Keep Us Strong WikiLeaks logo

Currently released so far... 97115 / 251,287

Articles

Browse latest releases

Browse by creation date

Browse by origin

A B C D F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z

Browse by tag

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
ETRD EAGR ETTC EAID ECON EFIN ECIN EINV ELAB EAIR ENRG EPET EWWT ECPS EIND EMIN ELTN EC ETMIN EUC EZ ET ELECTIONS ENVR EU EUN EG EINT ER ECONOMICS ES EMS ENIV EEB EN ECE ECOSOC EK ENVIRONMENT EFIS EI EWT ENGRD ECPSN EXIM EIAD ERIN ECPC EDEV ENGY ECTRD EPA ESTH ECCT EINVECON ENGR ERTD EUR EAP EWWC ELTD EL EXIMOPIC EXTERNAL ETRDEC ESCAP ECO EGAD ELNT ECONOMIC ENV ETRN EIAR EUMEM ENRGPARMOTRASENVKGHGPGOVECONTSPLEAID EREL ECOM ECONETRDEAGRJA ETCC ETRG ECONOMY EMED ETR ENERG EITC EFINOECD EURM EENG ERA EXPORT ENRD ECONEINVETRDEFINELABETRDKTDBPGOVOPIC EGEN EBRD EVIN ETRAD ECOWAS EFTA ECONETRDBESPAR EGOVSY EPIN EID ECONENRG EDRC ESENV ETT EB ENER ELTNSNAR ECHEVARRIA ETRC EPIT EDUC ESA EFI ENRGY ESCI EE EAIDXMXAXBXFFR EETC ECIP EIAID EIVN EBEXP ESTN EING EGOV ETRA EPETEIND ELAN ETRDGK EAIDRW ETRDEINVECINPGOVCS EPEC ENVI ELN EAG EPCS EPRT EPTED ETRB EUM EAIDS EFIC EFINECONEAIDUNGAGM EAIDAR ESF EIDN ELAM EDU EV EAIDAF ECN EDA EXBS EINTECPS ENRGTRGYETRDBEXPBTIOSZ EPREL EAC EINVEFIN ETA EAGER EINDIR ECA ECLAC ELAP EITI EUCOM ECONEFINETRDPGOVEAGRPTERKTFNKCRMEAID EARG ELDIN EINVKSCA ENNP EFINECONCS EFINTS ECCP ETC EAIRASECCASCID EINN ETRP EAIDNI EFQ ECOQKPKO EGPHUM EBUD ECONEINVEFINPGOVIZ ENERGY ELB EINDETRD EMI ECONEFIN EIB EURN ETRDEINVTINTCS EIN EFIM ETIO ELAINE EMN EATO EWTR EIPR EINVETC ETTD ETDR EIQ ECONCS EPPD ENRGIZ EISL ESPINOSA ELEC EAIG ESLCO EUREM ENTG ERD EINVECONSENVCSJA EEPET EUNCH ECINECONCS ETRO ETRDECONWTOCS ECUN EFND EPECO EAIRECONRP ERGR ETRDPGOV ECPN ENRGMO EPWR EET EAIS EAGRE EDUARDO EAGRRP EAIDPHUMPRELUG EICN ECONQH EVN EGHG ELBR EINF EAIDHO EENV ETEX ERNG ED
KMDR KPAO KPKO KJUS KCRM KGHG KFRD KWMN KDEM KTFN KHIV KGIC KIDE KSCA KNNP KHUM KIPR KSUM KISL KIRF KCOR KRCM KPAL KWBG KN KS KOMC KSEP KFLU KPWR KTIA KSEO KMPI KHLS KICC KSTH KMCA KVPR KPRM KE KU KZ KFLO KSAF KTIP KTEX KBCT KOCI KOLY KOR KAWC KACT KUNR KTDB KSTC KLIG KSKN KNN KCFE KCIP KGHA KHDP KPOW KUNC KDRL KV KPREL KCRS KPOL KRVC KRIM KGIT KWIR KT KIRC KOMO KRFD KUWAIT KG KFIN KSCI KTFIN KFTN KGOV KPRV KSAC KGIV KCRIM KPIR KSOC KBIO KW KGLB KMWN KPO KFSC KSEAO KSTCPL KSI KPRP KREC KFPC KUNH KCSA KMRS KNDP KR KICCPUR KPPAO KCSY KTBT KCIS KNEP KFRDCVISCMGTCASCKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG KNNB KGCC KINR KPOP KMFO KENV KNAR KVIR KDRG KDMR KFCE KNAO KDEN KGCN KICA KIMMITT KMCC KLFU KMSG KSEC KUM KCUL KMNP KSMT KCOM KOMCSG KSPR KPMI KRAD KIND KCRP KAUST KWAWC KTER KCHG KRDP KPAS KITA KTSC KPAOPREL KWGB KIRP KJUST KMIG KLAB KTFR KSEI KSTT KAPO KSTS KLSO KWNN KPOA KHSA KNPP KPAONZ KBTS KWWW KY KJRE KPAOKMDRKE KCRCM KSCS KWMNCI KESO KWUN KPLS KIIP KEDEM KPAOY KRIF KGICKS KREF KTRD KFRDSOCIRO KTAO KJU KWMNPHUMPRELKPAOZW KEN KO KNEI KEMR KKIV KEAI KWAC KRCIM KWCI KFIU KWIC KCORR KOMS KNNO KPAI KBWG KTTB KTBD KTIALG KILS KFEM KTDM KESS KNUC KPA KOMCCO KCEM KRCS KWBGSY KNPPIS KNNPMNUC KWN KERG KLTN KALM KCCP KSUMPHUM KREL KGH KLIP KTLA KAWK KWMM KVRP KVRC KAID KSLG KDEMK KX KIF KNPR KCFC KFTFN KTFM KPDD KCERS KMOC KDEMAF KMEPI KEMS KDRM KEPREL KBTR KEDU KNP KIRL KNNR KMPT KISLPINR KTPN KA KJUSTH KPIN KDEV KTDD KAKA KFRP KWNM KTSD KINL KJUSKUNR KWWMN KECF KWBC KPRO KVBL KOM KFRDKIRFCVISCMGTKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG KEDM KFLD KLPM KRGY KNNF KICR KIFR KM KWMNCS KAWS KLAP KPAK KDDG KCGC KID KNSD KMPF KPFO KDP KCMR KRMS KNPT KNNNP KTIAPARM KDTB KNUP KPGOV KNAP KNNC KUK KSRE KREISLER KIVP KQ KTIAEUN KPALAOIS KRM KISLAO KWM KFLOA
PHUM PINR PTER PGOV PREL PREF PL PM PHSA PE PARM PINS PK PUNE PO PALESTINIAN PU PBTS PROP PTBS POL POLI PA PGOVZI POLMIL POLITICAL PARTIES POLM PD POLITICS POLICY PAS PMIL PINT PNAT PV PKO PPOL PERSONS PING PBIO PH PETR PARMS PRES PCON PETERS PRELBR PT PLAB PP PAK PDEM PKPA PSOCI PF PLO PTERM PJUS PSOE PELOSI PROPERTY PGOVPREL PARP PRL PNIR PHUMKPAL PG PREZ PGIC PBOV PAO PKK PROV PHSAK PHUMPREL PROTECTION PGOVBL PSI PRELPK PGOVENRG PUM PRELKPKO PATTY PSOC PRIVATIZATION PRELSP PGOVEAIDUKNOSWGMHUCANLLHFRSPITNZ PMIG PREC PAIGH PROG PSHA PARK PETER POG PHUS PPREL PS PTERPREL PRELPGOV POV PKPO PGOVECON POUS PGOVPRELPHUMPREFSMIGELABEAIDKCRMKWMN PWBG PMAR PREM PAR PNR PRELPGOVEAIDECONEINVBEXPSCULOIIPBTIO PARMIR PGOVGM PHUH PARTM PN PRE PTE PY POLUN PPEL PDOV PGOVSOCI PIRF PGOVPM PBST PRELEVU PGOR PBTSRU PRM PRELKPAOIZ PGVO PERL PGOC PAGR PMIN PHUMR PVIP PPD PGV PRAM PINL PKPAL PTERE PGOF PINO PHAS PODC PRHUM PHUMA PREO PPA PEPFAR PGO PRGOV PAC PRESL PORG PKFK PEPR PRELP PREFA PNG PGOVPHUMKPAO PRELECON PINOCHET PFOR PGOVLO PHUMBA PRELC PREK PHUME PHJM POLINT PGOVPZ PGOVKCRM PGOVE PHALANAGE PARTY PECON PEACE PROCESS PLN PRELSW PAHO PEDRO PRELA PASS PPAO PGPV PNUM PCUL PGGV PSA PGOVSMIGKCRMKWMNPHUMCVISKFRDCA PGIV PRFE POGOV PEL PBT PAMQ PINF PSEPC POSTS PHUMPGOV PVOV PHSAPREL PROLIFERATION PENA PRELTBIOBA PIN PRELL PGOVPTER PHAM PHYTRP PTEL PTERPGOV PHARM PROTESTS PRELAF PKBL PRELKPAO PKNP PARMP PHUML PFOV PERM PUOS PRELGOV PHUMPTER PARAGRAPH PERURENA PBTSEWWT PCI PETROL PINSO PINSCE PQL PEREZ PBS

Browse by classification

Community resources

courage is contagious

Viewing cable 05PRETORIA4995, LINKS BETWEEN POVERTY AND HIV/AIDS

If you are new to these pages, please read an introduction on the structure of a cable as well as how to discuss them with others. See also the FAQs

Understanding cables
Every cable message consists of three parts:
  • The top box shows each cables unique reference number, when and by whom it originally was sent, and what its initial classification was.
  • The middle box contains the header information that is associated with the cable. It includes information about the receiver(s) as well as a general subject.
  • The bottom box presents the body of the cable. The opening can contain a more specific subject, references to other cables (browse by origin to find them) or additional comment. This is followed by the main contents of the cable: a summary, a collection of specific topics and a comment section.
To understand the justification used for the classification of each cable, please use this WikiSource article as reference.

Discussing cables
If you find meaningful or important information in a cable, please link directly to its unique reference number. Linking to a specific paragraph in the body of a cable is also possible by copying the appropriate link (to be found at theparagraph symbol). Please mark messages for social networking services like Twitter with the hash tags #cablegate and a hash containing the reference ID e.g. #05PRETORIA4995.
Reference ID Created Released Classification Origin
05PRETORIA4995 2005-12-27 13:25 2011-08-24 01:00 UNCLASSIFIED Embassy Pretoria
VZCZCXRO7016
RR RUEHDU RUEHJO RUEHMR
DE RUEHSA #4995/01 3611325
ZNR UUUUU ZZH
R 271325Z DEC 05
FM AMEMBASSY PRETORIA
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC 0649
INFO RUCNSAD/SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
RUCPDC/DEPT OF COMMERCE WASHDC
RUEATRS/DEPT OF TREASURY WASHDC
RUEAUSA/DEPT OF HHS WASHDC
RUEHPH/CDC ATLANTA GA 0952
UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 02 PRETORIA 004995 
 
SIPDIS 
 
STATE PASS TO AID WASH DC 
 
SIPDIS 
 
DEPT FOR AF/S; AF/EPS; AF/EPS/SDRIANO 
DEPT FOR S/OFFICE OF GLOBAL AIDS COORDINATOR 
STATE PLEASE PASS TO USAID FOR GLOBAL BUREAU KHILL 
USAID ALSO FOR GH/OHA/CCARRINO AND RROGERS, AFR/SD/DOTT 
ALSO FOR AA/EGAT SIMMONS, AA/DCHA WINTER 
HHS FOR THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY/WSTEIGER, NIH/HFRANCIS 
CDC FOR SBLOUNT AND DBIRX 
 
E.O.  12958: N/A 
TAGS: ECON KHIV SOCI TBIO EAID SF
SUBJECT:  LINKS BETWEEN POVERTY AND HIV/AIDS 
 
Summary 
------- 
 
1.  Summary.  In December 2005, an International Union for the 
Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP) conference in Cape Town 
presented demographic studies that highlighted the interactions 
between poverty and HIV/AIDS in Southern African nations of 
Malawi, Zambia, and South Africa.  No direct evidence was shown 
that poverty causes HIV/AIDS but there were strong correlations 
and associations between the two.  Because most of the new 
information was coming from surveying the same people over time 
(panel surveys), much discussion centered around the problems 
and interpretations of using this type of data for empirical 
investigations.  Eight of the 12 studies used Demographic 
Health Surveys, household-based national surveys having little 
detailed information concerning income.  These studies had to 
impute assets using either type of flooring, housing or other 
asset information having a presumed correlation with income, 
making the analysis of the interaction of poverty and HIV/AIDS 
subject to possible measurement and specification errors.  The 
South African studies used local surveys (in Free State and 
KZN) trying to determine the impact of socio economic status on 
orphans, antiretroviral treatment, and HIV affected households. 
Most studies showed relationships between poverty and HIV/AIDS, 
but no clear cut causation.  End Summary. 
 
Poverty and HIV/AIDS 
-------------------- 
 
2.  Prominent African politicians and researchers have long 
posited causality between poverty and HIV/AIDS, suggesting that 
increased poverty causes high HIV/AIDS prevalence.  In 
December, The International Union of Scientific Study of 
Population (IUSSP) sponsored a conference in Cape Town that 
presented 12 papers addressing the impacts of poverty and 
HIV/AIDS, focusing on income effects on topics ranging from 
orphans to receiving antiretroviral treatment.  The conference 
organizers hoped to provide empirical evidence on the 
hypothesis that HIV/AIDS' main solution lies in eradicating 
poverty. 
 
3.  The demographic studies focused on Southern African 
countries and used a variety of household panel surveys that 
were not designed for the specific study of HIV/AIDS 
interactions.  Several studies used Demographic Health Surveys, 
(nationally representative household surveys collected every 5 
years in most developing countries), or national and provincial 
surveys.  Focus countries included Malawi, Zambia, South 
Africa, Kenya, Cambodia, Thailand and Tanzania.  All studies 
used several waves of panel data, trying to discover long run 
impacts in order to highlight poverty's impact on various risk 
behaviors associated with higher HIV prevalence. 
 
4.  Four studies concentrated on South Africa, using provincial 
surveys, making generalized national observations difficult. 
The South African studies examined the socio-economic impacts 
of HIV/AIDS on household in the Free State; impacts of parental 
death on school enrollment in KZN; orphans and HIV risk 
behaviors among adolescents in KZN; and socioeconomic status as 
determinants in treatment outcomes in the Free State.  One Free 
State study (primary researcher, Sebastian Linnemayr from Ecole 
Normale Superieure, using data collected in a USAID-funded 
study at the University of the Free State) grouped HIV affected 
and non-affected by amount of liquid and illiquid assets and 
found the assets to be similar among groups, although since 40% 
of people had no income in both groups, one could argue that 
poverty impacted the results.  The study of the impacts of 
parental death on school achievement in KZN (primary 
researcher, Anne Case from Princeton University) found that 
that there was no link between socio economic status (SES) if 
the mother died, and a negative association if the father died; 
however children without mothers are behind in school relative 
to other children.  The study focusing on the orphanhood, 
poverty and HIV risk behaviors in KZN (prime researcher Kelly 
Hallman from the Population Council) found that orphans did 
begin sexual relations earlier than non orphans and differing 
income effects by gender, with girls in households with higher 
income having lower chances of early sexual debut while boys 
had higher chances of multiple partners.  Frikkee Booysen's 
 
PRETORIA 00004995  002 OF 002 
 
 
study (of the University of the Free State) found that only the 
well-off felt that they were getting the benefit of anti- 
retroviral treatment, having been on treatment and knowing 
their status longer. 
 
5.  The South African studies used different measures of 
poverty.  Hallman's study used consumption and household asset- 
based measures, Case's study used expenditures, assets, and 
access to piped water and electricity as indicators of wealth. 
Booysen's and Linnemayr's studies used the same Free State 
panel data which collected income, asset and access to services 
information.  Of the four studies, two found that income did 
not explain differences in HIV-impacted households or orphans 
and two found income to be an important determinant. 
 
6.  Studies that focused on other countries in Africa also 
found that income's impacts varied.  A Malawian study focused 
on the impact of HIV/AIDS on Intra-household Time Allocation 
and concluded that HIV/AIDS had no impact on men's allocation 
of time and it caused women to diversify income sources.  In a 
Zambian (focusing on prime age mortality, rather than death by 
HIV/AIDS) study, women's prime age mortality was not affected 
by income; prime age mortality is more likely to affect wealthy 
men. 
 
7.  All presented studies were preliminary and discussion 
focused on inherent problems using panel data.  Panel data 
gives temporal explanation but no causality.  Selectivity 
(caused by attrition in survey respondents) and measurement 
error biases are present.  Omitted variables and unobserved 
fixed effects also presents empirical challenges.  One 
agreement came from the conference:  further research is needed 
on the links between poverty and HIV/AIDS. 
 
TEITELBAUM