Keep Us Strong WikiLeaks logo

Currently released so far... 97115 / 251,287

Articles

Browse latest releases

Browse by creation date

Browse by origin

A B C D F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z

Browse by tag

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
ETRD EAGR ETTC EAID ECON EFIN ECIN EINV ELAB EAIR ENRG EPET EWWT ECPS EIND EMIN ELTN EC ETMIN EUC EZ ET ELECTIONS ENVR EU EUN EG EINT ER ECONOMICS ES EMS ENIV EEB EN ECE ECOSOC EK ENVIRONMENT EFIS EI EWT ENGRD ECPSN EXIM EIAD ERIN ECPC EDEV ENGY ECTRD EPA ESTH ECCT EINVECON ENGR ERTD EUR EAP EWWC ELTD EL EXIMOPIC EXTERNAL ETRDEC ESCAP ECO EGAD ELNT ECONOMIC ENV ETRN EIAR EUMEM ENRGPARMOTRASENVKGHGPGOVECONTSPLEAID EREL ECOM ECONETRDEAGRJA ETCC ETRG ECONOMY EMED ETR ENERG EITC EFINOECD EURM EENG ERA EXPORT ENRD ECONEINVETRDEFINELABETRDKTDBPGOVOPIC EGEN EBRD EVIN ETRAD ECOWAS EFTA ECONETRDBESPAR EGOVSY EPIN EID ECONENRG EDRC ESENV ETT EB ENER ELTNSNAR ECHEVARRIA ETRC EPIT EDUC ESA EFI ENRGY ESCI EE EAIDXMXAXBXFFR EETC ECIP EIAID EIVN EBEXP ESTN EING EGOV ETRA EPETEIND ELAN ETRDGK EAIDRW ETRDEINVECINPGOVCS EPEC ENVI ELN EAG EPCS EPRT EPTED ETRB EUM EAIDS EFIC EFINECONEAIDUNGAGM EAIDAR ESF EIDN ELAM EDU EV EAIDAF ECN EDA EXBS EINTECPS ENRGTRGYETRDBEXPBTIOSZ EPREL EAC EINVEFIN ETA EAGER EINDIR ECA ECLAC ELAP EITI EUCOM ECONEFINETRDPGOVEAGRPTERKTFNKCRMEAID EARG ELDIN EINVKSCA ENNP EFINECONCS EFINTS ECCP ETC EAIRASECCASCID EINN ETRP EAIDNI EFQ ECOQKPKO EGPHUM EBUD ECONEINVEFINPGOVIZ ENERGY ELB EINDETRD EMI ECONEFIN EIB EURN ETRDEINVTINTCS EIN EFIM ETIO ELAINE EMN EATO EWTR EIPR EINVETC ETTD ETDR EIQ ECONCS EPPD ENRGIZ EISL ESPINOSA ELEC EAIG ESLCO EUREM ENTG ERD EINVECONSENVCSJA EEPET EUNCH ECINECONCS ETRO ETRDECONWTOCS ECUN EFND EPECO EAIRECONRP ERGR ETRDPGOV ECPN ENRGMO EPWR EET EAIS EAGRE EDUARDO EAGRRP EAIDPHUMPRELUG EICN ECONQH EVN EGHG ELBR EINF EAIDHO EENV ETEX ERNG ED
KMDR KPAO KPKO KJUS KCRM KGHG KFRD KWMN KDEM KTFN KHIV KGIC KIDE KSCA KNNP KHUM KIPR KSUM KISL KIRF KCOR KRCM KPAL KWBG KN KS KOMC KSEP KFLU KPWR KTIA KSEO KMPI KHLS KICC KSTH KMCA KVPR KPRM KE KU KZ KFLO KSAF KTIP KTEX KBCT KOCI KOLY KOR KAWC KACT KUNR KTDB KSTC KLIG KSKN KNN KCFE KCIP KGHA KHDP KPOW KUNC KDRL KV KPREL KCRS KPOL KRVC KRIM KGIT KWIR KT KIRC KOMO KRFD KUWAIT KG KFIN KSCI KTFIN KFTN KGOV KPRV KSAC KGIV KCRIM KPIR KSOC KBIO KW KGLB KMWN KPO KFSC KSEAO KSTCPL KSI KPRP KREC KFPC KUNH KCSA KMRS KNDP KR KICCPUR KPPAO KCSY KTBT KCIS KNEP KFRDCVISCMGTCASCKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG KNNB KGCC KINR KPOP KMFO KENV KNAR KVIR KDRG KDMR KFCE KNAO KDEN KGCN KICA KIMMITT KMCC KLFU KMSG KSEC KUM KCUL KMNP KSMT KCOM KOMCSG KSPR KPMI KRAD KIND KCRP KAUST KWAWC KTER KCHG KRDP KPAS KITA KTSC KPAOPREL KWGB KIRP KJUST KMIG KLAB KTFR KSEI KSTT KAPO KSTS KLSO KWNN KPOA KHSA KNPP KPAONZ KBTS KWWW KY KJRE KPAOKMDRKE KCRCM KSCS KWMNCI KESO KWUN KPLS KIIP KEDEM KPAOY KRIF KGICKS KREF KTRD KFRDSOCIRO KTAO KJU KWMNPHUMPRELKPAOZW KEN KO KNEI KEMR KKIV KEAI KWAC KRCIM KWCI KFIU KWIC KCORR KOMS KNNO KPAI KBWG KTTB KTBD KTIALG KILS KFEM KTDM KESS KNUC KPA KOMCCO KCEM KRCS KWBGSY KNPPIS KNNPMNUC KWN KERG KLTN KALM KCCP KSUMPHUM KREL KGH KLIP KTLA KAWK KWMM KVRP KVRC KAID KSLG KDEMK KX KIF KNPR KCFC KFTFN KTFM KPDD KCERS KMOC KDEMAF KMEPI KEMS KDRM KEPREL KBTR KEDU KNP KIRL KNNR KMPT KISLPINR KTPN KA KJUSTH KPIN KDEV KTDD KAKA KFRP KWNM KTSD KINL KJUSKUNR KWWMN KECF KWBC KPRO KVBL KOM KFRDKIRFCVISCMGTKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG KEDM KFLD KLPM KRGY KNNF KICR KIFR KM KWMNCS KAWS KLAP KPAK KDDG KCGC KID KNSD KMPF KPFO KDP KCMR KRMS KNPT KNNNP KTIAPARM KDTB KNUP KPGOV KNAP KNNC KUK KSRE KREISLER KIVP KQ KTIAEUN KPALAOIS KRM KISLAO KWM KFLOA
PHUM PINR PTER PGOV PREL PREF PL PM PHSA PE PARM PINS PK PUNE PO PALESTINIAN PU PBTS PROP PTBS POL POLI PA PGOVZI POLMIL POLITICAL PARTIES POLM PD POLITICS POLICY PAS PMIL PINT PNAT PV PKO PPOL PERSONS PING PBIO PH PETR PARMS PRES PCON PETERS PRELBR PT PLAB PP PAK PDEM PKPA PSOCI PF PLO PTERM PJUS PSOE PELOSI PROPERTY PGOVPREL PARP PRL PNIR PHUMKPAL PG PREZ PGIC PBOV PAO PKK PROV PHSAK PHUMPREL PROTECTION PGOVBL PSI PRELPK PGOVENRG PUM PRELKPKO PATTY PSOC PRIVATIZATION PRELSP PGOVEAIDUKNOSWGMHUCANLLHFRSPITNZ PMIG PREC PAIGH PROG PSHA PARK PETER POG PHUS PPREL PS PTERPREL PRELPGOV POV PKPO PGOVECON POUS PGOVPRELPHUMPREFSMIGELABEAIDKCRMKWMN PWBG PMAR PREM PAR PNR PRELPGOVEAIDECONEINVBEXPSCULOIIPBTIO PARMIR PGOVGM PHUH PARTM PN PRE PTE PY POLUN PPEL PDOV PGOVSOCI PIRF PGOVPM PBST PRELEVU PGOR PBTSRU PRM PRELKPAOIZ PGVO PERL PGOC PAGR PMIN PHUMR PVIP PPD PGV PRAM PINL PKPAL PTERE PGOF PINO PHAS PODC PRHUM PHUMA PREO PPA PEPFAR PGO PRGOV PAC PRESL PORG PKFK PEPR PRELP PREFA PNG PGOVPHUMKPAO PRELECON PINOCHET PFOR PGOVLO PHUMBA PRELC PREK PHUME PHJM POLINT PGOVPZ PGOVKCRM PGOVE PHALANAGE PARTY PECON PEACE PROCESS PLN PRELSW PAHO PEDRO PRELA PASS PPAO PGPV PNUM PCUL PGGV PSA PGOVSMIGKCRMKWMNPHUMCVISKFRDCA PGIV PRFE POGOV PEL PBT PAMQ PINF PSEPC POSTS PHUMPGOV PVOV PHSAPREL PROLIFERATION PENA PRELTBIOBA PIN PRELL PGOVPTER PHAM PHYTRP PTEL PTERPGOV PHARM PROTESTS PRELAF PKBL PRELKPAO PKNP PARMP PHUML PFOV PERM PUOS PRELGOV PHUMPTER PARAGRAPH PERURENA PBTSEWWT PCI PETROL PINSO PINSCE PQL PEREZ PBS

Browse by classification

Community resources

courage is contagious

Viewing cable 03ANKARA4546, 2003 INVESTMENT CLIMATE STATEMENT FOR TURKEY -

If you are new to these pages, please read an introduction on the structure of a cable as well as how to discuss them with others. See also the FAQs

Understanding cables
Every cable message consists of three parts:
  • The top box shows each cables unique reference number, when and by whom it originally was sent, and what its initial classification was.
  • The middle box contains the header information that is associated with the cable. It includes information about the receiver(s) as well as a general subject.
  • The bottom box presents the body of the cable. The opening can contain a more specific subject, references to other cables (browse by origin to find them) or additional comment. This is followed by the main contents of the cable: a summary, a collection of specific topics and a comment section.
To understand the justification used for the classification of each cable, please use this WikiSource article as reference.

Discussing cables
If you find meaningful or important information in a cable, please link directly to its unique reference number. Linking to a specific paragraph in the body of a cable is also possible by copying the appropriate link (to be found at theparagraph symbol). Please mark messages for social networking services like Twitter with the hash tags #cablegate and a hash containing the reference ID e.g. #03ANKARA4546.
Reference ID Created Released Classification Origin
03ANKARA4546 2003-07-21 08:22 2011-08-24 01:00 UNCLASSIFIED Embassy Ankara
This record is a partial extract of the original cable. The full text of the original cable is not available.
UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 03 ANKARA 004546 
 
SIPDIS 
 
 
STATE FOR EB/IFD/OIA 
TREASURY FOR OASIA 
DEPT PLEASE PASS USTR 
FAS FOR ITP/THORBURN 
USDOC FOR ITA/MAC/DDEFALCO 
 
 
E.O. 12958: N/A 
TAGS: EINV KTDB EFIN TU
SUBJECT:  2003 INVESTMENT CLIMATE STATEMENT FOR TURKEY - 
PART IV 
 
 
Ref: STATE 128494 
 
 
The following is the last of four cables transmitting the 
2003 Investment Climate Statement for Turkey: 
 
 
14. LABOR 
 
 
The Turkish labor force numbers around 20.2 million persons, 
with nearly 35 percent employed in agriculture.  The 
official unemployment rate was 12.3 percent in the first 
quarter of 2003.  Students are required to complete eight 
years of schooling and to remain in school until they are 15 
years old.   Turkey has an abundance of unskilled and semi- 
skilled labor.  However, there is a shortage of qualified 
workers for highly automated high-tech industries. 
Individual high-tech firms, both local and foreign-owned, 
have generally conducted their own training programs for 
such job categories.  Vocational training schools for some 
commercial and industrial skills exist in Turkey at the high 
school level.  Apprenticeship programs, both formal and 
informal, remain in place, although they are dying out in 
some traditional occupations.  Turkey's labor force has a 
reputation for being hardworking, productive and dependable. 
 
 
Labor-management relations have been generally good in 
recent years.  Employers are obliged by law to negotiate in 
good faith with unions that have been certified as 
bargaining agents.  Strikes are usually of short duration 
and almost always peaceful.  Since 1980 Turkey has faced 
criticism by the International Labor Organization (ILO), 
particularly for shortcomings in enforcement of ILO 
Convention 98 (right to organize and collective bargaining). 
In 2003, Parliament approved  a Job Security Bill, which 
aims to ensure consultation between employers and labor 
groups in some areas while providing employers with greater 
flexibility in laying off staff. 
 
 
The 1995 and 2001 constitutional amendments reduced 
restrictions on the right to strike to a certain degree and 
civil servants (defined broadly as all employees of the 
central government ministries, including teachers) are 
allowed to form trade unions and to engage in limited 
collective negotiations, but are prohibited from striking. 
A recent amendment to Free Zones Law No. 3218 rescinds the 
prohibition against the right to strike in these zones. 
 
 
The GOT and the civil service unions will begin negotiations 
on a new two-year contract. 
 
 
15.  FOREIGN TRADE ZONES/FREE PORTS 
 
 
Since passage of the Turkish law on free zones in 1985, 21 
zones have been established.  The zones are open to a wide 
range of activity, including manufacturing, storage, 
packaging, trading, banking, and insurance.  Foreign 
products enter and leave the free zones without payment of 
any customs or duties.  Income generated in the zones is 
exempt from corporate and individual income taxation and 
from the value-added tax, but firms are required to make 
social security contributions for their employees. 
Additionally, standardization regulations in Turkey do not 
apply to the activities in the free zones, unless the 
products are imported into Turkey.  In contrast to most 
other free zones, sales to the Turkish domestic market are 
allowed. 
Goods and revenues transported from the zones into Turkey 
are subject to all relevant import regulations.  There are 
no restrictions on foreign firms operations in the free 
zones.  Indeed, the operator of one of Turkey's most 
successful free zones located in Izmir is an American firm. 
 
 
16.  FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT STATISTICS 
 
 
According to Turkish Treasury data, as of  November 2002, 
there are 6,311 foreign firms invested and are operating in 
Turkey.  The Turkish government has provided permits for 
foreign capital since 1980 amounting to USD  34.0 billion, 
and aggregate actual inflows reached USD  15.7 billion.  In 
2002, EU countries accounted for  63.6 percent of authorized 
new foreign investment, OECD countries accounted for  90.4 
percent, and Islamic countries for  2.6 percent.  Over the 
past two decades, France (16.6 percent) has been the top 
source of foreign investment, followed by the Netherlands ( 
15.7 percent), Germany (12.7 percent) and the U.S. (11.6 
percent)  (Note: these figures are based on the amount of 
authorized investment, not on actual capital inflows). 
Because of the absence of a bilateral tax treaty until 1998, 
much U.S.-origin capital was invested in Turkey through 
third-country subsidiaries.  By unofficial estimates the 
U.S. may be the largest source of foreign investment in 
Turkey. 
 
 
In 2002, about  58.0 percent of authorized foreign 
investment took place in services,  39.8 percent in 
manufacturing, and about  2.2 percent in mining and 
agriculture combined.  The sub-sectors with the greatest 
amount of authorized foreign investment include banking 
(10.3 percent);; trade ( 11.4 percent); food, beverage and 
tobacco processing ( 11.9 percent); and insurance (7.7 
percent).  Between 1980 and November  2002, 45.0 percent of 
actual capital inflows were invested in services,  52.0 
percent in manufacturing,  2.0 percent in agriculture, and 
1.0 percent in mining.  The  food industry, trade and 
finance sectors received the highest share of increased 
foreign direct investment permits in 2002. 
 
 
FDI Inflow by Years (million USD) 
 
 
Year           Actual    Inflow/GDP      No firms 
                    Inflow                   (Cumulative) 
1980-1988      1,172 
1989             663        0.80           1,525 
1990             684        0.67           1,856 
1991             907        0.69           2,123 
1992             911        0.78           2,330 
1993             746        0.56           2,554 
1994             636        0.64           2,830 
1995             934        0.66           3,163 
1996             914        0.53           3,582 
1997             852        0.54           4,068 
1998             953        0.49           4,533 
1999             813        0.41           4,950 
2000           1,707        0.85           5,328 
2001           3,288        2.21           5,841 
2002(*)          569        0.48           6,311 
 
 
TOTAL          15,749                      6,311 
 
 
Source: General Directorate of Foreign Investment; (*) 
January through November 2002. 
 
 
 
 
FDI Inflow by Source Country (1999-2002/ million USD) 
 
 
Country        Cumulative Value    Share (percent) 
 
 
Italy               1,968               30.9 
Netherlands           962               15.1 
U.S.A.                793               12.4 
United Kingdom        647               10.1 
Germany               514                8.1 
Bahrain               323                5.1 
Japan                 267                4.2 
France                263                4.1 
Switzerland           104                1.6 
Belgium-Luxemburg      25                0.4 
Spain                  23                0.4 
Others                488                7.7 
 
 
Total               6,377              100.0 
 
 
Turkey's External Investment by Country (As of December 
2002) 
 
 
Country           Amount          Share 
                              (USD millions) 
Netherlands         1,868.2       30.9 
United Kingdom        523.1        8.9 
Germany               532.7        8.8 
Luxembourg            245.8        4.1 
Russia                163.7        2.7 
Azerbaijan            741.8       12.3 
Kazakhstan            431.5        7.1 
United States         192.6        3.2 
Romania               122.7        2.0 
Others              1,218.6       20.1 
                          6,040.8       100.0 
 
 
Source: General Directorate of Banking and Foreign Exchange, 
Treasury 
Major foreign investors 
 
 
Turkey's largest foreign investors include Telecom Italia, 
Renault, Toyota, Fiat, Castrol, Enron Power, Citibank, 
Pirelli Tire, Unilever, RJR Nabisco, Philip Morris, United 
Defense, Honda, Hyundai, Bosch, Siemens, DaimlerChrysler, 
Chase Manhattan, AEG, Bridgestone-Firestone, Cargill, 
Novartis, Coca Cola, Colgate-Palmolive, General Electric, 
General Motors-Opel, ITT, Ford Motor Co., Lockheed Martin, 
Gillette, Goodyear, Hilton International, Aventis, 
McDonald's, Nestle, Mobil, Pepsi, Pfizer, Procter and 
Gamble, InterGen, Abbot Laboratories, Aria and Shell. 
Pearson