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Date of the document's last update/modification 03/09/93
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RULES OF CHADO
original filename: chanayo.txt
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This file is the work of Stan Rosenthal. It has been placed here, with his kind
permission, by Bill Fear. The author has asked that no hard copies, ie. paper
copies, are made.

Stan Rosenthal may be contacted at 44 High street, St. Davids, Pembrokeshire,
Dyfed, Wales, UK. Bill Fear may be contacted at 29 Blackweir Terrace, Cathays,
Cardiff, South Glamorgan, Wales, UK. Tel (0222) 228858 email fear@thor.cf.ac.uk.
Please use email as first method of contact, if possible. Messages can be sent
to Stan Rosenthal via the above email address - they will be forwarded on in
person by myself  -  B.F.

NOTE:
You may find and odd sentence or missing information every now and again in the
files. Hopefully not to frequently. This is because the files were originally
written on a machine using CP/M and had to be converted to dos format. Many of
the 5.25 disks were very old and had bad sectors - thus missing info.
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INTRODUCTION

Because the rules of chado are binding upon both host and guests, these notes
have been prepared so that you are aware of the code of conduct which is
traditionally employed.  They are provided in the hope that they will enable you
to enjoy the evening to the full, and will be repeated by the host at the
appropriate time.....so there is no need to worry, provided a visitor acts in
the spirit of harmony and mutual respect, he or she is considered to be an
honoured guest.

ENTERING

Before knocking at the door, please note whether water has been sprinkled, or a
container of water placed at the porch.  If it has not, please wait.  If it has,
please knock, and you will be greeted.  Ideally, you should come at 7.30 p.m.,
fifteen minutes before the ceremony begins.  Please remove your shoes and leave
them in the hall.  Anything else not required during the ceremony (hats, coats
etc) should be left in the room at the end of the corridor.  This room also
serves as a smoking room during the intermission.

When asked to enter the 'Dojo', which serves as the tea room on this occasion,
please bow (standing bow) towards the tokonoma (the alcove containing
ornaments).  You will see 'safu' placed around the room, and on each of these
will be an envelope in which the utensils brought by you in 'zenrei' and
required for the ceremony, have been placed. Your name will have been written on
the envelope.  Please bow to the safu, remove the envelope, and holding it, sit
down, kneeling with your legs on either side of the safu.  If you do not require
a safu, pick it up and place it in front of you (it will then be removed). Place
the envelope on the floor to your left.  Please remain silent.

BOWING WHEN SEATED

Once you are seated all bows are performed from that position.  When approached,
spoken to or given food or drink by a principal guest or the host, or when
addressing one of these, you should bow 'shinrai' (the hands as in 'zarai', but
the back and head bowed slightly less), and when addressing or responding to
another guest the 'sorai' bow should be used (fingertips only touch the floor,
and the back and head are bowed fractionally).

THE USE OF UTENSILS

The items brought for the ceremony are used as follows:
One cotton cloth is used to wipe a bowl, or the edge of a bowl, when you have
used it.
The silk cloth is used to pat around your mouth between drinks or courses.
The second cotton cloth (or paper napkin) is used as a pad to support the bowl
which you are using, and as insulation.
The short skewer is used for picking up dry and moist sweetmeats.
The longer skewer is used for picking up small savouries.

THE KAISEKI MEAL

Because of the varied tastes of the guests, and so as not to cause offence to
anyone, the Kaiseki meal prepared for this occassion has been varied slightly
from the traditional fare.  Please allow the principal guest(s) who have served
you to start before you each time.

We begin with a bowl of hot water to drink in order to clear the palate.  When
you have finished, please wipe the bowl and place it to your right side, then
pat your mouth dry.

When all the guests have finished, you are at liberty to chat.  The conversation
during the ceremony is usually about the meal, the occassion, the utensils, or
the decorations.  Questions on these matters are welcomed by the host, but
'gossip' should be avoided since it is considered an insult to the occassion.

The meal proper begins with a bowl of miso soup with 'ocean and mountain'
garnish. (You drink direct from the bowl, first turning it twice in a clockwise
direction, ninety degrees each time). This soup, and its garnish, are entirely
vegan.  You will also receive a puffed rice cake to eat with the soup. You
should hold it on the flat of your hand, holding the open napkin underneath with
the other hand to catch any pieces which might escape.  The topping is all
edible, and is again a vegan form of ocean and mountain food, designed to
complement the soup garnish.

When putting the soup bowl down in order to eat the rice cake, the bowl should
be placed on the floor to your right.  When you have finished, as a signal,
please place the bowl on the floor in front of you.  When everyone has finished,
it will be collected.

You are next presented with specially prepared vol au vont cases containing
seafood.  For those guests who do not eat shellfish, rice crackers with soya
spread will be presented.  It is for these savories that the longer skewers are
used.  When you have finished, place the longer skewer in front of you.

When everyone has finshed their savouries, the long skewers and platters etc
will be removed, after which silence should be observed whilst the kettle is put
on for tea.  Warm saki is then poured by the host for each guest (water will be
poured for those guests who do not drink alcohol), using the small bowls
originally used for the hot water.  When everybody has been served, on a signal
from the host, everybody lifts their bowl and after turning it a half circle in
two quarter turns (clockwise), drinks in unison, taking only one small sip, then
placing the bowl on the floor to the left.  Small sweetmeats are also offered at
this time, one being a red bean jelly cube, and the other a marzipan ball with
glace cherry topping, on a green marzipan base.  It is traditional to take only
one of the cubes, but two of the glace cherry topped sweets may be taken, each
being skewered with the shorter skewer and placed on the napkin.

When the principal guest(s) have resumed eating and drinking, speaking may begin
again; the sweetmeets are eaten, and the sake drunk.  When you have finished the
sake, the rim of the cup should be wiped before it is put down in front of you.

INTERMISSION

A short intermission follows (fifteen minutes).  During this period, those who
wish to smoke should withdraw to the outer room.  Traditionally, this time is
used to view and comment on the decorations in the room, contents of the
tokonoma, screens, utensils, artifacts, etc.  A gong or bell is struck when it
is time to continue with the taking of tea.  Guests  having a gift to present,
either to 'show a true face', or to mark the occassion, should bring them into
the dojo at this stage of the proceedings and place them behind the safu before
sitting, since this is the beginning of the final and most important stage of
the ceremony.

TAKING TEA

Thick (strong) tea is taken without general conversation, although polite
comments or pleasantaries are often exchanged quietly between guests and the
host, or between the principal guest(s) and others.

When all the guests have  taken their places, the host begins to prepare the
'thick' tea.  Using the ladle, he pours a little hot water into the ceremonial
bowl, pours it out, and wipes the bowl with a special cloth.  This is known as
'purifying the bowl'.

He then scoops some powdered tea into the bowl, arranging it into a small mound
in the centre.  This is repeated as many times as is required, according to the
number of guests present.  Hot water is then ladled onto the tea, which is then
kneaded into a paste with the whisk. More water is then added until the bowl
contains the right amount of liquid.

The utensils are then wiped, and the bowl is slid along the floor to the
principal guest, who (after bowing) picks it up, bows with it in his hands (a
clean cloth/pad must be used), and makes an apology to the other guests (for
taking tea before them).  He (or she) then turns the bowl as previously, and
sips from it.  The edge of the bowl is then wiped, turned, and passed to the
next guest, who turns it, sips the tea, wipes it and passes it on, until all the
guests have drunk from it.

Traditionally, each guest takes three and a half sips of thick tea, but there
are usually only three guests at a tea ceremony, and a maximum of five.  Since
we are honoured by having so many guests this evening, and wish to use our most
special ceremonial bowl, you are asked to take only one sip before passing the
bowl to the next guest.

The last guest to drink returns the bowl to the host, bowing when doing so.
Conversation may then resume.

Dry sweets are offered next, and up to three of these may be taken, being placed
on the silk napkin to the left, to await the serving of thin (weak) tea.  These
sweets are vegetarian, but not vegan.

The small tea bowls will have been removed and washed by this time, and will be
in the possession of the host.  It is traditional for one small bowl to be used,
this being filled, the tea drunk by the first guest, and the bowl cleaned and
refilled for the next guest...etc.  However, this would be impracticable with so
many guests as are present on this occassion.  For this reason, a bowl of thin
tea will be prepared for each guest in his or her own bowl.

When your bowl is slid to you, you should pick it up in the right hand and place
the left hand (with pad) underneath it.  When the principal guest(s) begin, the
tea should be drunk, and the dry sweets eaten.  When you have finished, please
put away the small bowl.  This marks the completion of tea drinking.

PRESENTING GIFTS

If the host has a gift to present to a guest, it is presented now.  Similarly,
if any gifts are to be exchanged or presented by guests, this is the part of the
ceremony when it should occur.  If he has a gift to present, the host bows
towards the guest for whom it is intended, who should then rise and approach the
host, sitting again in the kneeling posture.  The gift is then presented.

When the host has presented his gift(s), guests should present theirs to each
other if this is their intention, but it is the presenter who rises and goes to
the potential recipient, taking the gift with him or her.  If a gift is to be
made to the host, it is left until the guests have exchanged gifts between them,
if this is their intention, since the receipt of gifts by the host marks the end
of the ceremony.

CHADO

The 'Way of Tea' is intended to be a microcosm of life.  For this reason it is
the function of the host to attempt to symbolise a particular aspect of life
through the food and drink provided in the ceremony.  On this occasion the
intention has been to provide each of the five tastes, namely, bitter, sweet,
sour, spicy, and salty.

The 'Chado' ceremony which you have graciously consented to attend this evening
is performed in the manner known as 'Wabi Cha', which means 'tea of simple
taste', and is conducted according to the principles of Ch'an Tao Chia.  The
type of Chado ceromony to which it conforms is known as 'Kaiseki', or 'warm
stone'.  This type of ceremony is named after the practice of early Taoists and
Zenji, who, frequently being hungry on retiring for the night, would take with
them to bed, a warm stone wrapped in cloth, which was used in much the same way
as a hot water bottle, to relieve the pangs of hunger.  The meal provided in
this evening's ceremony is intended to fulfil this function of relieving the
feeling of hunger.

The philosophy of chado is to engender mutual respect, harmony and tranquility.
It is hoped that this evening's ceremony will go some way towards furthering
that philosophy.

THE OCCASION

This evening's ceremony takes place on the fifty-second birthday of Shih-tien
Roshi, who is your host, and has been arranged in order to celebrate the
official opening of The Centre for the Study and Practice of Ch'an Tao Chia,
otherwise known as 'Shih- Tien Gakkai' (The 'Stony Ground' School). It is
therefore intended to be a happy as well as a formal occasion.

Traditionally, the thick tea used in the tea ceremony provides the bitter taste
referred to earlier, but in order to give consideration to the Western palate,
and because it is hoped that you will remember this evening as a happy rather
than a bitter occasion, one of the principal guests went to considerable trouble
to obtain a Japanese mountain tea which does not have such a bitter
'after-taste' as exists with some teas used in Chado.  The thin tea is also a
mountain tea, but comes from mainland China.  By incorporating both Chinese and
Japanese tea in this ceremony, it is intended to have symbolized the fact that
Ch'an Tao Chia owes a debt to the masters from both of these nations.  The music
played during the intermission was specially recorded by another principal
guest, and many of the artifacts and utensils used were provided by past and
present students. Our thanks are conveyed to all these good people, as they are
to you for honouring us by your attendance at this gathering

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