Murray Newton Rothbard 1926 – 1995 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Rothbard

    

Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2, 1926 – January 7, 1995) was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern libertarianism and founded a form of free-market anarchism he termed "anarcho-capitalism".[1][2] Rothbard took the Austrian School's emphasis on spontaneous order and condemnation of central planning to an individualist anarchist conclusion.[3]
Contents

    * 1 Life and work
    * 2 Austrian School writings
    * 3 Anarcho-capitalist views
    * 4 Political Activism
    * 5 Books
    * 6 Notes
    * 7 Further reading
    * 8 External links

[edit] Life and work

Rothbard was born to David and Rae Rothbard, who raised their Jewish family in the Bronx. "I grew up in a Communist culture," he recalled.[4] He attended Columbia University, where he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics and economics in 1945 and a Master of Arts degree in 1946. He earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in economics in 1956 at Columbia doctorate under Arthur Burns, later the Chairman of the Federal Reserve.[5][6]

During the early 1950s, he studied under the Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises at his seminars at New York University and was greatly influenced by Mises book Human Action. In the 1950s and 1960s he worked for the classical liberal William Volker Fund on a book project that resulted in Man, Economy, and State, published in 1962. From 1963 to 1985, he taught at Polytechnic Institute of New York University in Brooklyn, New York. From 1986 until his death he was a distinguished professor at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Rothbard founded the Center for Libertarian Studies in 1976 and the Journal of Libertarian Studies in 1977. He was associated with the 1982 creation of the Ludwig von Mises Institute and later was its academic vice president. In 1987 he started the scholarly "Review of Austrian Economics," now called the Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics.[5]

In 1953 he married JoAnn Schumacher in New York City whom he called the “indispensable framework” for his life and work.[5] He died in 1995 in Manhattan of a heart attack. The New York Times obituary called Rothbard "an economist and social philosopher who fiercely defended individual freedom against government intervention."[7] William F. Buckley wrote a bitter obituary in the National Review criticizing Rothbard's political views.[8]

[edit] Austrian School writings

    Main article: Austrian School

The Austrian School attempts to discover axioms of human action (called "praxeology" in the Austrian tradition). It supports free market economics and criticizes command economies because they destroy the information function of prices and inevitably leads to totalitarianism. Influential advocates were Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Friedrich Hayek and Ludwig von Mises. Rothbard argued that the entire Austrian economic theory is the working out of the logical implications of the fact that humans engage in purposeful action.[9]

Rothbard also was knowledgeable in history and political philosophy. Rothbard's books, such as Man, Economy, and State, Power and Market, The Ethics of Liberty, and For a New Liberty, are considered by some to be classics of natural law libertarian thought. He studied the pre-Adam Smith economic schools, such as the Scholastics and the Physiocrats and discussed them in his unfinished, multi-volume work, An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought.

Rothbard divides the various kinds of state intervention in three categories: autistic intervention, which is interference with private non-exchange activities; binary intervention, which is forced exchange between individuals and the state; and triangular intervention, which is state-mandated exchange between individuals. According to Sanford Ikeda, Rothbard's typology "eliminates the gaps and inconsistencies that appear in Mises's original formulation."[10]

Rothbard was an ardent critic of the influential economist John Maynard Keynes and Keynesian economic thought. His essay Keynes, the Man,[11] is an attack upon Keynes' economic ideas and personage. Rothbard was also severely critical of, among others, utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham in his essay, "Jeremy Bentham: The Utilitarian as Big Brother" published in his work, Classical Economics. Rothbard created "Rothbard's law" that "people tend to specialize in what they are worst at. Henry George, for example, is great on everything but land, so therefore he writes about land 90% of the time. Friedman is great except on money, so he concentrates on money.[12]

Murray Rothbard devotes a chapter of Power and Market to the traditional role of the economist in public life. Rothbard notes that the functions of the economist on the free market differ strongly from those of the economist on the hampered market. "What can the economist do on the purely free market?" Rothbard asks. "He can explain the workings of the market economy (a vital task, especially since the untutored person tends to regard the market economy as sheer chaos), but he can do little else."[13][14]

[edit] Anarcho-capitalist views

    Main article: Anarcho-capitalism

    Capitalism is the fullest expression of anarchism, and anarchism is the fullest expression of capitalism.

    —Murray Rothbard[15]

Rothbard "combined the laissez-faire economics of his teacher [Ludwig Von Mises] with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state he had absorbed from studying the individualist American anarchists of the nineteenth century such as Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker."[16] Of Spooner and Tucker, Rothbard wrote:
“ 	Lysander Spooner and Benjamin T. Tucker were unsurpassed as political philosophers and nothing is more needed today than a revival and development of the largely forgotten legacy they left to political philosophy … There is, in the body of thought known as 'Austrian economics', a scientific explanation of the workings of the free market (and of the consequences of government intervention in that market) which individualist anarchists could easily incorporate into their political and social Weltanschauung.[17] 	”

In Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalist model a system of protection agencies compete in a free market and are voluntarily supported by consumers who choose to use their protective and judicial services. Anarcho-capitalism would mean the end of the state monopoly on force.[18]

Rothbard opposed what he considered the overspecialization of the academy and sought to fuse the disciplines of economics, history, ethics, and political science to create a "science of liberty." Rothbard described the moral basis for his anarcho-capitalist position in two of his books: For a New Liberty, published in 1972, and The Ethics of Liberty, published in 1982. In his Power and Market (1970), Rothbard described how a stateless economy would function.[19]

In The Ethics of Liberty, Rothbard asserted the right of total self-ownership, as the only principle compatible with a moral code that applies to every person – a "universal ethic" – and that it is a natural law by being what is naturally best for man.[20] He believed that, as a result, individuals owned the fruits of their labor. Accordingly, each person had the right to exchange his property with others. He believed that if an individual mixes his labor with unowned land then he is the proper owner, and from that point on it is private property that may only exchange hands by trade or gift. He also argued that such land would tend not to remain unused unless it makes economic sense to not put it to use.[21]

[edit] Political Activism

When young, he considered himself part of the Old Right, an anti-statist and anti-interventionist branch of the U.S. Republican party. When interventionist cold warriors of the National Review, such as William F. Buckley, Jr., gained influence in the Republican party in the 1950s, Rothbard quit that group. During the late 1950s, Rothbard was an associate of Ayn Rand and her Objectivist philosophy, but later had a falling out. He later lampooned the relationship in his play Mozart Was a Red. In the late 1960s, Rothbard advocated an alliance with the New Left anti-war movement, on the grounds that the conservative movement had been completely subsumed by the statist establishment. However, Rothbard later criticized the New Left for supporting a "People's Republic" style draft. It was during this phase that he associated with Karl Hess and founded Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought with Leonard Liggio and George Resch, which existed from 1965 to 1968. From 1969 to 1984 he edited The Libertarian Forum, also initially with Hess (although Hess's involvement ended in 1971).

Rothbard criticized the "frenzied nihilism" of left-wing libertarians but also criticized right-wing libertarians who were content to rely only on education to bring down the state; he believed that libertarians should adopt any non-immoral tactic available to them in order to bring about liberty.[22]

Burton Blumert, Lew Rockwell, David Gordon, and Rothbard.

During the 1970s and 1980s, Rothbard was active in the Libertarian Party. He was frequently involved in the party's internal politics. From 1978 to 1983, he was associated with the Libertarian Party Radical Caucus, allying himself with Justin Raimondo, Eric Garris and Williamson Evers. He opposed the "low tax liberalism" espoused by 1980 Libertarian Party presidential candidate Ed Clark and Cato Institute president Edward H Crane III. Rothbard split with the Radical Caucus at the 1983 national convention over cultural issues, and aligned himself with what he called the "rightwing populist" wing of the party, notably Lew Rockwell and Ron Paul, who ran for President on the Libertarian Party ticket in 1988, and again on the Republican ticket in 2008.

In 1989, Rothbard left the Libertarian Party and began building bridges to the post-Cold War anti-interventionist right, calling himself a paleolibertarian.[23] He was the founding president of the conservative-libertarian John Randolph Club and supported the presidential campaign of Pat Buchanan in 1992, saying “with Pat Buchanan as our leader, we shall break the clock of social democracy.”[24] However, later he became disillusioned and said Buchanan developed too much faith in economic planning and centralized state power.[25]

[edit] Books

    * Man, Economy, and State (Full Text; ISBN 0-945466-30-7) (1962)
    * The Panic of 1819. 1962, 2006 edition: ISBN 1-933550-08-2.
    * America's Great Depression. (Full Text) ([ISBN 0-945466-05-6. (1963, 1972, 1975, 1983, 2000)
    * What Has Government Done to Our Money? (Full Text / Audio Book) ISBN 0-945466-44-7. (1963)
    * Economic Depressions: Causes and Cures (1969)
    * Power and Market. ISBN 1-933550-05-8. (1970) (restored to Man, Economy, and State ISBN 0-945466-30-7, 2004)
    * Education: Free and Compulsory. ISBN 0-945466-22-6. (1972)
    * Left and Right, Selected Essays 1954-65 (1972)
    * For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto (Full text / Audio book) ISBN 0-945466-47-1. (1973, 1978)
    * The Essential von Mises (1973)
    * The Case for the 100 Percent Gold Dollar. ISBN 0-945466-34-X. (Full Text / Audio Book) (1974)
    * Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays ISBN 0-945466-23-4. (1974)
    * Conceived in Liberty (4 vol.) ISBN 0-945466-26-9. (1975-79)
    * Individualism and the Philosophy of the Social Sciences. ISBN 0-932790-03-8. (1979)
    * The Ethics of Liberty (Full Text / Audio Book) ISBN 0-8147-7559-4. (1982)
    * The Mystery of Banking (Full text). ISBN 0-943940-04-4. (1983)
    * Ludwig von Mises: Scholar, Creator, Hero. OCLC 20856420. (1988)
    * Freedom, Inequality, Primitivism, and the Division of Labor. Full text (included as Chapter 16 in Egalitarianism above) (1991)
    * The Case Against the Fed (Full text). ISBN 0-945466-17-X. (1994)
    * An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought (2 vol.) ISBN 0-945466-48-X. (1995)
    * Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy. (Full Text) with an introduction by Justin Raimondo. (1995)
    * Making Economic Sense. ISBN 0-945466-18-8. (1995, 2006)
    * Logic of Action (2 vol.) ISBN 1-85898-015-1 and ISBN 1-85898-570-6. (1997)
    * The Austrian Theory of the Trade Cycle and Other Essays. ISBN 0-945466-21-8. (also by Mises, Hayek, & Haberler)
    * Irrepressible Rothbard: The Rothbard-Rockwell Report Essays of Murray N. Rothbard. (Full Text.) ISBN 1-883959-02-0. (2000)
    * A History of Money and Banking in the United States. ISBN 0-945466-33-1. (2005)
    * The Complete Libertarian Forum (2 vol.) (Full Text) ISBN 1-933550-02-3. (2006)
    * Economic Controversies (to be published 2007)
    * The Betrayal of the American Right ISBN 978-1-933550-13-8 (2007)

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http://mises.org/about/3249

Murray N. Rothbard (1926-1995)

by David Gordon

    On the free market, everyone earns according to his productive value in satisfying consumer desires. Under statist distribution, everyone earns in proportion to the amount he can plunder from the producers."

    Murray N. Rothbard, Power and Market

Murray N. Rothbard, a scholar of extraordinary range, made major contributions to economics, history, political philosophy, and legal theory. He developed and extended the Austrian economics of Ludwig von Mises, in whose seminar he was a main participant for many years. He established himself as the principal Austrian theorist in the latter half of the twentieth century and applied Austrian analysis to historical topics such as the Great Depression of 1929 and the history of American banking.

Rothbard was no ivory-tower scholar, interested only in academic controversies. Quite the contrary, he combined Austrian economics with a fervent commitment to individual liberty. He developed a unique synthesis that combined themes from nineteenth-century American individualists such as Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker with Austrian economics. A new political philosophy was the result, and Rothbard devoted his remarkable intellectual energy, over a period of some forty-five years, to developing and promoting his style of libertarianism. In doing so, he became a major American public intellectual.

Murray Rothbard was born March 2, 1926, the son of David and Rae Rothbard. He was a brilliant student even as a young child; and his academic record at Columbia University, where he majored in mathematics and economics, was stellar. In the Columbia economics department, Rothbard did not receive any instruction in Austrian economics, and Mises was no more than a name to him. In a course on price theory given by George Stigler, however, he encountered arguments against such then popular measures as price and rent control. These arguments greatly appealed to him; and he wrote to the publisher of a pamphlet that Stigler and Milton Friedman had written on rent control.

    *  Rothbard Bibliography
    * Online Texts
    * Bibliographic Essay
    * Rothbard Chronology
    * Walter Block on Rothbard
    * Hans Hoppe on Rothbard
    * LH Rockwell on Rothbard
    * The Unstoppable Rothbard
    * Rothbard's Audio Economics Course
    * Rothbard Short Clips

The publisher in question was the Foundation for Economic Education; and visits to this group’s headquarters led Rothbard to a meeting with Ludwig von Mises. Rothbard was at once attracted to Mises’s laissez-faire economics, and when Mises’s masterwork Human Action appeared in 1949, it made a great impression on him. He was henceforward a praxeologist: here in Mises’s treatise was the consistent and rigorous defense of a free economy for which he had long been in search. He soon became an active member of Mises’s seminar at New York University. Meanwhile, he continued his graduate studies at Columbia, working toward his Ph.D. His mentor was the eminent economic historian Joseph Dorfman, and Rothbard received the degree in 1956, with a thesis on The Panic of 1819 that remains a standard work.

As he deepened his understanding of laissez-faire economics, he confronted a dilemma. The arguments for market provision of goods and services applied across the board. If so, should not even protection and defense be offered on the market rather than supplied by a coercive monopoly? Rothbard realized that he would either have to abandon laissez-faire or embrace individualist anarchy. The choice, arrived at in the winter of 1949, was not difficult.

Rothbard soon attracted the attention of the William Volker Fund, the main group that supported classical liberal scholars in the 1950s and early 1960s. He began a project to write a textbook to explain Human Action in a fashion suitable for college students; a sample chapter he wrote on money and credit won Mises’s approval. As Rothbard continued his work, he transformed the project. The result, Man, Economy, and State (1962), was a central work of Austrian economics.

Rothbard was entirely in accord with Mises’s endeavor to deduce the whole of economics from the axiom of action, combined with a few subsidiary postulates. In much more detail than Mises had done, he carried out the deduction; and in the process, he contributed major theoretical innovations to praxeology. He showed that the socialist calculation argument applies, not only to a governmentally controlled economy, but to a single private firm owning the entire economy as well. It too could not calculate. He also integrated Frank Fetter’s theory of rent with Austrian capital theory; and argued that a monopoly price could not exist on the free market. Further, he offered a brilliant criticism of Keynesian economics, and he anticipated much of the “rational expectations” revolution for which Robert Lucas later won a Nobel Prize.

As Rothbard originally planned Man, Economy, and State, it was to include a final part that presented a comprehensive classification and analysis of types of government intervention. The section also subjected to withering criticism the standard canons of justice in taxation; a brief but brilliant passage refuted in advance the anti-market arguments based on “luck” that were to prove so influential in the later work of John Rawls and his many successors. Unfortunately, the part appeared in the original edition only in a severely truncated form. Its full publication came only in 1972, under the title Power and Market. The complete version of Man, Economy, and State, as Rothbard originally intended it to appear, is now available from the Mises Institute.

This masterly work was far from exhausting Rothbard’s contributions to economic theory. In a major paper, “Toward a Reconstruction of Utility and Welfare Economics” (1956), he showed that if one takes seriously the fact that utility is ordinal and not cardinal, then the anti-market views of most modern welfare economists must be abandoned. Strict application of demonstrated preference allows one to say that the participants to a voluntary exchange expect ex ante to benefit. Further than this, the economist, so long as he remains value-free, cannot go. His main papers on economic theory are available in the posthumously published two-volume collection The Logic of Action (1997).

Rothbard devoted close attention to monetary theory. Here he emphasized the virtues of the classical gold standard and supported 100% reserve banking. This system, he held, would prevent the credit expansion that, according to the Austrian theory of the business cycle developed by Mises and Friedrich Hayek, led to inevitable depression. He summarized his views for the general public in the often-reprinted pamphlet What Has Government Done to Our Money? (1964) and also wrote a textbook, The Mystery of Banking (1983).

Rothbard showed the illumination that Austrian theory could bring to economic history in America’s Great Depression (1963). Far from being a proof of the failures of unregulated capitalism, the 1929 Depression illustrates rather the dangers of government interference with the economy. The economic collapse came as a necessary correction to the artificial boom induced by the Federal Reserve System’s monetary expansion during the 1920s. The attempts by the government to “cure” the downturn served only to make matters worse.

In making this argument, Rothbard became a pioneer in “Hoover revisionism.” Contrary to the myths promoted by Hoover himself and his acolytes, Hoover was not an opponent of big government. Quite the contrary, the economic policies of the “ Engineer in Politics” prefigured the New Deal. Rothbard’s view of Hoover is now widely accepted.

For Rothbard, banking policy was a key to American economic history. Like Michelet, he believed that history is a resurrection of the flesh; and his discussions are no dry-as-dust presentations of statistics. He was always concerned to identify the particular actors and interests behind historical decisions. The struggle between the competing Morgan and Rockefeller banking circles figures again and again in his articles in this field, collected in his A History of Money and Banking in the United States (1999).

Rothbard ranged far beyond economics in his historical work. In a four-volume series, Conceived in Liberty (1975-1979), he presented a detailed account of American colonial history that stressed the libertarian antecedents of the American Revolution. As usual, he challenged mainstream opinion. He had little use for New England Puritanism, and the virtues and military leadership of George Washington did not impress him. For Rothbard, the Articles of Confederation were not an overly weak arrangement that needed to be replaced by the more centrally focused Constitution. Quite the contrary, the Articles themselves allowed too much central control.

Although Rothbard usually found himself in close agreement with Mises, in one area he maintained that Mises was mistaken. Mises contended that ethical judgments were subjective: ultimate ends are not subject to rational assessment. Rothbard dissented, maintaining that an objective ethics could be founded on the requirements of human nature. His approach, based on his study of Aristotelian and Thomist philosophy, is presented in his major work The Ethics of Liberty (1982), his major study of political philosophy.

In his system of political ethics, self-ownership is the basic principle. Given a robust conception of self-ownership, a compulsory government monopoly of protective services is illegitimate; and Rothbard endeavors to refute the arguments to the contrary of supporters of a minimal state, Robert Nozick chief among them. He contributes important clarifications to problems of libertarian legal theory, such as the nature of contracts and the appropriate standard of punishment. He explains why Mises’s instrumental argument for the market does not fully succeed, though he finds much of value in it; and he criticizes in careful detail Hayek’s view of the rule of law.

Rothbard modified the famous dictum of Marx: he wished both to understand and change the world. He endeavored to apply the ideas he had developed in his theoretical work to current politics and to bring libertarian views to the attention of the general public. One issue for him stood foremost. Like Randolph Bourne, he maintained that “war is the health of the state”; he accordingly opposed an aggressive foreign policy.

His support for nonintervention in foreign policy led him to champion the Old Right. John T. Flynn, Garet Garrett and other pre-World War II “isolationists” shared Rothbard’s belief in the close connection between state power and bellicose foreign policy.

The situation was quite otherwise with postwar conservatism. Although Rothbard was an early contributor to William Buckley’s National Review, he rejected the aggressive pursuit of the Cold War advocated by Buckley and such members of his editorial staff as James Burnham and Frank S. Meyer. He broke with these self-styled conservatives and thereafter became one of their strongest opponents. For similar reasons, he condemned their neoconservative successors. He followed a pragmatic policy of temporary alliances with whatever groups were, at a given time, opposed to militarism and foreign adventures. He set forward the basis for his political stance in a key essay, “Left and Right: The Prospects for Liberty”. This appeared in an important scholarly journal, Left and Right, which he established. This contained major essays on revisionist history and foreign policy, but unfortunately lasted only from 1965-1968.

In an effort to widen the influence of libertarian thought in the academic world, Rothbard founded the Journal of Libertarian Studies in 1977. The journal began auspiciously with a symposium on Robert Nozick’s Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Down to the present, it has remained the most important journal hospitable to libertarian ideas.

Rothbard established in 1987 another journal, the Review of Austrian Economics, to provide a scholarly venue for economists and others interested in Austrian theory. It too is the key journal in its area of specialty. It has continued to the present, after 1997 under the new name Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics. 

In his comments on current events, Rothbard displayed an amazing ability to digest vast quantities of information on whatever subject interested him. Whether, e.g., the question was competing factions in Afghanistan or the sources of investment in oil in the Middle East, he would always have the relevant data at his command. A sample of his columns, taken from the Rockwell Rothbard Report, is available in The Irrepressible Rothbard (2000). Another journal that he founded, The Libertarian Forum, provides his topical comments for the period 1969-1984. He presented a comprehensive popular account of libertarianism in For A New Liberty (1973).

One last academic triumph remained for Rothbard, though sadly it appeared only after his death. In two massive volumes, Economic Thought Before Adam Smith and Classical Economics (1995), he presented a minutely detailed and erudite account of the history of economic theory. Adam Smith, contrary to general belief, was not the founder of modern economics. His defense of a labor theory of value, modified and continued by his Ricardian successors, shunted economics onto the wrong path. The heroes of Rothbard’s study were the Spanish scholastics, who long before Smith had developed a subjective theory of value, and such later figures as Cantillon, Turgot, and Say. He dissects the heretical religious thought that prefigured Marxism and gives a mordant portrayal of the personality and thought of John Stuart Mill.

Rothbard was closely associated with the Ludwig von Mises Institute from its founding in 1982 by Llewellyn H. Rockwell, Jr. This organization became the main vehicle for the promotion of his ideas, and he served as its Academic Vice-President.

He taught at Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute from the mid 1960s to the mid 1980s; from 1986 to his death on January 7, 1995, he was S.J. Hall Distinguished Professor of Economics at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.

The “indispensable framework” for the life and work of this creative genius and polymath was his beloved wife, JoAnn Rothbard. His combination of scholarly achievement and engaged advocacy on behalf of freedom is unmatched.

David Gordon is editor of The Mises Review. E-mail him at DGordon@Mises.org
Murray N. Rothbard Chronology

1926 Born March 2.

1942 High School, Birch Wathen School, New York City

1945 B.A. (Mathematics) Columbia University

1946 M.A. (Economics) Columbia University

1949 Review of A Mencken Chrestomathy

1954 "In Defense of 'Extreme A Priorism'"

1956 "Toward a Reconstruction of Utility and Welfare Economics"; Ph.D. (Economics) Columbia University

1958 "A Note on Burke's Vindication of Natural Society"

1959 "Human Rights Are Property Rights"

1960 "The Mantle of Science"; "The Politics of Political Economists"

1961"Statistics: The Achilles' Heel of Government"; "The Fallacy of the `Public Sector'"

1962 The Panic of 1819: Reactions and Policies; Man, Economy, and State; "The Case for a 100 Percent Gold Dollar"

1963 America's Great Depression; "Mercantilism: A Lesson for Our Times?"; "Money, the State, and Modern Mercantilism"; Department of Economics, New York Polytechnic Institute, Brooklyn (until 1985)

1964 What Has Government Done to Our Money 

1965 Editor, Left and Right (through 1968)

1969 Accepts a teaching position at Brooklyn Polytechnic

1967 "The Great Society: A Libertarian Critique"

1968 "Biography of Ludwig von Mises"

1969 Economic Depressions: Causes and Cures; Editor, The Libertarian Forum 

1970 Power and Market: Government and the Economy; "The Hoover Myth"

1971 "Lange, Mises and Praxeology: The Retreat from Marxism"; "Ludwig von Mises and the Paradigm for Our Age"

1972 Education, Free and Compulsory: the Individual's Education; A New History of Leviathan (ed.); "Herbert Hoover and the Myth of Laissez Faire"; "War Collectivism in World War I"; "Capitalism versus Statism"

1973 For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto; "Praxeology as the Method of the Social Sciences"; "The Essential von Mises"; "Paul Samuelson's Economics, Ninth Edition"; Editor, Books for Libertarians, Sept 1973-Sept. 1974

1974"Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature"; "Justice and Property Rights"; "Value Implications of Economic Theory"

1975 Conceived in Liberty, Volume I, A New Land, and New People: The American Colonies in the 17th Century; "Gold versus Fluctuating Fiat Exchange Rates"

1976 Conceived in Liberty Volume II, "Salutary Neglect": The American Colonies in the First Half of the 18th Century; "New Light on the Prehistory of the Austrian School"; "Praxeology, Value Judgments, and Public Policy"; "The Austrian Theory of Money"; "The New Deal and the International Monetary System"; "Ludwig von Mises and Economic Calculation Under Socialism"

1977 Conceived in Liberty, Volume III, Advance to Revolution, 1760-1775. "Punishment and Proportionality"; "Robert Nozick and the Immaculate Conception of the State"; "Introduction" to Capital, Interest, and Rent by Frank A. Fetter; Editor, Journal of Libertarian Studies through 1995; Resident Scholar, The Cato Institute

1978 "Freedom, Inequality, Primitivism and the Division of Labor"; "Society Without a State"; "The Foreign Policy of the Old Right"; "Austrian Definitions of the Supply of Money"

1979 Conceived in Liberty, Volume IV, The Revolutionary War, 1775-1784; "The Myth of Efficiency"

1980 "Introduction," The Theory of Money and Credit

1981 "The Laissez-Faire Radical: A Quest for the Historical Mises"; "The Myth of Neutral Taxation"

1982 The Ethics of Liberty; "Law, Property Rights, and Air Pollution"; Vice President for Academic Affairs, the Ludwig von Mises Institute

1983 The Mystery of Banking; "The Federal Reserve as a Cartelization Device"

1985 "Introduction," Theory and History; "Professor Kirzner on Entrepreneurship"; "The Case for a Genuine Gold Dollar"

1986 Founding Editor, The Review of Austrian Economics (through 1995); Festschrift presented at New York birthday celebration; S.J. Hall Distinguished Professor of Economics, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; "Breaking out of the Walrasian Box"

1987 "Frank A. Fetter: 1863-1949"; "Imputation"; "Time Preference"

1988 "The Myth of Free Banking in Scotland"; Ludwig von Mises: Scholar, Creator, Hero

1989 "The Hermeneutical Invasion of Philosophy and Economics"

1990 "Karl Marx: Communist as Religious Eschatologist"; "Concepts of the Role of Intellectuals In Social Change Toward Laissez Faire"

1991 "The End of Socialism and the Calculation Debate Revisited"

1992 "How and How Not to Desocialize"; "The Present State of Austrian Economics"; "The Case for a Genuine Gold Dollar"

1993 "Mises and the Role of the Economist in Public Policy"

1994 "The Consumption Tax: A Critique"; The Case Against the Fed

1995 Died In New York, January 7; "Bureaucracy and the Civil Service in the United States"; "Egalitarianism and the Elites"; Making Economic Sense; Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy; Economic Thought Before Adam Smith; Classical Economics

1996 "Origins of the Welfare State in America"

1997 The Logic of Action (2 vols.)

1998 The Ethics of Liberty (2nd Edition); "The Dangerous Nonsense of Protectionism"

1999 A History of American Money and Banking: The Colonial Period Until World War II and America's Great Depression (5th Edition, with a new introduction by Paul Johnson)

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