The cause of the deluge demonstrated

Table of contents

- A Compleat Catalogue of Mr. WHISTON's Writings, according to the Order of Time when they were Publish'd.

- ENGLISH.

- LATIN.

THE CAUSE OF THE DELUGE DEMONSTRATED.

BEFORE I proceed to my present Demonstration of the Cause of the Deluge, I must premise this, That in my New Theory of the Earth, especially as improv'd •nd corrected in the Second Edition, I have evi •ently shewn, that in Case a Comet pass'd by, be ••re the Earth, in its annual Course, on the 17th Day of the Second Month, from the Autumnal Equinox, or Nov. 28. in the 2349th Year before the Christian Aera, the Phaenomena of Nature and History, and particularly the Mosaic Account of the Deluge of Noah, which are no otherwise to be ac •ounted for, are exactly explain'd; that the Calcu •ations and Proportions, where-ever we can come 〈◊〉 them, are on that Hypothesis right, agreeable to 〈◊〉 another, to Ancient, especially Sacred History, •nd to the System of Astronomy; that there are Tra •…s in Ancient Books of a Tradition, that a Comet •id appear at the very Beginning of the Deluge; •…at the very Month and Day mentioned by Moses 〈◊〉 such its Beginning, is attested to by other Old •ecords, and, on this Hypothesis, by Astronomical •alculations also: whence I concluded that it was most highly probable, or rather physically demonstrable, that a Comet did pass by at that time, and was, under the Conduct of the Divine Providence, and as his Instrument in punishing a wicked World, the Cause of that Deluge. The only thing wanting, was, to demonstrate from the Period of some Comet, and its Situation in the Heavens, Astronomically stated and computed, that such a Comet did actually come by at that very time: which if it could be once shewn, the whole must be own'd as certain, and demonstrated, and all the natural Corollaries therefrom must be allow'd as true, even by the Obstinate and Incredulous. This indeed at first was look'd upon by me as not at all to be expected; since we then barely began to know, or rather strongly to conjecture that Comets did revolve about the Sun in settled Periods, but without being able to determine any one of those Periods. But of late God has so bless'd the Labours of the Learned; and this Part of Astronomy is so much improv'd, especially by the farther Pains and Observations of the great Inventor himself, Sir Isaac Newton; whose Name will never be forgotten while Mathematicks and Astronomy are preserved among Mankind; and by the laborious Calculations of the acute Dr. Halley, on the Principles laid down by the former, that what was a few Years ago almost despair'd of, is now in great Measure discover'd, and we know, not only that one Comet has come round three or four times already in later Ages, viz. A.D. 1456, 1531, 1607, and 1682, and will no doubt come round again A.D. 1758, as making its Period in about 75 Years; that another has probably come round in the same later Ages twice already, viz. A.D. 1532, and 1661; and so is to return A D. 1789, or 1790, as making its Period in about 129 Years: But, which is the greatest Discovery of all, that the last most remarkable Comet, whose Descent into our Regions has occasion'd almost all the modern solid Knowledge we have relating to the whole Cometick System it self, has also several times been seen already within the time of certain Records; I mean in the 44th Year before Christ, and again A.D. 531, or 532; and yet again A.D. 1106, besides this its last Appearance A.D. 1680, whereby we know that it revolves in about 575 Years. This last Comet I may well call the most remarkable one that ever appear'd; since besides the former Consideration, I shall presently shew, that it is no other than that very Comet which came by the Earth at the Beginning of Noah's Deluge, and which was the Cause of the same. Now considering the Premises, I shall only have occasion, in order to my present Design, to prove these five Things concerning it. (1.) That no other of the known Comets could pass by the Earth at the Beginning of the Deluge. (2.) That this Comet was of the same Bigness with that which pass'd by at that time. (3.) That its Orbit was then in a due Position to pass by at that Time. (4.) That its descending Node was then also in a due Position for the same Passage by. (5.) That its Period exactly agrees to the same time. Or, in short, that all the known Circumstances of this Comet do correspond, and that it actually pass'd by on or about that very Year, and on or about that very Day of the Year when the Deluge began. All which Things I shall demonstrate in their Order.

I. None of the other Comets yet known, I mean of the 21 in Dr. Halley's Table and my Solar System, could be that which pass'd by the Earth at the Beginning of the Deluge. This appears by these certain Arguments following.

(1.) None of them appear to have been of a due Bigness: For the Phaenomena of the Deluge, as I
New Theor. 2d Edit. Co••….

2. Lem. 8•. & p. 203, 204. have elsewhere shew'd, require a small one in Comparison of the Earth, whereas the rest of the Comets seem to have been commonly larger than it.

(2.) None of their descending Orbits are duly situate, I mean between 90 and 100 Degrees from Aries: which Position is yet absolutely necessary in this Case. For the Precession of the Equinox, which is about 50 Degrees, added to the 46 Degrees that the Earth was distant from Aries when the Flood began, must suppose the descending Orbit of the Comet to be now between 90 and 100 Degrees from Aries: at which place none of the descending Orbits of the other Comets are now situate; as Dr. Halley's Table, and my Solar System grounded thereon, will readily shew. (3.) None of the other's Nodes are so situate, as is necessary to bring the Comet near enough to our Earth: I mean between 90 or 100 Degrees from Aries; and so as to cross the Plane of the Ecliptick very near to the Distance of the Earth from the Sun; as is also plain from the same Table and System. Nay indeed, the wrong Situation of the descending Orbits, noted under the last Head, renders this due Situation of the Nodes plainly impossible. For it being necessary, that the Orbit it self intersect the Ecliptick it self in the 17th Degree of Taurus; this cannot possibly be in such a Situation of the Orbit, as that we have already mention'd to belong to all the rest of the known Comets. So that these other Comets were utterly incapable of being instrumental in the Deluge, even tho their Periods should any of them agree; which yet we know not that any of them do.

II. This Comet was of the same Bigness with that which pass'd by at that time; I mean a very small one, and only 10 times as large as the Moon.
Ʋ••••••…

This appears by Mr. Flamsteed's Determination of its apparent Diameter, about 20″ when it was nearly as far off as the Sun: whereas he supposes that of the Moon at the same Distance to be about 6″. So that if due Allowance be made for that large and dense Part of the Atmosphere, which hides the Nucleus or Comet it self from us, suppose 7″, the Diameter of the solid Body it self will be only 13″. Now the Cube of 13, or 2197, is to the Cube of 6, or 216, as about 10 to 1. Whence it appears, that this Comet is about ten times so great as the Moon, or ¼ so great as the Earth, as the real Comet that occasion'd the Deluge ought to be.

III. The descending Part of the Orbit of this Comet was about the 17th deg. of Taurus at the Time of the Deluge, as that of the Comet at the Deluge must have been. For this descending Orbit is now in the 2d Degree of Cancer; and if we allow 46 Degrees for its apparent Motion since the Deluge, which is very little different from the real Precession of the Equinox, the main, if not only Occasion of it, it will appear to have been in the 17th Degree of Taurus at that Time, according to the foregoing Computation.

IV. The Descending Node of this Comet, which is of the greatest Consideration here, and liable to the greatest Variety of all, does also exceeding well agree in the present Case. For this is now in the 3d Degree of Cancer; and if we allow, as before, 46 Degrees for its apparent Motion since the Deluge, or for the real Precession of the Equinox, the main, if not only Cause of it, it will appear to have been in the 17th of Taurus at that Time also. Nay, if we allow the least Inequality in these two Motions, or the least Alteration of the Planes either of the Ecliptick or of the Comets Orbit, or of both, as we justly may, both from the Physical Causes, and Astronomical Observations, we may suppose them still nearer the Earth's Distance from the Sun, and so more exactly suitable to the Case of the Deluge.

V. The Period of this Comet most exactly agrees to the same Time, I mean to 7 Revolutions in 4028 Years, the Interval from the Deluge till its last Appearance 1680.

••…

cip. 〈…〉 • 4•5. For, as Sir Isaac Newton first observ'd, from its Elliptick Curvature before it disappear'd, that its Period must be in general above 500 Years; so has he and Dr. Halley since observ'd, that the same Comet has been seen four times, viz. the 44th Year before Christ. A.D. 531 or 532, A.D. 1106, and A.D. 1680, and that by consequence it makes a Revolution in about 575 Years. Now if we make a very small Allowance for the old Periods before Christ, and suppose that, one with another, it has revolv'd in 575½ Years, we shall find that 7 such Periods amount to 4028 Years, exactly, according to that Number since the Deluge. This is so remarkable an Observation, and so surprizing, that it will deserve a particular Demonstration from the original Authors themselves. To begin then with the first of the Appearances recorded in later History, I mean that in the 44th Year before Christ, the Year that Julius Caesar was slain,
•en. Nat.
〈◊〉

I. V••. C. 1•. 〈…〉 H•st. Nat. •. II. C. 24. 〈…〉. we have no fewer nor lesser Persons than Seneca, Suetonius, Plutarch and Pliny, to attest it; and the last, as bringing Augustus's own Words for his Voucher. Take the Account in those Words, as being the most authentick and remarkable. 'On those very Days, says Augustus, when I was exhibiting some Games to the People, [begun about Sept. 26.] a Comet appear'd for 7 Days, and was seen in the Northern Part of Heaven. It rose about the 11th Hour of the Day: It was a remarkable one, and visible all over the World. The common People believ'd, that it signify'd the Reception of the Soul of Caesar into the Number of the immortal Gods. On which Account the Image of this Star was added to that Statue representing Caesar's Head, which we a while after consecrated in the Forum'. Accordingly it is known that some of Caesar's Coins have a Star upon them, for a Memorial of this Comet; and observable that Virgil hints at the same also,
Aeneid. VIII.

Patrium aperitur v•rtice sidus. Plutarch's, Seneca's and Suetonius's Words are almost the very same that are included in the Passage from Augustus, and so need not be distinctly set down. Only the Time of its Rising is by Suetonius set down about the 11th Hour, without the Words of the Day, which the other two have; and its Northern Position is only mentioned by Augustus himself. Now if we interpret the 11th Hour, or 11th Hour of the Day, to be either 11 a clock before Noon, or an Hour before Sun-set, this will render the whole almost incredible: it being next to impossible, that this Comet should be seen in the Day-time. But the Romans then accounting Midnight the Beginning of their Day, as is well known by Chronologers, we may reckon this 11th Hour to be 11 at Night, and all will agree to the Comet before us; and it will shew, that as it had been conceal'd by cloudy Weather for some time, so it now appear'd ascending from the Sun, with its long and splendid Tail for a Week, before the like cloudy Weather, or the Comet's too great Remoteness rendred it no longer observable. Accordingly the Northern Position of this Comet, noted here by Augustus, secures us still farther, that it must have been the same with that A.D. 1680, which is ever in the same Position, at the same Place of its Orbit: to say nothing of its remarkable Brightness, which I take to belong to its Tail, and which rendred it so very remarkable then in the World: In which Point it as well or better agrees with this, than with any other in the whole Cometary System. So that on all these Accounts, the Comet seen then by the Romans, and that seen A.D. 1680, must have been one and the same Comet. The next Period when this Comet might be seen again, according to the foregoing Time of its Revolution, was A.D. 531, or 532. When yet we hear nothing of it in Hevelius's History of Comets. But then we have it in Lubienietz's more exact Catalogue, out of Zonaras, the Original Historian, whose Words are these, Annal. L. xiv. p. 61. 'In the 5th Year of the Emperor Justinian [A.D. 531, or 532.] a Comet appear'd, of that Sort which is called Lampadias. It sent its bright Tail upward, and continued to shine 20 Days.' Which Words exactly agree to this Comet. The next Period when it was to be expected, was A.D. 1106. at which Time the Historians are full of their Accounts of it. Take those Accounts in their own Words, as they stand in Hevelius and Lubienietz, who have given us a most compleat Collection of them in their Histories of Comets.

••vath ex
〈…〉

148. 〈◊〉 ex 〈…〉. A.D. 1106. We saw a Comet of wonderful Brightness, from the first Week in Lent, until the Passion of our Lord. An extraordinary Star was seen to shine this Year on Friday in the Evening, Southward and Westward, and appeared bright for 25 Days together, and always at the same Hour.

〈…〉

A.D. 1106. in the Month of February, two Days after the New Moon, a great Comet appear'd South-Westward.
〈◊〉

•. 14•. gebert. 〈◊〉 A.D. 1106. a Comet appear'd like a Fire, almost all the Month of February.

A very great Comet was seen in the Time of Lent. Praetorius adds, that the Emperor Henry IV. died the same Year; which Calvisius also agrees to.

〈…〉

A.D. 1106. a Star, which we call a Comet, appear'd.

A.D. 1106. a dreadful Comet appear'd, from the first Week in Lent, till the Vigil of Palm-Sunday. The same Year the Emperor Henry IV. died.

On the Year of our Lord 1106, the 14th of the Calends of March, [Feb. 16.] a certain strange Star was discovered, and was seen to shine between the South and West for 25 Days, after the same manner, and at the same Hour. It seemed to be small and obscure; but that Light which went out from it was exceeding bright, and a Splendor, like a great Beam, proceeded from the East and North, and shot it self upon the same Star.

In these Testimonies, we may see that all the Circumstances of this Comet agree to that of A.D. 1680. I mean the Smallness and Obscurity of its Nucleus, the Brightness and Remarkableness of its Tail, its Position South-West, and the Direction of its Tail North-East. So that there is no Reason 〈◊〉 doubt, but it was the very same. Only we must here note, that these two Periods were, one with another, three Quarters of a Year shorter •han the last Period. For from September, in the •4th Year before Christ, till February or March A. D. 1106. are but 1148½ Years, or two Periods of •74¼ a-piece, one with another: whereas from •he same February or March A.D. 1106. till Febru ••y or March 1680/1, when this Comet was about 〈◊〉 same Position again, there are just 575 Years. 〈◊〉 is rather a Wonder, that the three last Periods 〈◊〉 our Famous Comet are so very nearly equal, ••an that there is this small Inequality among ••em. Nor is it, by the way, any Wonder there ••re, that the four first Periods after the Deluge are 〈◊〉 be suppos'd one with another rather above 576 •ears, to agree exactly to that Time. 'Tis rather 〈◊〉 Question whether the rest of the Comets Periods •ill prove any of them near so equal in Proportion, 〈◊〉 even that Allowance makes these to be. Accord ••gly, Sir Isaac Newton and Dr. Halley rightly observe,
Princip. p. 480. Praelect. Physico. Math. p. 358, 359.

••at these Cometary Orbits are the most easily 〈◊〉 sensibly disturb'd by the occasional Nearness of ••eir Comets to other Bodies of all others; and so considerable Inequalities are to be expected among them.

Note, (1.) That it is highly remarkable, that this is the only Comet yet known, whose Node renders it capable of approaching very near the Body of the Earth; and that the same Node is still so little remote from the Earth's Orbit, as Dr. Halley well observes, that it brought this Comet about as near to the same as the Moon this very last time. Hear his remarkable Words, and consider the Consequence of them in this Matter.
Synops. Comet. in calce.

'No Comet, says he, has hitherto threatned the Earth with a nearer Appulse than that of 1680. For by Calculation, I find that November 11th 1h 6′ after Noon, that Comet was not above a Semidiameter of the Sun, (which I take to be equal to the Distance of the Moon) to the Northwards of the Way of the Earth. At which time, had the Earth been there, the Comet would, I think, have had a Parallax equal to that of the Moon.' Nor can I pass over his following Words without setting them down, they are so apposite to my present Purpose. 'The former Observations, says he, are to be suppos'd as spoken to Astronomers. But what might be the Consequences of so near an Appulse, or of a Contact, or lastly of a Collision of these celestial Bodies, (which are none of them impossible) I leave to be discuss'd by the Philosophers.'

(2.) Since this Comet's Period is 575 Years, its middle Distance must be about 5,600,000,000 Miles from the Sun; its longer Axis and greatest Distance twice so long, or nearly 11,200,000,000 Miles; its Aphelion Distance about 14 times as great as the Distance of Saturn; its greatest Distance to its least, as above 20,000 to 1: and so its greatest Light and Heat to its least, as above 400,000,000 to 1.

(3.) Since 575 Years appears to be the Period of the Comet that caus'd the Deluge, what a learned Friend of mine, who was the Occasion of my Examination of this Matter, suggests, will deserve to be considered, viz. Whether the Story of •he Phoenix, that celebrated Emblem of the Resurrection in Christian Antiquity; [that it returns once after 5 Centuries, and goes to the Altar and City of •he Sun, and is there burnt; and another arises out of its Ashes, and carries away the Remains of the former, &c.] be not an Allegorical Representation of this Comet; [which returns once after 5 Centuries, and goes down to the Sun, and is there vehemently heated, and its outward Regions dissolv'd; yet that it flies off again, and carries away what remains after that terrible burning, &c.] and whether the Conflagration and Renovation of •hings, which some such Comet in its Ascent from •e Sun may bring upon the Earth, be not hereby •refigur'd. I will not here be positive; but I own •hat I don't know of any Solution of this famous Piece of Egyptian Mythology and Hieroglyphicks, 〈◊〉 this seems to be, that can be compared with it.

Note, (4.) That none of those Comets whose Or •its are yet known, can come near enough to our Earth in their Ascent from the Sun to cause the Conflagration. This is evident to those who con ••der Dr. Halley's Table, or my Solar System built •pon it; since none of them move in or very near •he Plane of the Ecliptick; and those four which •ave their Nodes nearest the Earth's Orbit, and so might approach nearest to the Earth, are either ••ch as have these Nodes so near only in their De ••ent to the Sun; as that in 1472, and that in 1618, •nd that in 1680; or go not any time much near •… to the Sun than the Earth it self, as that in 1684, •nd so are on all Accounts utterly incapable of affording Heat enough for such a Conflagration.

Note (5.) That therefore the Period of Time for that Conflagration, upon the Supposition that it is to be caused by a Comet, cannot now be discover'd by any natural Means; but must still remain, as formerly, only knowable from Divine Revelation.

New Theory, p. 45
•

, •453.Note (6.) That hence those remarkable Corollaries, drawn from the accurate Solution of such Difficulties now, as formerly were plainly insoluble; I mean, the great Regard due to the Ancientest Sacred and Prophane Records, and to the inspired Method whence they must have been deriv'd; the Imperfection of Human Knowledge; the Folly of rejecting Revealed Truths, out of regard to uncertain Human Reasonings; the Wisdom of adhering to the most obvious Sense of Scripture; the Reasonableness of believing Scripture-Accounts and Scripture-Mysteries, tho' not fully comprehended by us; the Justness of expecting Satisfaction in moral Difficulties in due time from the like Satisfaction afforded already in those that are Philosophical, and the like, do all receive a new and surprizing Confirmation; and will therefore deserve a new and serious Consideration.

N.B. Dr. Halley having himself given an Account of this Comet lately in Dr. Gregory's English Astronomy, P. 901, 902, 903, I here present it to the Reader verbatim, that he may compare the two Accounts together, for his more entire Satisfaction.

"But as far as Probability from the Equality of Periods, and similar Appearance of Comets, may be urged as an Argument, the late wondrous Comet of 1680/1, seems to have been the same, which was seen in the Time of our King Henry I. Anno 1106, which began to appear in the West about the middle of February, and continued for many Days after, with such a Tail as was seen in that of 1680/1. And again in the Consulate of Lampadius and Orestes, about the Year of Christ 531, such another Comet appeared in the West, of which Malela, perhaps an Eyewitness, relates that it was 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, a great and fearful Star; that it appeared in the West, and emitted upwards from it a long white Beam; and was seen for 20 Days. It were to be wish'd the Historian had told us what Time of the Year it was seen; but 'tis however plain, that the Interval between this and that of 1106, is nearly equal to that between 1106 and 1680/1, viz. about 575 Years. And if we reckon backward such another Period, we shall come to the 44th Year before Christ, in which Julius Caesar was murder'd, and in which there appear'd a very remarkable Comet, mentioned by almost all the Historians of those Times, and by Pliny in his Natural History, lib. 11. c. 24. who recites the Words of Augustus Caesar on this Occasion, which lead us to the very Time of its Appearance, and its Situation in the Heavens. These Words being very much to our purpose, it may not be amiss to recite them. In ipsis Ludorum meorum diebus, sydus crinitum per septem dies, in regione Coeli quae sub Septentrionibus est conspectum. Id oriebatur circa undecimam horam diei, clarum{que} & omnibus terris conspicuum fuit. Now these Ludi were dedicated Veneri genetrici, (for from Venus the Caesars would be thought to be descended,) and began with the Birth-day of Augustus, viz. Sept. 23. (as may be collected from a Fragment of an Old Roman Calendar extant in Gruter, pag. 135.) and continued for 7 Days, during which the Comet appeared. Nor are we to suppose that it was seen only those 7 Days, but possibly both before and after. Nor are we to interpret the Words sub Septentrionibus, as if the Comet had appear'd in the North, but that it was seen under the Septem triones, or brighter Stars of Ursa major. And as to its rising Hora undecima diei, it can no ways be understood, unless the word diei be left out, as it is by Suetonius; for it must have been very far from the Sun, either to rise at Five in the Afternoon, or at Eleven at Night; in which Cases it must have appeared for a long time, and its Tail have been so little remarkable, that it could by no means be call'd, Clarum & omnibus Terris conspicuum Sydus. But supposing this Comet to have traced the same Path with that of the Year 1680, the ascending part of the Orb will exactly represent all that Augustus hath said concerning it; and is yet an additional Argument to that drawn from the Equality of the Period. Thus 'tis not improbable but this Comet may have four times visited us at Intervals of about 575 Years: Whence the Transverse Diameter of its Elliptic Orb will be found √3575×575 times greater than the annual Orb; or 138 times greater than the mean Distance of the Sun; which Distance, tho' immensely great, bears no Proportion to that of the Fixed Stars."

FINIS.

A Compleat Catalogue of Mr. WHISTON's Writings, according to the Order of Time when they were Publish'd.

ENGLISH.

- (1.) A New Theory of the Earth, from the Creation to the Consummation of all Things, 2d Edition, with great Corrections and Improvements. 8vo. Price bound 6s.

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LATIN.

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- V. C. Algebrae Elementa. 8vo. 4s. 6d.

The 35th, 36th and 37th, are also publish'd in English, under the Author's Review.

N.B. These Books are Sold by the Author Himself in Cross-street, Hatton-Garden; or by Mr. Tooke near Temple Bar; or by Mr. Clarke in the Poultrey; or by Mr. Senex at the Globe, near Salisbury-Court, Fleet street; and Mr. Taylor at the Ship in Pater-Noster-Row; or by Mr. James Roberts, the Publisher, in Warwick-Lane, London: or by Mr. Crownfield at the University-Press, Cambridge: For some of whom they were all Printed. His Astronomical Instrument, called the Copernicus, is Sold by Himself, and Mr. Senex; as also by Mr. Hudson, at the Cabinet in Frith-street, near Soho-Square. Price 6 Guineas.

March 25, 1717.
W.W.

Information about this book

Title statement

The cause of the deluge demonstrated

Whiston, William, 1667-1752.

Publication

Distributor

University of Oxford Text Archive
Oxford University Computing Services
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ota@oucs.ox.ac.uk

ID [ota]

http://ota.ox.ac.uk/id/5386

ID [isbn10]

1106023854

ID [isbn13]

9781106023858

ID [TCP]

K114699.000

ID [BIBNO]

CW3308499392

ID [ECMS]

0591000200

Availability

Distributed by the University of Oxford under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License

Source

— The cause of the deluge demonstrated, Whiston, William, 1667-1752.. 14,[4]p. ; 8⁰. [London,. 1717?]. [Intended as an appendix to the second edition of 'New Theory of the Earth' by William Whiston.] [With two final leaves of 'A compleat catalogue of Mr. Whiston's writings'.] [Reproduction of original from the British Library.] [English Short Title Catalog, ESTCT147756.] [Electronic data. Farmington Hills, Mich. : Thomson Gale, 2003. Page image (PNG). Digitized image of the microfilm version produced in Woodbridge, CT by Research Publications, 1982-2002 (later known as Primary Source Microfilm, an imprint of the Gale Group).]

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