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The
Horrifying American Roots of Nazi
Eugenics
2007 03 08

By Edwin Black | hnn.us

Mr.
Black is the author of IBM
and the Holocaust and the just released War
Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's
Campaign to Create a Master Race, from which
the following article is drawn.

Hitler and his henchmen victimized
an entire continent and exterminated millions in
his quest for a co-called "Master Race."

But the concept of a white,
blond-haired, blue-eyed master Nordic race
didn't originate with Hitler. The idea was
created in the United States, and cultivated in
California, decades before Hitler came to power.
California eugenicists played an important,
although little known, role in the American
eugenics movement's campaign for ethnic
cleansing.

Eugenics was the racist
pseudoscience determined to wipe away all human
beings deemed "unfit," preserving only those who
conformed to a Nordic stereotype. Elements of
the philosophy were enshrined as national policy
by forced sterilization and segregation laws, as
well as marriage restrictions, enacted in
twenty-seven states. In 1909, California became
the third state to adopt such laws. Ultimately,
eugenics practitioners coercively sterilized
some 60,000 Americans, barred the marriage of
thousands, forcibly segregated thousands in
"colonies," and persecuted untold numbers in
ways we are just learning. Before World War II,
nearly half of coercive sterilizations were done
in California, and even after the war, the state
accounted for a third of all such
surgeries.

California was considered an
epicenter of the American eugenics movement.
During the Twentieth Century's first decades,
California's eugenicists included potent but
little known race scientists, such as Army
venereal disease specialist Dr. Paul Popenoe,
citrus magnate and Polytechnic benefactor Paul
Gosney, Sacramento banker Charles M. Goethe, as
well as members of the California State Board of
Charities and Corrections and the University of
California Board of Regents.

Eugenics
would have been so much bizarre parlor talk had
it not been for extensive financing by corporate
philanthropies, specifically the Carnegie
Institution, the Rockefeller Foundation and the
Harriman railroad fortune. They were all in
league with some of America's most respected
scientists hailing from such prestigious
universities as Stamford, Yale, Harvard, and
Princeton. These academicians espoused race
theory and race science, and then faked and
twisted data to serve eugenics' racist
aims.

Stanford president David Starr
Jordan originated the notion of "race and blood"
in his 1902 racial epistle "Blood of a Nation,"
in which the university scholar declared that
human qualities and conditions such as talent
and poverty were passed through the
blood.

In 1904, the Carnegie Institution
established a laboratory complex at Cold Spring
Harbor on Long Island that stockpiled millions
of index cards on ordinary Americans, as
researchers carefully plotted the removal of
families, bloodlines and whole peoples. From
Cold Spring Harbor, eugenics advocates agitated
in the legislatures of America, as well as the
nation's social service agencies and
associations.

The Harriman railroad
fortune paid local charities, such as the New
York Bureau of Industries and Immigration, to
seek out Jewish, Italian and other immigrants in
New York and other crowded cities and subject
them to deportation, trumped up confinement or
forced sterilization.

The Rockefeller
Foundation helped found the German eugenics
program and even funded the program that Josef
Mengele worked in before he went to
Auschwitz.

Much of the spiritual guidance
and political agitation for the American
eugenics movement came from California's
quasi-autonomous eugenic societies, such as the
Pasadena-based Human Betterment Foundation and
the California branch of the American Eugenics
Society, which coordinated much of their
activity with the Eugenics Research Society in
Long Island. These organizations--which
functioned as part of a closely-knit
network--published racist eugenic newsletters
and pseudoscientific journals, such as Eugenical
News and Eugenics, and propagandized for the
Nazis.

Sir
Francis
Galton

Eugenics
was born as a scientific curiosity in the
Victorian age. In 1863, Sir Francis Galton, a
cousin of Charles Darwin, theorized that if
talented people only married other talented
people, the result would be measurably better
offspring. At the turn of the last century,
Galton's ideas were imported into the United
States just as Gregor Mendel's principles of
heredity were rediscovered. American eugenic
advocates believed with religious fervor that
the same Mendelian concepts determining the
color and size of peas, corn and cattle also
governed the social and intellectual character
of man.

In an America demographically
reeling from immigration upheaval and torn by
post-Reconstruction chaos, race conflict was
everywhere in the early twentieth century.
Elitists, utopians and so-called "progressives"
fused their smoldering race fears and class bias
with their desire to make a better world. They
reinvented Galton's eugenics into a repressive
and racist ideology. The intent: populate the
earth with vastly more of their own
socio-economic and biological kind--and less or
none of everyone else.

The superior
species the eugenics movement sought was
populated not merely by tall, strong, talented
people. Eugenicists craved blond, blue-eyed
Nordic types. This group alone, they believed,
was fit to inherit the earth. In the process,
the movement intended to subtract emancipated
Negroes, immigrant Asian laborers, Indians,
Hispanics, East Europeans, Jews, dark-haired
hill folk, poor people, the infirm and really
anyone classified outside the gentrified genetic
lines drawn up by American
raceologists.

How? By identifying
so-called "defective" family trees and
subjecting them to lifelong segregation and
sterilization programs to kill their bloodlines.
The grand plan was to literally wipe away the
reproductive capability of those deemed weak and
inferior--the so-called "unfit." The eugenicists
hoped to neutralize the viability of 10 percent
of the population at a sweep, until none were
left except themselves.

Eighteen
solutions were explored in a Carnegie-supported
1911 "Preliminary Report of the Committee of the
Eugenic Section of the American Breeder's
Association to Study and to Report on the Best
Practical Means for Cutting Off the Defective
Germ-Plasm in the Human Population." Point eight
was euthanasia.

The most commonly
suggested method of eugenicide in America was a
"lethal chamber" or public locally operated gas
chambers. In 1918, Popenoe, the Army venereal
disease specialist during World War I, co-wrote
the widely used textbook, Applied Eugenics,
which argued, "From an historical point of view,
the first method which presents itself is
execution… Its value in keeping up the standard
of the race should not be underestimated."
Applied Eugenics also devoted a chapter to
"Lethal Selection," which operated "through the
destruction of the individual by some adverse
feature of the environment, such as excessive
cold, or bacteria, or by bodily
deficiency."

Eugenic breeders believed
American society was not ready to implement an
organized lethal solution. But many mental
institutions and doctors practiced improvised
medical lethality and passive euthanasia on
their own. One institution in Lincoln, Illinois
fed its incoming patients milk from tubercular
cows believing a eugenically strong individual
would be immune. Thirty to forty percent annual
death rates resulted at Lincoln. Some doctors
practiced passive eugenicide one newborn infant
at a time. Others doctors at mental institutions
engaged in lethal neglect.

Nonetheless,
with eugenicide marginalized, the main solution
for eugenicists was the rapid expansion of
forced segregation and sterilization, as well as
more marriage restrictions. California led the
nation, performing nearly all sterilization
procedures with little or no due process. In its
first twenty-five years of eugenic legislation,
California sterilized 9,782 individuals, mostly
women. Many were classified as "bad girls,"
diagnosed as "passionate," "oversexed" or
"sexually wayward." At Sonoma, some women were
sterilized because of what was deemed an
abnormally large clitoris or labia.

In
1933 alone, at least 1,278 coercive
sterilizations were performed, 700 of which were
on women. The state's two leading sterilization
mills in 1933 were Sonoma State Home with 388
operations and Patton State Hospital with 363
operations. Other sterilization centers included
Agnews, Mendocino, Napa, Norwalk, Stockton and
Pacific Colony state hospitals.

Even the
United States Supreme Court endorsed aspects of
eugenics. In its infamous 1927 decision, Supreme
Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote, "It
is better for all the world, if instead of
waiting to execute degenerate offspring for
crime, or to let them starve for their
imbecility, society can prevent those who are
manifestly unfit from continuing their kind….
Three generations of imbeciles are enough." This
decision opened the floodgates for thousands to
be coercively sterilized or otherwise persecuted
as subhuman. Years later, the Nazis at the
Nuremberg trials quoted Holmes's words in their
own defense.

Only after eugenics became
entrenched in the United States was the campaign
transplanted into Germany, in no small measure
through the efforts of California eugenicists,
who published booklets idealizing sterilization
and circulated them to German official and
scientists.

Hitler studied American
eugenics laws. He tried to legitimize his
anti-Semitism by medicalizing it, and wrapping
it in the more palatable pseudoscientific facade
of eugenics. Hitler was able to recruit more
followers among reasonable Germans by claiming
that science was on his side. While Hitler's
race hatred sprung from his own mind, the
intellectual outlines of the eugenics Hitler
adopted in 1924 were made in
America.

During the '20s, Carnegie
Institution eugenic scientists cultivated deep
personal and professional relationships with
Germany's fascist eugenicists. In Mein Kampf,
published in 1924, Hitler quoted American
eugenic ideology and openly displayed a thorough
knowledge of American eugenics. "There is today
one state," wrote Hitler, "in which at least
weak beginnings toward a better conception [of
immigration] are noticeable. Of course, it is
not our model German Republic, but the United
States."

Hitler proudly told his comrades
just how closely he followed the progress of the
American eugenics movement. "I have studied with
great interest," he told a fellow Nazi, "the
laws of several American states concerning
prevention of reproduction by people whose
progeny would, in all probability, be of no
value or be injurious to the racial
stock."

Hitler even wrote a fan letter to
American eugenic leader Madison Grant calling
his race-based eugenics book, The Passing of the
Great Race his "bible."

Hitler's struggle
for a superior race would be a mad crusade for a
Master Race. Now, the American term "Nordic" was
freely exchanged with "Germanic" or "Aryan."
Race science, racial purity and racial dominance
became the driving force behind Hitler's Nazism.
Nazi eugenics would ultimately dictate who would
be persecuted in a Reich-dominated Europe, how
people would live, and how they would die. Nazi
doctors would become the unseen generals in
Hitler's war against the Jews and other
Europeans deemed inferior. Doctors would create
the science, devise the eugenic formulas, and
even hand-select the victims for sterilization,
euthanasia and mass extermination.

During
the Reich's early years, eugenicists across
America welcomed Hitler's plans as the logical
fulfillment of their own decades of research and
effort. California eugenicists republished Nazi
propaganda for American consumption. They also
arranged for Nazi scientific exhibits, such as
an August 1934 display at the L.A. County
Museum, for the annual meeting of the American
Public Health Association.

In 1934, as
Germany's sterilizations were accelerating
beyond 5,000 per month, the California eugenics
leader C. M. Goethe upon returning from Germany
ebulliently bragged to a key colleague, "You
will be interested to know, that your work has
played a powerful part in shaping the opinions
of the group of intellectuals who are behind
Hitler in this epoch-making program. Everywhere
I sensed that their opinions have been
tremendously stimulated by American thought.…I
want you, my dear friend, to carry this thought
with you for the rest of your life, that you
have really jolted into action a great
government of 60 million people."

That
same year, ten years, after Virginia passed its
sterilization act, Joseph DeJarnette,
superintendent of Virginia's Western State
Hospital, observed in the Richmond
Times-Dispatch, "The Germans are beating us at
our own game."

More than just providing
the scientific roadmap, America funded Germany's
eugenic institutions. By 1926, Rockefeller had
donated some $410,000 -- almost $4 million in
21st-Century money -- to hundreds of German
researchers. In May 1926, Rockefeller awarded
$250,000 to the German Psychiatric Institute of
the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, later to become
the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Psychiatry.
Among the leading psychiatrists at the German
Psychiatric Institute was Ernst Rüdin, who
became director and eventually an architect of
Hitler's systematic medical
repression.

Another in the Kaiser Wilhelm
Institute's eugenic complex of institutions was
the Institute for Brain Research. Since 1915, it
had operated out of a single room. Everything
changed when Rockefeller money arrived in 1929.
A grant of $317,000 allowed the Institute to
construct a major building and take center stage
in German race biology. The Institute received
additional grants from the Rockefeller
Foundation during the next several years.
Leading the Institute, once again, was Hitler's
medical henchman Ernst Rüdin. Rüdin's
organization became a prime director and
recipient of the murderous experimentation and
research conducted on Jews, Gypsies and
others.

Beginning in 1940, thousands of
Germans taken from old age homes, mental
institutions and other custodial facilities were
systematically gassed. Between 50,000 and
100,000 were eventually killed.

Leon
Whitney, executive secretary of the American
Eugenics Society declared of Nazism, "While we
were pussy-footing around…the Germans were
calling a spade a spade."

A special
recipient of Rockefeller funding was the Kaiser
Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human
Heredity and Eugenics in Berlin. For decades,
American eugenicists had craved twins to advance
their research into heredity. The Institute was
now prepared to undertake such research on an
unprecedented level. On May 13, 1932, the
Rockefeller Foundation in New York dispatched a
radiogram to its Paris office: JUNE MEETING
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE NINE THOUSAND DOLLARS OVER
THREE YEAR PERIOD TO KWG INSTITUTE ANTHROPOLOGY
FOR RESEARCH ON TWINS AND EFFECTS ON LATER
GENERATIONS OF SUBSTANCES TOXIC FOR GERM
PLASM.

At the time of Rockefeller's
endowment, Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, a hero
in American eugenics circles, functioned as a
head of the Institute for Anthropology, Human
Heredity and Eugenics. Rockefeller funding of
that Institute continued both directly and
through other research conduits during
Verschuer's early tenure. In 1935, Verschuer
left the Institute to form a rival eugenics
facility in Frankfurt that was much heralded in
the American eugenic press. Research on twins in
the Third Reich exploded, backed up by
government decrees. Verschuer wrote in Der
Erbarzt, a eugenic doctor's journal he edited,
that Germany's war would yield a "total solution
to the Jewish problem."

Verschuer had a
long-time assistant. His name was Josef Mengele.
On May 30, 1943, Mengele arrived at Auschwitz.
Verschuer notified the German Research Society,
"My assistant, Dr. Josef Mengele (M.D., Ph.D.)
joined me in this branch of research. He is
presently employed as Hauptsturmführer [captain]
and camp physician in the Auschwitz
concentration camp. Anthropological testing of
the most diverse racial groups in this
concentration camp is being carried out with
permission of the SS Reichsführer
[Himmler]."

Dr.
Josef
Mengele

Mengele
began searching the boxcar arrivals for twins.
When he found them, he performed beastly
experiments, scrupulously wrote up the reports
and sent the paperwork back to Verschuer's
institute for evaluation. Often, cadavers, eyes
and other body parts were also dispatched to
Berlin's eugenic institutes.

Rockefeller
executives never knew of Mengele. With few
exceptions, the foundation had ceased all
eugenic studies in Nazi-occupied Europe before
the war erupted in 1939. But by that time the
die had been cast. The talented men Rockefeller
and Carnegie financed, the institutions they
helped found, and the science it helped create
took on a scientific momentum of their
own.

After the war, eugenics was declared
a crime against humanity--an act of genocide.
Germans were tried and they cited the California
statutes in their defense. To no avail. They
were found guilty.

However, Mengele's
boss Verschuer escaped prosecution. Verschuer
re-established his connections with California
eugenicists who had gone underground and renamed
their crusade "human genetics." Typical was an
exchange July 25, 1946 when Popenoe wrote
Verschuer, "It was indeed a pleasure to hear
from you again. I have been very anxious about
my colleagues in Germany…. I suppose
sterilization has been discontinued in Germany?"
Popenoe offered tidbits about various American
eugenic luminaries and then sent various eugenic
publications. In a separate package, Popenoe
sent some cocoa, coffee and other
goodies.

Verschuer wrote back, "Your very
friendly letter of 7/25 gave me a great deal of
pleasure and you have my heartfelt thanks for
it. The letter builds another bridge between
your and my scientific work; I hope that this
bridge will never again collapse but rather make
possible valuable mutual enrichment and
stimulation."

Soon, Verschuer once again
became a respected scientist in Germany and
around the world. In 1949, he became a
corresponding member of the newly formed
American Society of Human Genetics, organized by
American eugenicists and geneticists.

In
the fall of 1950, the University of Münster
offered Verschuer a position at its new
Institute of Human Genetics, where he later
became a dean. In the early and mid-1950s,
Verschuer became an honorary member of numerous
prestigious societies, including the Italian
Society of Genetics, the Anthropological Society
of Vienna, and the Japanese Society for Human
Genetics.

Human genetics' genocidal roots
in eugenics were ignored by a victorious
generation that refused to link itself to the
crimes of Nazism and by succeeding generations
that never knew the truth of the years leading
up to war. Now governors of five states,
including California have issued public
apologies to their citizens, past and present,
for sterilization and other abuses spawned by
the eugenics movement.

Human genetics
became an enlightened endeavor in the late
twentieth century. Hard-working, devoted
scientists finally cracked the human code
through the Human Genome Project. Now, every
individual can be biologically identified and
classified by trait and ancestry. Yet even now,
some leading voices in the genetic world are
calling for a cleansing of the unwanted among
us, and even a master human
species.

There is understandable wariness
about more ordinary forms of abuse, for example,
in denying insurance or employment based on
genetic tests. On October 14, America's first
genetic anti-discrimination legislation passed
the Senate by unanimous vote. Yet because
genetics research is global, no single nation's
law can stop the threats.

Article from:
http://hnn.us/articles/1796.html

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