in accord with the new
Law. The government also enlarged its Anti-Trafficking
Unit from forty to sixty-five officers. At present,
thirty-five members work at the Rangoon headquarters, and
thirty members are assigned to trafficking "hot spot" areas
around the country.
There appears to be political will to address international
trafficking issues, including vocal support from the Prime
Minister. The GOB just recently formed the Central Body, a
key entity designed to implement the new Anti-Trafficking
in Persons Law. In 2005, prosecutors convicted 426
traffickers in 203 cases, and identified 844 victims. The
GOB prosecuted, convicted and detained these traffickers
under the new law, but technically could sentence them
until the Central Body is in place.
The government accepts assistance from the UN and
international NGOs and bilateral assistance from other
countries to help implement the Law. It supports the anti-
trafficking work of World Vision, Save the Children, UNIAP,
UNICEF, and International Organization for Migration (IOM)
by facilitating their work and utilizing their services.
However, the GOB exercises tight control over almost all
NGO projects in the country, and in many cases, severely
restricts NGO activities and access to certain parts of the
country and parts of the population. These restrictions
and impediments on NGO activities generally increased in
ΒΆ2005.
Recruitment of child soldiers remains a problem, driven
more by the quota targets of a military with high attrition
rates than by policy or law. The GOB reduced its limited
discussions about this problem in 2005.
International Cooperation: The GOB cooperates with six
neighboring nations in the Greater Mekong Sub-region
through the Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative
Against Trafficking (COMMIT) process, and is attempting to
forge similar relations with Indonesia and Malaysia. The
GOB successfully repatriated 25 victims from Thailand, 36
victims from China and 41 victims from Malaysia in 2005,
eventually turning them over to international or
government-run NGOs after they spent time in a government
transition shelter. Burma signed the "ASEAN Mutual
Assistance in Criminal Matters" agreement in January 2006.
Traffickers are primarily individual, independent brokers.
Many times, the victim seeks out a broker to find a job.
What begins as migrant smuggling turns into trafficking
along the way, sometimes with the prior knowledge of the
broker. Brokers offer victims lucrative jobs, and
sometimes family or acquaintances participate in
trafficking the victims. Police arrested 223 female and
203 male traffickers in 2005. The GOB stations trained
Anti-Trafficking Task Force representatives at the nine
locations with the highest number of trafficking cases, and
conducts awareness raising efforts in these areas with UN
and international NGO assistance. Since Burma's borders
are porous, and minimal documentation is needed to cross,
false documents are not usually needed. Often, traffickers
use public transportation systems to move their victims.
Forced Labor: The GOB prosecuted and convicted several
local officials for forced labor for the first time in
early 2005, dampening use of forced labor by some civilian
authorities. However, when the GOB allowed officials to
counter-sue their accusers, in April 2005 the ILO stopped
referring cases to the authorities and GOB-ILO cooperation
on investigations ceased. Because of a reduction in the
level of combat operations directed against ethnic
insurgents, military portering is less common at present.
However, other forced labor activities continue, including
non-combat portering; construction of roads, fencing, and
infrastructure; maintenance of facilities; and income
generation, cooking, and cleaning activities for civilian
and military authorities.
Relations with the ILO on forced labor issues declined to a
new low in 2005, with death threats and an intimidation
campaign directed at the ILO Liaison Officer in Burma, and
GOB threats to withdraw from the organization. The ILO
Governing Board recommended in November 2005 that countries
should again review relations with Burma and take actions
regarding foreign direct investment in state or military-
owned enterprises. It also decided to allow consideration
of further steps at the next meeting. The ILO Director
General requested that the forced labor situation in Burma
be added to the July 2006 ECOSOC agenda. Early in 2006,
the GOB gave new assurances that it would protect the ILO
Liaison Officer's security in Burma and allowed him to
travel in country again, but it has not yet responded to
ILO requests to resume meaningful discussion of forced
labor issues. Although use of forced labor on large state
infrastructure projects declined, local civilian
authorities and military forces continue to use forced
labor in their areas of control.
Ethnic insurgent groups also use compulsory labor, forced
recruitment and child soldiers.
-- C. GOB budget allocations to fight trafficking are
inadequate. The new law requires identification of funding
sources, to include support from the UN and international
NGOs. No specific information exists that officials are
directly involved in international trafficking. However,
pervasive corruption on most borders allows people to cross
them easily. Police, legal, judicial and social workers
lack the training and resources, e.g., transportation and
communication, to be optimally effective.
-- D. The government continually monitors its efforts and
makes regular reports about trafficking cases.
Occasionally, migrant smuggling cases may also be included
in these figures. The GOB shares this information with UN
and NGOs working on the issue, and publishes statistics in
the local press, the UNIAP trafficking newsletter, and on
national, regional and NGO websites. The GOB thoroughly
controls access to information, however, and statistics in
general are incomplete and lack credibility.
The GOB does not report on cases of forced labor.
Prevention
----------
-- A. The government acknowledges that cross-border
trafficking is a problem and has taken actions to combat it
since 1998. The government has verbally acknowledged that
forced labor is a problem but, in 2005, did not continue
any actions to address it.
-- B. The lead agencies involved are the Ministry of Home
Affairs, through its Anti-Trafficking Unit under the Office
of Transnational Organized Crime, and the Ministry of
Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement. Other agencies
that are active during the process include the Ministries
of Border Area Development and Planning, the Attorney
General, the Immigration Service, and the Women's Affairs
Federation, a government-affiliated "NGO." The lead agency
for action on forced labor is the Ministry of Labor, and on
child soldier recruitment is the Ministry of Defense.
-- C. The Ministry of Home Affairs and ARCPPT jointly
conducted seven advocacy meetings and workshops in
trafficking "hot spots", targeting local authorities and
field-level officials. International NGO and UN efforts
include nationwide TV spots, and the development and
distribution of materials at the provincial level, which
receive approvals and facilitation support from the GOB.
The Ministry of Home Affairs, UNIAP and international NGO,
AFXB conduct awareness raising activities at bus terminals,
targeting drivers, merchants, ticket sellers and local
police. At the March 2006 National Seminar, Ministry of
Home Affairs and UNIAP representatives discussed
implementation of the new Law with UN agencies, local and
international NGOs, government legal and judicial
representatives, and high-level officials from the
Ministries of Home Affairs, Social Welfare, and Foreign
Affairs, and the recruitment section of the Ministry of
Defense.
-- D. The government-organized National Committee for
Women's Affairs and the Myanmar Women's Affairs Federation
work on trafficking and women's development issues. The
GOB also has a limited poverty reduction program in place.
UNICEF conducts several child protection programs and FAO
addresses food security issues. The government also allows
the UN and NGOs to conduct women's income generation
projects and programs to bridge children into formal
education, though under the tight control noted above.
-- F. The GOB seems most willing to engage and cooperate
with international NGOs, the UN and other governments in
the area of cross-border trafficking in persons. The
government requests and accepts international support in
this field, as well as shares information on its
investigations and activities.
Cooperation on forced labor declined in the past year to a
point of no action, though some GOB officials still meet
with the ILO Liaison Officer.
-- G. Immigration, police and intelligence agency
representatives monitor border checkpoints, and have
received information about the new law and their
responsibilities to identify and fight trafficking. The
GOB plans specific anti-TIP training for the future. The
Anti Trafficking Unit has posted a trained task force
representative in each of the nine "hot spot" areas.
-- H. A number of coordinating bodies for trafficking
related issues exist:
- the Myanmar National Committee for Women's Affairs
(MNCWA), chaired by the Minister of Social Welfare, Relief
and Resettlement, which addresses women's issues;
- the Myanmar National Working Committee for Women's
Affairs (MNWCWA), chaired by the Deputy Minister, consists
of thirty members from related ministries and NGOs;
- the Preventative Working Committee for Trafficking in
Persons, under the MNCWA, is headed by the Deputy Minister
of Home Affairs, and consists of twenty-four members from
ministries and NGOs;
- the Human Trafficking Working Group, consisting of UN
agencies and international NGOs, which meets quarterly to
coordinate, communicate and strategize;
- the COMMIT Task Force, the national group tasked with
implementation of the COMMIT Plan of Action developed in
2004 with the six Greater Mekong Sub-region countries; and
- the Task Force on Repatriation, with the Director General
of the Ministry of Social Welfare, international NGOs and
UN agencies, which works specifically on repatriation
efforts.
Police officials expect the government's legal review
committee to make recommendations on new laws to address
migrant smuggling and corruption in the near future.
-- J. The government developed a National Action Plan (NAP)
in 1998, and revised it in 2004 under the COMMIT plan of
action. Participants at the National Seminar in early 2006
reviewed the draft of a new plan to accord with the new
law, with added input from UN agencies. UNIAP hired a
national consultant to review and compare NAPs from
regional countries, and hosted a workshop on the results in
October 2005. UNIAP also funded a government delegation to
visit other countries to discuss NAP development.
Investigation and Prosecution
-----------------------------
-- A. Burma passed the Anti Trafficking in Persons Law in
September 2005. The law covers sexual exploitation, forced
labor, slavery, servitude, debt bondage, and organ removal.
The law applies to internal and external trafficking, and
the Penal Code provides additional protection.
-- B. The penalty for trafficking in children, youth and
women is ten years minimum to life imprisonment with no
parole, and also allows for a fine. The penalty for
trafficking persons other than children, women, or youth is
five years minimum to ten years maximum, and also allows
for a fine. The penalties are the same for sexual and
labor exploitation. Under the penal code, a life sentence
can be completed after twenty years imprisonment, but under
the Trafficking Law, there is no possibility of early
parole. The police also have the authority to seize the
property of the offenders. Offenders guilty of trafficking
and a serious crime (with a sentence of four years or more)
can be sentenced to a minimum or 10 years to a maximum of
life imprisonment or death sentence.
-- C. The penalty for rape is imprisonment for up to ten
years, and also allows for a fine. If a person convicted
of rape receives a sentenced of four years or more, then a
second sentence for trafficking would be from ten years
minimum to life imprisonment.
-- D. Prostitution has been illegal in Burma since 1949.
The activities of prostitutes (if they are not trafficked
or forced), brothel owners, and pimps are all criminal
violations. The client is not charged, and is usually
considered a witness. In 2005, authorities closed many of
the brothels on the Chinese border noted in last year's TIP
report.
-- E. In 2005, the GOB investigated 203 cases of
trafficking, arrested 203 males and 223 females, and
rescued 418 males and 426 females. In 35 cases, 30 males
and 18 females were sentenced to fewer than five years
imprisonment; in 16 cases, 10 males and 9 females were
imprisoned for five to ten years; and in 1 case a female
was sentenced to over ten years imprisonment. The
traffickers are all currently serving their prison terms.
The GOB has not taken action against military or civilian
officials who have engaged in forced labor.
-- F. Most cross border and internal traffickers are
independent individuals acting as brokers. Some are
Burmese nationals living in Burma or neighboring countries.
Others are Chinese nationals. The GOB and international
NGOs believe that most traffickers do not work together.
The few that may work together do so in small, informal
networks, and not organized criminal groups. The police
have no information about the traffickers who bring Burmese
to Malaysia. No specific evidence exists that employment
or travel agencies or government officials are involved in
cross border trafficking. No specific reports exist that
trafficking proceeds fund organized crime or terrorist
groups.
Military forces, provincial military and civilian
authorities continue to use forced labor.
-- G. The ARCPPT has trained members of the Anti-
Trafficking Unit, which actively investigates trafficking
and smuggling cases. Electronic surveillance and
undercover operations are not generally allowed, but the
police can obtain permission from authorities on a case-by-
case basis. The new legislation allows for law enforcement
actions, including controlled delivery. No witness
protection program exists. The police utilize immunity and
reduced sentencing to gain cooperation from offenders.
-- H. In collaboration with ARCPPT, the police conducted
training workshops in 2005 on the difference between
smuggling and trafficking, investigation techniques, and
international best practices. UNICEF supported police
training on combating commercial sexual exploitation of
children in 2005. The Central Police Training Institute in
Mandalay developed teaching curriculum on trafficking.
Police cadet courses and advanced police courses include
lectures on trafficking. ARCPPT, supported by the GOB,
UNICEF and UNIAP, has also trained members of Women's
Affairs Federation and the Department of Social Welfare,
and judges.
-- I. International cooperation with China: The GOB
maintains a dialogue on trafficking with the Chinese
Ministry of Public Security, as well as with Chinese
police, narcotics, and border control officials. The two
governments signed an MOU in January 2005 on combating
transnational crime in border areas, and the GOB proposed a
new MOU focusing on trafficking and border liaison offices
at a bilateral meeting in November 2005. Officials
repatriated twenty-three women from China in 2005. In July
2005, the GOB sent information it had developed about
traffickers to Chinese officials who captured 9 Chinese and
32 Burmese offenders in a police raid. Chinese authorities
sent the Burmese traffickers back to Burma, where police
arrested them.
Thailand: Officials repatriated twenty-five victims from
Thailand in 2005, and communication between the two
countries on this issue is good. Often, authorities in
Thailand send advance information to Burmese counterparts
before repatriating victims. Burmese officials can then
verify the information, reducing the amount of time the
victim spends in a holding facility in Burma before going
to a support center. Officials held a bilateral meeting on
trafficking in November 2005. The GOB has provided
additional information about Burmese traffickers in
Thailand, and is waiting for a formal response from the
Thai government.
Malaysia: Officials repatriated forty-one victims
trafficked as sex workers from Malaysia last year. GOB
officials told us that Burmese women, as well as women from
other ASEAN countries, are trafficked to Malaysia. The GOB
seeks to engage Malaysia on the issue to establish a formal
cooperative relationship. Burmese and Cambodian officials
plan travel to Malaysia to begin the process. GOB
officials also said they hoped to invite Indonesia and
Malaysia to join the next COMMIT meeting in Laos as
observers.
-- J. Burma has no extradition treaties, and has not sent
Burmese nationals to other countries for prosecution. Both
China and Thailand have sent Burmese offenders back to
Burma, and Burma is prepared to send offenders to
neighboring countries on a case-by-case basis.
-- K. Committees at national, state, and township levels
address crime issues and educate officials. These
committees include regime council members, police
officials, judges, and information officers. Central
authorities plan to brief the committees on the new Anti-
Trafficking Law and their responsibilities to implement its
provisions.
Forced labor is used almost exclusively by military and
civilian government officials. Since April 2005, no
evidence exists that the government will take steps to
investigate and prosecute these cases.
-- L. No specific evidence exists that the government is
directly involved, or tolerates cross border trafficking,
although border officials accept bribes to allow people and
goods to cross. If an official is found guilty of
trafficking, a section of the new law provides for a prison
term of three to seven years, and possibly a fine. If
persons are internally trafficked for labor by a high-level
official or well-connected individual, the police can be
expected to self-limit their investigations, even if no
political pressure has been overtly employed.
In 2005, the GOB charged ten officials with forced labor
violations under section 374 of the penal code for the
first time. The ILO made seven interventions, but stopped
forwarding forced labor claims in April 2005 because the
GOB condoned officials bringing countersuits against the
claimants. From January to April, the government
investigated seventeen cases of forced labor and rejected
thirteen, took disciplinary action against the official
charged in two cases, and, in two cases, released child
soldiers. The government provided cash compensation to
villagers in one case investigated in 2005.
-- M. Child sex tourism is not a major problem in Burma.
The Anti-Trafficking and Child Laws provide some protection
and have extraterritorial coverage.
-- N. ILO Convention 182: not signed;
ILO Convention 29: signed in 1955;
ILO Convention 105: not signed;
Optional Protocol to Convention on the Rights of the Child:
not signed, though under consideration;
Protocol on Trafficking in Persons: signed in 2004.
Protection and Assistance to Victims
------------------------------------
-- A. The Department of Social Welfare provides shelter to
female trafficked victims at four vocational training
centers, and at one house. Males are temporarily sheltered
in four training schools. The Departments of Social
Welfare and Health provide a reintegration package at the
shelters, which includes education about trafficking and
HIV/AIDS and other health issues, psychosocial support,
counseling, vocational skills training, educational
assistance and health services. Victims normally stay at
these shelters for about one month until they are turned
over to UNIAP, UNICEF and/or international NGOs, such as
Save the Children and World Vision, for further support,
including educational assistance, livelihood support,
grants/loans, and business training. The Department of
Social Welfare collaborates with UNIAP and NGOs to support
life skills training, awareness raising, material
dissemination, and grant/loan programs for victims until
and after they return to their homes. The NGOs also
provide follow-up care.
The government plans to establish temporary receiving
centers at the borders, medical and rehabilitation shelters
in the capital of each state and division, and educational
and vocational training centers in Mandalay and Rangoon.
GOB officials are seeking funding from bilateral sources.
The Department of Social Welfare and the Women's Affairs
Federation have a few loan programs to help victims start
businesses, but credit and other income-generating activity
support is provided primarily by NGOs. The government
expects to receive funding from the COMMIT process and
bilateral sources to support micro-credit programs for
victims.
-- B. The government does not supply financial assistance
to NGOs, but does contribute approvals, human resources,
training places, and transportation services.
-- C. NGOs can provide care for victims under Department of
Social Welfare custody while at shelters.
-- D. The new Law provides protection of trafficking
victims' rights, though sometimes victims receive
inappropriate media attention during the
repatriation/reintegration process. Victims are not
jailed, fined, or prosecuted for other violations.
In forced labor cases, the law does not protect victims
from countersuit by accused officials. The government has
filed charges against those who assist claimants of forced
labor, including their legal counsel, and witnesses. In
October 2005, the court imprisoned a claimant who
successfully reported a forced labor case against a
government official. The official countersued using an
unrelated charge, and a judge sentenced the victim to
eighteen months imprisonment. In another case, the legal
counsel of a forced labor victim's family was charged with
spreading false information, and in August 2005, villagers
who corroborated a claimant's story also were charged with
"spreading false information".
-- E. The government encourages internationally trafficked
victims to assist in investigations and prosecutions.
Victims have the right to file civil suits and seek legal
action against the traffickers. The government will hire
and pay for a lawyer for the claimant if necessary. Under
the law, no one is allowed to impede or obstruct the
victim's case. The victim can give testimony without
directly confronting the accused, e.g., via video. The
government is responsible for finding alternative
employment for the victim and arranging a suitable living
situation. Victims can claim compensation from
traffickers, and the government will pay this compensation
from seized assets. If a victim does not want to be
returned home, or if the family is not ready to receive the
victim, the victim is not forced to return. The law has a
provision to establish a fund for use in the rehabilitation
and repatriation of victims, but the government does not
currently budget adequate resources to carry out all of
these responsibilities. The GOB will accept international
assistance to this fund to supplement domestic budget
allocations.
In forced labor cases, the government provides no legal
assistance to victims.
-- F. No witness protection program exists in Burma. The
government arranges for temporary shelter for the victim.
Once the victim is reintegrated into society, the
government and NGOs provide assistance for income
generation activities, such as working capital or sewing
machines. Children are kept with their parents if they are
rescued together. If not, trafficked children are returned
to their families as quickly as possible. If there is no
family to accept the child, the Department of Social
Welfare maintains custody at a shelter.
-- G. UNIAP, ARCPPT, UNICEF and Save the Children have
conducted workshops for government officials on the
provision of assistance to victims. The Ministry of
Foreign Affairs participated in the regional training and
the March 2006 National Seminar, but provides no specific
training to embassy staff abroad. They are urged to
cooperate with NGOs in their host countries.
-- H. The government provides shelter, medical care, social
counseling, information on STDs, vocational training,
reintegration service, and awareness about trafficking.
The GOB provides basic food, clothing, shelter, and support
materials. Local and international NGOs support the
government in the provision of these and other services.
-- I. UNIAP, UNICEF, World Vision, and Save the Children
work with the government and with local NGOs and community
based organizations to provide critical assistance on
trafficking awareness throughout the victim repatriation
and reintegration processes. They conduct research on the
problem and help cover costs of tracing the family, family
assessments, transportation, lifestyle and skills training,
and capital for income generation activities.
The ILO established an office in Burma to address the
systemic forced labor practiced by government and military
officials. Cooperation dwindled to minimal contact after
April 2005. In early 2006, no agreement had been reached
on further action, signaling a significant lack of
political will.
Embassy point of contact is Teresa Manlowe, Economic
Officer. She is available at tel: 95-1-379-880, ext. 4227,
fax: 95-1-256-018. Combined embassy hours spent compiling
information for this report: 68, as follows: Charge 2, DCM
2, Pol/Econ Chief 15, Poloff 15, Econoff 32.
Villarosa