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pranced along behind with answering cries.78 We hear also of pipe music and song accompanying the treading of the grapes.79 |
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Pipers might on occasion assist at major building works. Lysander assembled as many girl pipers as he could get hold of to play as the walls of defeated Athens were destroyed.80 When the city of Messene was built in 369 BC, the walls (which are still to be seen) went up to the accompaniment of pipe music.81 One of the Ptol-emies, perhaps Philopator (reigned 225-205 BC), is recorded as having had pipers play to invigorate workmen who were toiling to drag a large ship to the water.82 |
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On board ship a piper could perform a useful service in helping to keep the rowers in time, as well as in keeping them cheerful, and he was a regular member of an Athenian trireme's crew. When Alcibiades returned from exile in 408 BC, he did so in style, with a well-known tragic actor as his boatswain and the champion aulete Chrysogonus setting the stroke for his rowers.83 |
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Men marching into battle might also find music beneficial to their morale and to the unity of their rhythm. Homer mentions nothing of the kind, but Corinthian vase-painters of the seventh century show a piper accompanying lines of warriors into the fight, and in the fifth century and later many authors attest this as the regular usage of the Spartan army.84 Thucydides describes the Spartans advancing to |
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78Il. 18. 561-72; cf. Hes. fr. 305, PMG 880, Hdt. 2. 79. |
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79 Callixenus, FGrH 627 F 2 p. 170. 11 J., Poll. 4. 55; cf. Philod. Mus. 4. 5 p. 47 Neubecker; Sammelbuch 5810 (an aulete's contract dated AD 322); Longus, Daphnis and Chloe 2. 36; Anacreontea 59. 8; Arethas' scholium on Clem. Protr., i. 297. 4 Stahlin. An Egyptian relief of the early 3rd millennium shows two men clapping out a rhythm with sticks as the vintagers tread grapes. |
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80 Xen. Hell. 2. 2. 23, elaborated by Plut. Lys. 15. 5. Plutarch took the music to be celebratory, but it may at the same time have been 'music while you work'. |
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81 Paus. 4. 27. 7. |
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82 Diogenes of Seleucia ap. Philod. Mus. p. 34 van Krevelen = 195 Rispoli, cf. p. 154 Kr. = 47 Neubecker; E. K. Borthwick, BICS 35 (1988), 91-3. Callixenus, describing what may be the same launching. speaks only of shouts and trumpet signals (FGrH 627 F I p. 162. 29 J.). |
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83 Duris, FGrH 76 F 70. Other references: Ar. Ach. 554, Eur. Tro. 126, IG 22. 1951. 100, Dem. De Cor. 129. Philod. Mus. 4 pp. 47, 48 Neubecker. Poll. 1. 96, 4. 56. 71. Eur. IT 1125 substitutes a panpiper. |
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84 See Pl. 9; J. Salmon, JHS 97 (1977), 89f.; Epicharmus fr. 75 (with schol. Pind. Pyth. 2. 127), Thuc. 5. 70, Xen. Lac. Pol. 13. 7-8, Arist. fr. 244, Polyb. 4.20. 6, Plut. Lyc. 21.4, 22. 4-5, etc. The Cretans marched to pipe and lyre (Ephorus, FGrH 70 F 149 p. 88. 29 J., cf. Polyb. loc. cit., Gell. NA 1. 11. 6, ps.-Plut. De mus. 1140c, Ath. 517 a, 627 d). Herodotus (1. 17. 1 ) describes Alyattes' Lydian army marching to the motley sound of auloi, panpipes, and harps. See further W K. Pritchett, Ancient Greek Military Practices, i (Berkeley and LA, 1971), 105-8. |
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