| 1789 |
French Revolution. |
1793 |
Louis XVI. beheaded. |
| 1804 |
Bonaparte made Emperor Napoleon 1st. |
| 1806 |
Napoleon shattered Prussia at Battle of Jena. |
| 1808-13 |
Peninsular War. |
| 1812 |
Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow.
Napoleon defeated at Leipzig and abdicated, being exiled to Elba.
|
| 1814-15 |
Vienna Congress to settle the affairs of Europe. |
| 1815 |
Napoleon returns, the “hundred days,” Battle of Waterloo. Return of Bourbon Kings. |
| 1830 |
Second French Revolution. Charles X. expelled. Louis Phillippe, Duke of Orleans, became King of France. |
| 1836 |
Don Carlos claimed Spanish throne; war ended in his defeat. |
| 1848 |
Third French Revolution, Louis Philippe dethroned; Republic proclaimed. Similar disturbances in other European States. |
| 1851 |
Louis Napoleon voted President of French Republic. |
| 1852 |
Louis Napoleon becomes Emperor as Napoleon III. |
| 1854-6 |
Crimean War. |
| 1860 |
Italy united by Garibaldi. |
| 1861 |
Civil War in America between North and South over Slavery. [sic! — JR, ed.] It continued until 1865. |
| 1864 |
Outbreak of Seven Years’ War between Prussia and Austria. |
| 1870 |
Franco-Prussian War. Napoleon III. abdicated, and France became a Republic. |
| 1871 |
Communist insurrection in Paris. On restoration of order, Thiers elected President of French Republic. |
| 1877 |
Russo-Turkish War. |
| 1878 |
Treaty of Berlin, settling affairs of Turkey. |
| 1881 |
Death of Disraeli (Lord Beaconsfield), principal Rothschild agent in England.
Transvaal wins self-government under British suzerainty. |
| 1888 |
De Beers Diamond monopoly formed. |
| 1895 |
Jameson Raid. |
| 1899-1902 |
Boer War ending in defeat of President Kruger. |
| 1901 |
Death of Queen Victoria. |
| 1910 |
Death of King Edward VII. |
| 1914-18 |
Great World War, followed by Versailles Conference. |
| 1915 |
Sir H. McMahon promises Palestine to the Arabs. |
| 1917 |
“Liberal” Revolution in Russia quickly followed by Bolshevik revolution. Lord Balfour promises Palestine to the Jews. |
| 1939 |
Beginning of the Jewish War of revenge against Hitler. |
