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### Viewing cable 07LIMA689, Peru: 2007 Anti-Trafficking in Persons Report

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Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
07LIMA689 | 2007-03-08 19:15 | 2011-06-08 00:00 | UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY | Embassy Lima
Appears in these articles: http://elcomercio.pe

`

    VZCZCXYZ0005
    RR RUEHWEB

    DE RUEHPE #0689/01 0671915
    ZNR UUUUU ZZH
    R 081915Z MAR 07
    FM AMEMBASSY LIMA
    TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC 4278
    INFO RUEAWJA/DOJ WASHDC
    RUEAHLC/HOMELAND SECURITY CENTER WASHDC
    RUEHC/DEPT OF LABOR WASHINGTON DC
    RUEATRS/DEPT OF TREASURY WASHDC
    RUEHBO/AMEMBASSY BOGOTA 4417
    RUEHQT/AMEMBASSY QUITO 1055
    RUEHLP/AMEMBASSY LA PAZ MAR TOKYO 2625
    RUEHSG/AMEMBASSY SANTIAGO 1146
    RUEHMD/AMEMBASSY MADRID 2812
    RUEHRO/AMEMBASSY ROME 0534

` `

    UNCLAS LIMA 000689

    SIPDIS

    SENSITIVE, SIPDIS

    STATE FOR G/TIP, G, INL, DRL, PRM, WHA/PPC
    STATE PASS TO USAID

    E.O. 12958: N/A
    TAGS: KCRM PHUM KWMN SMIG KFRD ASEC PREF ELAB PE
    SUBJECT: Peru: 2007 Anti-Trafficking in Persons Report

    REF: A) 06 STATE 202745 B) 06 LIMA 4554 C) LIMA 0313

         D) 06 LIMA 0826

    ¶1. (SBU)  SUMMARY:  The Peruvian Government demonstrated a
    strong commitment to comply with basic TIP standards by
    making significant efforts in the areas of prevention,
    prosecution, and protection.  Its achievements include:

      -- One person was sentenced to 10 years in prison for
    trafficking in persons for commercial sexual exploitations.
    Thirteen more cases remain before the Peruvian courts.

      -- The new Garcia administration passed a comprehensive
    TIP law on January 17, 2007--within six months of taking
    office.  The law clearly defines TIP in accordance with
    what Post believes fulfills the U.S. and UN definitions of
    TIP as stated in Ref A.

      -- The Public Ministry, with the assistance of an NGO,
    trained 1389 law enforcement and social service
    professionals in 13 cities on TIP laws and enforcement
    procedures.

      -- The Women's Ministry conducted all-day, TIP-awareness
    workshops for 1055 municipal officials and 1000 community
    leaders in 7 regions.

      -- The new TIP law significantly strengthens victim and
    witness protection and calls for victim treatment and
    rehabilitation services by requiring ministries to budget
    for the provision of these services.

      -- The GOP's Multisectoral Committee (MSC), assisted by
    the IOM, wrote a draft national law enforcement strategy
    that is now being revised to reflect the new law.

      -- The Ministry of Foreign Affairs shows anti-TIP videos
    to passport applicants and disseminates videos and related
    information to embassies/consulates worldwide.

      -- The Interior Ministry is operating a toll-free TIP
    hotline and referring cases to police since March 2006.

      -- Peru signed a bilateral agreement with Chile to halt
    TIP across their borders.

      -- The Peruvian National Police (PNP) implemented a
    computerized case-tracking system for TIP crimes.  The
    Minister of Interior took the somewhat unusual step of
    issuing a ministerial resolution that requires that all law
    enforcement personnel enter TIP cases into the system.

      -- The Ministry of Tourism is running a campaign to have
    hotels sign a "code of conduct" against child-sex tourism,
    focusing initially in seven major tourist regions.

    END SUMMARY

    ¶2.  (SBU) Following is a checklist of answers to Ref A,
    Para 27, (Overview):

    ¶A.  Peru is not a country of origin for "significant"
    international trafficking in persons.  A few cases of
    international trafficking of women have been reported in
    the past, but the scope of the problem is not yet known.
    In past years, the destinations of foreign trafficking from
    Peru have been the U.S., Spain, Japan, and Italy.
    According to the limited information gathered so far by the
    GOP and local NGOs, Peru is not a country of transit or
    destination for trafficking in persons.  Internal
    trafficking is, by far, the greater problem.

         The magnitude of the TIP problem remains difficult to
    quantify.  The illegal, semi-clandestine nature of the
    trafficking--especially the commercial sexual exploitation
    of minors (CSEM)--as well as the lack of a standardized
    system for tracking the crimes and the mobility of the
    population make gathering data problematic.  Studies done
    by NGOs and international organizations (IOM, ILO, and
    UNODC) from 2004 through 2006 have been more qualitative in
    character and focused on urban areas where TIP is more
    visible, e.g., in the streets, bars, and discotheques.  The
    reliability of the data should be considered good within
    the limited parameters of the studies themselves, i.e.,
    personal interviews of prostitutes, social workers, and key
    informants in urban areas.

         In regions with little or no government presence
    (primarily in the coca-growing regions of the Upper
    Huallaga and the Apurimac-Ene River Valleys), post has
    received reports from NGOs that children are used to
    process coca leaf into cocaine, but there is no official
    data on the extent of the child labor or trafficking.
    Narcotraffickers and the narco-terrorist group Sendero
    Luminoso (SL) use the labor of children to grow food crops
    and coca for them.  Narcotraffickers routinely violate the
    rights of children in their efforts to produce cocaine.  In
    August 2004, the National Commission for Development and
    Life without Drugs estimated that 5,000 children were
    employed in the illegal narcotics industry.  NGOs have
    photos showing children stomping on coca leaves in shallow
    pits filled with kerosene and other chemicals, the first
    step in making cocaine.

         Using information gleaned from NGO studies and key
    informant interviews, the Ministry for Women and Social
    Development (MIMDES) estimates that 9,600 children and
    adolescents are victims of CSEM nationwide (8 percent of an
    estimated 120,000 sexual workers).  In metropolitan Lima,
    the NGO Via Libre estimates that 5,000 minors are victims
    of CSEM; 80 percent of the victims are female and 60
    percent are between the ages of 15 and 17.  The Via Libre
    figures do not include victims living in the extremely poor
    urban areas that encircle Lima, which would likely raise
    the figures substantially.

         NGOs and international organizations maintain that
    significant domestic trafficking occurs, particularly
    underage women from the poorest and least developed regions
    east of the Andes--the Amazonian jungle and the mountains--
    into the major cities or into mining areas to work as
    prostitutes or domestic servants.  Data gathered by NGOs
    indicate that trafficking takes place through informal
    networks that could involve acquaintances, extended family
    members, and even the parents of the underage victims.

         There are as yet no comprehensive official GOP figures
    on the extent or magnitude of the TIP problem.  One
    important step toward rectifying this lack of data was the
    inauguration in December 2006 of a computerized case-
    tracking system for identifying and prosecuting TIP crimes
    (in Spanish it is called "Registro de Estadistica de
    Delitos de Trata de Personas y Afines"--RETA).  Minister of
    the Interior Pilar Mazzetti presided over the ceremony, and
    took advantage of the media coverage to express her strong
    support for anti-TIP efforts.

         On February 28, 2007, the Minister Mazzetti took the
    somewhat unusual step of issuing Ministerial Resolution (RM
    129-2007-IN/0105) setting forth the procedures that will be
    followed in reporting TIP crimes with RETA.  This
    resolution makes RETA an official and required part of
    police procedures.  It requires that all law enforcement
    personnel must consider whether a case involves TIP and, if
    so, must use the system to register the case.  The PNP and
    other law enforcement officials are also required to train
    personnel in its operation, maintain the system, and report
    the data to the MSC.

         RETA was developed by the NGO Capital Humano y Social
    - Alternativo (CHS-A) with a FY 2004 G/TIP grant.  CHS-A,
    with the full cooperation of the Peruvian National Police
    (PNP), has trained 505 policemen in the cities of Lima,
    Chiclayo, Ayacucho, Ica, Pucallpa, Cusco, Puno, and
    Juliaca.  By the end of the USAID grant in June 2007, CHS-A
    will train another 101 policemen to use RETA in the cities
    of Huanuco and Huancayo.  The police who are receiving the
    training are responsible for investigating crimes either at
    the local level in police stations or at the national level
    in specialized units, notably in the TIP Investigations
    Unit.  The NGO is also training 90 teachers in the PNP
    Academies in Lima, Puno, Cusco, and Huancayo.

    ¶B.  The GOP has demonstrated the political will to deal
    with TIP crimes.  The Peruvian Congress passed a law on
    January 12, 2007 that more clearly defines TIP, strengthens
    sentencing guidelines, and provides protection for TIP
    victims and witnesses (see Ref C and Para 4, Section A
    below).  The Multisectoral Committee (MSC) for TIP, a
    permanent, ministerial-level group created in March 2004,
    continues to function.  In December 2006, it issued its
    second year-end review of the activities of Peru's MSC.
    The 100-page report provides an overview of Peru's efforts
    to combat TIP.

         NGO and international organization studies currently
    provide the bulk of the information available on
    trafficking patterns and method.  In a February 2005 report
    by the ILO and subsequent 2006 surveys by the IOM and local
    NGOs, a profile of trafficking victims in Peru (the data is
    most focused on CSEM) has emerged:  1) the populations most
    vulnerable to TIP are children ages 8-17 and young women
    from rural areas or the poor urban areas on the periphery
    of major cities; 2) persons living in poverty (48 percent);
    3) handicapped persons, especially children and the
    elderly, as victims of forced labor and street begging; 4)
    victims of parental or spousal abuse; 5) illiterate or
    semi-illiterate persons; 5) undocumented persons--no birth
    certificates or other identification documents.  Infants
    and children up to age 10 are sold to traffickers who use
    the infants to garner sympathy for women beggars and the
    older children are forced to beg on the streets.  Children,
    mostly girls, ages 8-17 are trafficked as domestic
    servants.  A 2005 ILO report on forced labor in the illegal
    logging industry estimates that 33,000 people are being
    victimized.  The majority of the victims come from ethnic
    groups in the Amazonia region of Peru (primarily the
    departments of Ucayali, Madre de Dios, and Loreto).

         The methods used by traffickers to approach victims
    are often a combination of emotional manipulation and
    coercion.  Victims are recruited through newspaper ads
    offering work.  Notices posted on the street and in the
    markets are also used, especially in the poor areas.  In a
    February 2007 study by the ILO, 69 percent of the victims
    of CSEM were recruited by friends or by people who
    befriended them on the street.  Local employment agencies
    also play a role in recruiting trafficking victims, mostly
    poor young women from rural areas.  The agencies offer the
    girls relatively well paid "restaurant work" in cities like
    Lima and Cusco, and, in some cases, in foreign countries.
    Boys are also trafficked to work in artisanal gold mining
    and illegal logging operations.

         Traffickers usually transport their victims by road.
    A smaller percentage are moved by air or river transport.
    Again, NGOs studies have identified patterns of CSEM
    trafficking that move victims from east of the Andes to the
    major cities on the coasts.  False documents are sometimes
    used, but it is common for the young to have no type of
    identification, and controls on internal migration are
    almost non-existent or easily circumvented.  All varieties
    of forged documents are easily available in Peru.

    ¶C.  The limitations on the GOP to address this problem are
    a lack of resources, weak institutions, and corruption.
    Funding for the police is inadequate.  As reported in 2006,
    the PNP is seriously understaffed based on historical
    trends.  In 1990, there were 129,000 police for a
    population of 22 million.  In 2005, the police force stood
    at 92,000 officers serving 27 million people--a deficit of
    almost 60,000 officers when the increase in population is
    taken into account.  Corruption is a pervasive problem in
    Peru, and there is no evidence that it affects TIP more
    than other types of Peruvian crime.

         The funding for TIP prevention and training comes from
    existing GOP programs to protect women and children and
    NGOs and international organizations.  GOP support
    typically involves in-kind contributions, i.e., salaries
    (allowing employees to train during work hours), per diem,
    facilities for training, and using existing shelter
    programs for abused women and children for TIP victims as
    well.

         The GOP lacks adequate resources to aid TIP victims.
    Lack of witness protection is a severe weakness in the
    Peruvian justice system for witnesses in all categories of
    crimes.  The new TIP law passed in January 2007 mandates
    aid to TIP victims and witnesses (see Para 3, section A).

    ¶D.  The government began systematically monitoring its
    anti-trafficking efforts when it established a permanent,
    ministerial-level Multisectoral Committee (MSC) for TIP in
    March 2004.  In December 2006, Peru issued its second year-
    end review of the activities of the MSC against trafficking
    in persons.  The MSC's report, which covers 100 pages, is a
    fully indexed, Spanish-language document that reviews the
    GOP's efforts to fight TIP.  The report points out the need
    for greater budgetary resources to fight TP, lists its
    achievements, describes what still needs to be done and,
    most important, it both documents and promotes coordination
    between different GOP ministries, local governments, and
    NGOs in the fight against TIP.  All TIP initiatives and
    assessments are undertaken in a fully transparent manner
    and are reported to the ILO, IOM, UNICEF, and UNODC.

    ¶3.  (SBU) Following is a checklist of answers to Ref A,
    Para 28, (Prevention):

    ¶A.  Yes, the GOP recognizes that trafficking is a problem
    in Peru.

    ¶B.  The permanent, ministerial-level Multi-Sectoral
    Committee (MSC), established in March 2004, has the lead in
    tracking and coordinating government anti-TIP efforts. The
    MSC is chaired by the Director of the Office of Human
    Rights in the Ministry of the Interior and includes
    representatives from 11 government ministries and agencies,
    4 national NGOs, and 3 international organizations (ILO,
    IOM, and UNICEF).

    ¶C.  With funding from the IOM, the GOP started an anti-TIP
    toll-free hotline located in the Ministry of Interior in
    March 2006.  The MSC and the IOM organized an awareness
    campaign drawing attention to TIP, promoting the hotline,
    and encouraging people to report TIP crimes.  The Ricky
    Martin Foundation provided materials and publicity for the
    awareness campaign and the Interamerican Development Bank
    provided the financing.  As Post reported in Ref B, the TIP
    hotline has received up to one thousand calls per month.
    Since the hotline started in March 2006, the hotline has
    received an average of 700 nuisance calls per month.  Of
    the remaining 300 TIP-related calls, 80 percent were
    seeking more information on TIP.  On average, two calls per
    month have been classified as TIP cases requiring action.
    These calls were passed to the police for investigation
    (post has no information whether any resulted in arrests on
    TIP charges).  The hotline staff is located in the Office
    of Human Rights in the Ministry of Interior.  The Ministry
    created a ground-breaking protocol for the hotline where
    the PNP and the Office of Human Rights have agreed to
    truncate significantly the usual bureaucratic procedures to
    allow hotline tips to be passed quickly to a police station
    nearest the complainant.

         As part of the "The Government and Society against
    Violence" project funded by Belgium, MIMDES is working to
    combat TIP in 4 regions: Cuzco, Lima, Loreto, and Madre de
    Dios.  Activities include training teachers to provide
    students and parents with the information on TIP.  The NGO
    Action for the Children used its G/TIP grant to train
    police officers and other officials to identify and prevent
    TIP crimes as well as to understand the applicable laws.
    The scope of the awareness campaign was such that in Lima,
    Callao, Ica, Ancash, Cerro de Pasco, Huanuco, and Ayacucho:

      -- 1055 Heads of municipal Offices for the Protection of
    Children and Adolescents received TIP awareness training.

      -- 126 teenage victims of TIP from 7 municipalities in
    greater Lima received health assistance and psychological
    counseling through the municipal Offices for the Protection
    of Children and Adolescents.

      -- 1000 community leaders attended all-day workshops on
    how to incorporate TIP information into their daily
    interactions with the community.

      -- 732 school directors, education specialists, and
    teachers learned how to prevent TIP, report it, and handle
    the victims.

         Since 2005, the Ministry of Exterior Commerce and
    Tourism (MINCETUR) is implementing a communications
    campaign directed at national and international tourists
    who engage in the sexual exploitation of minors.  The
    campaign, "Prevention of Sexual Exploitation of Children
    and Adolescents by Tourists," is funded by UNICEF and Save
    the Children.  Already 4,000 tourist agency personnel have
    received awareness training on TIP laws and prevention
    nationwide.  The training will continue with a focus on the
    Departments of Cusco, Iquitos, Lima, Tacna, Ayacucho,
    Moquegua, and Madre de Dios with the goal of creating a
    network of tourist professionals working against child-sex
    tourism.  MINCETUR is also distributing printed material
    and information on CDs.  Videos are shown on domestic
    flights--and will soon be shown on inter-city and tourist
    buses within Peru--to educate people about the laws against
    CSEM and sexual tourism.  MINCETUR developed a code of
    conduct regarding CSEM for the tourist industry and will
    promote its adoption in hotels nationwide, starting in
    March 2007.

         The Women's Ministry (MIMDES) developed a project with
    UNICEF to 1) strengthen the PNP's TIP Unit, 2) determine
    the routes used by traffickers, and 3) train local police
    and immigration officials in recognizing TIP.  The project,
    which is being financed by Belgium, has started in the
    departments of Loreto, Madre de Dios, Cusco, and Lima where
    CSEM is the worst.

         The GOP Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) produced two
    videos to educate travelers to the danger of TIP.  The
    videos were distributed to Peruvian Embassies and
    Consulates with instructions to disseminate the information
    to local authorities and the local Peruvian community.
    Copies were also sent to MFA regional offices in Peru to
    distribute to the regional and local governments.  A
    brochure on TIP was distributed to its offices in Cusco,
    Iquitos, Puno, Tacna, and Tumbes.  The brochure is also
    available in the office that issues passports.  The MFA now
    offers an annual training session for consular officials on
    the issues of TIP and illegal migration.

    ¶D.  The Ministry of Education (MED) is incorporating
    information about TIP into its human rights campaign
    entitled "I Have the Right to Good Treatment," and into its
    tutoring program.  The MED is also working with the NGO
    "Instituto de Estudio de la Familia y la Infancia (IDEIF)
    to train hundreds of teachers and parents (mostly mothers)
    about TIP and the threat of CSEM in high TIP-risk areas in
    Peru.

    ¶E.  Government officials, NGOs, and other relevant
    organizations have consistently demonstrated a cooperative,
    collegial, working relationship.  The MSC includes
    representatives from four NGOs, but other NGOs have been
    invited as observers.  The NGOs are generally pleased with
    the cooperation and inclusiveness that the MSC has
    exhibited.

    ¶F.  The GOP claims that TIP is part of its immigration and
    emigration monitoring (as noted above, MIMDES has a
    training project aimed at immigration officers).  All cases
    handled by prosecutors and the courts are reviewed for
    indications of TIP.  With the passage of the new TIP law in
    January 2007, this scrutiny should increase.  The GOP
    signed a bilateral cooperation agreement with Chile on
    March 15, 2005, to halt the trafficking of children and
    adolescents across their common border (many Peruvians work
    as domestics in Chile). No cases have been reported so far.

    ¶G.  The GOP established a permanent, ministerial-level
    Multisectoral Committee (MSC) for TIP in March 2004 with
    the responsibility for coordination and communication
    between various internal, international, and multilateral
    entities on TIP matters.  The MSC consists of 11
    ministries, 4 national NGOs, and 3 international
    organizations.  Other government agencies, international
    organizations, and NGOs can attend as
    observers/participants.  In June 2006, the Ministry of
    Justice prepared a National Development Plan against
    Corruption to cover the period 2006-2011 in the final
    months of the Toledo Administration.  The Garcia
    Administration, which assumed office on July 28, 2006, is
    reviewing the 240-page plan prior to implementing it.

    ¶H.  Peru does not yet have an approved national plan of
    action on TIP.  The MSC, in close coordination with the
    IOM, has produced a draft plan.  A subcommittee was formed
    to finalize the draft and obtain approval for a "National
    Plan of Action against Trafficking in Persons, 2007-2011.
    The subcommittee consists of the representatives from the
    Ministry of Interior, the Public Ministry, two NGOs, and
    the IOM.

    ¶4.  (SBU) Following is a checklist of answers to Ref A,
    Para 29, (Investigation and Prosecution of Traffickers):

    ¶A.  The new Garcia administration demonstrated its strong
    commitment to combating Trafficking in Persons (TIP) by
    passing a comprehensive law on TIP within six months of
    taking office.  The GOP's Multisectoral Committee (MSC) for
    TIP marshaled the active support of five ministers to lobby
    Congress.  The Peruvian Congress passed Law 28950 on
    January 12, 2007 that adequately defines TIP, strengthens
    sentencing guidelines, and provides protection for TIP
    victims and witnesses (Ref C).  In this law, the GOP brings
    the Peruvian Penal Code into compliance with its
    obligations under the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and
    Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and
    Children, supplementing the UN Convention Against
    Transnational Organized Crime, which Peru ratified on
    December 25, 2003 (Palermo Protocol).  Post also believes
    that the law fulfills the U.S. and UN definitions of TIP as
    stated in Ref A.  This legislation will also enable the
    development of a functioning system for victim and witness
    protection.  The Congress mandated that the law's
    regulations be written within 30 days, without which
    enforcement is not possible.  The MSC recognizes that this
    timeframe is not realistic; nonetheless, it has met several
    times already and is planning a series of all-day
    interagency workshops to start drafting the regulations.
    Among other things, the new law raises the minimum sentence
    to 25 years for some crimes; it mandates the creation of
    bilateral and multilateral agreements on prosecuting and
    extraditing traffickers; it allows evidence obtained by
    undercover police, electronic surveillance, or other
    surreptitious means; and it requires treatment of victims
    and the payment of reparations.

         In June 2004, the Penal Code was modified by Law 28251
    to define trafficking in persons as it relates to sexual
    exploitation (Article 182 of Penal Code).  The law
    penalizes a person who promotes, advertises, or facilitates
    sexual tourism using child pornography in pamphlets,
    publications, audio and videotape recordings, or through
    the Internet. The one TIP conviction for 2006 was the
    result of Law 28251.

         Taken as a whole, the TIP laws in Peru now adequately
    cover the full scope of TIP.  A series of laws in the
    criminal code address various aspects of TIP.  The Peruvian
    Constitution (Article 2, Clause 24) establishes that "all
    people have rights" and specifically prohibits slavery,
    servitude, and trafficking in human beings in all its
    forms.

         The TIP-related laws in the Peruvian Penal Code are
    listed below (translations of legal terms are unofficial):

    Sexual Exploitation
         Article 170: Rape
         Article 173: Rape of a minor under 14 years of age
         Articles 176, and 176-A: Acts of Public Indecency
                      with Minors
         Article 179: Promoting Prostitution of Minors
         Article 179-A: Clients of Underage Prostitutes
         Article 180: Sexually Exploiting a Minor between 14
                      and 18 years of Age for Profit
         Article 181: Pimping of Minors
         Article 181-A: Child-Sex Tourism
         Article 182: Trafficking in Persons for the Purposes
                      of Sexual Exploitation--Domestic and
                      International.
         Article 183 and 183-A: Child Pornography

    Labor Exploitation
         Articles 50, 51, 53: Prohibitions against Child Labor
         Article 128: Forced Labor in Dangerous Working
    Conditions
         Article 129: Forced Labor Resulting in Serious Injury
                      or Death
         Article 153: Trafficking of Minors
         Article 153-A: Aggravated Trafficking of Minors
         Article 168: Forced Labor

         TIP Law 28950 allows for civil penalties against TIP
    crimes that include forfeiture laws and seizure of
    property.

    ¶B.  The trafficking statutes in Article 153 provide
    penalties from 8 to 15 years imprisonment.  In Article
    153A, the penalty is 12 to 20 years for an aggravated form
    of trafficking that is defined as involving one of the
    following five factors:

         -- If the victim is between 14 and 18 years of age.
         -- If the trafficker uses violence, threats or other
    forms of coercion.
         -- If the trafficker has a position of authority,
    either directly or indirectly, over the victim; or if the
    trafficker has a family relationship with the victim,
    biologically or by adoption.
         -- If the trafficker is acting as a member of criminal
    organization or gang.
         -- If the victim is delivered to a pimp.

         The penalty is no less than 25 years in prison if one
    of the following three factors is involved:

         -- If the victim dies, is seriously wounded, or that
    puts the victim in a life-threatening situation.
         -- If the victim is under age 14 or has a temporary or
    permanent physical or mental handicap.
         -- If the trafficker is part of a criminal
    organization.

         The traffickers or promoters of sexual tourism
    exploiting victims between 14 and 18 years will be
    sentenced to 2 to 6 years in prison.  If the victim is
    under 14, the penalty is 6 to 8 years.  In the case of
    government officials or a person who has been given
    responsibility for a victim, e.g., teacher, relative, or
    guardian, the penalty will be 8 to 10 years in prison.

    ¶C.  Labor trafficking crimes are also covered under Law
    28950 and the penalties are the same.  The same holds true
    for labor recruiters, employers, labor agents, those who
    confiscate workers' documents and all manner of labor
    trafficking described in this section.
         The Peruvian Constitution prohibits forced or
    compulsory labor, including labor by children.  The legal
    working age is 14 years.  Labor inspectors attempt to
    control this problem, but have difficulties doing so in a
    large, informal economy.  For additional information on
    labor trafficking, see Para 3, Section F.

    ¶D.  The penalties for rape or forcible sexual assault of
    adults range from 6 to 8 years in prison (Law 28704).  In
    the case of minors (less than 18 years), the penalties are:

         -- If the victim is less than 10 years of age, the
    penalty is life in prison.
         -- If the victim is 10 to 14 years, the penalty is 30-
    35 years in prison.
         -- If the victim is 14 to 18 years, the penalty in 20-
    25 years in prison

                   Penalties for            Penalties for
             Trafficking for Commercial    Rape or Forcible
                 Sexual Exploitation        Sexual Assault
    --------------------------------------------- ----------
    Adults            8-15 yrs                 6-8 yrs
    Children - Ages
      Less than 10    8-15 yrs                 Life
      10 to 14        8-15 yrs                 30-35 yrs
      14 to 18        8-15 yrs                 20-25 yrs
    Aggravated
      Adults          12-25 yrs                 N/A
      Children - Ages
         0 to 10      12-25 yrs                 N/A
        10 to 14      12-25 yrs                 N/A
        14 to 18      12-25 yrs                 N/A

    ¶E.  Prostitution is legal for women over 18 years of age if
    they register with municipal authorities and carry a
    sanitary certification.  Brothels are also licensed.  In
    practice, the vast majority of prostitutes work in the
    informal sector where they lack health protection.
    Unlicensed prostitutes and brothels are common.  The
    activities of pimps, owner/operators of brothels,
    enforcers, clients of underage prostitutes, and child
    sexual tourism are criminalized.  The pervasiveness of
    these activities and the paucity of police data suggest
    that law enforcement is weak.

    ¶F.  The PNP Investigative Directorate and its unit on TIP
    crimes reported three cases in 2005, nine cases in 2006,
    and two cases so far in 2007.  All but one of the 2006
    cases remain before Peruvian courts, i.e., 13 cases.

         On December 27, 2006, a Peruvian court sentenced Edwin
    Alberto SANCHEZ Aguilar (27), alias "Cafu" or "Cueto," for
    the crime of "trafficking in persons with the intent of
    sexual exploitation" according to Article 182 of the Penal
    Code.  Sanchez was sentenced to 10 years in prison and will
    be required to pay each of his three female victims USD
    1,565 (5,000 Nuevos Soles) (Ref C).

         Sanchez was detained in February 2006 by the PNP's TIP
    Investigation Unit.  He is charged with befriending young
    women in malls and using physical force, verbal threats,
    and possession of a firearm to coerce the women to work in
    brothels in Lima and four other cities.  He imprisoned the
    women and transported them between the cities.  It is
    important to note that this case moved more quickly than
    normal through the judicial system--less than a year when
    the norm is 3 years.  MIMDES and the MSC expended
    significant effort to expedite this case while the three
    victims stayed a MIMDES shelter for abused women.  The
    rapid conviction in this case illustrates GOP commitment to
    combating TIP.

         No one has yet been tried under the new TIP Law 28950.
    Despite recent advances in the Public Ministry and the PNP,
    it will be several years before the Peruvian justice system
    has the capability to provide reliable, comprehensive data
    from arrest to release from prison.

         Although only one person was brought to trial,
    convicted, or sentenced in 2006, this should not be seen as
    a lack of GOP will.  The average time for criminal cases to
    move through the judicial system from beginning to end is
    30 months.  (Comment:  Getting accurate and complete
    information from the Peruvian judicial system is difficult,
    because the system is fragmented and inefficient.
    Furthermore, communication and data-sharing within and
    between ministries is problematic, which is reflected in
    the somewhat inconsistent yearly information Post receives.
    Post does not believe that GOP is withholding information.
    End Comment.)

         The PNP continues to raid brothels, bars, hostels, and
    discotheques, etc. in search of sexually exploited minors.
    In 2004, the police conducted 2636 raids, 2822 in 2005, and
    2776 in the first three quarters of 2006.  So far in 2006,
    about 380 minors were found during the raids (273 possible
    victims of sexual exploitation), 135 pimps, and 490 clients
    with minors.  These figures are difficult to interpret
    because it is not clear how policemen in the field classify
    the people involved or who is finally charged with a crime.
    If the people were arrested and charged, it was not for
    CSEM under the law (28251) current at the time.  These
    issues are discussed in more detail in Post's 2006 report
    (Ref D).  The recently installed RETA system should solve
    many of the problems with incomplete data (for more on
    RETA, see Para 2, Section A).

         The GOP has been moving against child labor, a
    phenomenon that overlaps with TIP.  It established the
    Multisectoral Committee on Preventing and Eradicating Child
    Labor (CPETI) on August 22, 2003 to eradicate child labor
    within 10 years.  The committee includes 13 ministries and
    representatives from the regional governors and
    municipalities.  International organizations like the ILO,
    PAHO, and UNICEF are also members.  The Labor Ministry
    chairs CPETI.

         Although the law restricts child labor based upon the
    age of the child, hours worked, and occupation, child labor
    remains a serious problem in Peru. The law's provisions are
    violated routinely in the informal sector.  The legal
    minimum age for employment is 14; however, children between
    the ages of 12 and 14 may work in certain jobs for up to 4
    hours per day, and adolescents between ages 15 to 17 may
    work up to 6 hours per day if they obtain special
    permission from the Ministry of Labor and certify that they
    also were attending school.

         In certain sectors of the economy, higher minimum ages
    are in force: age 15 in industrial, commercial, or mining
    work and age 16 in the fishing industry.  The law prohibits
    children from engaging in certain types of employment, such
    as work underground, work that involves the lifting and
    carrying of heavy weights, work where the child is
    responsible for the safety of others, work at night, or any
    work that jeopardizes the health of children and
    adolescents, puts at risk their physical, mental, and
    emotional development, or prevents their regular attendance
    at school.

         Forms of child labor vary. In rural areas, many
    children work on small farms with their parents, in
    artisanal mining, or are sent to cities to work as
    domestics.  In urban settings, children often work on the
    streets, performing, selling candy, begging, or shining
    shoes; or as scavengers in municipal dumps.

         On May 12, 2006, the International Labor Organization
    (ILO) reported that nearly 33,000 persons are involved in
    forced labor in the Amazonia provinces of Ucayali and Madre
    de Dios, primarily in the logging industry.  In 2004, the
    GOP reported on child labor conditions in Puno, where
    approximately 240,000 children were engaged in the mining
    and artisanal industries.

         The Ministry of Labor's (MOL) Office of Labor
    Protection for Minors (PMT) issues permits authorizing
    children to work.  Parents or legal guardians must apply
    for the permit, and employers cannot hire a minor without
    one.  Each permit requires an on-site inspection to ensure
    compliance with Peruvian labor law.  The PMT is still
    completing visits to the over 1,300 sites issued permits in
    ¶2005.

         On November 1, 2006 the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL)
    began, with the cooperation of the GOP, a five-year, $5
    million project to reduce child labor in Lima, Callao,
    Trujillo, and Iquitos.  The program helps at-risk children
    ages 11 to 15 to stay in school and assists children who
    are already working to return to school.  More than 5,000
    children are expected to benefit from the program.  The
    Department of Labor is also working with the GOP to
    implement a national child labor survey to document the
    incidence and nature of child labor nationally.  The
    project is expected to begin in the first quarter of 2007.

         The GOP has defined brick-making as a sector relying
    on child labor.  In 2006, MIMDES and CESIP, a Peruvian NGO,
    promoted joint development programs in Guachipa, a
    municipality near Lima, where thousands of children were
    engaged in brick-making.  MIMDES and CESIP helped community
    leaders organize worker associations and pressure local
    governments to extend basic services.  CESIP also has
    secured private sector money from companies to fund the
    construction and improvement of four Guachipa elementary
    schools.  As a result, several hundred children attend
    school instead of working.

         In mid-2005, the MOL completed the National Action
    Plan for Child Labor.  In June 2006, a third revision of
    the plan was released to the public.  The plan contains
    reports on progress achieved in combating child labor and
    details objectives in meeting the overall goal of
    eradicating child labor.  According to the MOL, the rate of
    children entering the workforce has slowed: from 1996 to
    2001, the percentage of children holding jobs increased by
    13 percent.  From 2001 to 2006, the increase was 3 percent.

         The Ministry of Labor has the authority to investigate
    reports of illegal child labor practices.  Focusing on the
    formal sector, inspectors conducted routine visits without
    notice.  Firms found guilty of violating child labor laws
    may be fined and have their operations suspended.  The
    Ministry of Labor has 236 labor inspectors.

    ¶G.  Investigations by GOP authorities and NGOs indicate
    that domestic TIP activities are, for the most part,
    carried out on a local and informal basis, without the
    involvement of major trafficking organizations.  The GOP
    has established that employment and tourist agencies and
    other apparently legitimate businesses are involved in
    trafficking.  International trafficking to Japan has been
    linked to the Yakuza or Japanese mafia.  The Embassy has no
    evidence of government officials being involved in TIP
    crimes.  There is no information that points to trafficking
    money being laundered or used to finance other crimes.

    ¶H.  The PNP created a "Trafficking in Persons Investigation
    Section" in January 2004 as part of the Kidnapping
    Investigations Division.  The officers have been trained to
    investigate TIP crimes.  The section is responsible for
    investigations in all of Peru.   As of February 2007,
    sources both inside and outside the PNP agree that there is
    almost no sharing of information among the divisions.
    There are another 5 investigation divisions in the Lima-
    Callao metropolitan area that do not talk to each other or
    to the national divisions of DIRINCRI.  The disarray
    continues because the investigation divisions in the 11
    districts outside of Lima do not communicate with each
    other.  The expansion of RETA (computerized case-tracking
    system) will allow the TIP Investigations Unit to handle
    more cases (for more info on RETA, see Para 2, section A).
    Part of the communications problem is a lack of technology,
    but it is also structural--something not easily or quickly
    solved.

         Law 28950, when implemented, gives the PNP the
    authority to use undercover agents, surveillance, paid
    informers, wiretapping, money laundering investigations,
    and access to protected information such as financial
    records.  Covert operations are authorized.  Previously,
    there were laws that allowed surveillance and undercover
    investigations, but the circumstances in which the police
    would use these methods were unknown.

    ¶I.  The GOP is working closely with NGOs and international
    organizations to train government officials to recognize,
    investigate, and prosecute TIP crimes.  In all cases, the
    ministries are providing in-kind contributions, e.g., use
    of meeting facilities, transport, paid training time for
    employees, and office supplies.  In 2006, the Ministry of
    Interior, which includes the police, worked with two NGOs
    to 1) establish the RETA case-tracking system and train
    police officers in its use and 2) educate and raise the
    awareness of police, local government officials, and other
    relevant officials.  The Public Ministry (loosely analogous
    to the U.S. Justice Department) worked with an NGO to train
    1389 people in 13 cities on how to recognize TIP and to
    apply the law in prosecuting cases.  The Ministry for Women
    is incorporating TIP education in its ongoing programs for
    women and children.  The Ministry of Education is
    cooperating with an NGO to educate thousands of teachers
    and parents on TIP along with its other mandated trainings
    (NGO: IDIEF).

    ¶J.  The MFA has established a communications protocol with
    the PNP and Interpol to respond to complaints filed by TIP
    victims outside Peru or to investigate reports in the
    foreign media.  The PNP will keep the MFA informed about
    TIP victims who were repatriated to Peru and about the
    progress of their cases in the judicial system.  There was
    one case of a cooperative international investigation on
    TIP.  In November 2005, two Peruvian sisters (Dorothy
    Tamara, age 13, and Maria Pia MELLIZ Olivos, no age given)
    were kidnapped by two Ecuadorian citizens (Jose Luis
    ZAMBRANO Velez and another man going by the nickname
    "Maico") for sexual exploitation.  Peruvian officials
    coordinated with Ecuadorian authorities to repatriate the
    two victims.  Prosecution of the Ecuadorian traffickers is
    in the hands of Ecuadorian authorities.

    ¶K.  A separate part of the Penal Code (Article 2) addresses
    extraterritoriality.  The law applies to any criminal act,
    as defined by Peruvian Law, committed by a Peruvian in a
    foreign country.  The person would be tried in Peruvian
    courts as if the crime had been committed in Peru.  The law
    also states that Peru is obligated to conform to the
    international treaties and norms that it has signed and
    ratified.  To date, no one has been extradited for TIP
    crimes, and no Peruvian has been charged with TIP crimes
    committed in another country.  The GOP has not reported
    receiving any extradition requests related to TIP.

         The GOP signed a bilateral cooperation agreement with
    Chile on March 15, 2005 to prevent the trafficking of
    children and adolescents across their common border.

         The PNP created a special anti-fraud group to combat
    document and other types of fraud related to TIP and
    illegal immigration.  This group is authorized to work with
    U.S. authorities to dismantle trafficking networks
    targeting the U.S.

    ¶L.  There is no evidence of government involvement in or
    tolerance of trafficking at any level of government.  It is
    widely accepted in Peruvian society that individual police
    officers tolerate the presence of underage prostitutes and
    the operation of unregistered and unlicensed brothels.  No
    police have been charged or prosecuted for complicity in
    TIP.

    ¶M.  During this reporting period, there have been no cases
    of government officials being involved in trafficking.  On
    December 29, 2005, Congressman Torres Ccalla received a
    sentence of eight years in prison on charges of aggravated
    rape of a minor (aggravated because of his official
    position).  He was also fined 20,000 Nuevos Soles (about
    USD 6,250).  Torres Ccalla had brought the young girl to
    Lima from his home district of Puno, allegedly to work in
    his office.  He was convicted under Law 28251 (passed in
    2004) that stipulates a sentence of 4 to 8 years for
    someone who sexually exploits a minor.

    ¶N.  Peru is a destination for child sex tourism.  All
    studies of the issue point to the cities of Iquitos and
    Cusco as the principal destinations for child sex tourism.
    On the question of the extraterritoriality enforcement of
    child sexual abuse laws, please see Para 4, Section K.  The
    GOP has no data on the arrest, prosecution, or extradition
    of foreign sex tourists in Peru.

    ¶O.  The government has signed and ratified the following
    instruments:

         -- ILO Convention 182 concerning the prohibition and
    immediate action for the elimination of the worst forms of
    child labor: Peru signed in 1999; it was ratified in 2001
    and entered into effect in Peru on January 10, 2003.

         -- ILO Convention 29 and 105 on forced or compulsory
    labor:  Peru signed in 1959 and 1960, respectively. Both
    entered into effect in Peru in 1961.

         -- The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the
    Rights of the Child (CRC) on the sale of children, child
    prostitution, and child pornography: Peru signed in 2000
    and it was ratified in 2001.

         -- The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish
    Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children,
    supplementing the UN Convention Against Transnational
    Organized Crime: Peru signed in 2000, it was ratified in
    2001 and then it entered into effect on December 25, 2003.

    ¶5.  (SBU) Following is a checklist of answers to Ref A,
    Para 30, (Protection and Assistance to Victims):

    ¶A.  Law 28950, the new TIP law that was passed in January
    2007 (see Para 4, Section A), requires that victims of TIP
    be assisted and protected by providing them with temporary
    lodging and legal, medical, and psychological assistance.
    There are no shelters designated specifically for TIP
    victims; however, MIMDES has shelters for victims of family
    violence and sexual abuse where TIP victims will be
    assisted until the relevant sections of Law 28950 are
    implemented.  Under the new law, the Ministry of Health
    also has the responsibility to provide medical assistance
    to TIP victims, and the Justice Ministry must provide legal
    and witness protection assistance.  Until the new law is
    implemented, no reliable data will be available on the TIP
    victims placed in any of the shelters mentioned above.

    ¶B.  The GOP does not provide any funds to NGOs for any
    activities.  NGOs are funded by international or private
    donors.  However, various ministries have provided
    facilities and other services to NGOs to conduct TIP
    training of government workers.  In one case, the Public
    Ministry provided conference facilities and paid per diem
    and travel expenses for 1389 government officials to
    participate in TIP-awareness training funded by a G/TIP
    grant in 13 cities.

    ¶C.  The only referral process for victims occurs when they
    end up in a MIMDES shelter.  Law enforcement officials must
    refer victims to the shelter in order for them to make use
    of the services.  MIMDES produced a Procedures Guide to
    assist police in handling TIP victims.  An additional
    problem that victims encounter in this stage is that
    without a national ID card the PNP cannot legally refer the
    victim to a shelter.  The lack of proper identification
    also makes it difficult to establish a database of victims
    of trafficking in persons. When police raid brothels and
    nightclubs, they are unable to determine which girls are
    underage and which are not.

         The GOP will have a formal system for identifying TIP
    victims when Law 28950 is implemented.  The implementing
    legislation is now being drafted by the MSC (see Para 4,
    Section A for more details).  The newly implemented RETA
    computerized case-tracking system will also assist in
    identifying TIP victims as well as the traffickers (Ref C).

    ¶D.  Normally, victims are not advised of their rights and
    are not provided medical treatment.  With the vast majority
    of the victims, the police try to identify the victims, but
    since most have no identity papers, they are released.
    Some make their way to the MIMDES Emergency Centers where
    they receive assistance, but many underage prostitutes
    return to the brothels where they will receive shelter and
    food.  Law 28950 mandates that systems and protocols be
    created to protect and care for victims.  TIP victims are
    not detained, treated as criminals, jailed, or deported.
    Victims are not fined.

    ¶E.  Currently, legal assistance to a victim of trafficking
    is almost nonexistent.  The GOP does not support any
    programs that encourage victim participation in the
    investigation or prosecution of the trafficker.  Many times
    victims cannot afford the legal representation necessary to
    confront the traffickers.  There is no legal impediment to
    victims' seeking legal redress.  Filing a civil lawsuit in
    the Peruvian legal system is an expensive and lengthy
    undertaking.  A victim can obtain other employment pending
    trial proceedings, but may not leave the country without
    permission from the court.  Law 28950 and 28251 require
    victim restitution.

         While Law 28950 addresses these TIP issues, the Garcia
    Administration recognizes that the entire Peruvian legal
    system is in serious need of reform.  Judicial reform is a
    highly political and contentious issue that may take years
    to resolve.

    ¶F.  Law 28950 and Law 27378 mandate protection of victims,
    informers, witnesses, expert witnesses, and their families.
    At a minimum, the laws provide for the payment of
    repatriation, lodging, medical, psychological, and legal
    assistance as well as assistance in re-adapting to family
    and society.  There are also provisions for witness
    protection, e.g., new identities, safe houses, police
    protection, and new jobs.  In practice, these measures have
    not yet been implemented or enforced.  As a general rule,
    the GOP does not provide protection to victims or
    witnesses.  The PNP has a program by which co-conspirators
    or co-defendants can receive protection.  Informants
    receive limited protection.  Child victims would be placed
    in shelters run by the GOP, charities, or NGOs.

         MIMDES's National Project against Sexual and Domestic
    Violence supports a number of programs, some of which are
    TIP-related.  MIMDES runs 42 Women's Emergency Centers,
    which focus on the legal, psychological, and medical
    problems facing women and children who are victims of
    domestic violence.  These resources are now also being used
    to protect TIP victims.  The National Institute for Infant
    and Child Welfare (INABIF) also has a live-in center for
    underage TIP victims in Callao, administered by the Sisters
    of Adoration.  This center has a capacity of 60 adolescent
    females and 15 infants of the adolescents.

    ¶G.  MIMDES and the Public Ministry have both worked closely
    with NGOs to conduct awareness-raising sessions and held
    workshops for law enforcement officials on the new TIP law
    and the 2004 law on sexual exploitation (Law 28251).  The
    NGO, Action for the Children, provides training to police
    officers and to teachers to help them recognize TIP and to
    provide resources on where to refer victims.  As part of a
    G/TIP grant, the NGO OPCION coordinated with the Public
    Ministry to train 1389 professionals in 13 cities.

         The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) has a program to
    provide assistance to Peruvians who are indigent or require
    special care abroad.  All Peruvian embassies and consulates
    provide a 24/7 emergency phone line.  The embassies and
    consulates are also required to maintain referral
    relationships with care centers in their jurisdictions.
    The MFA has established a toll-free help line for their
    citizens in the United States that connects to the MFA
    Office of Peruvian Rights in Lima (1-800-535-3953, Monday-
    Friday from 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Lima time).

    ¶H.  The MFA will provide assistance to victims who wish to
    be repatriated.  The repatriated victims would be given the
    same protections as domestic victims, according to Law
    ¶28950.

    ¶I.  Post has identified 14 NGOs and international
    organizations in Peru that work in some way on TIP-related
    issues.  The NGOs and international organizations below
    work closely with the GOP on TIP and often attend MSC
    meetings.  The GOP does not have a specific budget for TIP
    issues and does not give financial support to any NGOs. The
    lack of TIP funding by the GOP should not be construed as
    lack of commitment to combating TIP.  The GOP has
    demonstrated its commitment to TIP by providing significant
    resources for training officials and making use of its
    existing programs to support anti-TIP efforts (see Para 2,
    Section C).

         Below are the 8 NGOs that work with TIP victims.

         -- Action for the Children (Accion por los Ninos):
    provides training for all types of GOP officials, community
    anti-TIP mobilization campaigns, and temporary shelter for
    victims.

         -- Save the Children - Sweden: provides training for
    all types of GOP officials, focuses on the sexual and labor
    exploitation of children and adolescents.

         -- The El Pozo Movement (Movimiento El Pozo): searches
    out and identifies sexually exploited or abused women and
    children; provides guidance counseling and temporary
    shelter for victims.

         -- Flora Tristan Center (Centro de la Mujer Peruana
    Flora Tristan): searches out and identifies sexually
    exploited or abused women and children; provides guidance
    counseling and temporary shelter for victims.

         -- Sisters of Adoration (Hermanas Adoratrices - AKA
    the Order of the Sisters of Adoration, Slaves of the
    Blessed Sacrament and of Charity): provides long-term
    shelter and rehabilitation services for female victims of
    commercial sexual exploitation of minors.

         -- Institute for the Study of Children and the Family
    (Instituto de Estudios por la Infancia y la Familia):
    provides training for all types of GOP officials, focuses
    on the trafficking of children and adolescents for sexual
    exploitation, also child sex tourism and border trafficking
    of children.

         -- Human and Social Capital Alternative (Capital
    Humano y Social - Alternativo): provides training for law
    enforcement officials, designed the computerized case-
    tracking system for TIP and trained police in its use;
    implementation and training continue with close cooperation
    from the Ministry of Interior and the PNP.

         -- OPCION (Corporacion Peruana para la Prevencion de
    la Problematica de las Drogas y la Ninez en Alto Riesgo
    Social): works with Public Ministry to educate prosecutors
    and other government officials about TIP and how to
    implement the TIP laws.

         Post has identified 6 international NGOs and
    organizations in Peru that work in some way on TIP-related
    issues.  Post has heard no reports from these organizations
    about lack of cooperation of the local authorities.

         -- International Office of Migration (IOM): Supports
    and/or participates in TIP workshops/training sessions; is
    assisting the GOP's MSC to produce the National Plan of
    Action for TIP; funds the toll-free hotline run by the
    Ministry of the Interior.

         -- United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF): Provides
    technical assistance and support for training on combating
    the sexual exploitation of children and adolescents--
    prevention, public education, and rehabilitation of the
    victims.

         -- International Labor Organization (ILO): Provides
    technical assistance and support for training regarding
    labor exploitation.

         -- United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC):
    Provides technical assistance and financial support for
    training on TIP issues.

         -- Belgian aid agency: Supports the Ministry of
    Interior initiative to train the PNP and Immigration
    officials to identify TIP and to map the routes taken by
    traffickers in 4 regions of Peru (Loreto, Madre de Dios,
    Cusco, and Lima).

    ----------------------------------------
    Nomination of Heroes and Best Practices
    ----------------------------------------

    ¶6. (U)  The Embassy is not making any nominations for
    Heroes.

    ¶7. (U)  The Embassy is not making any nominations for Best
    Practices.

    --------------------------------------------
    Point of Contact and Hours of Preparation
    --------------------------------------------

    ¶8. (U)  Point of Contact is:
         -- Michael Trulson, NAS Program Officer; telephone:
    (511) 618-2689, Fax (511) 618-2162; email:
    trulsonmc@state.gov

    ¶9. (U)  Hours spent in preparation of this report:
        -- NAS Director (FE-OC): 1 hour
        -- NAS Deputy Director (FS-1): 1 hour
        -- NAS Program Officer (FS-2): 60 hours
        -- Political Officer (FS-2): 2 hours
        -- USAID Officer (FS-3): 2 hours
        -- USAID Program Assistant (LES-9): 12 hours
        -- NAS Program Assistant (LES-10): 15 hours

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