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'tube', we might expect the plural syringes as the name of the panpipe, and this is in fact found down to the end of the fifth century.122 |
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The panpipe is a very simple instrument with a wide distribution, from central Europe across Asia to Melanesia and western Latin America. It was certainly invented at a very early epoch. Bone tubes from European sites of the Upper Palaeolithic period have been interpreted as belonging to panpipes, and the instrument is perhaps to be recognized in an object held by a man participating in a ritual hunters' dance in a wall painting at Çatal Hüyük in eastern Anatolia, dated to the fifty-ninth century BC.123 It is represented among the Cycladic figurines of the third millennium, and specimens made from bird bones, dating from around 2000, have been found at Mariupol in the southern Ukraine and elsewhere in the former Soviet Union.124 It is not attested for the high civilizations of the Near East; perhaps they had discarded it in favour of their more developed wind instruments. But it was current in the first millennium BC not only in Greece but in north Syria, the Balkans, northeastern Europe, and Italy.125 |
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In Greece it had a rather lowly status, appearing most often as the characteristic instrument of herdsmen and herdsmen's gods.126 We hear of it also in other (mythical) contexts of spontaneous popular music-making: by the camp-fires of the Trojans and their allies, on shipboard, or at weddings, in each case together with auloi.127 In the Archaic period, at least, it might sometimes be set beside the lyre and the aulos as a representative of musical activity, even among the gods. On the François Vase the Muse Calliope herself plays a panpipe as the gods arrive for the wedding of Peleus and Thetis.128 |
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122Hymn. Horn. Merc. 512(?). Eur. Ion 498, IA 1038; the singular first unequivocally in Ion, TrGF 19 F 45, Soph. Phil. 213, Eur. Or. 145, IA 1085. |
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123NG vi. 312; J. Mellaart, Anatolian Studies 16 (1966), 189 and pl. LXIa. |
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124 Paquette, 63 fig. 9; A. Häusler, Acta Musicologica 32 (1960), 153-5; Aign, 298. |
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125 8th-c. shaman's grave in Poland, NG vi. 313; Syrian relief, c.700?, NG i. 391; bronze urns from the Illyrian Hallstatt culture, 6th-5th c., NG xiv. 159 and 160 fig. 2; Etruscan monuments. At a later period Pollux (4.77) associates the panpipe with the (continental) Celts and Britons. |
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126Il. 18. 526, ps.-Aesch. PV 574, Ion, TrGF 19 F 45, Eur. Alc. 576, Phaethon 71, IA 576, 1085, Pl. Resp. 399d, Aristox. fr. 95, etc. Invented by Hermes, Hymn. Hom. Merc. 511f.; played by Pan, Hymn. Hom. Pan. 15, Eur. El. 702f., Ion 498, Bacch. 952, etc.; by Silenus, Pl. Symp. 215b. |
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127Il. 10. 13, 18. 606a (interpolated, PBerol. 9774); Eur. Tro. 127, IT 1125; ps.-Hes. Sc. 278, Eur. IA 1038. |
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128 This is also the wedding Euripides is referring to in IA 1038: behind both, perhaps, lies the epic account in the Cypria. |
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