Arctic zoology: ... [pt.2]

Table of contents

- [titlepage]

- [halftitle]

- CLASS II. BIRDS.

- DIV. I. LAND BIRDS.

- ORDER I. RAPACIOUS.

- I. VULTURE, Gen. Birds I.

- 86. CARRION.

- II. FALCON, Gen. Birds II.

- 86. A. SEA EAGLE.

- 87. BLACK EAGLE.

- 88. BLACK-CHEEKED EAGLE.

- 89. WHITE-HEADED EAGLE.

- 90. WHITE EAGLE.

- 91. OSPREY.

- 92. ROUGH-LEGGED.

- 93. ST. JOHN'S.

- 94. CHOCOLATE-COLORED.

- 95. NEWFOUND LAND.

- 96. SACRE.

- 97. PERIGRINE.

- 98. GENTIL.

- 99. GOSHAWK.

- 100. RED-TAILED.

- 101. LEVERIAN.

- 102. RED-SHOULDERED.

- 103. BUZZARD.

- 104. PLAIN.

- 105. MARSH.

- 106. RINGTAIL.

- 107. WINTER.

- 108. SWALLOW-TAILED.

- 109. BUZZARDET.

- 110. LITTLE.

- MALE.

- [part]

- 111. PIGEON.

- 112. DUBIOUS.

- 113. DUSKY.

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- III. OWL. Gen. Birds. III.

- * EARED OWLS.

- 114. EAGLE.

- 115. LONG-EARED.

- 116. SHORT-EARED.

- 117. RED.

- 118. MOTTLED.

- ** WITHOUT EARS.

- 119. WAPACUTHU.

- 120. SOOTY.

- 121. SNOWY.

- 122. BARRED.

- 123. HAWK.

- 124. WHITE.

- 125. BROWN.

- 126. LITTLE.

- * EARED.

- * * EARLESS.

- ORDER II. PIES.

- IV. SHRIKE. Gen. Birds IV.

- 127. GREAT.

- 128. BLACK-CROWNED.

- 129. CRESTED.

- 130. NATKA.

- 131. RED-BACKED.

- [species]

- [species]

- V. PARROT, Gen. Birds V.

- 132. CAROLINA.

- 133. ILLINOIS.

- VI. CROW. Gen. Birds XII.

- 134. RAVEN.

- 135. CARRION.

- 136. MAGPIE.

- 137. CINEREOUS.

- 138. BLUE.

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- ROLLER. Gen. Birds XIII.

- [species]

- VII. ORIOLE. Gen. Birds XIV.

- 140. RED-WING.

- 141. WHITE-BACKED.

- 142. BALTIMORE.

- 143. BASTARD.

- 144. BLACK.

- 145. BROWN-HEADED.

- 146. RUSTY.

- 147. WHITE-HEADED.

- 148. HUDSONIAN WHITE-HEADED.

- 149. OLIVE.

- 150. YELLOW-THROATED.

- 151. UNALASCH KA.

- 152. SHARP-TAILED.

- VIII. GRAKLE. Gen. Birds, XV.

- 153. PURPLE.

- 154. BOAT-TAIL.

- IX. CUCKOO. Gen. Birds, XIX.

- 155. CAROLINA.

- [species]

- WRYNECK. Gen. Birds, XX.

- [species]

- X. WOODPECKER. Gen. Birds, XXI.

- 156. WHITE-BILLED.

- 157. PILEATED.

- 158. GOLDEN-WING.

- 159. FERRUGI NOUS.

- 160. RED-HEADED.

- 161. CAROLINA.

- 162. SPOTTED.

- 163. CANADA SPOTTED.

- 164. HAIRY.

- 165. DOWNY.

- 166. YELLOW-BELLIED.

- 167. YELLOW-LEGGED.

- 168. THREE-TOED.

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- XI. KINGFISHER. Gen. Birds, XXIII.

- 169. BELTED.

- [species]

- XII. NUTHATCH. Gen. Birds, XXIV.

- 170. CANADA.

- 171. BLACK-HEADED.

- 172. LEST.

- XIII. TODY. Gen. Birds, XXV.

- 173. DUSKY.

- HOOPOE. Gen. Birds, XXVII.

- [species]

- XIV. CREEPER. Gen. Birds, XXVIII.

- 174. EUROPEAN.

- 175. BAHAMA.

- XV. HONEYSUCKER. Gen. Birds, XXIX.

- 176. RED-THROATED.

- 177. RUFFED.

- ORDER III. GALLINACEOUS.

- XVI. TURKEY. Gen. Birds, XXXI.

- 178. WILD.

- XVII. GROUS. Gen. Birds. XXXVI.

- 179. RUFFED.

- 180. PINNATED.

- 181. SHARP-TAILED.

- 182. SPOTTED.

- 183. WHITE.

- 184. ROCK.

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- XVII. PARTRIDGE. Gen. Birds, XXXVII.

- 185. MARYLAND.

- [species]

- [species]

- XVIII. BUSTARD. Gen. Birds. XXXIX.

- 186. NORTON SOUND.

- [species]

- ORDER IV. COLUMBINE.

- XIX. PIGEON. Gen. Birds, XL.

- 187. PASSENGER.

- 188. CAROLINA.

- 189. WHITE-CROWNED.

- 190. CANADA.

- 191. GROUND.

- [part]

- [species]

- [species]

- ORDER V. PASSERINE.

- XX. STARE. Gen. Birds. XLI.

- 192. CRESCENT.

- 193. LOUISIANE.

- [species]

- WATER OUZEL.

- XXI. THRUSH. Gen. Birds. XLII.

- 194. MIMIC.

- [species]

- [species]

- 195. FERRUGI NOUS.

- 196. RED-BREASTED.

- 197. VARIED.

- 198. TAWNY.

- 199. BROWN.

- 200. RED-LEGGED.

- 201. LITTLE.

- 202. UNALASCHA.

- 203. GOLDEN-CROWNED.

- 204. HUDSONIAN.

- 205. NEW-YORK.

- 206. LABRADOR.

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- XXII. CHATTERER. Gen. Birds, XLIII.

- 207. PRIB.

- XXIII. GROSBEAK. Gen. Birds, XLV.

- 208. CROSSBILL.

- 209. PINE.

- 210. CARDINAL.

- 211. POPE.

- 212. RED-BREASTED.

- 213. SPOTTED.

- 214. FANTAIL.

- 215. YELLOW-BELLIED.

- 216. DUSKY.

- 217. BLUE.

- 218. PURPLE.

- 219. GREY.

- 220. CANADA.

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- XXIV. BUNTING. Gen. Birds, XLVI.

- 221. WHITE-CROWNED.

- 222. SNOW.

- 223. BLACK.

- 224. TOWHEE.

- 225. RICE.

- 226. PAINTED.

- 227. LOUISIANE.

- 228. BLACK-THROATED.

- 229. UNALASCHA.

- 230. BLACK-CROWNED.

- 231. RUSTY.

- 232. UNALASCHA.

- 233. CINEREOUS.

- 233. A VAR.

- 234. BLUE.

- 235. INDIGO.

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- XXV. TANAGER. Gen. Birds. XLVII.

- 236. SUMMER.

- 237. CANADA.

- 238. OLIVE.

- 239. GREY.

- 240. BISHOP.

- XXVI. FINCH. Gen. Birds. XLVIII.

- 241. COWPEN.

- 242. GOLDEN.

- 243. NEW-YORK SISKIN.

- 244. ORANGE.

- 245. RED-BREASTED.

- 246. TREE.

- 247. BAHAMA.

- 248. WHITE-THROATED.

- 249. YELLOW-THROATED.

- 250. STRIPED.

- 251. FERRUGI NOUS.

- 252. FASCIATED.

- 253. GRASS.

- 254. WINTER.

- 255. BLACK-FACED.

- 256. NORTON.

- 257. CRIMSON-HEAD.

- 258. PURPLE.

- 259. LAPLAND.

- 260. CINEREOUS.

- 261. GREATER REDPOLL.

- 262. LESSER REDPOLL.

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- XXVII. FLY-CATCHER. Gen. Birds, XLIX.

- 263. TYRANT.

- 264. LOUISIANA TYRANT.

- 265. FORK-TAIL.

- 266. CHATTER ING.

- 267. CRESTED.

- 268. LESSER-CRESTED.

- 269. BLACK-HEADED.

- 270. CINEREOUS.

- 271. RED-EYED.

- 272. CAT.

- 273. CANADA.

- 274. GREEN.

- 275. DUSKY.

- 276. GOLDEN-THROAT.

- 277. STRIPED.

- [species]

- [species]

- XXVIII. LARK. Gen. Birds, L.

- 278. SHORE.

- 279. RED.

- 280. CALANDRA.

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- WAGTAIL. Gen. Birds. LI.

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- XXIX. WARBLER. Gen. Birds, LII.

- 281. BLUE-BACKED RED-BREAST.

- 282. BLACK-HEADED.

- 283. YELLOW-BREAST.

- 284. ORANGE-THIGHED.

- 285. BLACK-THROAT.

- 286. YELLOW-THROAT.

- 287. HOODED.

- 288. YELLOW-RUMP.

- 289. RED-HEAD.

- 290. BLACK-POLL.

- 291. GREY-POLL.

- 292. YELLOW-POLL.

- 293. WHITE-POLL.

- 294. GOLDEN-CROWNED.

- 295. GOLD-WING.

- 296. YELLOW-FRONTED.

- 297. GREEN.

- 298. BLOODY-SIDE.

- 299. CAERULEAN.

- 300. WORM-EATER.

- 301. YELLOW-TAIL.

- 302. SPOTTED.

- 303. LOUISIANE.

- 304. ORANGE-THROAT.

- 305. QUEBEC.

- 306. BELTED.

- 307. OLIVE.

- 308. NEW-YORK.

- 309. DUSKY.

- 310. PROTHONO TARY.

- 311. HALF-COL LARED.

- 312. ORANGE-BELLIED.

- 313. OLIVE-BROWN.

- 314. GRASSET.

- 315. GREY-THROAT.

- 316. GUIRA.

- 317. BLACK-BURNIAN.

- 318. PINE.

- 319. YELLOW.

- 320. RUBY-CROWNED.

- 321. GOLDEN-CRESTED.

- 322. WREN.

- 323. BUSH?

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- * * WITH PARTICOLORED TAILS.

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- XXX. TITMOUSE. Gen. Birds LIV.

- 324. TOUPET.

- 325. VIRGINIAN.

- 326. CREEPING.

- 327. COLEMOUSE.

- 328. CANADA.

- 329. HUDSON'S BAY.

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- XXXI. SWALLOW. Gen. Birds, LV.

- 330. CHIMNEY.

- 331. MARTIN.

- 332. SAND.

- 333. PURPLE SWIFT.

- 334. SWIFT.

- 335. ACULEATED.

- XXXII. GOATSUCKER. Gen. Birds, LVI.

- 336. SHORT-WINGED.

- 337. LONG-WINGED.

- [species]

- DIV. II. WATER FOWLS. SECT. I. CLOVEN-FOOTED. DIV. II. Water-Fowls.

- SECT. I. CLOVEN-FOOTED.

- XXXIII. SPOON-BILL. Gen. Birds, LIX.

- 338. ROSEATE.

- [species]

- XXXIV. HERON. Gen. Birds, LXIII.

- 339. HOOPING CRANE.

- 340. BROWN CRANE.

- 341. GREAT.

- 342. RED-SHOUL DERED.

- 343. COMMOM HERON.

- 344. GREAT WHITE.

- 345. LITTLE WHITE.

- 346. GREAT EGRET.

- 347. LITTLE EGRET.

- 348. REDDISH EGRET.

- 349. GREEN.

- 350. LOUISIANE.

- 351. BLUE.

- 352. YELLOW-CROWNED.

- 353. ASH-COLOR ED.

- 354. STREAKED.

- 355. GARDENIAN.

- 356. NIGHT.

- 357. BITTERN.

- 358. RUSTY-CROWNED.

- 359. LITTLE.

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- XXXV. IBIS. Gen. Birds, LXV.

- 360. WOOD.

- 361. SCARLET.

- 362. BROWN.

- 363. WHITE.

- [species]

- XXXVI. CURLEW. Gen. Birds, LXVI.

- 364. ESKIMAUX.

- [species]

- [species]

- XXXVII. SNIPE. Gen. Birds, LXVII.

- 365. LITTLE WOODCOCK.

- 366. COMMON SNIPE.

- 367. JACK.

- 368. RED-BREAST ED SNIPE.

- 369. BROWN.

- 370. NODDING.

- 371. GREAT GODWIT.

- 372. RED.

- 373. COMMON.

- 374. SPOTTED.

- 375. JADREKA.

- 376. STONE.

- 377. REDSHANK.

- 378. YELLOW-SHANKS.

- 379. GREEN-SHANK.

- 380. SEMIPAL MATED.

- 381. BLACK.

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- XXXVIII. SANDPIPER. Gen. Birds, LXVIII.

- 382. HEBRIDAL.

- 383. STRIATED.

- 384. KNOT.

- 385. SPOTTED.

- 386. ASH-COLORED.

- 387. NEW YORK.

- 388. COMMON.

- 389. GREEN.

- 390. PURRE.

- 391. DUNLIN.

- 392. RED.

- 393. GREY.

- 394. GAMBET.

- 395. ARMED.

- 396. SWISS.

- 397. LITTLE.

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- XXXIX. PLOVER. Gen. Birds, LXIX.

- 398. ALWARGRIM.

- 399. GOLDEN.

- 400. NOISY.

- 401. RINGED.

- 402. BLACK-CROWNED.

- 403. SANDER LING.

- 404. RUDDY.

- 405. LONG-LEG GED.

- [species]

- [species]

- XL. OYSTER-CATCHER. Gen. Birds.

- 406. PIED.

- XLI. RAIL. Gen. Birds. LXXIII.

- 407. CLAPPER.

- 408. VIRGINIAN.

- XLII. GALLINULE. Gen. Birds. LXXV.

- 409. SOREE.

- 410. YELLOW-BRRASTRD.

- 411. COMMON.

- [species]

- DIV. II. SECT. II. PINNATED FEET. DIV. II. SECT. II. PINNATED FEET.

- XLIII. PHALAROPE. Gen. Birds, LXXVI.

- 412. GREY.

- 413. RED.

- 414. BROWN.

- 415. PLAIN.

- XLIV. COOT. Gen. Birds. LXXVII.

- 416. COMMON.

- XLV. GREBE. Gen. Birds, LXXVIII.

- 417. HORNED.

- 418. PIED-BILL.

- 419. LOUISIANE.

- 420. DUSKY.

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- DIV. II. SECT. III. WEB-FOOTED. DIV. II. SECT. III. WEB-FOOTED.

- * WITH LONG LEGS.

- XLVI. AVOSET. Gen. Birds, LXXIX.

- 421. AMERICAN.

- [species]

- [species]

- XLVII. FLAMMANT. Gen. Birds, LXXXI.

- 422. RED.

- * WITH SHORT LEGS.

- XLVIII. ALBATROSS. Gen. Birds, LXXXII.

- 423. WANDERING.

- XLIX. AUK. Gen. Birds, LXXXIII.

- 424. GREAT.

- 425. RAZOR-BILL.

- 426. BLACK-BIL LED.

- 427. PUFFIN.

- 428. LABRADOR.

- 429. LITTLE.

- 430. ANTIENT.

- 431. PYGMY.

- 432. TUFTED.

- 433. PERROQUET.

- 434. CRESTED.

- 435. DUSKY.

- L. GUILLEMOT. Gen. Birds, LXXXIV.

- 436. FOOLISH.

- 437. BLACK.

- 438. MARBLED.

- LI. DIVER. Gen. Birds, LXXXV.

- 439. NORTHERN.

- 440. IMBER.

- 441. SPECKLED.

- 442. STRIPED.

- 443. RED-THROATED.

- 444. BLACK-THROATED.

- LII. SKIMMER. Gen. Birds, LXXXVI.

- 445. CUT-WATER.

- LIII. TERN. Gen. Birds, LXXXVII.

- 446. NODDY.

- 447. SOOTY.

- 448. GREAT.

- 449. LESSER.

- 450. BLACK.

- [species]

- [species]

- LIV. GULL. Gen. Birds, LXXXVIII.

- 451. BLACK-BACKED.

- 452. HERRING.

- 453. WAGEL.

- 454. LAUGHING.

- 455. BLACK-HEADED.

- 456. KITTIWAKE.

- 457. IVORY.

- 458. COMMON.

- 459. ARCTIC.

- 460. BLACK-TOED.

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- LV. PETREL. Gen. Birds, LXXXIX.

- 461. FULMAR.

- 462. SHEAR-WATER.

- 463. FORK-TAIL.

- 464. STORMY.

- [species]

- LVI. MERGANSER. Gen. Birds, XC.

- 465. GOOSANDER.

- 466. RED-BREASTED.

- 467. HOODED.

- 468. SMEW.

- [species]

- LVII. DUCK. Gen. Birds, XCI.

- 469. WHISTLING SWAN.

- 470. MUTE SWAN.

- 471. CANADA GOOSE.

- 472. BEAN GOOSE.

- 473. GREY LAG GOOSE.

- 474. BLUE-WING ED GOOSE.

- 475. BERING.

- 476. WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE.

- 477. SNOW.

- 478. BRENT.

- 479. BERNACLE.

- 480. EIDER.

- 481. KING.

- 482. VELVET.

- 483. BLACK.

- 484. SCOTER.

- 485. SHOVELER.

- 486. GOLDEN-EYE.

- 487. SPIRIT.

- 488. PIED.

- 489. BUFFEL.

- 490. HARLEQUIN.

- 491. POCHARD.

- 492. WHISTLING.

- 493. SUMMER.

- 494. MALLARD.

- 495. ILATHERA.

- 496. DUSKY.

- 497. WESTERN.

- 498. SCAUP.

- 499. BROWN.

- 500. PINTAIL.

- 501. LONG-TAILED.

- 502. AMERICAN WIGEON.

- 503. WHITE-FACED.

- [species]

- 504. AMERICAN TEAL.

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- LVIII. PELECAN. Gen. Birds, XCIII.

- 505. GREAT.

- 506. DUSKY.

- 507. CHARLES-TOWN.

- 508. SHAG.

- 509. CORVORANT.

- 510. GANNET.

- [species]

- [species]

- [species]

- INDEX.

- ERRATA AND CORRECTIONS.

CLASS II. BIRDS.

ARCTIC ZOOLOGY.

VOL. II.

CLASS II. BIRDS.

P. Marell sculp. PIED DUCK, No 488.

LONDON: PRINTED BY HENRY HUGHS.

M.DCC.LXXXV.

CLASS II. BIRDS.

CLASS II. BIRDS.

- DIV. I. LAND BIRDS.

- II. WATER BIRDS.

DIV. I.

- ORDER I. RAPACIOUS.

- Genus. I. VULTURE.

- Genus. II. FALCON.

- Genus. III. OWL.

- II. PIES.

- Genus. IV. SHRIKE.

- Genus. V. PARROT.

- Genus. VI. CROW.

- [*]Roller.

- Genus. VII. ORIOLE.

- Genus. VIII. GRAKLE.

- Genus. IX. CUCKOO.

- Wryneck.

- Genus. X. WOODPECKER.

- Genus. XI. KINGFISHER.

- Genus. XII. NUTHATCH.

- Genus. XIII. TODY.

- Hoopoe.

- Genus. XIV. CREEPER.

- Genus. XV. HONEY SUCKER.

- III. GALLINACEOUS.

- Genus. XVI. TURKEY.

- Genus. XVII. GROUS.

- Genus. XVIII. PARTRIDGE.

- Genus. XIX. BUSTARD.

- IV. COLUMBINE.

- Genus. XX. PIGEON.

- V. PASSERRINE.

- Genus. XXI. STARE.

- Genus. XXII. THRUSH.

- Genus. XXIII. CHATTERER.

- Genus. XXIV. GROSBEAK.

- Genus. XXV. BUNTING.

- Genus. XXVI. TANAGRE.

- Genus. XXVII. FINCH.

- Genus. XXVIII. FLYCATCHER.

- Genus. XXIX. LARK.

- Wagtail.

- Genus. XXX. WARBLERS.

- Genus. XXXI. TITMOUSE.

- Genus. XXXII. SWALLOW.

- Genus. XXXIII. GOATSUCKER.

DIV. II. WATER BIRDS.

- VI. CLOVEN-FOOTED.

- Genus. XXXIV. SPOONBILL.

- Genus. XXXV. HERON.

- Genus. XXXVI. IBIS.

- Genus. XXXVII. CURLEW.

- Genus. XXXVIII. SNIPE.

- Genus. XXXIX. SANDPIPER.

- Genus. XL. PLOVER.

- Genus. XLI. OYSTER-CATCHER.

- Genus. XLII. RAIL.

- Genus. XLIII. GALLINULE.

- VII. PINNATED FEET.

- Genus. XLIV. PHALAROPE.

- Genus. XLV. COOT.

- Genus. XLVI. GREBE.

- VIII. WEB-FOOTED.

- Genus. XLVII. AVOSET.

- Genus. XLVIII. FLAMMANT.

- Genus. XLIX. ALBATROSS.

- Genus. L. AUK.

- Genus. LI. GUILLEMOT.

- Genus. LII. DIVER.

- Genus. LIII. SKIMMER.

- Genus. LIV. TERN.

- Genus. LV. GULL.

- Genus. LVI. PETREL.

- Genus. LVII. MERGANSER.

- Genus. LVIII. DUCK.

- Genus. LIX. PELECAN.

Notes

*
The Genera which have not the number prefixed, are not found in America.
↵

DIV. I. LAND BIRDS.

ORDER I. RAPACIOUS.

I. VULTURE, Gen. Birds I.

86. CARRION.

- Urubu, Aura Tzopilotl, Mexic. Margrave, 207, 208.—Wil. Orn. 68.—Raii Syn. Av. 180.

- Carrion Crow, Sloane Jam. ii. 294.—Brown Jam. 471:

- Corvus Sylvaticus, Barrere, 129.

- Gallinazo, Ulloa voy. i. 60. 201.

- Turkey Buzzard, Josselyn.—Lawson, 138.—Catesby, i. 6.—Bancroft, 152.—Du Pratz, ii. 77.

- Vultur Aura, Lin. Syst. 122.—De Buffon, i. 175.—Pl. Enl. No 187.

- Le Vautour du Brasil, Brisson, i. 468.—Latham, i. 9. No 5.—LEV. MUS.

WEIGHT four pounds and an half. Head small,
DESCRIPTION.

covered with a naked wrinkled red skin, beset with black bristles. This gives it some resemblance to a Turkey; from which it derives one of the names. The nostrils are very large, and pervious: the whole plumage is dusky, dashed with purple and green: legs of a dirty flesh-color: claws black.

These birds are common from Nova Scotia to Terra del Fuego;
PLACE.

but swarm in the hotter parts of America; and are found in the islands, where they are said to be far inferior in size to those of North America.

In the warm climates they keep in vast flocks.
MANNERS.

Perch at night on rocks or trees; sitting with dishevelled wings to purify their bodies, which are most offensively fetid. Towards morning they take flight, soaring at a vast height, with the gentle motion of a kite; expecting notice of their banquet by the tainted effluvia of carrion, excrements, or any filth. They have most sagacious nostrils, and smell their prey at a vast distance; to which they resort from all quarters, wheeling about, and making a gradual descent till they reach the ground. They do not confine themselves to dead animals, but feed on Snakes, and sometimes on Lambs. They are very tame, and, while they are at their meals, will suffer a very near approach.

In the torrid zone, particularly about Carthagena, they haunt inhabited places, and are seen in numbers sitting on the roofs of the houses, or walking along the streets with a sluggish pace. In those parts they are useful, as the IBIS in Egypt, devouring the noisome subjects, which would otherwise, by the intolerable stench, render the climate still more unwholesome than it is.

When these birds find no food in the cities, they are driven by hunger among the cattle of the neighboring pastures. If they see a beast with a sore on the back, they instantly alight on it, and attack the part affected. The poor animal attempts in vain to free itself from the devourers, rolling on the ground with hideous cries: but in vain; for the Vultures never quit hold, till they have effected its destruction. Sometimes an Eagle presides at the banquet, and keeps these cowardly birds at a distance, until it has finished its repast.

USES.

Mischievous as they are in a few instances, yet, by the wise and beneficent dispensations of Providence, they make in the hot climates full recompence, by lessening the number of those destructive animals the Alligators, which would otherwise become intolerable by their multitudes. During the season in which these reptiles lay their eggs in the sand, the Vultures will sit hid in the leaves of the trees, watching the coming of the female Alligator to deposit its eggs, who then covers them with sand, to secure them, as she imagines, from all danger: but no sooner does she retire into the water, than the birds dart on the spot, and with claws, wings, and beak, tear away the sand, and devour the whole contents of the depository.

No birds of this genus are found in northern regions of Europe or Asia, at lest in those latitudes which might give them a pretence of appearing here. I cannot find them in our quarter of the globe higher than the Grison Alps [*], or Silesia [†]; or at farthest Kalish, in Great Poland [‡]. Certainly the Count De Buffon was misinformed as to the habitation of the species, which he ascribes to Norway ‖. In the Russian dominions, the Bearded Vulture of Mr. Edwards, iii. tab. 106. breeds on the high rocks of the great Altaic chain, and beyond lake Baikal [§]; which may give it in Europe a latitude of 52. 20. in Asia of 55.

II. FALCON, Gen. Birds II.

86. A. SEA EAGLE.

- Br. Zool. i. No 44.

- Falco Ossifragus, Lin. Syst. 124.—Latham, i. 30.—Pl Enl. 12. 415.

- Grey Eagle, Lawson, 137.

- Land Oern, Leems, 230.

- L'Orfraie, De Buffon, i. 112. pl. 3.—LEV. MUS.

VARIES a little from the British species, and is much superior in size. The length three feet three inches; of wing, twenty-five inches.

Feathers on head, neck, and back, brown, edged with dirty white: chin white: breast and belly brown, spotted with white: coverts of wings brown, clouded; primaries black: tail dusky; the middle mottled with white: legs feathered half down.

PLACE.

Very common in the northern parts of America, and endures its severest winters, even as high as Newfoundland. These birds prey on sea fowls, as well as land, and on young Seals, which they seize floating, and carry out of the water.

Eagles, and all sorts of birds of prey, abound in America, where such quantity of game is found. Multitudes are always seen below the falls of Niagara, invited by the carcases of Deer, Bears, and other animals, which are so frequently hurried down in attempting to cross the river above this stupendous cataract.

This species is very frequent in Kamtschatka; and is found during summer even on the Arctic coast: is very common in Russia and Sibiria; nor is it more rare about the Caspian sea, where they breed on the loftiest trees.

87. BLACK EAGLE.

- Br. Zool. i. No 43.

- Falco Fulvus, Lin. Syst. 125.—Latham, i. 32, No 6.

- White-tailed Eagle, Edw. i. 1.—LEV. MUS.

- L'Aigle commun, De Buffon, i. 86,—Pl. Enl. 409.—LEV. MUS.

THE whole plumage is of a dusky-brown: the breast marked with triangular spots of white; in which it varies from the British kind: the tail white, tipt with black; but in young birds dusky, blotched with white: legs covered to the toes with soft rust-colored feathers: vent feathers of the same color.

Inhabits Hudson's Bay, and northern Europe as far as Drontheim [*].
PLACE.

Is found on the highest rocks of the Uralian chain, where it is not covered with wood[†]; but is most frequent on the Sibirian, where it makes its nest on the loftiest rocks. It is rather inferior in size to the former; but is a generous, spirited, and docile bird. The independent Tartars train it for the chace of Hares, Foxes, Antelopes, and even Wolves. The use is of considerable antiquity; for Marco Polo, the great traveller of 1269, observed and admired the diversion of the great Cham of Tartary; who had several Eagles, which were applied to the same purposes as they are at present[‡]. I must add, that the Tartars esteem the feathers of the tail as the best they have for pluming their arrows.

The Kalmucs use, besides this species of Eagle, that which the French call Jean le Blanc ‖, and also the Lanner; all which breed among them: but people of rank, who are curious in their Falcons, procure from the Baschkirians the Gyrfalcon and the Peregrine, which inhabit the lofty mountains of the country[§].

88. BLACK-CHEEKED EAGLE.

F. With a dusky and blue bill; yellow cere: head, neck, and breast, of a deep ash-color: each cheek marked with a broad black bar passing from the corner of the mouth beyond the eyes: back, belly, wings, and tail, black: legs yellow, feathered below the knees.

SIZE, AND PLACE.

Is about the size of the last. Communicated to me by the late Taylor White, Esq who informed me that it came from North America. Is described by Mr. Latham, i. 35, No 10; and seems to be the species engraven by M. Robert, among the birds in the menagery of Louis XIV.

89. WHITE-HEADED EAGLE.

- Falco Leucocephalus, Lin. Syst. 124.

- Bald Eagle, Lawson, 137.—Catesby, i. 1[*]. Brickell, 173.—Latham, i. 29.—LEV. MUS.

- Le Pygargue a tête blanche, De Buffon, i. 99.—Pl. Enl. 411.—LEV. MUS.

BILL, cere, and feet, pale yellow: head, neck, and tail, of a pure white: body and wings of a chocolate-color. It does not acquire its white head till the second year.

This Eagle is lesser than the foregoing species, but of great spirit: preys on Fawns,
MANNERS.

Pigs, Lambs, and fish: is the terror of the Osprey, whose motions it watches. The moment the latter has seized a fish, the former pursues till the Osprey drops its prey; which, with amazing dexterity, it catches before it falls to the ground, be the distance ever so great. This is matter of great amusement to the inhabitants of North America, who often watch their aerial contests. This species frequently attends the sportsman, and snatches up the game he has shot, before he can reach it.

These birds build in vast decayed cypresses[†], or pines, impending over the sea, or some great river, in company with Ospreys, Herons, and other birds: and their nests are so numerous, as to resemble a rookery. The nests are very large, and very fetid by reason of the reliques of their prey. Lawson says, they breed very often, laying again under their callow young; whose warmth hatches the eggs. In Bering's isle they make their nests on the cliffs, near six feet wide, and one thick; and lay two eggs in the beginning of July.

90. WHITE EAGLE.

THIS most beautiful and scarce species is entirely white, except the tips of the wings, which are black. We know nothing of this bird, but what is collected from Du Pratz [*]. The natives of Louisiana set a high value on the feathers, and give a large price for those of the wings; with them they adorn the Calumet, or pipe of peace. Different nations make use of the wings, or feathers of different birds; but, according to Hennepin, always decorate it with the most beautiful.

The Calumet is an instrument of the first importance among the Americans. It is nothing more than a pipe,
CALUMET.

whose bowl is generally made of a soft red marble[†]: the tube of a very long reed, ornamented with the wings and feathers of birds. No affair of consequence is transacted without the Calumet. It ever appears in meetings of commerce, or exchanges; in congresses for determining of peace or war; and even in the very fury of a battle. The acceptance of the Calumet is a mark of concurrence with the terms proposed; as the refusal is a certain mark of rejection. Even in the rage of a conflict this pipe is sometimes offered; and if accepted, the weapons of destruction instantly drop from their hands, and a truce ensues. It seems the sacrament of the Savages; for no compact is ever violated, which is confirmed by a whiff from this holy reed. The Dance of the Calumet is a solemn rite which always confirms a peace, or precedes a war. It is divided into three parts: the first, appears an act of devotion, danced in measured time: the second, is a true representation of the Pyrrhic dance[‡]: the third, is attended with songs expressive of the victories they had obtained, the nations they had conquered, and the captives they had made.

From the winged ornaments of the Calumet, and its conciliating uses, writers compare it to the Caduceus of Mercury, which was carried by the Caduceatores, or messengers of peace, with terms to the hostile states. It is singular, that the most remote nations, and the most opposite in their other customs and manners, should in some things have, as it were, a certain consent of thought. The Greeks and the Americans had the same idea, in the invention of the Caduceus of the one, and the Calumet of the other. Some authors imagine, that among the Greeks the wings were meant as a symbol of eloquence. I rather think that the twisted Serpents expressed that insinuating faculty; and that the emblem was originally taken from the fatal effect the rhetoric of Satan had on our great mother, when he assumed the form of that reptile, which the highest authority represents as more subtile than any beast of the field. On this the heathen mythology formed their tale of Jupiter taking the figure of a Serpent, to insinuate himself into the good graces of Olympias; who, like Eve, fell a victim to his persuasive tongue. As to the wings, it is most probable that they were to shew the flight of discord; which the reconciled parties gave, with all the horrors of war, to the air, and sport of the winds.

The Oole, or Eagle, is a sacred bird among the Americans. In case of sickness, they invoke this bird to descend from heaven (which in its exalted flight it approaches nearer than any other) and bring down refreshing things; as it can dart down on its rapid wing quick as a flash of lightning[*].

91. OSPREY.

- Fishing Hawk, Catesby, i. 2.—Lawson, 137.—Brickell, 173.

- Osprey. Josselyn's Rarities, ii.—Br. Zool. i. No 46.—Latham, i. 45.

- Le Balbuzard, De Buffon, i. 103. pl. 2.

- Falco Haliaetus. Blafot. Fisk-orn, Faun. Suec. No 63.

- Fisk Gjoe, Leems, 234.—Pl. Enl. 414.—LEV. MUS.

F. With blue cere, and feet: head, and lower part of the body, white: upper part brown: two middle feathers of the tail plain brown; the rest barred with white and brown.

This, in all respects, resembles the European kind.
MANNERS.

Notwithstanding it is so persecuted by the Bald Eagle, yet it always keeps near its haunts. It is a species of vast quickness of sight; and will see a fish near the surface from a great distance[*]: descend with prodigious rapidity, and carry the prey with an exulting scream high into the air. The Eagle hears the note, and instantly attacks the Osprey; who drops the fish, which the former catches before it can reach the ground, or water. It sometimes happens that the Osprey perishes in taking its prey; for if it chances to fix its talons in an over-grown fish, it is drawn under water before it can disengage itself, and is drowned.

It is very frequent in Kamtschatka; and in summer,
PLACE.

even under the Arctic zone of Europe and Asia. Is very common in Sibiria, and spreads far north; probably common to the north of America, and Asia. Is rare in Russia. It is likewise very frequent as low on the Wolga as the tract between Sysran and Saratoff, where they are said to be the support of the Ern Eagle, as they are of the White-tailed Eagle in America, each living by the labors of the Osprey. The Tartars have a superstition, that a wound from its claws is mortal, either to man or fish, and consequently dread its attack[†].

92. ROUGH-LEGGED.

- Falco Lagopus Brunnich, No 15.—Leems Lapm. 236.

- Rough-legged Falcon, Br. Zool. ii. App. 529.—Latham, i. 75.—LEV. MUS.

F. With a yellow cere, and feet: head, neck, and breast, of a yellowish white, marked with a few oblong brown spots: belly of a deep brown: thighs white, striped with brown: scapulars blotched with yellowish white and brown: coverts of the wings edged with rust-color; primaries black: tail, little longer than the wings; the part next to the rump white; the end marked with a black bar; the tips white: legs feathered to the toes: feet yellow. Length two feet two inches.
SIZE.

PLACE.

Inhabits England, Norway, Lapmark, and North America. Was shot in Connecticut.

93. ST. JOHN'S.

- Latham, i. 77, No 58.

F. With a short dusky bill: head of a deep brown: hind part of the neck, back, scapulars, and coverts of the tail, marked with bars of black, and dull white, pointing obliquely: coverts of the wings deep brown; the greater spotted on their inner sides with white; the primaries dusky, the lower part white, barred with deep ash-color and black: the under side of the body brown, marked sparingly with white and yellowish spots: tail shorter than the extremity of the wings; the end white; beneath that is a bar of black, succeeded by two or three black and cinereous bands; the rest of the tail marked with broad bars of white, and narrower of ash-color: the legs are cloathed with feathers to the toes, which are yellow, and very short.

SIZE.

Length, one foot nine inches.

PLACE.

Inhabits Hudson's Bay and Newfoundland. BL. MUS.

〈◊〉

•alcon No. 93. Chocolate Colored Fal•••

94. CHOCOLATE-COLORED.

- Latham, i. 54. No 34. A; 76. No 57.

F. With a short and black bill, and yellow cere. The whole plumage of a deep bay or chocolate-color, in parts tinged with ferruginous: primaries black; the lower exterior sides of a pure white, forming a conspicuous spot or speculum: the wings reach to the end of the tail: the exterior sides of the five outmost feathers of the tail, dusky; their inner sides blotched with black and white; the two middle, black and cinereous: the legs and toes feathered; the last remarkably short. LENGTH one foot ten inches.

Inhabits Hudson's Bay and Newfoundland. Preys much on Ducks.
PLACE.

Sits on a rock and watches their rising, when it instantly strikes at them.

95. NEWFOUNDLAND.

- Latham, i. 79. No 60.

F. With a yellow cere: deep yellow irides: hind part of the head ferruginous: crown, back, scapulars, and coverts of wings, brown, edged with a paler color: belly rust-colored, blotched with deeper shades: thighs of a mottled ash, marked with round dusky spots, and on the lower parts with four large dark blotches: the tail crossed by four bars of deeper and lighter brown: legs yellow, strong, and feathered half way down. LENGTH twenty inches. The description borrowed from Mr. Latham.

Inhabits Newfoundland.
PLACE.

96. SACRE.

- Belon, Hist. des Ois. 108.—Buffon, i. 246.

- Speckled Patridge Hawk of Hudson's Bay, Phil. Trans. lxii. 383.—Latham, i. 78. Nos 58, 59.

F. With a dusky bill; upper mandible toothed: irides yellow: cere and legs bluish. Head, and upper part of the body, of a dusky brown: hind part of the head mottled with white: whole under side of the body, from chin to vent, white; the middle of each feather marked with a dusky spot: wings reach almost to the end of the tail: coverts, scapulars, and primaries, of a deep brown, elegantly barred transversely with white: tail brown, marked on each side with oval transverse spots of red: feathers on the thighs very long, brown spotted with white: the fore part of the legs covered with feathers almost to the feet. LENGTH two feet. Weight two pounds and an half.

PLACE.

Inhabits Hudson's Bay and Newfoundland: found also in Tartary, and is a species celebrated there for the sport of falconry. It is a hardy species; for it never quits the rigorous climate of Hudson's Bay. Preys on the white Grous, which it will seize even while the fowler is driving them into his nets. It breeds in April and May, in desert places. The young fly in the middle of June. The females are said to lay only two eggs.

97. PERIGRINE.

- Br. Zool. i. No 48.—Latham, i. 68, No 49; 73. No 52.

- Spotted Hawk, or Falcon; and Black Falcon, Edw. i. 3, 4.

- Le Faucon, De Buffon, i. 249. pl. 16.—LEV. MUS.

F. With a short strong bill, toothed on the upper mandible, of a bluish color: cere yellow: irides hazel: forehead whitish: crown, and hind part of the head, dusky: the back, scapulars, and coverts of wings, elegantly barred with deep blue and black: the primaries dusky, with transverse oval white spots: the throat, chin, and breast, of a pure white, the last marked with a few dusky lines pointing down: the belly white, crossed with numerous dusky bars, pointed in the middle: legs yellow: toes very long.

The American species is larger than the European. They are subject to vary. The black Falcon, and the spotted Falcon of Mr. Edwards, are of this kind; each preserve a specific mark, in the black stroke which drops from beneath the eyes, down towards the neck. The differences in the marks in the tail may possibly proceed from the different ages of the birds; for few kinds differ so much in the several periods of life as the Rapacious.

Inhabits different parts of North America,
PLACE.

from Hudson's Bay as low as Carolina. In Asia, is found on the highest parts of the Uralian and Sibirian chain. Wanders in summer to the very Arctic circle. Is common in Kamtschatka.

98. GENTIL.

- Gentil Falcon, Br. Zool. i. No 50.

- F. Gentilis. Falk. Faun. Suec. No 58.—Latham, i. 64.—LEV. MUS.

F. With a dusky bill: yellow cere, irides, and legs: head and upper side of the neck ferruginous, streaked with black: under side, from chin to tail, white, marked with dusky heart-shaped spots: back, coverts of wings, and scapulars, brown, edged with rust-color: primaries dusky, barred on the exterior side with black: wings reach only half the length of the tail: tail long, barred with four or five broad bands of black cinereous; each of the first bounded by a narrow line of dirty white.

In size superior to the European kind,
SIZE.

being two feet two inches long. Shot in the province of New York.
PLACE.

Is found in northern Europe, as far as Finmark
Leems, 337. Strom. 224.

.

99. GOSHAWK.

- Br. Zool. i. No 52.

- F. Palumbarius, Faun Suec. No 67.—De Buffon, i. 230.—Latham, i. 58.—LEV. MUS.

F. With a bluish bill, black at the tip: yellowish green cere: yellow legs: head brown; hind part mottled with white: over each eye extends a long whitish line: hind part of the neck, back, and wings, of a deep brown color: breast and belly white, crossed with numerous undulated lines of brown: tail of a cinereous brown, crossed by four or five bars of black: wings shorter than the tail.

That which I saw in the Leverian Museum, was superior in size to the European.
PLACE.

Mr. Lawson says, they abound in Carolina: are spirited birds, but lesser than those of Muscovy. Is common in that country,
A WHITE VARIETY.

and Sibiria. Dr. Pallas adds, that there is a large white variety on the Uralian mountains, mottled with brown and yellow. These are yet more frequent in the east part of Sibiria; and in Kamtschatka they are entirely white. These are the best of all Hawks for falconry.
EXCELLENT FOR FALCONRY.

They extend to the river Amur; and are used by the emperor of China in his sporting progresses[*], attended by his grand falconer, and a thousand of the subordinate. Every bird has a silver plate fastened to its foot, with the name of the falconer who had the charge of it; that in case it should be lost, it might be brought to the proper person: but if he could not be found, the bird is delivered to another officer, called the Guardian of lost birds; who keeps it till it is demanded by the falconer to whom it belonged. That this great officer may the more readily be found, among the army of hunters, who attend the emperor, he erects a standard in the most conspicuous place[†].

The emperor often carries a Hawk on his hand, to let fly at any game which presents itself; which are usually Pheasants, Partridges, Quails, or Cranes. Marco Polo saw this diversion about the year 1269[*]; a proof of its antiquity in these parts, when it formed so regular and princely an establishment in the state of this great eastern monarch; the origin of which might have been in some long preceding age. The custom of carrying a Falcon extended to many countries, and was esteemed a distinction of a man of rank. The Welsh had a saying, that you may know a gentleman by his Hawk, Horse, and Grehound. In fact, a person of rank seldom went without one on his hand. Harold, afterwards king of England, is painted going on a most important embassy, with a Hawk on his hand, and a Dog under his arm[†]. Henry VI. is represented at his nuptials, attended by a nobleman and his Falcon[‡]. Even the ladies were not without them, in earlier times; for in an antient sculpture in the church of Milton Abbas, in Dorsetshire, appears the consort of King Athelstan with a Falcon on her royal fist [§] tearing a bird: and, perhaps to indulge his queen in her passion for the diversion, he demanded of my countrymen (besides an immense tribute) some of their most excellent Hounds, and of their best Hawks: which proves the high esteem in which our Dogs and Falcons were held in those early days‖.

100. RED-TAILED.

- American Buzzard, Latham, i. 50.—LEV. MUS.

F. With a dusky bill, and yellow cere: head, lower part of the neck, and chin, brown, mixed with white: breast and belly white, varied with long stripes of brown, pointing downwards: femoral feathers very long, white, and marked with long dentated stripes of pale brown: upper part of the neck, and back, of a very deep brown: coverts and tertials brown, barred or edged with white: primaries dusky, barred with cinereous: tail of a pale rust-color, marked near the end with a dusky narrow bar: legs yellow. SIZE of the Goshawk.

Inhabits North America. Sent from Carolina to Sir Ashton Lever.
PLACE.

101. LEVERIAN.

F. With a dusky bill, greatly hooked: head striped with brown and white: upper part of the body and wings of a deep brown; each feather elegantly marked at the end with a large white spot: the whole under side of the body white: the outmost feathers of the tail marked with nine white, and the same number of dusky bars; middle feathers with dusky and cinereous: the wings extend beyond the end of the tail: legs strong and yellow.

PLACE.

SIZE of a Buzzard. Sent to Sir Ashton Lever from Carolina.

102. RED-SHOULDERED.

- Barred-breasted F. Latham, i. 56, No 36.—LEV. MUS.

F. With a slender dusky bill; yellow cere; and legs, head, and neck, of a yellowish white, streaked downwards with dusky lines: back of a deep brown, edged with rust-color: lesser coverts of wings ferruginous, spotted with black; primaries and secondaries black, spotted on each side most distinctly with white: breast and belly of a light tawny; the first streaked downwards with black; the last traversed with deeper tawny: tail short and dusky, crossed by seven narrow bands of white; the two nearest to the ends more remote than the others: legs weak. LENGTH twenty-two inches.

PLACE.

Inhabits Long Island. This is a new species, preserved in Mrs. BLACKBURNE'S Museum.

103. BUZZARD.

- Ash-colored Buzzard, Edw. ii. 53.—Latham, i. 55, No 35. 48; No 28.—De Buffon, i. 223.

- Falco Buteo. Quidfogel, Faun. Suec. No 60.—Br. Zool. i. 54.—LEV. MUS.

F. With a dusky bill, and bluish yellow cere: head, and hind part of the neck, of a cinereous brown, streaked with yellow: back brown; lower part and rump barred with rust-color, sometimes with white: the coverts of the wings brown; the greater and scapulars spotted with white; the three first quil-feathers black, white at their bases; the interior webs of the rest blotched with black and white: the throat and breast yellowish, marked thinly with oblong brown spots: belly white, varied with great spots of brown: feathers of the thighs long, white, crossed with sagittal bars of yellow: tail marked with about nine bands of black and light cinereous; the tip white: legs short, strong, and yellow. LENGTH two feet two inches.

The American varies in size, and sometimes slightly in color;
PLACE.

but in both has so much the habit of the English Buzzard, as not to merit separation. It is called in New York, the great Hen Hawk, from its feeding on poultry. It continues there the whole year. Lays in May five eggs: the young fly about the middle of June. It is also an inhabitant of Hudson's Bay and Newfoundland; and in Europe as high as Sondmor, in Norway; where, from its attacking the Eagle, it is called Orne-Falk. Migrates, before winter, from Sweden. Is scarce in Russia; and very few are found in Sibiria. Is found in winter as low as Woronesch [*].

104. PLAIN.

F. With the bill black: head dusky: nape spotted with white: back, and coverts of wings, and tail, of an uniform deep brown: under side of the neck, breast, and belly, and thighs, deep brown, slightly spotted with white: primaries dusky: inner webs marked with great oval spots of white, mottled with brown: middle feathers of the tail plain brown; inner webs of the rest mottled with white; exterior webs and ends slightly edged with the same: legs strong: yellow? Wing reaches near the length of the tail. LENGTH, from bill to tail, two foot one.

PLACE.

Inhabits Hudson's Bay.

105. MARSH.

- Marsh Hawk, Edw. iv. 291.—Latham, i. 90.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

F. With a bluish bill; orange cere, orbits, and legs: irides hazel: a black line extends from the corner of the bill beyond the eyes; above that is another of white, which encircles the cheeks, and meets in front of the neck: head, throat, and upper part of the breast, varied with black and rust-color: back, and coverts of the wings, brown: rump white: breast and belly, and thighs, of a bright ferruginous: tail dusky brown, crossed by four black bands: legs strong, thick, and short; which are specific distinctions from the next. LENGTH two feet.

PLACE.

Inhabits Pensylvania: frequents, during the summer, marshy places; where it feeds on the small birds, Frogs, Snakes, and Lizards. At approach of winter quits the country.

106. RINGTAIL.

- Br. Zool. i. No 59.—Edw. iii. 107.—Latham, i. Nris 75, 75 A, and No 34, is a rust-colored variety.

- Falco Pygargus, F. Hudsonius, Lin. Syst. 128.—Muller, No 72.—BL. MUS.

F. With a dusky bill and yellow cere: a white line over each eye: head, upper part of the neck, and back, dusky brown: coverts and primaries of the same color; the inner sides of the last white: breast, belly, and thighs, whitish, marked with ferruginous spots: vent and rump white, encircling the root of the tail: the middle feathers of the tail dusky; the next of a bluish ash-color; the outmost white, all marked transversely with orange bars: legs long, and very slender.

This species is superior in size to the British Ringtail;
SIZE.

but having most of the characters of that bird, we doubt not but that it is the same. Like the European kind, skims along the ground in search of prey, which is Mice, Frogs, and small birds. Builds its nest indifferently on the ground, or on the lower parts of trees. It is subject to vary to a deep rust-color; plain, except on the rump and tail.

Inhabits Hudson's Bay. Weight, in Hudson's Bay,
SIZE AND PLACE.

seventeen ounces and a half. Length twenty-one inches. Extent three feet seven. Is very common in the open and temperate parts of Russia and Sibiria; and extends as far as lake Baikal [*]. It is not found far in the north of Europe. Linnaeus omits it among the birds of his country; but Mr. Brunnick describes one, which had been shot in lat. 58, on the little island of Christiansoe [†].

107. WINTER.

F. With a black bill; yellow cere: head of a deep brown: back the same, tinged with rust: hind part of the neck streaked with white: the coverts of the wings dusky, edged with dull white; those on the ridge with orange; ends of the primaries dusky; the other parts barred with brown and white: breast and belly white, marked with heart-shaped spots: thighs sulphur-colored, speckled with dusky: vent feathers white: tip of the tail white; then succeeds a broad dusky bar; the remaining part barred with brown, tawny, and black: legs long, and very slender.

SIZE.

Is of an elegant form, and about the size of the RINGTAIL.

PLACE.

Inhabits the province of New York: appears at approach of winter, and retires in the spring. BL. MUS.

Mr. Latham's northern Falcon, No 62, seems to differ from this only in age, or sex.

108. SWALLOW-TAILED.

- Hirundo maxima Peruviana, avis praedatoris calcaribus instructa, Feuilles voy. Peru, tom. ii. 33.

- Herring, or Swallow-tailed Hawk, Lawson, 138.—Brickell, 175.—Catesby, i. 4.

- Le Melan de la Caroline, Brisson, i. 418.—De Buffon, i. 221.

- Falco Furcatus, Lin. Syst. 129.—Latham, i. 60.—LEV. MUS.

F. With a black bill, less hooked than usual with rapacious birds; base of the bill hid in feathers, and bristly: the eyes large; irides red: head, neck, breast, and belly, of a snowy whiteness: back, coverts of wings, and scapulars, black, glossed with purple and green: inner webs of the primaries and secondaries white towards their base; the tertials white: tail of the same color with the back; and most extremely forked; the outmost feather above eight inches longer than the middlemost: the legs yellow.

PLACE.

This most elegant species inhabits only the southern parts of North America; and that only during summer. Like Swallows, they feed chiefly flying; for they are much on wing, and prey on various sorts of insects. They also feed on Lizards and Serpents; and will kill the largest of the regions it frequents with the utmost ease. They quit North America before winter. We are not acquainted with their retreat. It probably is in Peru: at lest we have the proof of one being taken in the South-sea, off the coast which lies between Ylo and Arica, in about the latitude 23 south, on September 11th, by the reverend the Father Louis Feuilee [*].

•

wallow •ailed •alcon N• 108.

109. BUZZARDET.

F. With dusky bill: head, cheeks, neck, breast, and belly, white, marked with large brown spots, more sparingly dispersed over the breast and belly: lesser coverts, brown; the others colored like the head: primaries dusky: thighs white, with small sagittal spots of brown: tail dusky, barred and tipt with white: legs yellow. LENGTH fifteen inches. It has much the habit of the Buzzard; but the legs in proportion are rather longer.

In the LEVERIAN Museum. Except in the almost uniform color of the tail, Mr. Latham's species, p. 97, No 83, agrees with this.

110. LITTLE.

- Little Hawk, Catesby, i. 5.—Latham, i. 110, No 94.

- Emerillon de Cayenne, Buffon, i. 291.—Pl. Enl. No 444.

- Falco Sparverius, Lin. Syst. 128.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

MALE.

F. With bluish bill, and yellow cere: crown of fine light grey, with a red spot in the middle; on the hind part a semicircle formed of round black spots: cheeks white, bounded on each side with a large black spot: throat white: breast of a pale yellow, spotted with black: back of a brilliant bay, crossed by broad black bars: coverts of the wings of a beautiful grey, thinly spotted with black; primaries black, spotted on their inner webs with white: tail long; the middle feathers barred near the end with a black band, and tipt with white; the two exterior feathers white, crossed with three or four black bars: legs yellow.

Length eleven inches and a half.
SIZE.

Weight only three ounces and an half. This varies in color from the female, in the same manner as the European Kestrils.

These birds inhabit America, from Nova Scotia to the Antilles;
PLACE.

are active and spirited. They prey on small birds, Mice, Lizards, and insects. The FEMALE is the following.

- Emerillon de St. Domingue, De Buffon, i. 291.—Pl. Enl. No 465.—Latham, i. 111, No 95.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

F. With a short and very crooked bill: crown of a deep slaty blue, obscurely spotted with red: hind part of the neck, back, and tail, of a bright ferruginous color and black, elegantly disposed in narrow transverse bars: coverts of the wings of the same colors; primaries black: under side of the neck, breast, and belly, of a dirty white, marked with large ferruginous spots: thighs and vent feathers white: legs long, slender, and orange-colored: tail long, crossed with eleven black, and the same number of bright ferruginous bars.

The New York Merlin of Mr. Latham, i. 107, No 94, bears so great a resemblance to this, that I do not venture to separate them.

111. PIGEON.

- Pigeon Hawk, Catesby, i. 3.—Phil. Trans. lxii. 382.—Latham, i. 101.

- Falco Columbarius, Lin. Syst. 128.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

F. With a dusky bill, and yellow cere: crown, back, and coverts of the wings and rump, of a bluish grey, with the middle of each feather streaked with black: the hind part of the head spotted with reddish white: cheeks and under side of the body white, with large oblong spots of black: primaries and secondaries dusky; their insides marked with great oval spots of white: tail long; black tipt with white, and crossed with four bars of bluish grey: legs yellow.

SIZE.

Its length is from ten to twelve inches. The weight six ounces.

PLACE.

It inhabits America, from Hudson's Bay as low as South Carolina. In the last it attains to a larger size. In Hudson's Bay it appears in May on the banks of Severn river, breeds, and retires south in autumn. It feeds on small birds; and on the approach of any person, flies in circles, and makes a great shrieking. It forms its nest in a rock, or some hollow tree, with sticks and grass; and lines it with feathers: and lays from two to four eggs, white, spotted with red. In Carolina it preys on Pigeons, and young of the wild Turkies.

112. DUBIOUS.

F. With a dusky bill: yellow cere and irides: head dusky, streaked with rust-color: back and coverts of wings brown, edged with rust; the primaries dusky ash-color, barred with black, and the inner webs marked transversely with oval ferruginous spots: tail long, of a deep cinereous, with four broad bars of black: breast and belly dirty white, marked with oblong streaks of brown: legs yellow.

Length about ten inches. Weight six ounces.
SIZE.

In the marks and colors of the tail it much resembles the Sparrow Hawk: in the spots on the breast it agrees with the English Merlin.

Inhabits New York and Carolina.
PLACE.

I have my doubts whether this is any more than a variety of the preceding, especially as the English SPARROW HAWK varies with the same colors.

113. DUSKY.

F. With a bluish bill; upper mandible armed with a sharp process; yellow cere: head, back, and coverts of the wings, and tail, a dusky brown, slightly edged with ferruginous: hind part of the neck spotted with white: primaries dusky; inner webs marked with oval spots of a pale rust-color: tail short, tipped with white, and barred with four broad dusky strokes, and the same number of narrow ones of white: the hind part of the head spotted with white: from the chin to the tail whitish, streaked downwards with distinct lines of black: legs deep yellow.

Inferior in size to the last. Inhabits the province of New York.
SIZE, AND PLACE.

BL. MUS.

- A. GOLDEN EAGLE, Br. Zool. i. No 42.

- Orn. Faun. Suec. No 54.—LEV. MUS.

F. With a bluish bill: plumage dusky and rust-color: tail dusky brown, blotched at the base with ash-color: legs feathered to the toes. Weight about twelve pounds.

PLACE.

Inhabits Sweden; perhaps Norway. Found about the southern part of the Urallian mountains, and the mountains which border Sibiria on the south. Grows scarcer towards the east.

- B. CINEREOUS EAGLE, Br. Zool. i. No 45.—Latham, i. 33.

- Vultur Albiulla, Lin. Syst. 123.

F. With pale yellow bill, irides, cere, and feet: plumage light cinereous: body and coverts of the wings clouded with darker: primaries dusky: tail white.

SIZE, AND PLACE.

In size equal to the Black Eagle. Inhabits Europe, as high as Iceland and Lapmark [*]. Is common in Greenland; but does not extend to America: at lest, if it does, it varies into the White-headed Eagle, to which it has great affinity, in particular in its feeding much on fish: the Danes therefore call it Fiske-orn [†]. Is common in the south of Russia, and about the Volga, as far as trees will grow. Is very scarce in Sibiria; but has been observed in the eastern parts about Nertschink. It seems to be the species called by the Tungusi, Elo; which breeds on the banks of the Khariousowa, a river which falls into the Penshina sea[*].

It inhabits Greenland the whole year, sitting on the rocks with flagging wing, and flies slowly. It makes its nest on the lofty cliffs, with twigs, lining the middle with mosses and feathers. Lays two eggs. Sits in the latter end of May, or beginning of June.

These birds prey on young Seals, which they seize as they are floating on the water; but oft-times, by fixing their talons in an old one, they are overmatched, and drawn down to the bottom, screaming horribly. They feed also on fish, especially the Lumpfish, and a sort of Trout[†]; on Ptarmigans, Auks, and Eider Ducks. They sit on the top of rocks, attentive to the motion of the diving birds; and, with quick eyes, observe their course by the bubbles which rise to the surface of the water, and catch the fowls as they rise for breath.

The Greenlanders use their skins for cloathing, next to their bodies. They eat the flesh, and keep the bill and feet for amulets. They kill them with the bow, or take them in nets, placed in the snow, properly baited; or tempt them by the fat of Seals, which the Eagles eat to an excess; which occasions such a torpidity as to make them an easy prey.

- C. CRYING EAGLE, Planga et Clanga, Aristot. Hist. An. lib. ix.

- Morphnos, Clanga, Anataria, Wil. Orn. 63.—Raii Syn. av. 7, No 7.

- Spotted Eagle, Latham, i. 38.

- Le Petit Aigle, De Buffon, i. 91.—BR. MUS.

F. With a dusky bill and yellow cere: color of the plumage a ferruginous brown; the coverts of the wings, and scapulars, elegantly varied with oval white spots; on the greater coverts very large: primaries dusky; the ends of the greater white: breast and belly of a deeper color than the rest of the plumage, streaked downwards with dull yellow: tail dark brown, tipt with dirty white: legs feathered to the feet, which are yellow. LENGTH two feet.

PLACE.

Is found in many parts of Europe, but not in Scandinavia: is frequent in Russia and Sibiria, and extends even to Kamtschatka. Is less generous and spirited than other Eagles; and is perpetually making a plaintive noise, from which it was styled by the antients Planga & Clanga; and Anataria, from its preying on Ducks, which Pliny [*] describes with great elegance. The Arabs used to train it for the chace; but its quarry was Cranes, and other birds: the more generous Eagle being flown at Antelopes, and various quadrupeds. This species was even itself an object of diversion; and made the game of even so small a Falcon as the Sparrow Hawk: which would pursue it with great eagerness, soar above, then fall on the Eagle, and, fastening with its talons, keep beating it about the head with its wings, till they both fell together to the ground. This Sir John Chardin has seen practised about Tauris.

- D. ICELAND FALCON, Gent. Mag. 1771, p. 297, fig. good.

- Falco Islandus Fuscus, Brunnick, 2, No 9.

- Le Gerfault d' Island, Brisson, i. 373, tab. xxxi.—Pl. Enl. 210.

- Falco Gyrfalco, Lin. Syst. 130.—Faun. Suec. No 64.—Latham, i. 82, No 68; and 71, No 50 B. parag. 2d.—LEV. MUS.

F. With a strong bill, much hooked, and the upper mandible sharply angulated on the lower edges; cere bluish: head of a very pale rust-color, streaked downwards with dusky lines: neck, breast, and belly, white, marked with cordated spots: thighs white, crossed with short bars of deep brown: back and coverts of wings dusky, spotted and edged with white: the exterior webs of the primaries dusky, mottled with reddish white; the inner barred with white: the feathers of the tail crossed with fourteen or more narrow bars of dusky and white; the dusky bars regularly opposing those of white: the wings, when closed, reach almost to the end of the train: legs strong and yellow. The LENGTH of the wing, from the pinion to the tip, sixteen inches.

This species is an inhabitant of Iceland, is the most esteemed of any for the sport of falconry, and is, with the two following, reserved for the kings of Denmark; who sends his falconer, with two attendants, annually into the island to purchase them. They are caught by the natives; a certain number of whom in every district are licensed for that purpose. They bring all they take, about Midsummer, to Besfested, to meet the royal falconer; and each brings ten or twelve, capped, and perched on a cross pole, which they carry on horseback, and rest on the stirrup. The falconer examines the birds, rejects those which are not for his purpose, and gives the seller a written certificate of the qualities of each, which entitles him to receive from the king's receiver-general seventeen rixdollars for F, or the purest white Falcon; ten for E, or those which are lest white; and seven for this species[*]. This brings into the island between two and three thousand rixdollars annually[†].

They are taken in the following manner:
MANNER OF TAKING.

—Two posts are fastened in the ground, not remote from their haunts. To one is tied a Ptarmigan, a Pigeon, a Cock or Hen, fastened to a cord that it may have means of fluttering, and so attract the attention of the Falcon. On the other post is placed a net, distended on a hoop, about six feet in diameter. Through this post is introduced a string, above a hundred yards long, which is fastened to the net, in order to pull it down; and another is fastened to the upper part of the hoop, and goes through the post to which the bait is tied. As soon as the Falcon sees the fowl flutter on the ground, he takes a few circles in the air, to see if there is any danger, then darts on its prey with such violence as to strike off the head, as nicely as if it was done with a razor. He then usually rises again, and takes another circle, to explore the place a second time: after which it makes another stoop; when, at the instant of its descending, the man pulls the dead bird under the net; and, by means of the other cord, covers the Falcon with the net, at the moment it has seized the prey; the person lying concealed behind some stones, or else lies flat on his belly, to elude the sight of the Falcon[*].

As soon as one is caught, it is taken gently out of the net, for fear of breaking any of the feathers of the wings or tail; and a cap is placed over its eyes. If any of the tail-feathers are injured, the falconers have the art of grafting others[†]; which sometimes has occasioned a needless multiplication of species.

The Iceland Falcons are in the highest esteem. They will last ten or twelve years; whereas those of Norway, and other countries, seldom are fit for sport after two or three years use. Yet the Norwegian Hawks were in old times in great repute in this kingdom, and even thought bribes worthy of a king. Geoffry Le Pierre, chief justiciary, gave two good Norway Hawks to King John, that Walter Le Madina might have leave to export a hundred weight of cheese. John, the son of Ordgar, gave a Norway Hawk to have the king's request to the king of Norway, to let him have his brother's chattels; and Ralf Havoc fined to King Stephen in two Girfals (Gyrfalcons) and two Norway Hawks, that he might have the same acquittance that his father had[‡].

ANTIQUITY OF FALCONRY.

I cannot fix the precise time of the origin of falconry; the passage in Aristotle, and the epigram in Martial, do by no means fix it to the periods in which they wrote. The philosopher ‖ informs us, that ‘there was a district in Thrace, in which the boys used to assemble at a certain time of the year, for the sake of bird-catching. That the spot was much frequented by Hawks, which were wont to appear on hearing themselves called: and would drive the little birds into the bushes, where they were caught by the children; and that the Hawks would even sometimes take the birds and fling them to these young sportsmen; who (after finishing their diversion) gratefully bestowed on their assistants part of their prey.’ This tale may have some truth at the bottom; it being notorious that Larks, and even Partridges, will, by the terror of a Hawk passing over them, lie so still as to suffer themselves to be taken by any passenger. Here seems to have been no training of these Thracian Hawks, but a mere casual concurrence of Hawks and small birds, which afforded now and then an amusement to the youth of the country. The thought expressed on the antient gem, of little Genii engaged in the chace of Deer, assisted by an Eagle, may have originated from this story.

The Poet only describes another kind of bird-catching, in the following epigram on the fate of a Hawk:

Praedo fuit volucrum, famulus nunc Aucupis, idem

Decipit, et captas non sibi, moeret, aves[†].

By the word decipit, it is plain that the Hawk was not trained; but was merely used as a stale, either to entice small birds under a net, or to the limed twigs: the last is a method still in use in Italy. The Italians call it Uccellare con la Civetta; for instead of a Hawk, they place a small species of Owl on a pole, in the middle of a field; and surround it, at various distances, with lime-twigs. The small birds, from their strange propensity to approach rapacious fowls, fly around, perch on the rods, and are taken in great numbers[‡]. A Hawk would serve the purpose full as well. Pliny mentions the use of bird-lime‖; and Longus, in his elegant romance of Daphnis and Chloe, employs the latter to catch little birds for his beloved[§].

I cannot find any certainty of Hawks being trained for diversion before the time of King Ethelbert, the Saxon monarch; who died in the year 760[¶]. He wrote into Germany for a brace of Falcons, which would fly at Cranes and bring them to the ground[*], as there were very few such in Kent. This shews how erroneous the opinion was, of those who place it in the reign of the emperor Frederic Barbarossa, barossa[*], who was drowned in 1189. By the application of Ethelbert to Boniface, archbishop of Mentz, for the brace of Falcons, it is evident, that the diversion was in perfection in Germany before the year 752, the time in which that prelate was martyred by the Pagans. It seems to me highly probable, that falconry was invented in Scythia, and passed from thence into the northern parts of Europe. Tartary is even at present celebrated for its fine breed of Falcons; and the sport is in such general esteem, that, according to Olearius, there was no hut but what had its Eagle or Falcon [†]. The boundless plains of that country are as finely adapted to the diversion, as the wooded or mountanous nature of most part of Europe is ill calculated for that rapid amusement.

The antiquity of falconry in Tartary is evinced by the exhibition of the sport on the very antient tombs [‡] found in that country; in which are figured horsemen at full speed, with Hawks on their hands: others again, in the same attitude, discharging their arrows at their game, in the very manner of the antient Scythians.

From Germany, falconry got footing in England; and became so favored a diversion, that even sanguinary laws were enacted for the preservation of rapacious fowls. Edward III. made it death for the stealing of a Hawk: and to take its eggs, even in a person's own ground, was punishable with a fine at the king's pleasure, and imprisonment for a year and a day. In the reign of James I. the amusement was carried to such an extravagant pitch, that Sir Thomas Monson is said to have given a thousand pounds for a cast of Hawks.

- E. DUSKY. Falco Fuscus, Faun. Groen. 56, No 34. b.

- Grey Falcon, Crantz, i. 78.—Egede, 64.

F. With dusky irides: lead-colored cere and feet: brown crown, marked with irregular oblong white spots: forehead whitish: cheeks blackish: hind part of the head and throat white: breast and belly of a yellowish white, striped downwards with dusky streaks: the back dusky, tinged with blue, the ends of the feathers lightest, and sprinkled over with a few white spots, especially towards the rump: wings of the same colors, variegated beneath with white and black: the upper part of the tail dusky, crossed very faintly with paler bars; the under side whitish.

Lesser than the Collared Falcon.
SIZE.

Inhabits all parts of Greenland,
PLACE.

from the remotest hills to those which impend over the sea. They are even seen on the islands of ice remote from shore. They retire in the breeding-season to the farthest part of the country, and return in autumn with their young. They breed in the same manner as the Cinereous Eagle, but in more distant places; and lay from three to five eggs. The tail of the young is black, with great brown spots on the exterior webs.

They prey on Ptarmigans, Auks, and all the small birds of the country: have frequent disputes with the Raven, but seldom come off victors; for the Raven will, on being attacked, fling itself on its back; and, either by defending, itself with its claws, or by calling, with its croaking, numbers of others to its help, oblige the Falcon to retire. The Greenlanders use the skin, among many others, for their inner garments; the wings for brushes; the feet for amulets: but seldom eat the flesh, unless compelled by hunger.

It is also a native of Iceland.

- F. GYRFALCON, Br. Zoo. No 47, tab. xix.—Latham, i. 71, No 50 A, and No 50 B, 1st paragr. and 83, No 69.

- Falco Islandus, Faun. Groenl. 58, No 35.—Brunnick, Nris 7, 8.—Crantz, i. 78.— Egede, 64.—Horrebow, 58.—LEV. MUS.

F. With a yellow cere: bluish bill, greatly hooked: eye dark blue: the throat of a pure white: the whole body, wings, and tail, of the same color, most elegantly marked with dusky bars, lines, or spots, leaving the white the far prevaling color. There are instances, but rare, of its being found entirely white. In some, the whole tail is crossed by remote bars of black or brown; in others, they appear only very faintly on the middle feathers: the feathers of the thighs are very long, and unspotted: the legs strong, and of a light blue.

SIZE.

Its weight forty-five ounces Troy: length near two feet: extent four feet two.
PLACE.

Of the same manners and haunts with the former. Is very frequent in Iceland; is found in Lapmark [*], and Norway [†]; and rarely in the Orknies, and North Britain. In Asia, it dwells in the highest points of the Urallian and other Sibirian mountains, and dares the coldest climates throughout the year. It is kept, in the latitude of Petersburg,
VERY HARDY.

uninjured in the open air during the severest winters, when the Peregrine Falcon, No 97, loses its claws by the frost.

Mr. Hutchins [‡] has often observed it about Albany fort, where it appears in May, and retires before winter. It feeds on the white, and other Grous. This species ought to be added to the American class.

This species is pre-eminent in courage as well as beauty, and is the terror of other Hawks. It was flown at all kinds of fowl, how great soever they were; but its chief game used to be Herons and Cranes.

- G. COLLARED. Falco Rusticolus, Lin. Syst. 125.—Faun. Suec. No 56.—Faun. Groenl. No 34.—Latham, i. 56.

F. With a lead-colored bill, tipt with black: head broad and flat, streaked lengthways with black and white; on the cheeks the white predominates: the throat, under side of the neck, and breast, are of a pure white; that on the neck almost surrounds it, forming a species of collar: the belly is of the same color, marked with a few dusky cordated spots: the back is waved with ash-color and white; the tip of each feather white: the coverts of the wings of the same colors, but more obscure: the exterior webs of the primaries dusky: the tail rounded, crossed with twelve or thirteen whitish and dusky bars: the legs yellow. SIZE of a Hen.

Is rarely found in the remotest parts of Greenland.
PLACE.

Inhabits also Sweden; and extends eastward as far as Simbirsk, lat. 54½, in the government of Casan [*].

- H. KITE, Br. Zool. i. No 53.—Latham, i. 61, No 43.

- Falco Milvus Glada, Faun. Suec. No 57.

- Le Milan Royal, De Buffon, i. 197.—Pl, Enl. 422.—LEV. MUS.

F. With yellow bill and cere: white head, streaked with black: body ferruginous, with a few dusky spots: tail much forked and ferruginous.

Weight forty-four ounces. Length twenty-seven inches:
SIZE.

extent five feet one.

Inhabits the north of Europe, as high as Jarlsberg,
PLACE.

in the very south of Norway [†]; but does not extend farther. This species, the Sea Eagle, Lanner, Buzzard, and Kestril, quit Sweden, in flocks, at approach of winter, and return in spring[‡]. Of these, the Buzzard and Kestril winter at Woronesch, in Russia, in lat. 52‖; and, together with the Lanner and Kite, about Astrakan [§], in lat. 46. 30; but the far greater part of the Kites are supposed to retire into Egypt, being seen in September passing by Constantinople [¶], in their way from the north; and again in April returning to Europe [**], to shun the great heats of the east. They are observed in vast numbers about Cairo, where they are extremely tame, and feed even on dates, I suppose for want of other food[*]. They also breed there; so that, contrary to the nature of other rapacious birds, they encrease and multiply twice in the year; once in the mild winters of Egypt, and a second time in the summers of the north. It makes its appearance in Greece in the spring; and in the early ages, says Aristophanes [†], ‘it governed that country: and men fell on their knees when they were first blessed with the sight of it, because it pronounced the flight of winter, and told them to begin to sheer their vernal fleeces. The CRANE likewise, by its autumnal departure, warns the mariner to hang up his rudder, and take his rest, and every prudent man to provide their winter garments: and the SWALLOW again informed them when they were to put on those of summer. Thus, adds the chorus of birds, are we to you as AMMON, DODONA, APOLLO:’ meaning, in those early days, that man consulted only these natural calendars, and needed no other than what they took from the flight of birds[‡], or the flowering of plants.

They inhabit England in all seasons. I have seen their young taken, the last week in May, or first in June, in the great woods belonging to Sir Joseph Banks, in Lincolnshire; and have often observed them in various places in the depth of winter.

- I. HONEY BUZZARD, Br. Zool. i. No 56.—Latham, i. 52, No 33.

- Falco Apivorus Slaghok, Faun. Suec. No 65.—LEV. MUS.

F. With an ash-colored head; dark brown above; below white, spotted or barred with rusty brown: tail brown, barred with two dusky bars, remote from each other: legs strong and yellow: bill and cere black. LENGTH twenty-three inches. WEIGHT thirty ounces.

Inhabits as far north as the district of Sondmor, in Norway [*].
PLACE.

Is found in plenty in the open parts of Russia and Sibiria, near woods; and preys much upon Lizards.

- K. LANNER, Br. Zool. i. No 31.—Latham, i. 86.

- Falco Lannarius, Faun. Suec. No 62.—De Buffon, i. 243.

F. With a white line over each eye: cere and legs bluish: breast white, tinged with yellow, and marked with brown spots: primaries and tail dusky; the first marked with oval rust-colored spots on the inner webs; the last, on both.

Inhabits Iceland, the Feroe isles, and Sweden;
PLACE.

the Tartarian deserts and the Baraba. Breeds on very low trees. None in the north or east of Sibiria. Much esteemed for falconry.

- L. MOOR BUZZARD, Br. Zool. No 57.—Latham, i. 53.

- Falco Aeruginosus, Faun. Suec. No 66.

- Hons-tjuf, Le Busard, De Buffon, i. 218. pl. x.—Pl. Enl. 424:

F. Entirely of a chocolate brown, tinged with rust: on the hind part of the head a light clay-colored spot: slender long yellow legs: cere black.

Weight twenty ounces. Length twenty-one inches.
SIZE.

Found in the Transbaltic countries, as far north as Sondmor [†].
PLACE.

Common in the south of Russia: not in Sibiria. It continues the whole year in Sweden.

- M. KESTRIR, Br. Zool. i. No 60.—Latham, i. 94.

- Falco Tinnunculus, Kirko-Falk, Faun. Suec. No 61.—Muller, No 65.

- La Cresserelle, De Buffon, i. 280. pl. xviii.—Pl. Enl. 401, 471.

Male. F. With the crown and tail of a fine light grey, the last marked with a black bar near the end: back and wings of a purplish red, spotted with black. Female. Head reddish; crown streaked with black: back, tail, and coverts of wings, dull rust-color, barred with black: legs yellow. WEIGHT of Male six ounces and a half: of Female eleven.

PLACE.

Frequent in the deserts of Tartary and Sibiria, in the open countries, where small trees are found for it to breed in. Migrates into Sweden, at the time in which the White Wagtail returns, and the Saffron, Snowdrop, and bulbous Violet, blossom. Each of these birds quit the country about the same day, in September [*]. Not found farther north?

- N. SPARROW HAWK, Br. Zool. i. No 62.—Latham, i. 99.

- Sparfhok, Faun. Suec. No 68.—Muller, No 71.—Strom. 235.

- L'Epervier, De Buffon, i. 225. pl. xi.—Pl. Enl. 412, 467.

F. With head, back, and coverts of wings and tail, (in some) of a deep bluish grey; in others, of a deep brown, edged with rust-color: breast and belly of a whitish yellow, with waved bars of deep brown or dull orange: tail cinereous, with five broad black bars; the tips white.

Weight of the male five ounces: female nine.

PLACE.

Found as high as Sondmor, and in the Feroe islands, in the south of Russia; but none in Sibiria.

- O. HOBBY, Br. Zool. i. No 61.—Latham, i. 103.

- Falco Subluteo, Faun. Suec. No 59.

F. With crown, back, and coverts of a bluish black: from the crown a black stroke points down the cheeks, which are white: breast white, with oblong black spots: thighs and vent pale orange: inner webs of primaries marked with oval reddish spots: two middle feathers of the tail plain dove-color; the inner webs of the others marked like the primaries: legs yellow. WEIGHT of the male seven ounces.

Schonen, the most southern province of Sweden [*], and, I believe,
PLACE.

does not extend farther north. This species winter about Woronesch and Astrakan [†]; and frequents the same places in Sibiria with the KESTRIL.

III. OWL. Gen. Birds. III.

* EARED OWLS.

114. EAGLE.

- Great Horned Owl, Edw. 60.—Latham, i. 119.

- Great Grey Owl, Josselyn, 96.—Lawson, 145.

- Jacurutu, Margrave, 199.

- Stria Bubo Uf, Faun. Suec. No 69.

O. With a dusky bill: yellow irides: horns shorter than the European Eagle Owl; those, with the head, black, marked with tawny: circle round the eyes cinereous, edged with black: on the throat a large cruciform mark of a pure white, reaching to the beginning of the breast: upper part of the breast dusky and tawny; the lower part thickly barred with black ash-color, mixed with yellow: coverts of wings, scapulars, and back, elegantly painted with zigzag lines, cinereous, black, and orange; the scapulars also marked with a few great white spots: primaries broadly barred with black and ferruginous: tail of a deep brown, crossed with brown dusky bars, and marked with numerous transverse cinereous lines: legs and feet covered with soft light brown feathers to the very claws, which are very strong and hooked.

SIZE.

This species is inferior in size to the EAGLE OWL, Br. Zool. i. No 64; but seems only a variety.

PLACE.

It is common to South and North America, as high as Hudson's Bay. Makes, during night, a most hideous noise in the woods, not unlike the hollowing of a man; so that passengers, beguiled by it, often lose their way.

The savages have their birds of ill omen, as well as the Romans. They have a most superstitious terror of the Owl; which they carry so far as to be highly displeased at any one who mimics its hooting[*].

This species is common in Kamtschatka, and even extends to the Arctic regions; in the first of which it very often inclines to white. It is found as low as Astrakan.

115. LONG-EARED.

- Br. Zool. i. No 65.

- Strix Otus, Faun. Suec. No 71.—Latham, i. 121.

O. With very long ears, of six feathers each, yellow and black: irides yellow: back and coverts of wings deep brown, grey, and yellowish rust-color: primaries barred with dusky and ferruginous: breast and belly pale yellow, with slender brown strokes, pointing downwards: tail barred with cinereous and dusky; the bars of the middle feathers bound above and below with white: feet feathered to the claws. LENGTH fourteen inches: EXTENT of the English specimens three feet four[†]. Weight ten ounces.

Observed by Mr. Hutchins about Severn settlement in Hudson's Bay,
PLACE.

where it lives in the woods, far from the sea: at night sallies in search of prey. Approaches the tents of the inhabitants, and is very clamorous. Builds its nest in trees, and lays four white eggs in April. Never migrates.

Inhabits Sweden, and the northern and southern parts of the Russian dominions, and the eastern parts of Sibiria. Is found as far south as Astrakan, and even in the hot climate of Egypt [‡].

116. SHORT-EARED.

- Short-eared Owl,—Br. Zool. i. No 66.—Phil. Trans. lxii. 384.—Latham, i. 124.

- La Chouette ou la grande Chevêche, De Buffon, i. 372. tab. xxvii.—Pl. Enl. 438. —BL. MUS.—LEV. MUS.

O. With a lesser head in proportion than the former: bill dusky: irides yellow: head, back, and coverts of the wings, pale brown, edged with dull yellow: breast and belly yellowish white, marked with a few dusky streaks pointing downwards: thighs, legs, and toes, covered with plain yellow feathers: primaries dusky, barred with red: tail of a deep brown, marked on each side of the middle feathers with a large yellow circle, with a brown spot in the middle. In some, the feathers are yellowish, obliquely barred with black. The horns, or ears, consist of only a single feather, which it can raise or depress at pleasure. The wings reach beyond the end of the tail.
SIZE.

LENGTH fourteen inches. Weight fourteen ounces.

PLACE.

Found in plenty in the woods near Chateau Bay, on the Labrador coast. It is also an inhabitant of the Falkland Islands; so probably is common to North and South America. In Hudson's Bay it is called the Mouse Hawk. It never flies, like other Owls, in search of prey; but sits quiet on a stump of a tree, watching, like a Cat, the appearance of Mice. It breeds near the coast; makes its nest with dry grass upon the ground; and migrates southwards in autumn. Father Feuillée speaks of an Owl he found in Peru that has some resemblance to this, particularly in the Hawk-like shape of the bill. He says it burrows under ground to a great depth, like a Rabbet; for which reason he names it Ulula Cunicularia [*]. It is very common in the northern and woody parts of Sibiria. Comes boldly to the night fires, and assaults men, when it is often killed with sticks.

In Europe it is found in Great Britain, and reaches to the Orkney isles. Does not perch, but sits on the ground, on which it lays its eggs amidst the heath. Appears and disappears in Lincolnshire with the Woodcock. Perhaps migrates to Sweden or Norway, where it is also found, and even as high as Iceland[†]. Flies and preys by day, in dark and cloudy weather. Friendly to the farmer, by being an excellent mouser. Does not fly far; but if disturbed, soon alights, and sits looking about; at which times its horns are very conspicuous. This circumstance hitherto unattended to; so that it has been ranked among the Earless Owls.

117. RED.

- Little Owl, Catesby, i. 7.—Latham, i. 123.

- Strix Afio, Lin. Syst. 132.—BL. MUS.—LEV. MUS.

O. With yellow irides: horns, head, back, and wings, of a pleasant tawny red, streaked with black: the scapulars marked with large white spots: primaries barred with black, red, and white: breast pale tawny, marked with oblong black spots: tail red, barred with dusky: feet covered with feathers to the claws. LENGTH ten inches and a half.

Inhabits New York, and as low as the Carolinas.
PLACE.

Lives in the woods near the coast.

118. MOTTLED.

- Latham, i. 126.—BL. MUS.—LEV. MUS.

O. With the face white, spotted with brown: head, wings, and upper part of the body, mottled with ash-color and pale red: the scapulars marked with great white spots; as are the coverts of the wings: the primaries with black and pale ferruginous: breast and belly whitish, varied with dusky ragged stripes, pointing downwards: toes feathered to the claws. LENGTH eleven inches.

Inhabits the province of New York. Breeds in May,
PLACE.

and continues in the country the whole year.

** WITHOUT EARS.

119. WAPACUTHU.

O. With glossy black bill, and claws much incurvated: base of the bill beset with strong bristles: irides bright yellow: space between the eyes, cheeks, and throat, white: the ends of the feathers on the head black: scapulars, and all the coverts of the wings, white, elegantly barred with dusky reddish marks, pointing downwards: primaries, secondaries, and tail feathers, irregularly spotted and barred with pale red and black: back and coverts of the tail white, mixed with a few dusky spots: breast and belly dirty white, crossed with innumerable reddish lines: vent white: legs feathered to the toes, which are covered with hairs. WEIGHT five pounds: length two feet: extent four.

PLACE.

Inhabits the woods about Hudson's Bay: makes its nest on the moss, on the dry ground. The young are hatched in May, and fly in June; and are white for a long time after. Feeds on Mice and small birds. Called by the Indians, Wapacuthu, or the Spotted Owl. The Europeans settled in the bay, reckon it a very delicate food.

120. SOOTY.

- Cinereous Owl, Latham, i. 134, No 19.—BR. MUS.

O. With a whitish bill: bright yellow irides: circlets consist of elegant alternate lines of black and pale ash-color: head, hind part of the neck, and coverts of wings, sooty, marked with narrow bars of dirty white: primaries deep brown, with broad bars, composed of lesser of dusky and pale cinereous: tail most irregularly marked with oblique strokes of brown and dirty white: the breast and belly whitish, greatly covered with large oblong blotches of dusky brown: as a singular mark, from the chin to the vent is a space, about an inch in breadth, entirely naked: legs feathered to the feet. WEIGHS three pounds: length two feet: extent four.

PLACE.

Inhabits Hudson's Bay the whole year. Flies in pairs. Feeds on Mice and Hares. Flies very low; yet seizes its prey with such force, that, in winter, it will sink into the snow a foot deep; and, with great ease, will fly away with the AMERICAN HARE, No 38, alive in its talons. It makes its nest in a pine-tree, in the middle of May, with a few sticks lined with feathers; and lays two eggs, spotted with a darkish color. The young take wing in the end of July.

121. SNOWY.

- Great White Owl, Edw. 61.—Ellis's voy. 40.—Du Pratz, ii. 91.—Clayton's Virginia.—Ph. Trans. iii. 589.

- Great Speckled Owl, Egede, Greenland, 64.

- Strix Nyctea, Harfang, Faun. Suec. No 76.—Buffon, i. 387.—Latham, i. 132, No 17.—BL. MUS.—LEV. MUS.

O. With a head less in proportion than other Owls: irides yellow: whole plumage of a snowy whiteness, sometimes pure, oftener marked with dusky spots: the legs and feet covered warmly to the very claws with long snowy feathers of the most delicate and elegant texture: the claws are of a fine contrasting blackness, very large and very crooked. Its length two feet;
SIZE.

but it varies greatly in weight, from three pounds to one and a half.

It inhabits the coldest parts of America,
PLACE.

even as high as the remote mountains in the icy centre of Greenland; from which, in intense cold, it migrates to the shores. It adds horror even to that country, by its hideous cries, resembling those of a man in deep distress.

It is rare in the temperate parts of America, and seldom strays as low as Pensylvania or Louisiana. Is very common in Hudson's Bay, in Norway, and Lapland. It fears not the rigor of the season, but bears the cold of the northern regions the whole year. It flies by day, and is scarcely to be distinguished from the snow: it flies pretty swiftly, and falls perpendicularly on its prey. Feeds on the White Grous, and probably on the Hares; for to the last circumstance it owes its Swedish name, Harfang. It preys also on Mice, and Carrion; and in Hudson's Bay is almost domestic, harbouring in places near the tents of the Indians.

Is scarce in Russia; grows more common on the Uralian mountains, and all over the north and east of Sibiria, and in its Asiatic empire, even in the hot latitude of Astrakan [*]; are very numerous in Kamtschatka.

122. BARRED.

- Latham, i. 133, No 18.—BL. MUS.—LEV. MUS.

O. With a pale yellow bill, beset with strong bristles: irides yellow: circlets whitish, barred with dusky lines: head, back, coverts of the wings, and the breast, barred with dark brown, and white tinged with yellow; the primaries with black and white: the belly white, marked downwards with long stripes of deep brown: tail barred with broad bands of black, and narrower of white: wings reach only half the length of the tail: feet feathered to the claws.

SIZE.

A large species, two feet long; the extent four. Weight three pounds.

PLACE.

Inhabits Hudson's Bay, and New York. Preys on Hares, Grous, Mice, &c.

123. HAWK.

- Little Hawk Owl, Edw. 62.—Lathams, i. 142, No 29; 143, No 30; 147, No 36; 148, No 37.—Phil. Trans. lxi. 385.

- Le Chat-huant de Canada, Brisson, i. 518.—De Buffon, i. 391.

- Chouette a longue queue de Sibirie, Pl. Enl. 463.—LEV. MUS.

O. With yellow irides: head finely spotted with dusky and pure white: back brown, with a few large white spots: primaries of a deep brown, regularly spotted with white on each web: upper part of the breast white; lower part and belly barred with brown: tail very long, and cuneiform, marked with broad bars of brown, and narrow of white: feet protected with feathers to the claws.

LENGTH seventeen inches. WEIGHT twelve ounces. Never hatches above two young at a time; which, for some months after flight, retain a rusty brown plumage.

PLACE.

This species is common to North America, Denmark, and Sweden. The Savages who come down to Hudson's Bay, call it Cabetitutch. It
〈…〉

flies high, like a Hawk, and preys by day on the White Grous. Like the Short-eared Owl, will hover over the nocturnal fires. Is a bold bird; will attend the fowler, and often steal the game he has shot, before he can pick it up. Was seen by the navigators near Sandwich sound, in lat. 61 north.

This bird is very frequent in all Sibiria, and on the west side of the Uralian chain, as far as Casan and the Volga: not in Russia.

124. WHITE.

- Tuidara, Margrave, 205.

- Barn Owl, Clayton's Virginia.—Phil. Trans. iii. 589.

- White Owl, Br. Zool. i. No 67.—Latham, i. 138.

- Strix Flammea, Faun. Suec. No 73.

- L'Effraie, ou L'Effrasaie, De Buffon, i. 366. pl. xxvi.—Pl. Enl. 440.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

O. With a white bill: dusky irides: head, back, and coverts of wings, of a pale beautiful yellow, with two grey and two white spots placed alternately on each side of the shafts: breast and belly wholly white: interior sides of the feathers of the tail white; exterior marked with obscure dusky bars: legs feathered: feet covered with short hairs. LENGTH fourteen inches. WEIGHT eleven ounces.

This bird is common to North and South America, and to Europe.
PLACE.

Was found by the navigators near Sandwich sound, lat. 61 north. Is rare in Sweden, and, I believe, not found farther north. Inhabits Tartary. The Mongol and Kalmuc Tartars almost pay it divine honors; because they attribute to this species the preservation of the founder of their empire, Cingis Khan. That prince with his small army happened to be surprized and put to flight by his enemies, and forced to conceal himself in a little coppice: an Owl settled on the bush under which he was hid, and induced his pursuers not to search there, as they thought it impossible any man could be concealed in a place where that bird would perch. From thenceforth they held it to be sacred, and every one wore a plume of the feathers of this species on his head. To this day the Kalmucs continue the custom, on all great festivals; and some tribes have an idol in form of an Owl, to which they fasten the real legs of one[*].

125. BROWN.

- Brown Owl, Br. Zool. i. No 69.—Latham, i. 140.—De Buffon, i. 372.—Pl. Enl. 438.

- Strix Ulula, Faun. Suec. No 78.—BL. MUS.—LEV. MUS.

O. With dark hazel irides: head, wings, and back, of a deep brown spotted with black: coverts of the wings and scapulars varied with white spots: breast of a pale ash-color, marked with dusky jagged strokes pointing downwards: feet feathered to the claws. LENGTH about fourteen inches. WEIGHT nineteen ounces.

PLACE.

Inhabits Newfoundland: rare in Russia: unknown in Sibiria: found in Sweden and Norway [†].

126. LITTLE.

- Little Owl, Br. Zool. i. No 70.—De Buffon, i. 377.

- Strix Passerina, Faun. Suec. No 79.—Latham, i. 149, No 38, No 39; 150, No 40. —BL. MUS.—LEV. MUS.

O. With pale yellow irides: bill whitish brown: head light brown, speckled with white: back, and coverts of the wings, and scapulars, of the same color, marked in parts with white spots: the breast whitish, varied with rust-color: tail barred with white, and marked regularly on each web with circular white spots: feet feathered to the claws. It varies in length, from eight to seven inches. The smallest I have seen is from Nova Scotia; which has white circlets about the eyes, and fewer white spots on its plumage.

PLACE.

Inhabits from Hudson's Bay to New York. Called by the natives of the first, Shipmospish. Lives in all seasons among the pines: builds its nest half way up the tree: lays two eggs. Are most solitary birds. Keep close in their retreat the whole day; but are most active mousers during night. Frequent in Russia; less so in Sibiria.

* EARED.

- A. SCANDINAVIAN EARED OWL, Strix Scandiaca, Faun. Suec. No 70.—Latham i. 120.

O. With the plumage entirely white, sprinkled with black spots.

Size of a Turky: in all respects like the Snowy Owl,
SIZE.

except the ears.

Inhabits the Lapland alps. Mentioned by Linnaeus;
PLACE.

who seems to take his description from a painting of Rudbeck's; but its existence is confirmed by Mr. Tonning of Drontheim[*].

* * EARLESS.

- B. TAWNY OWL, Br. Zool. i. No 68.—Latham, i. 139.

- Strix Stridula, Skrik Uggla, Faun. Suec. No 77.—Pl. Enl. 437.—LEV. MUS.

O. With a plain head: dusky irides: plumage of the head, and the whole upper part of the body, tawny, spotted and powdered with dusky spots: breast and belly yellowish, mixed with white, marked downward with dusky streaks: tail blotched, barred, and spotted with pale rust-color and black: toes feathered to the claws. WEIGHT nineteen ounces.

Inhabits Europe, as far as Sweden. Frequent in the south of Russia,
PLACE.

and deserts of Tartary; and breeds in the nests of Rooks. None in Sibiria: a suspicion that it is found in Hudson's Bay?

ORDER II. PIES.

IV. SHRIKE. Gen. Birds IV.

127. GREAT.

- Great Shrike, Br. Zool. i. No 71.

- Lanius Excubitor, Warfogel, Faun. Suec. No 80.—Latham, i. 160.

- White Whisky John, Phil. Trans. lxii. 386.

- La Pie-grieche Grise, De Buffon, i. 296. pl. xx.—Pl. Enl. 445.—LEV. MUS.

S. With a black bill and legs: cinereous crown, hind part of the neck, and back: cheeks white, crossed from the bill with a bar of black: under side, from chin to tail, white, marked with semicircular lines of a pale brown: lesser coverts black; those on the joints of the wings ash-color: primaries black, marked with a single band of black; secondaries tipt with white: the tail cuneiform; the two middle feathers black, the tips of the next on each side white; on the rest the white prevales, till the exterior, when the black almost entirely vanishes: beyond each eye of the female is a brown bar.

PLACE.

Inhabits North America, from Hudson's Bay to Louisiana. In Hudson's Bay, lives in the woods remote from shores, and is the first bird there which brings out its young in the spring. Makes its nest with dry grass or bents, and lines it thickly with feathers: lays seven eggs, of a pale blue color, blotched with brown.

Is frequent in Russia, but does not extend to Sibiria; yet one was taken by our navigators within Bering's straits, in lat. 66, on the Asiatic side of the Frozen Sea. Has the same manner of transfixing and tearing its prey as the English kind.

128. BLACK-CROWNED.

S. With the bill, legs, crown, and sides of the head, back, and coverts of wings, black: primaries black, marked with a small spot of white, and another on the ridge of the wing: throat, cheeks, and vent, pure white: breast and belly tinged with ash-color: tail long; middle feathers black; the rest marked at their ends with white, which increases to the exterior; in which the black almost vanishes. Rather inferior in size to the last.

Inhabits North America.
PLACE.

Seems to be La Pie Griesche de la Louisiane, Brisson, ii. 162; Latham, i. 162.

129. CRESTED.

- Lanius Canadensis, Lin. Syst. 134.—De Buffon, i. 316.—Pl. Enl. 479. fig. 2.— Latham, i. 182.

- La Pie Griesche de Canada, Brisson, ii. 171.—LEV. MUS.

S. With black bill and legs: head adorned with a reddish crest: cheeks dusky, spotted with white: hind part of neck and back brown, inclining to red: throat and breast of a yellowish red: belly and vent of a fine ash-color: coverts of the wings black, edged with white; primaries with white on their exterior sides: tail black, bordered on each side, and tipt with white. LENGTH six inches and a half: EXTENT about eleven.

Inhabits Canada.
PLACE.

130. NATKA.

S. With the bill slightly incurvated at the end, black, except the upper half of the lower mandible: crown, lower part of the upper side of the neck, and the back, black: over each eye is a white line, extending to the very nape; beneath that one of black: from chin to vent is wholly white: a narrow white circle quite encompasses the neck: lesser coverts of the wings black; greater white, more or less dashed down the shafts with black: primaries dusky, fringed with yellowish brown; secondaries black, edged and tipped with white: tail black, a little rounded; the four outmost feathers tipped with white: rump cinereous, the edges of the feathers grey: legs black. LENGTH seven inches one-fourth.

Brought from Natka sound in North America.
PLACE.

Communicated to me by Mr. Latham.

131. RED-BACKED.

- Br. Zool. i. No 72.—Latham, i. 167.

- Lanius Collurio, Faun. Suec. No 81.

- Pie-grieche de la Louisiane, De Buffon, i. 307.—Pl. Enl. 397.—LEV. MUS.

S. With grey crown and rump: ferruginous back and coverts of wings: black line across the eyes: breast and belly roseate: tail black; exterior feathers edged with white: head and upper part of the FEMALE dirty rust-color; line over the eyes the same color: breast and belly dirty white, marked with dusky semicircular lines. LENGTH seven inches and a half.

PLACE.

Inhabits Russia; not Sibiria. Is found in Sweden and Christiansoe. The Count De Buffon says, he received one from Louisiana. I imagine, that, as the Norwegians give the Great Shrike and this a name, that they may be found in their country. The first they call Klavert, the last Hanvark. Mr. Ekmark has observed both of them, only during summer, in Est Gothland; but is not certain whether they winter. Each species appears in Italy in the spring; retires in autumn.

- A. GREY, Lanius Nengeta, Lin. Syst. 135.—Latham, i. 183.

- Grey Pye of Brasil, Edw. 318.

S. With the crown, hind part of the neck, back, and coverts of the wings, deep cinereous: a black line passes from the bill through the eyes to the hind part of the head: greater coverts and secondaries black, tipt with dirty white; primaries black: breast and belly light ash-color: tail black; ends of the outmost feathers white. Much larger than No 127, the common Great Shrike; and differs specifically.

Inhabits Russia, but is more frequent in Sibiria;
PLACE.

where it lives in the forests the whole winter. Taken and tamed by the fowlers; and kept by the Russians for the diversion it affords in the manner of killing its prey. They stick a rod with a sharp point into the wall of a room, on which the Shrike perches. They turn loose a small bird, which the former instantly seizes by the throat, strangles, and then spits it on the point of the stick, drawing it on with its claws and bill. Thus it serves as many as are turned to it, and afterwards eats them, thus suspended, at its leisure[*]. The Germans style it Wurch-angel, or the Suffocating-angel. The old English, Wariangel, which signifies a bird of some very mischievous qualities; as is evident from Chaucer.

This Sompnour, which that was as ful of jangles,

As ful of venime ben thise Wariangles [†].

- B. LESSER GREY, Pie Grieche d'Italie, De Buffon, i. 298.—Pl. Enl. 32.

S. With the forehead black: a black line crosses the eyes, like as in the former: head, hind part and sides of the neck, back, and coverts of wings, cinereous, palest on the rump: ridge of the wing white: primaries black, with a white spot near the base; secondaries black, tipt with white: throat white: breast and belly tinged with rose-color: tail marked like the preceding.

Inhabits Russia, but not Sibiria. Found in Italy and Spain.
PLACE.

V. PARROT, Gen. Birds V.

132. CAROLINA.

- Parrokeeto, Lawson, 142.—Latham, i. 227.—LEV. MUS.

- Parrot of Carolina, Catesby, i. 11.—Du Pratz, ii. 88.

- Psittacus Carolinensis, Lin. Syst. 141.—Brisson, iv. 350.

- La Perruche a tete jaune, De Buffon, vi. 274.

- Le Papegai a tete aurore, De Buffon, vi. 247.

P. With the forehead, ridge of the wings, and feathers round the knees, orange: head and neck yellow: back, body, and coverts of wings and tail, green: primaries dusky, mixed with blue and green; the upper exterior sides edged with yellow: tail very long and cuneiform: legs white. LENGTH thirteen inches. WEIGHT three ounces and a half.

PLACE.

Inhabits the southern parts of North America, but never appears higher than Virginia. It is in general a migratory bird, even in Carolina; arriving at the season when mulberries are ripe, which they are very fond of, and which are the earliest fruits of the country, except strawberries. They infest, in autumn, the apple-orchards in vast flocks, and make great havock by splitting the fruit for the sake of the kernels only, being very greedy of them, and the seeds of cypress, and other trees. They devour too the buds of the birch.

Few of these tender birds continue in Carolina during the whole year. They breed in hollow trees, in low swampy grounds. When taken, they easily grow tame, but do not speak. Their intestines are said to be a speedy poison to Cats.

EGGS.

The eggs of Parrots are roundish, and generally of a pure white; those of the Maccaws spotted, like the eggs of a Partridge. The number usually two; yet the Count De Buffon gives an instance of a Perroquet, in a state of confinement, which laid four eggs every spring, during five or six years: one of the eggs was addle; the others productive[*].

133. ILLINOIS.

- Tui-apeta-jube, Margrave, 206, No 2.—Wil Orn. 116.—Raii. Syn. av. 34.— De Buffon, vi. 269.—Latham, i. 228.

- Psittacus Pertinax, Lin. Syst. 142.

- La Perruche. Illinoise, Brisson, iv. 353.

- Yellow-faced Parrot, Edw. 234.

P. With a cinereous bill: orange-colored irides: forehead, cheeks, and sometimes the hind part of the head, of a rich orange: crown, upper part of the body, tail, and coverts of the wings, of a fine green: primaries green, edged externally with blue: breast and belly of a yellowish green: vent yellow: tail very long and cuneiform. Of the same size with the former. Perhaps differs only in sex?

Inhabits the interior parts of North America,
PLACE.

in the country of the Illinois, south of lake Michigam: it is also met with in the Brazils. Is a lively bird; but its voice not very articulate. Father Charlevoix met with some on the banks of the Theatiki, a river that rises a little south of lake Michigam, and runs into the Missisipi. He says, that those he saw were only stragglers, which migrated before winter; but that the main body passed the whole year on the borders of the Missisipi [†].

The Count De Buffon confines the whole genus of Parrots to exactly twenty-five degrees on each side of the Equator[‡].
LATITUDES OF PARROTS.

It always gives me pain to differ in opinion with so illustrious a character; but I must produce my authorities of their being common at far greater distances. On the continent of America, two species have been observed by the Spaniards about Trinity Harbour, in the South Seas, in north lat. 41. 7[*]. Dr. Forster saw, in the raw, rainy latitude of Dusky Bay, in New Zealand, 46 south, two kinds. In the neighborhood of Botany Bay, in New Holland, in south lat. 34, five species were discovered; among which, the greater variety of the sulphur-crested Cockatoo appeared in amazing multitudes. But what is most wonderful, a small species of this tender genus is to be met with as low as Port Famine, in the streights of Magellan, in north lat. 53. 44[†], in flocks innumerable. They inhabited the vast forests of the country. Their food must be confined to buds and berries; for no fort of fruit-trees have been observed there. The forests likewise were frequently bounded by mountains, probably cloathed with eternal snow.

VI. CROW. Gen. Birds XII.

134. RAVEN.

- Br. Zool. i No 74.

- Corvus Corax, Lin. Syst. 155.

- Korp, Faun. Suec. No 85.—Leems, 240.—Faun. Groenl. p. 62.—Latham, i. 367. —De Buffon, iii. 13.—LEV. MUS.

C. With the point of the bill a little incurvated, with a small tooth on each side, of a black color, glossed with blue. It varies to white, and to pied. In the Feroe isles is a breed which are black and white, and are said to keep in a place separate from the common kind[*].

The largest of the genus. Weighs three pounds.
SIZE.

Length two feet two inches.

Very numerous as far north as Finmark, Iceland, and Greenland, where it frequents the huts of the natives, and feeds on the offals of the Seals[†]. Preys in concert with the White Bear, Arctic Fox, and Eagle. Devours the eggs of birds, especially the Ptarmigan: eats shore-fish, and shell-fish: drops the last from on high to break them, and get at the contents. Turns roundin the air, and is dexterous; changes its prey from its bill to its feet, or from its feet to its bill, by way of ease. Eats also berries, and, when almost famished, dried skins and excrements. Nestles on high rocks, which overhang and afford a canopy. Couples in March; lays in April. Each preserves a district to itself. The male sits in the day; the female in the night: the former-sleeps close by its mate. Have strong affection to their young brood. Hearing its croaking echoed, repeats it; as if admiring its own note. At approach of storms, collects under shelter of rocks.

Caught by the natives. Its flesh is eaten. The skins reckoned the best for cloathing: the wings used for brushes: the quils split, are made into fishing-lines. They also inhabit Newfoundland, and now and then appear as low as Virginia and Carolina [*].

This bird is, among the American savages, an emblem of return of health. Their physicians, or rather magicians, when they visit a sick person, invoke the Raven, and mimic his croaking voice[†]. The northern Indians, on the contrary, detest this and all the Crow kind[‡]. It inhabits Kamtschatka and Sibiria; but not within the Asiatic Arctic regions.

135. CARRION.

- Br. Zool. i. No 75?—Latham, i. 370.

- Blaae Raage, Brunnick, No 29.

- Corvus Corone, Faun. Suec. No 86.

- La Corbine, ou l'Corneille, De Buffon, iii. 45.—Pl. Enl. 483.—LEV. MUS.

C. With the plumage wholly black, glossed with violet: bill strong, thick, and arched: nostrils covered with strong black bristles: ends of the feathers of the tail slightly pointed. LENGTH eighteen inches and a half. Weight from twenty to twenty-two ounces‖.

PLACE.

Inhabits the province of New York, and the inland parts of Hudson's Bay. Mr. Blackburn observed, that it retains there the same manners as the European species; and never migrates from New York. MR. KALM says, that they fly in great numbers, and have a cry much resembling the Rook[§]. By his account, they appear of a mixed nature, feeding not only on grain, but on carrion; and are also very pernicious to young poultry. Like Rooks, they pull up the corn of the country, the new-sown maize; and, when it ripens, do pick a hole in the leaves which surround the ears, exposing it to corruption, by letting in the rain. The inhabitants of Pensylvania and New Jersey were wont to proscribe them, setting three pence or four pence on the head of each Crow; but the law was soon repealed, because of the great expence it brought on the public stock[*]. Mr. Kalm also remarks this agreement with the Rook species, that they settle much on trees, both in February and the spring.

These birds are so rare in Sweden, that Linnaeus gives only one instance of its being killed in his country. Yet it is found in the diocese of Drontheim, and in the Feroe islands. They are scarce in Russia; and only in the north. Grow more common in Sibiria, and are found plentifully beyond the Lena, where the Hooded Crow ceases. Was observed about Botany Bay, in New Holland; and is met with in the Philippine isles[†].

136. MAGPIE.

- Br. Zool. i. No 78.—Latham, i. 392.—De Buffon, iii. 85.

- Corvus Pica, Skata, Skiura, Skara, Faun. Suec. No 92.—LEV. MUS.

C. Variegated with black and white, the black most beautifully glossed with green and purple: the tail very long, cuneiform, black, resplendent with the same rich colors as the body. Length eighteen inches: weight nine ounces.

Visits Hudson's Bay, where the natives call it Oue ta-kee Aske, or the Heart-bird. It migrates, and but seldom appears there[‡].

Is found in Europe, as high as Wardhuys, in lat. 71 ½.
PLACE.

It is esteemed there an augural bird. If it perches on the church, it is supposed to portend the death or removal of the minister: if on the castle, that of the governor‖. The Magpies swarm in the temperate parts of Russia. Common in Sibiria, and even as far as Kamtschatka, and the isles.

137. CINEREOUS.

- Corvus Canadensis, Lin. Syst. 158.—Latham, i. 389.

- Le Geay Brun de Canada, Brisson, ii. 54.—De Buffon, iii. 117.—LEV. MUS.

C. With a black bill, strong, strait, notched near the end of the upper mandible: nostrils covered with a tuft of whitish feathers reflected downwards: the forehead, cheeks, and under part of the body, of a dirty reddish white: the feathers on the crown long and black, forming a species of crest, like that of the English Jay: the plumage on the back brown, silky, loose, and unwebbed, like that of the Jay: wings black: tail long, cuneiform, blade; the three outmost feathers tipt with dirty white: legs black. LENGTH near eleven inches: extent fifteen. Weight two ounces and a half.

PLACE.

Inhabits Hudson's Bay, Newfoundland, and Canada, and the woods on the western coasts of America. These birds breed early in spring: their nests are made of sticks and grass, and built in pine-trees. They have two, rarely three, young ones at a time. Their eggs are blue. The young are quite black, and continue so for some time. They fly in pairs. The male and female are perfectly alike. They feed on black moss, worms, and even flesh. When near habitations or tents, they are apt to pilfer every thing they can come at, even salt meat. They are bold, and come into the tents to eat victuals out of the dishes, notwithstanding they have their hoard of berries lodged in the hollows of trees. They watch persons baiting the traps for Martins, and devour the bait as soon as they turn their backs. These birds lay up stores for the winter; and are seldom seen in January, unless near habitations: they are a kind of mock-bird. When caught, they pine away, and die, though their appetite fails them[†]. Detested by the natives of Hudson's Bay.

138. BLUE.

- Jay, Clayton's Virginia.—Phil. Trans. iii. 590.—Lawson, 141.

- Blue Jay, Catesby, i. 15.—Edw. 239.—Latham, i. 386.

- Corvus Cristatus, Lin. Syst, 157.

- Le Geay Bleu de Canada, Brisson, ii. 55.—De Buffon, iii. 120.—BL. MUS.— LEV. MUS.

C. With a strong thick bill: head adorned with a rich blue crest: a stripe of black from the bill extending beyond the eyes: throat and cheeks white: neck surrounded with a black collar: breast of a pale vinaceous red: belly white; back of a pale purple: coverts of the wings and secondaries of a rich blue, beautifully barred with black; the secondaries, and one order of the coverts, tipt with white: tail long and cuneiform, barred with blue and black; the tips of all white, excepting those of the two middlemost: legs black. LENGTH twelve inches.

Inhabits Newfoundland, Canada, and as far south as Carolina.
PLACE.

Has the same actions and jetting motion as the English Jay, but its cry is less harsh. It feeds on fruits and berries, and commonly spoils more than it eats. It is particularly fond of the berries of the bay-leaved Smilax. Resides in the country all the year. Lays in May five or six eggs, of a dull olive, with rusty spots.

C. With a crested head: bill, neck, and back, black:
139. STELLER'S
[*]

. lesser coverts of the wings dusky; the others of a rich resplendent blue: exterior webs of the primaries of the same color; the inner dusky; the secondaries of a beautiful rich blue, crossed with narrow black bars, remote from each other: the rump, belly, and breast, of a dull blue: tail very long, cuneiform, and of a fine glossy blue; the middle feathers slightly barred. SIZE of an English Jay.

Inhabits the woods about Natka or George sound, in North America.
PLACE.

It had been before discovered by Steller, when he landed on the same side of that continent. Described from a specimen in the collection of Sir JOSEPH BANKS.

- A. ROOK, Br. Zool. i. No 76.—Latham, i. 372.

- Corvus Frugilegus, Roka, Faun. Suec. No 87.—De Buffon, iii. 55.

C. Black, glossed with purple: a tinge of dull green over part of the tail: the ends of the feathers of the tail broad, and rounded; those of the Crow, acute: the bill straiter, slenderer, and weaker, than that of the Carrion Crow: the length two inches and a half; that of the latter only two inches and a quarter. The bill of the CROW is of a more intense black. The nostrils and base of the bill of the ROOK naked, and whitish, occasioned by being often thrust under ground in search of food. The WEIGHT of both nearly the same, about twenty-one ounces: the LENGTH about eighteen inches: the EXTENT of wings in the ROOK three feet one inch and a half; of the Crow, two inches and a half less[*].

PLACE.

This species is not found farther north than the south of Sweden. It breeds there; but is driven away by the severity of the winter. No mention is made of it in the Danish or Norwegian Faunae. Is common in Russia, and the west of Sibiria; but there are none in the east. They migrate in the beginning of March to the environs of Woronesch, and mingle with the common Crows[†].

- B. HOODED CR. Br. Zool. i. No 77.—Latham, i. 374.

- Corvus Cornix, Kraka, Faun. Suec. No 88.

- Krage, Leems, 239.—De Buffon, iii. 61.

C. With black head, wings, and tail; ash-colored body.

Inhabits Europe, as high as the Feroe islands and Lapmark,
PLACE.

where it continues the whole year; but in the northern countries often retires to the shores, where it lives on shell-fish. Is very common in all Russia and Sibiria: none beyond the Lena. Migrates to Woronesch, and passes the winter there. Grows very large beyond the Ob, and often varies to entire blackness. This bird, and the Raven, in October quit the sub-alpine woods, where they breed; and spread all over the plains of Italy. This species extends to Syria, as do the Raven, Crow, Jackdaw, and Magpie[*].

This species, the RAVEN, CROW, JACKDAW, PIE, and JAY, pass their winter at Woronesch [†], removing probably from hotter as well as colder climates; for three of the above can endure the severest cold.

- C. JACKDAW, Br. Zoel. i. No 81.—Latham, i. 378.

- Kaia, Faun. Suec. No 89.—De Buffon, iii. 69.

C. With white irides: hind part of the head light grey: breast and belly dusky ash: rest of the bird black. LENGTH thirteen inches.

Inhabits as far north as Sondmor:
PLACE.

is sometimes seen in the Feroe isles. Migrates from Smoland and East Gothland the moment that harvest ends; and returns in the spring, attendant on the Stares. Winters about Upsal, and passes the night in vast flocks in ruined towers, especially those of antient Upsal. Common over all Russia, and the west of Sibiria. A few are seen beyond lake Baikal. Are migratory, unless in the south of Russia.

- D. NUTCRACKER, Br. Zool. ii. App. p. 625.—Latham, i. 400.—De Buffon, iii. 122.

- Merula Saxatilis, Aldr. av. ii. 284.

- Corvus Caryocatactes, Notwecka, Notkraka, Faun. Suec. No 91.

C. With primaries and tail black, the last tipt with white: vent white: rest of the plumage of a rusty brown: crown, and converts of the tail, plain; every other part marked with white triangular spots. SIZE of a Jackdaw.

PLACE.

Is found as high as Sondmor. Does not migrate. Common in the pine-forests of Russia and Sibiria, and even in Kamtschatka. Lives on nuts and acorns, and on the kernels of pine-cones. Nestles in the bodies of trees, which it perforates like the Woodpecker.

- E. JAY, Br. Zool. i. No 79.—Latham, i. 384.—De Buffon, iii. 107.

- Corvus Glandarius, Allonskrika, Kornskrika, Faun. Suec. No 90.

C. With a black spot on each side of the mouth: very long feathers on the head: body purplish ash: greater coverts of wings beautifully barred with rich blue, black, and white. LENGTH thirteen inches.

PLACE.

Is met with as high north as Sondmor. Not migratory. Common in the woods of Russia and Sibiria; but none beyond the Lena.

- F. ROCK, Greater Redstart, Wil. Orn. 197.

- La Paisse Solitaire, Belon, Oys. 322.

- Codirosso Maggiore, Olina, 47.—Latham, i. 176.—De Buffon, iii. 354.—Aldr. av. ii. 282.

- Stein-Rotela, Gesu. av. 732.

C. With crown, and neck above, and coverts of wings, brown and dirty white. In the males, the middle of the back marked with a spot, consisting of a bar of blue, black, and rust-colored: throat, breast, and belly, orange, spotted with white, and a few dusky spots: two middle feathers of the tail dusky; the rest ferruginous: has the same loose silky texture of feathers as the Jay. SIZE of a Stare.

Found as high as the forests of Lapland. Is called by the Swedes,
PLACE.

Lappskata and Olyckfugl; by the Norwegians, Gertrudsfogel; also Ulyksfuegl, from its being supposed to forebode ill-luck. Linnaeus, for the same reason, styles it Lanius Infaustus; and in his Fauna, Corvus Infaustus [*]. It is common in the woods of the north of Russia and Sibiria. Is a most audacious bird. Linnaeus relates, that in dining amidst the Lepland forests, it would often snatch away the meat before him. Breeds in crevices of rocks. Feeds on worms and insects. Sings finely, and is often preserved in cages for its song.

ROLLER. Gen. Birds XIII.

- G. GARRULOUS, Br. Zool. ii. App. p. 530 quarto, 624 octavo.—Latham, i. 406.—De Buffon, iii. 133.—Aldr. i. 395.

- Coracias Garrula, Spansk-kraka, Bla-kraka, Faun. Suec. No 94.

R. With a naked spot beyond each ear: head, neck, back, breast, belly, and greater coverts of the wings, of a light bluish green: back ferruginous: coverts of the tail, lesser coverts of the wings, and lower parts of the secondaries, of a rich blue; primaries black above, blue beneath: middle feathers of the tail dirty green; the rest of a light blue: the exterior feathers on each side much longer than the rest, and tipt with black: legs yellowish. SIZE of a Jay.

This elegant bird is found not spread, but as if it were in a stream,
PLACES.

from the southern parts of Norway to Barbary and Senegal: from the south of Russia to the neighborhood of the Irtish, only, in that empire; and southerly, to Syria [†]. In Sweden, it arrives with the Cuckoo; retires at the conclusion of the harvest[†]. It makes its nest in the birch, preferably to all other trees[‡]; and in places where trees are wanting, such as Malta and Barbary, it forms its nest in clayey banks. Zinanni says it lays five eggs, of clear green, sprinkled with innumerable dark specks‖. It feeds on fruits, acorns, and insects. Is a shy bird; but, at times, is seen in company with Crows and Pies on the plough lands, picking up worms, and grains of corn. Schwenckfelt says, that in autumn it grows very fat, and is esteemed as a delicacy[§]. It is remarkably clamorous. Is migratory. M. Adanson observed them in Senegal, in flocks, in the month of September, and supposes they winter there[¶].

VII. ORIOLE. Gen. Birds XIV.

140. RED-WING.

- Acolchichi, Fernand. Nov. Hisp. p. 14.—Wil. Orn. 395.—Raii Syn. av. 166.— Latham, i. 428.

- Black Bird (2d sp.) Lawson, 139.

- Red-winged Starling, Catesby, i. 13.—Du Pratz, ii. 91.

- Le Troupiale a Aisles Rouges, Brisson, ii. 97.

- Le Commandeur, De Buffon, iii. 214.—Pl. Enl. 402.

- Oriolus Phoeniceus, Lin. Syst. 161.

O. With black bill and legs: plumage of a fine jetty blackness, except the lesser coverts of the wings, which are of a bright scarlet, with the lowest row white. LENGTH ten inches. The FEMALES are of a dusky color.

Inhabit from the province of New York to the kingdom of Mexico. In North America they are called Red-winged Starlings,
PLACE.

and Swamp Black-birds; in Mexico, Commendadores, from their red shoulders, resembling a badge worn by the commanders of a certain Spanish order. That kingdom seems to be their most southern residence. They appear in New York in April, and leave the country in October.
MANNERS.

They probably continue the whole year in the southern parts, at lest Catesby and Lawson make no mention of their departure. They are seen in flocks innumerable, obscuring at times the very sky with their multitudes. They were esteemed the pest of the colonies, making most dreadful havock among the maize and other grain, both when new sown, and when ripe. They are very bold, and not to be terrified with a gun; for, notwithstanding the sportsman makes slaughter in a flock, the remainder will take a short flight, and settle again in the same field. The farmers sometimes attempt their destruction, by steeping the maize in a decoction of white hellebore before they plant it. The birds which eat this prepared corn are seized with a vertigo, and fall down; which sometimes drives the rest away. This potion is particularly aimed against the PURPLE GRAKLES, or PURPLE JACKDAW, which consorts in myriads with this species, as if in conspiracy against the labors of the husbandman. The fowler seldom shoots among the flocks, but some of each kind fall. They appear in greatest numbers in autumn, when they receive additions from the retired parts of the country, in order to prey on the ripened maize.

Some of the colonies have established a reward of three pence a dozen for the extirpation of the Jackdaws: and in New England, the intent was almost effected,
USES.

to the cost of the inhabitants; who at length discovered that Providence had not formed even these seemingly destructive birds in vain. Notwithstanding they caused such havock among the grain, they made ample recompence, by clearing the ground of the noxious worms [*] with which it abounds. As soon as the birds were destroyed, the reptiles had full leave to multiply: the consequence was the total loss of the grass, in 1749; when the New Englanders, late repentants, were obliged to get their hay from Pensylvania, and even from Great Britain.

NEST.

The Red-winged Orioles build their nests in bushes, and among the reeds, in retired swamps, in the form of a hang-nest; leaving it suspended at so judicious a height, and by so wondrous an instinct, that the highest floods never reach to destroy it. The nest is strong, made externally with broad grass, a little plastered; thickly lined with bent or withered grass. The eggs are white, thinly and irregularly streaked with black.

Fernandez says, that in Mexico they build in trees near towns; and both he and Catesby agree, that they sing as well in a state of confinement as of nature; and that they may be taught to speak. I agree with M. de Buffon, that, in case the manner of their nidification is as Fernandez asserts, the disagreement in the different countries is very wonderful.

In Louisiana they appear only in winter, and are taken in a clapnet, placed on each side of a beaten path made on purpose, and strewed over with rice. As soon as the birds alight, the fowler draws the net, and sometimes takes three hundred at a haul. They are also eaten in the English colonies. Fernandez does not commend their flesh, which, he says, is unpalatable and unwholesome.

Du Pratz speaks of two kinds: this, and another which is grey and black, with a red shoulder; like the species in question.
YOUNG, OR FEMALES?

I suspect he forms out of the young birds, not yet arrived at full color, a new kind; or perhaps a female bird: for I have received from Dr. Garden one under that title, which agrees with the description given by M. Du Pratz. These are streaked with pale rusty brown: cheeks black: over each eye a white line: breast and belly black, spotted with pale brown: lesser coverts of the wings rich orange.

141. WHITE-BACKED.

- White-backed Maize Thieves, Kalm, ii. 274.

A Species mentioned barely as above by Mr. Kalm, with the addition of their being less than the last: that they sing finely, and appeared flying now and then among the bushes near Saratoga; but that he saw them for the first time near New York.
PLACE.

As Mr. Kalm seems not to have had a distinct sight of these birds, it is possible that they are the WHITE-WINGED ORIOLES of Mr. Latham, ii. 440: the coverts of whose wings are white; the rest of the plumage entirely black. His species came from Cayenne.

142. BALTIMORE.

- Baltimore bird, Catesby, i. 48.—Latham, i. 432.

- Le Baltimore, Brisson, ii. 109.—De Buffon, iii. 231.—Pl. Enl. 506.

- Oriolus Baltimore, Lin. Syst. 162.—BL. MUS.—LEV. MUS.

O. With the head, throat, neck, and upper part of the back, black:
MALE.

lesser coverts of the wings orange; the greater black tipt with white: breast, belly, lower part of the back, and coverts of the tail, of a bright orange: primaries dusky, edged with white: two middle feathers of the tail black; the lower part of the rest of the same color, the remaining part orange: legs black.

FEMALE.

Head and back of the female olive, edged with pale brown: coverts of the wings of the same color, marked with a single bar of white: under side of the body, and coverts of the tail, yellow: tail dusky, edged with yellow. LENGTH of this species seven inches.

PLACE.

Inhabits from Carolina, [*] to Canada [†]. Suspends its nest to the horizontal forks of the Tulip or Poplar trees, formed of the filaments of some tough plants, curiously woven, mixed with wool, and lined with hairs. It is of a pear shape, open at top, with a hole on the side, through which the young discharge their excrements, and are fed. In some parts of North America, this species, from its brilliant color, is called the Fiery Hang-nest. It is called the Baltimore bird, from its colors resembling those in the arms of that nobleman.

It quits North America before winter, and probably retires to Mexico, the Xochitototl of Fernandez [‡] seeming to be the same species.

143. BASTARD.

- Bastard Baltimore, Catesby, i. 49.—Latham, i. 433.

- Le Baltimore Batard, Brisson, ii. 111.—De Buffon, iii. 233.—Pl. Enl. 506.

- Oriolus Spurius, Lin. Syst. 162.—BL. MUS.—LEV. MUS.

O. With the head, neck, and upper part of the back, of a full glossy black: breast and belly of a fine orange bay: lower part of the back, and coverts of the tail, of the same color: the lesser coverts of the wings light bay; the greater black, edged with dirty white: the quil feathers dusky, edged with white: tail cuneiform and black.

The head of the female, and hind part of the neck, deep olive: throat black: coverts of wings dusky, edged with white; primaries
Baltimore Oriole N. ••

2
and secondaries of the same colors: under side of the body of a greenish yellow: tail dusky, edged with yellow.

Inhabits North America. Arrives in New York in May.
PLACE.

Lays five eggs; and usually hangs its nest in an apple-tree.

144. BLACK.

- Latham, ii. 445, No 37.

- Le Troupiale Noir, Brisson, ii. 103. tab. x.—De Buffon, iii. 320.—Pl. Enl. 534.— BR. MUS.

O. With a black bill, an inch long: legs of the same color: whole plumage black and glossy. LENGTH near ten inches. EXTENT one foot. WEIGHT two ounces and a quarter.

FEMALE. With head, breast, and belly, dusky, tinged with cinereous; the rest of the plumage of as greenish brown.

Inhabits North America, even a far as Hudson's Bay.
PLACE.

Arrives there in the beginning of June, as soon as the ground is thawed sufficiently for them to get food, which is Worms and Maggots. They sing with a fine note till the time of incubation, when they desist, and only make a chucking noise till the young take their flight, when they resume their song. They build their nests in trees, about eight feet from the ground; and form them with moss and grass. Lay five eggs, of a dark color, spotted with black. Gather in great flocks, and retire southerly in September. A bird, which I apprehend to be only a lesser variety, is described by the Comte de Buffon, iii. 221. Pl. Enl. 606. Latham, ii. 446.

145. BROWN-HEADED.

O. With the head of a rusty brown: the body and wings black, glossed with green: the tail of a dusky color. SIZE of a common Blackbird.—BR. MUS. LEV. MUS.

Inhabits New York,
PLACE.

and appears there in small flocks during summer. Perhaps migrates to St. Domingo, where it is also found, and is called there, according to Mr. Kuchan's account, Siffleur, or Whistler; but differs from that described by M. De Buffon, iii. 230, which is entirely yellow beneath.

146. RUSTY.

O. With dusky bill and legs: head, and hind part of the neck, of a blackish purplish hue, with the edges of the feathers rust-colored: from the bill, over and beneath the eyes, extends a black space, reaching to the hind part of the head: throat, under side of the neck, the breast, and back, black, edged with pale rust: belly dusky: wings and tail black, glossed with green. LENGTH between seven and eight inches.

PLACE.

Appears in New York in the latter end of October, and makes a very short stay there: it probably is on its way southerly from Hudson's Bay, where it is also found.

147. WHITE-HEADED.

- Le Cassique de la Louisiane, De Buffon, iii. 242.—Pl. Enl. 646.

O. With the head, neck, belly, and rump, white: the rest of the plumage changeable violet, bordered with white, or in some parts intermixed. LENGTH ten inches French.

PLACE.

Inhabits Louisiana.

148. HUDSONIAN WHITE-HEADED.

O. With a dusky bill: head and throat pure white: ridge of the wing, some of the under coverts, first primary, and thighs, of the same color: all the rest of the bird dusky, in parts glossed with green: on the breast a few oblong strokes of white: legs dusky. LENGTH eight inches and a half. EXTENT thirteen and a half. WEIGHT an ounce and three quarters.

PLACE.

Inhabits Hudson's Bay. A very rare species. Quere, if only differing in sex from the last.—LEV. MUS.

149. OLIVE.

- Le Carouge Olive de la Louisiane, De Buffon, iii. 251.—Pl. Enl. 607.

O. With the head olive, tinged with grey: hind part of the neck, the back, wings, and tail, of the same color, tinged with brown, brightest on the rump and the beginning of the tail: the sides also olive, dashed with yellow; the same color edges the greater coverts and primaries: the throat is orange-colored: the under side of the body yellow: legs a brownish ash-color. LENGTH six or seven inches French. EXTENT from ten to twelve.

Inhabits Louisiana.
PLACE.

150. YELLOW-THROATED.

O. With a bright yellow stroke over each eye: cheeks and throat of the same color: all the rest of the plumage tinged with green, only some of the coverts of the wings are tipt with white: bill and legs dusky. LENGTH nine inches. EXTENT fifteen and a half.

Was shot in Hudson's Bay.
PLACE.

151. UNALASCHKA.

- Latham, ii. 447, No 40.

O. With a brown bill; between its base and the eyes a white mark: plumage above, brown; the middle of each feather clouded: chin white, bounded on each side by a dark diverging line: fore part of the neck and breast of a rusty brown: coverts of the wings, the secondaries, and tail, brown, edged with rust: primaries and belly plain: sides dusky: legs brown. LENGTH eight inches.

Brought by the late navigators from Unalaschka.
PLACE.

152. SHARP-TAILED.

- Latham, i. 448.

O. With the crown brown and cinereous: cheeks brown, surrounded by a border of light clay-color, commenced at the base of each mandible of the bill: throat white: breast, sides, and vent, of a dull pale yellow, spotted with brown: belly white: back varied with ash-color, black, and white: greater and lesser coverts of the wings dusky, deeply bordered with rust-color; primaries black, slightly edged with rust: the feathers of the tail slope off on each side to a point, not unlike those of a Woodpecker; are of a dusky color, and obscurely barred: the legs of a pale brown. SIZE of a Lark.

PLACE.

Inhabits the province of New York.—From Mrs. Blackburn's collection.

VIII. GRAKLE. Gen. Birds, XV.

153. PURPLE.

- Tequixquiacatzanatl[*], Fernandez Mex. 21.

- La Pie de la Jamaique, Brisson, ii. 41.—De Buffon, iii. 97.—Pl. Enl. 538.

- Merops Niger iride sub-argentea, Brown's Jamaica, 476.

- Purple Jackdaw, Catesby, i. 12.—Latham, i. 462.

- Black Bird, Lawson, sp. 2d, 139.—Sloane Jamaica, ii. 299.

- Gracula Quiscula, Lin. Syst. 165.—BL. MUS.—LEV. MUS.

G. With a black bill: silvery irides: head and neck black, glossed over with a most resplendent blue, variable as opposed to the light: back and belly, with green and copper-color, growing more dusky towards the vent: tail long, and cuneiform: legs black: wings and tail rich purple. Female entirely dusky; darkest on the back, wings, and tail.

LENGTH of the male thirteen inches and a half:
SIZE.

the WEIGHT about six ounces. LENGTH of the female eleven inches and a half.

These birds inhabit the same countries as the Red-wing Orioles, and generally mingle with them. They sometimes keep separate; but usually combine in their ravages among the plantations of maize. After that grain is carried in, they feed on the seeds of the Water Tare Grass, or Zizania aquatica. Their good qualities, in clearing the country from noxious insects, have been recited before, in page mixed with the history of their congenial companions.

They appear in New York and Philadelphia in February,
PLACE.

or the beginning of March; and sit perched on trees near the farms, and give a tolerably agreeable note. They also build in trees, usually in retired places, making their nests externally with coarse stalks,
NEST.

internally with bents and fibres, with plaister at the bottom. They lay five or six eggs, of a pale plue color, thinly spotted and striped with black. After the breeding-season, they return with their young from their most distant quarters, in flights continuing for miles in length, blackening the very sky, in order to make their depredations on the ripening maize. It is unfortunate that they increase in proportion as the country is more cultivated; following the maize, in places they were before unknown, wheresoever that grain is introduced.

They migrate from the northern colonies at approach of winter; but continue in Carolina the whole year, feeding about the barndoor. Their flesh is rank, and unpalatable; and is only the food of birds of prey. The small Hawks dash among the flocks, and catch them in the air.

They are also found in Mexico, and in the island of Jamaica. They are sometimes eaten; but their flesh is hard, rank, and of bad nourishment.

154. BOAT-TAIL.

- Gracula Barri•a, Lin. Syst. 165.—Latham, i. 460.

- Le Troupiaie Noir, Icterus Niger, Brisson, ii. 105.—De Buffon, iii. 220.—Pl. Enl. 534.

- Monedula tota nigra, Sloane, 299.—Raii Syn. av. 185.—LEV. MUS.

G. With the bill an inch and a half long, sharp, and black: plumage black, glossed with purple: tail cuneiform, expanded when walking; in flight, or on the perch, folded, so as to form an oblong cavity in its upper part. LENGTH about thirteen inches.

PLACE.

Inhabits not only the greater Antilles, but the warmer parts of North America; consorting with the Purple Grakles, and Red-winged Orioles. Feeds on maize and insects; in the islands on Bananas.

IX. CUCKOO. Gen. Birds, XIX.

155. CAROLINA.

- Cuckoo of Carolina, Catesby, i. 9.—Lawson, 143.

- Le Coucou de la Carolina, Brisson, iv. 112.

- Cuculus Americanus, Lin. Syst. 170.—Latham, i. 537.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

C. With the upper mandible of the bill black, the lower yellow: head, and whole upper part of the body, and coverts of the wings, cinereous; under side entirely white: primaries brown on their exterior, orange on their interior sides: tail long; two middle feathers entirely cinereous, the others tipt with white: legs dusky. LENGTH twelve inches.

Inhabits North America. Arrives in New York in May.
PLACE.

Makes its nest in June, usually in apple-trees; and lays four eggs, of a bluish white color. The nest is made of small sticks and roots, and resembles greatly that of the English Jay; but is smaller. It retires from North America in autumn.

This bird, as well as all the foreign Cuckoos, have only the generical character of the well-known European species. They differ in their oeconomy, nor have the opprobrious notes of that bird.

- A. EUROPEAN CUCKOO, Br. Zool. i. No 82. tab. xxxvi. fem.—Latham, i. 509.

- Cuculus Canorus, Gjok, Faun. Suec. No 96.

- Le Coucou, De Buffon, vi. 305.—LEV. MUS.

C. With dove-colored head, hind part of the neck, back, rump, and coverts: throat, and under side of the neck, of a pale grey: breast and belly white, barred with black: primaries dusky; inner webs marked with white oval spots: tail cuneiform; middle feathers black, tipped with white; the rest marked with white spots on each web. FEMALE. Neck of a brownish red: tail barred with rust-color and black, and spotted with white.

PLACE.

Inhabits all parts of Europe, as high as Saltens Fogderie, in Norway [*], within the Arctic circle; and even at Loppen, in Finmark [†]. It is found equally high in Asia; and extends as far east as Kamtschatka. In all places it retains its singular note, and its more singular nature of laying its eggs in the nests of small birds, and totally deserting them[†]. Of the above circumstance I beg leave to add a proof, which fell under my own notice in June 1778; when I saw a young Cuckoo, almost full grown (when I first discovered it) in the nest of a white Wagtail, beneath some logs in a field adjacent to my house. The Wagtail was as solicitous to feed it, as if it had been its own offspring; for, many days after the Cuckoo fled, it was seen often perched on the adjacent walls, still attended and fed by the Wagtail.

It arrives in the northern and eastern parts of Asia, about the tenth of June.

WRYNECK. Gen. Birds, XX.

- B. WRYNECK, Br. Zool. i. No 83.—Latham, i. 548.

- Jynx Torquilla Gjoktyta, Faun. Suec. No 97.

- Le Torcol, De Buffon, vii. 84.—Pl. Enl. 698.—LEV. MUS.

W. With a black and colored list dividing lengthways the crown and back: upper part of the body elegantly pencilled with grey, black, white, and ferruginous: tail consists of ten feathers, grey, speckled with black, and marked equidistant with four broad black bars.

Extends over all Russia and Sibiria, and even to Kamtschatka.
PLACE.

Found in Sweden, and as high as Drontheim, in Norway; and probably migrates as far as the Cuckoo. The Swedes call this bird Gjoktyta, or the bird which explains the Cuckoo: probably for the same reason as the Welsh and English style it the Cuckoo's Man, as it seems its attendant, and to point out its arrival.

X. WOODPECKER. Gen. Birds, XXI.

156. WHITE-BILLED.

- Quatotomomi, Fernand. Mex. 50.—Wil. Orn. 390.

- Ipecu, Marcgrave, 207.—Wil. Orn. 138.—Raii Syn. Quad. 43.—Latham, ii. 553.

- Picus principalis, Lin. Syst. 173.

- Largest White-bill Woodpecker, Catesby, i. 16.—Lawson, 142.—Barrere Fr. Equin. 143.—Kalm, ii. 85.

- Grand Pic noir a bec blanc, De Buffon, vii. 46.—Pl. Enl. 690.

W. With a bill of ivory whiteness; great strength; three inches long: irides yellow: a conic crest, of a rich scarlet color, on the hind part of the head: head, throat, neck, breast, and belly, black: beneath each eye is a narrow stripe of white, crooked at its beginning, running afterwards strait down the sides of the neck: upper part of the back, primary feathers, and coverts of the wings, black; lower part of the back, and the secondaries, white: tail black.

This is a gigantic species, weighing twenty ounces; and in bulk equal to a Crow.

PLACE.

Inhabits the country from New Jersey to the Brasils. Is in North America a scarce bird; in South America more common. It breeds in the kingdom of Mexico in the rainy season; for which reason Nieremberg styles it Picus Imbrifoetus [*]. The Spaniards call them Carpenteros, Carpenters, on account of the multitude of chips which they hew out of the trees, either in forming their nests, or in search of food, insects, and worms, which lurk beneath the bark. They are very destructive to trees; for they have been known to cut out a measure of chips in an hour's time[†]. Instinct directs them to form their holes in a winding form, in order the better to protect their nests from the injury of the weather[‡].

Canada is destitute of these birds. The Indians of that severe climate purchase the bills from the savages of the more southern parts, at the rate of two or three Buck skins apiece, in order to form the coronets [*] of their sachems and warriors. These coronets were made with several materials. Gay plumes formed the rays; the beaks of birds, claws of rare animals, and the little horns of their Roes, were the other ornaments. They were never worn but on high solemnities; either when a warrior sung the song of war, or was setting forward on his march to meet the enemy. He went forth like a Spartan hero, dancing, and crowned[†].

157. PILEATED.

- Larger Red-crested Woodpecker, Catesby, i. 17.

- Le Pic noir hupe de Virginie, Brisson, iv. 29.

- Picus Pileatus, Lin. Syst. 173.—Latham, i. 554.

- Le Pic noir a huppe rouge, De Buffon, vii. 48.—Pl. Enl. 718.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

W. With a bill two inches long, of a dusky color on the upper, and whitish on the lower mandible: irides of a gold-color: a tuft of light brown feathers reflected over the nostrils: the crown adorned with a rich scarlet crest, bounded by a narrow buff-colored line; beneath that is a broad band of black, reaching from the eyes to the hind part of the head; under this is another line of buff-color, commencing at the bill, and dropping down on each side of the neck to the pinions of the wings: from the lower mandible a line of scarlet extends along the lower part of the cheeks: chin and throat white: fore and hind part of the neck, back, breast, belly, and tail, black: the wings black, marked with a double line of white: legs dusky. LENGTH eighteen inches. WEIGHT nine ounces.

Inhabits the forests of Pensylvania and New York.
PLACE.

When the maize begins to ripen, this and the other kinds make great havock, by settling on the heads, and picking out the grain; or making holes in the leaves, and letting in the wet, to the destruction of the plant[*]. It breeds and resides the whole year in the country. It extends as high as lat. 50. 31. north; being found near the banks of Albany river, near four hundred miles from its discharge into Hudson's Bay. Lays six eggs, and brings forth its young in June. The Indians deck their Calumets with the crest of this species.

158. GOLDEN-WING.

- Golden-winged Woodpecker, Catesby, i. 18.

- Le Pic Rayè de Canada, Brisson, iv. 70.

- Picus Auratus, Lin. Syst. 174.—Latham, i. 597.

- Le Pic aux ailes dorees, De Buffon, vii. 39.—Pl. Enl. 693.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

W. With a black bill, bending like that of a Cuckoo: crown cinereous; on the hind part a scarlet spot: cheeks and under side of the neck of a pale red: from each corner of the mouth a black line extends along the cheeks: the upper part of the breast is marked with a black crescent; the remainder and the belly whitish, spotted with black: back and coverts of wings of a fine pale brown, barred with black: the primaries cinereous; their shafts of a most elegant gold-color; the under side of the webs of a glossy yellow: rump white, spotted with black: tail black, edged with white: the shafts of all the feathers gold-colored, except those of the two middle feathers: legs dusky. LENGTH twelve inches. WEIGHT five ounces. The FEMALE wants the black on each side of the throat.

PLACE.

Inhabits from Hudson's Bay to Carolina, and again on the western side of North America. In the first is migratory, appearing in April, and leaving the country in September. All the American Woodpeckers agree with those of Europe in building in hollow trees, and in laying six white eggs. The natives of Hudson's Bay call this species, Ou-thee-quan-nor-ow,
Ferruginous Woodpecker. No. 159. Nuthatch No. 170.

from the golden color of the shafts and under side of the wing feathers[*].

The Swedish Americans call it Hittock, and Piut [†]; words formed from its notes. It is almost continually on the ground; and never picks its food out of the sides of trees, like others of the genus: neither does it climb, but sits perched, like the Cuckoo; to which it has some resemblance in manners, as well as form. It feeds on insects. Grows very fat, and is reckoned very palatable. It inhabits the Jersies, and other provinces to the south, the whole year.

159. FERRUGINOUS.

- Latham, i. 592.

- Le Pic Mordore, De Buffon, vii. 34.—Pl. Enl. 524.

W. With a dusky bill: the crown and pendent crest of a pale yellow: a crimson bar extends from the mouth along the lower part of the cheek: the cheeks, back, and coverts of the wings, of a deep ferruginous color: lower part of the back of a pale yellow: primaries ferruginous, barred on their inner webs with black. SIZE of the Green Woodpecker.

This new species was sent to me by Dr. Garden, of Charlestown,
PLACE.

South Carolina.

160. RED-HEADED.

- Red-headed Woodpecker, Catesby, i. 20.—Lawson, 3d sp. 143.—Du Pratz, 92.— Latham, i. 561.

- Picus Erythrocephalus, Lin. Syst. 174.

- Le Pic a teste rouge, de la Virginie, Brisson, iv. 53.—Pl. Enl. 117.

- Le Pic noir a domino rouge, De Buffon, vii. 55.—Pl. Enl. 117.—LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

W. With a lead-colored bill: head and neck of the most deep and rich scarlet: back, coverts of wings, primaries, and tail, of a glossy blackness: the secondaries white, marked with two black bars: breast and belly white: legs black. The head of the FEMALE is brown. LENGTH nine inches and a half. WEIGHT two ounces.

PLACE.

Inhabits Pensylvania, and the neighboring provinces. Feeds on maize and apples; and is a most destructive species. They pick out all the pulp, and leave nothing but the mere rind. They feed also on acorns. They were formerly proscribed; a reward of two pence was put on their heads: but the law was repealed. They migrate southward at approach of winter. When they are observed to linger in numbers in the woods, in the beginning of winter, the inhabitants reckon it a sign of a mild season[*].

This species extends across the continent to the western coast of America.

161. CAROLINA.

- Red-bellied Woodpecker, Catesby, i. 19.

- Picus Carolinus, Lin. Syst. 174.—Latham, i. 570.

- Le Pic varié de la Jamaique, Brisson, iv. 59.—De Buffon, vii. 72.

- Woodpecker of Jamaica, Edw. 244.—BL. MUS.

W. With the forehead, crown, and hind part of the head, of an orange red; under side of a light ash-color, tinged with yellow: the vent spotted with black: the back and wings closely barred with black and white: middle feathers of the tail black, the outmost barred with black and white. The crown of the female is light grey: hind part of the head red. LENGTH eleven inches. WEIGHT two ounces eleven penny-weights.

PLACE.

Inhabits North America, and the greater Antilles.

162. SPOTTED.

- Great Spotted Woodpecker? Br. Zool. i. No 85.—Latham, i. 564.

- Le Pic varié, Brisson, iv. 34.—De Buffon, vii. 57.—Pl. Enl. 196. 595.

- Picus Major, Faun. Suec. No 100.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

W. With buff forehead; black crown, bounded behind with a crimson band: vent feathers crimson: back black: scapulars white: wings and tail barred with black and white: breast and belly white, tinged with yellow. LENGTH nine inches. EXTENT sixteen. WEIGHT two ounces three quarters. FEMALE wants the crimson marks.

Sent to Mrs. Blackburn from New York. Inhabits Europe,
PLACE.

as high as Lapmark. Extends to the most eastern part of Sibiria.

163. CANADA SPOTTED.

- L'Epeiche de Canada, De Buffon, vii. 69.—Pl. Enl. 347.—Brisson, iv. 45.

W. With white forehead, throat, breast, and belly: crown, black; beneath is a band of white, encircling the head; from each eye another of black, uniting behind, and running down the hind part of the neck; each side of this bounded by white; that again bounded by black, commencing at the base of the bill, and uniting with the scapulars: the back black; scapulars of the same color, mixed with a few white feathers: wings spotted with black and white: middle feathers of the tail black; the outmost black and white. SIZE of the last.

Inhabits Canada.
PLACE.

164. HAIRY.

- Hairy Woodpecker, Catesby, i. 19.—Latham, i. 572.

- Picus Villofus, Lin. Syst. 175.

- Le Pic varié de la Virginie, Brisson. iv. 48.

- L'Epeiche ou Pic Chevelù de Virginie, De Buffon, vii. 75.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

W. With the crown black: the hind part of the head marked with a crimson spot; the cheeks with two lines of white and two of black: whole under side of the body white: back black, divided in the middle lengthways with a line of white unconnected feathers, resembling hairs: the wings black, spotted in rows with[*] white: two middle feathers of the tail black; the two outmost entirely white; the rest black, marked crossways with white. The female wants the red spot on the head. LENGTH nine inches. WEIGHT two ounces.

PLACE.

Inhabits from Hudson's Bay [*] to Carolina. In the last very destructive to apple-trees.

165. DOWNY.

- Smallest Spotted Woodpecker, Catesby, i. 21.

- Picus Pubescens, Lin. Syst. 175.—Latham, i. 573.

- Le Petit Pic varié de la Virginie, Brisson, iv. 50.

- Fourth Woodpecker, Lawson, 143.

- L'Epeiche ou Petit Pic varie de Virginie, De Buffon, vii. 76.—LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

W. Of the size of a Sparrow. In all respects resembles the last, except in size; and in having the outmost feather of the tail marked with a single white bar.

PLACE.

Inhabits Pensylvania and Carolina, and is very numerous. It is also found, but more rarely, near Albany fort, in Hudson's Bay. The Woodpecker tribe is the most pernicious of all the birds of America, except the PURPLE GRAKLE; but this little species is the most destructive of its whole genus, because it is the most daring. It is the pest of the orchards, alighting on the apple-trees, running round the boughs or bodies, and picking round them a circle of equidistant holes. It is very common to see trees encircled with numbers of these rings, at scarcely an inch's distance from each other; so that the tree dries and perishes.

166. YELLOW-BELLIED.

- Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, Catesby, i. 21.

- Picus Varius, Lin. Syst. 176.—Latham, i. 574.

- Le Pic Variè, Brisson, iv. 62.

- Le Pic Variè de Carolina, De Buffon, vii. 77.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

W. With a crimson crown, surrounded by a line of black: cheeks white, with two lines of black: chin crimson: breast and belly light yellow; the first spotted with black: coverts black, crossed by two bars of white: primaries spotted with black and white: tail black; interior webs of the two middle feathers barred with white; the two outmost feathers edged with the same color. The FEMALE wants the red on the crown. LENGTH nine inches. WEIGHT one ounce thirteen penny-weights.

Inhabits the same country with the former. Is very numerous,
PLACE.

and very destructive to the fruits.

167. YELLOW-LEGGED.

THIS is inserted on the suspicious authority of Albin [*]. He says, that it is of the size of the Little English Spotted Woodpecker; that the hind part of the head is black; the ridges of the wings, and the lower part of the belly, white; the rest of the plumage, and the tail, black; the legs yellow.

168. THREE-TOED.

- Three-toed Woodpecker, Edw. 114.—Phil. Trans. lxii. 388.—Latham, i. 600, 601.

- Picus Tridactylus, Lin. Syst. 177.—Faun. Suec. No 103.

- Le Pic variè de la Cayenne, Brisson, iv. 55.—LEV. MUS.

W. With black feathers reflected over the nostrils: crown of a bright gold color: irides blue: cheeks marked lengthways with three black and two white lines: hind part of the neck and back black; the last spotted on the upper part with white: coverts of the wings black; primaries black, spotted with white: all the under side of the body white; the sides barred with black: the middle feathers of the tail black; the outmost spotted with white: legs dusky: toes, two before, only one behind; which forms the character of this species. LENGTH eight inches. EXTENT thirteen. WEIGHT two ounces.

PLACE.

Inhabits Hudson's Bay, and Norton Sound, lat. 64. Is frequent in Sibiria, and common as far as Moscow, in the alps of Dalecarlia in Sweden, and in those of Switzerland [*].

- A. BLACK W. Picus Martius, Lin. Syst. 173.

- Spillkraka, Tillkraka, Faun. Suec. No 93.—De Buffon, vii. 41.—Wil. Orn. 135.— Latham, i. 552.—LEV. MUS.

W. With the crown of the head of a rich crimson: the rest of the plumage of a full black: the head of the female marked with red only behind. LENGTH eighteen inches. EXTENT twenty-nine. WEIGHT near eleven ounces.

PLACE.

Inhabits the forests of Germany, Switzerland, and the north, from Petersbourg to Ochotsk, on the eastern ocean, eastward, and to Lapmark westward. It migrates to Woronesch, about the third of March, and continues coming in greatest numbers in April. Is called there The Fusilier; and is the most cunning, and difficult to be shot, of all the tribe.

It does vast damage to trees,
MANNERS.

by making holes of a great depth in the bodies to nestle in. A bushel of dust and chips, a proof of its labors, are often found at the foot of the tree. Makes as much noise in the operation, as a woodman does with an axe. Rattles with its bill against the sides of the orifice, till the woods resound. Its note very loud. Lays two or three white semi-transparent eggs. Feeds on caterpillars and insects, especially Ants.

- B. GREEN, Br. Zool. i. No 84.—Latham, i. 577.

- Picus Viridis, Wedknar, Gronspik, Grongjoling, Faun. Suec. No 99.—De Buffon, vii. 7.—LEV. MUS.

W. With crimson crown: green body; lightest below. LENGTH thirteen inches.

Inhabits Europe, as high north as Lapmark,
PLACE.

where it is called Zhiaine [*]. Is found in Russia; but disappears towards Sibiria.

- C. GREY-HEADED, Edw. 65.—Latham, i. 583.

W. With a grey head, and neck of a bluish grey: nostrils covered with harsh black feathers, extending in a line to the eyes: a black line, beginning at the base of the lower mandible, points beneath the cheeks towards the hind part of the neck: under side of the body of the color of the head, dashed with green: all other parts so exactly like the last, that I should suppose it to have been a variety, had not my very scientific friend, PALLAS, assured me that it was a distinct species, and inferior in size to the common GREEN.

PLACE.

It is found in Norway, and among the alps of Switzerland [*]; and common in the north of Russia, and still more in Sibiria. The Tungusi, of Nijmaia Tungouska, roast this species, bruise the flesh, and mix it with any grease, except that of the Bear, which dissolves too readily. They anoint their arrows with it, and pretend, that the animals, which are struck with them, instantly fall[†].

- D. MIDDLE SPOTTED W. Br. Zool. i. No 86.—Latham, i. 565.

- Picus Medius, Faun. Suec, No 101.—Brisson, iv. 38.

W. With a crimson crown and vent: in all other respects like the GREAT SPOTTED, No 162, except in size, being rather less.

- E. LEST SPOTTED W. Br. Zool. i. No 87.

- Picus Minor, Faun. Suec. No 102.

- Le Petit Epeiche, De Buffon, vii. 62.—Pl. Enl. 598.—Brisson, iv. 41.—LEV. MUS.

W. With a crimson crown: the rest of the head, breast, and belly, like those of the former: back barred with black and white: the white on the wings diffused in broad beds. WEIGHT under an ounce. LENGTH six inches. EXTENT eleven.

PLACE.

The MIDDLE is only found in Russia. This, and the GREAT SPOTTED, extend to the eastmost parts of Sibiria; but all three are found as high as Lapmark [‡], the extremity of northern Europe, far within the polar circle; a country which is one vast forest of pines, firs, and birch‖. Innumerable insects, or their, larvae, lurk in all seasons in the bark of the trees; so that this tribe of birds is never compelled, for want of food, to shun even the most rigorous winters of that severe climate. It also bears the heats of the torrid zone; for I discovered it among the drawings in the collection of Governor Loten, made in the island of Ceylon.

XI. KINGFISHER. Gen. Birds, XXIII.

169. BELTED.

- Kingfisher, Catesby, i. 69.

- American Kingfisher, Edw. 115.

- Le Martin pescheur hupè de la Caroline, Brisson. iv. 512. & de St. Domingue, 515.

- Alcedo Alcyon, Lin. Syst. 180.—Latham, i. 637.

- Le Jaguacati, De Buffon, vii. 210.—LEV. MUS.

K. With a black bill, two inches and a half long: head crested with long bluish grey feathers: above the upper mandible of the bill, on each side, is a white spot; beneath each eye is another: chin and throat white: the upper part of the breast crossed by a broad grey belt; the lower part, and belly, white: the sides of a vermilion color; in some crossing the breast: upper part of the neck, the back, and coverts of the wings, of a pleasant bluish grey: the secondaries of the same color; their ends, and those of the lower order of coverts, tipt with white: primaries black, barred with white: tail grey; the two middle feathers plain; the rest barred with white: the legs orange. LENGTH thirteen inches. WEIGHT three ounces and a half.

Inhabits Hudson's Bay, Norton Sound,
PLACE.

and other parts of North America. The Achalalacti, i. e. the Devourer of fish, of the Mexicans [*], seems to be the same bird. It has the same cry, manners, and solitary disposition, with the European species; and feeds not only on fish, but Lizards. It makes its nest in the face of high banks, penetrating deep into them in an horizontal direction. Lays four white eggs, which discharge the young in June. It migrates in Mexico; is there eaten, but is observed to have the same rankness as other piscivorous birds.

- A. EUROPEAN KINGFISHER, Br. Zool. i. No 88.—Latham, i. 626.

- Le Martin-Pecheur, Buffon, vii. 164.—Pl. Enl. 77.

- Alcedo Ispida, Lin. Syst. 179,—LEV. MUS.

K. With the crown, and coverts of the wings, of a deep green, spotted with caerulean: scapulars and back bright caerulean: tail rich deep blue: breast and belly orange red.

PLACE.

Said by Du Pratz to be found in North America; but, as I never saw it in any collection, doubt the fact. Inhabits the temperate parts of Russia and Sibiria, and is frequent about the Jenesei, but not farther east. It does not extend to Sweden, and it even seems a rarity in Denmark [*].

The Tartars and Ostiaks use the feathers of this bird as a love-charm. They fling them on water, and preserve those which swim; believing, that the woman, whom they touch with one of these feathers, will immediately become enamoured with them. The Ostiaks preserve the bill, feet, and skin, in a purse, and imagine them to be preservatives against all sorts of misfortunes[†].

The most singular northern philtre, is a sort of mushroom, worn by the youth of Lapland in a purse, ante pubem pendulo. LINNAEUS'S apostrophe is very diverting.

O ridicula VENUS, tibi, quae in exteris regionibus uteris caffea et chocolata, conditis et saccharatis, vinis et bellariis, gemmis et margaritis, auro et argento, serico et cosmetico, saltationibus et conventiculis, musica et comoediis, tibi sufficit hic solus exsuccus fungus.
Flora Lappon. 368.

XII. NUTHATCH. Gen. Birds, XXIV.

170. CANADA.

- NUTHATCH, Br. Zool. i. No 89?—Latham, i. 648. 651.

- Le Torchepot de Canada, Brisson, iii. 592.

- Sitta Europea Notwacka, Faun. Suec. No 104.

- La Sittelle, De Buffon, v. 460.—LEV. MUS.

N. With the crown, hind part of the neck, and shoulders, black: back and rump of a light blue grey: over each eye a white line: cheeks white: primaries dusky, edged with grey: breast and belly of a pure white: two middle feathers of the tail grey; the others black, with a white spot at the end: vent rust-colored. SIZE of the European; of which it seems a mere variety.

Inhabits Canada, and as far south as New York;
PLACE.

and extends to the western side of America, Kamtschatka [*], Sibiria, and Russia; Sweden, and Sondmor [†] in Norway: and does not migrate.

171. BLACK-HEADED.

- Nuthatch, Catesby, i. 22, lower figure.—Latham, i. 650. B.

- Le Torchepot de la Caroline, Brisson, iii. 22.

N. With the bill, head, and hind part of the neck, black: over each eye is a white line: back of a fine grey: wings dusky, edged with grey: breast and belly, and vent feathers, red: two middle feathers of the tail grey; the rest black, marked with a white spot. Less than the European.

Inhabits the temperate parts of America.
PLACE.

172. LEST.

- Small Nuthatch, Catesby, i. 22.—Brisson, iii. 958.—Latham, i. 651. C.

- La Petite Sittelle à tête Brune, De Buffon, v. 474.

N. With a brown head, marked behind with a white spot: back grey: wings of a deep brown: under side of the body of a dirty white: two middle feathers of the tail grey; the others black.

PLACE.

Inhabits Carolina, and other parts of North America.

XIII. TODY. Gen. Birds, XXV.

173. DUSKY.

- Todi Sp. quarta, Pallas Spicil. vi. 17.—Latham, ii. 661, No 9.—BR. MUS.

T. With a bill half an inch long, broad at the base, slightly indented above the nostrils, and a little bent near the point; base beset with bristles; upper mandible brown, lower white: colors above dusky; below yellowish white: primaries and tail of the same color with the back, edged with dirty white: legs dark. SIZE of a Hedge Sparrow.

Inhabits Rhode Island. Has the actions of a Flycatcher.
PLACE.

Frequents decayed trees, and feeds on insects. Has a brief agreeable note, which it repeats twice or thrice.—BR. MUS.

HOOPOE. Gen. Birds, XXVII.

- A. HOOPOE, Br. Zool. i. No 90.—Latham, i. 687.—De Buffon, vi. 439.

- Upupa Epops, Harfogel, Popp, Faun. Suec. No 105.—LEV. MUS.

H. With a high crest, of pale orange tipt with black: back and wings barred with black and white: neck reddish brown: breast and belly white: only ten feathers in the tail; black, with a white crescent [*] across the middle: legs black. LENGTH twelve inches.

PLACE.

Inhabits Europe, as far as Sweden, where it is called Harfugl, or Soldier-bird, not only on account of its plumed head, but because the common people believe its appearance to be an omen of war. The Norwegians style it Aerfugl; it is therefore likely that it may sometimes visit their country. It is properly a southern bird, and extends even to Egypt and India. Is common in the southern deserts of Russia and Tartary; grows scarcer beyond the Ob; yet some are seen beyond lake Baikal. Dr. Pallas confirms to me its filthy manners[†]. He assures, that it breeds, in preference, in putrid carcases; and that he had seen the nest of one in the privy of an uninhabited house, in the suburbs of Tzaritsyn. Lays from two to seven cinereous eggs. Usually has no nest of its own. Breeds sometimes in hollow trees, holes in walls, or on the ground. Migratory.

XIV. CREEPER. Gen. Birds, XXVIII.

174. EUROPEAN.

- Br. Zool. i. No 91.—Catesby, App. xxxvi.

- Certhiu Familiaris Krypare, Faun. Suec. No 106.—Latham, i. 701.

- Le Grimpereau, De Buffon, v. 481.—LEV. MUS.

C. With head and neck brown, streaked with black: rump tawny: coverts of wings varied with brown and black: primaries dusky, edged with white, and edged and barred with ferruginous marks: breast and belly silvery: tail very long, consisting of twelve sharp-pointed feathers of a tawny hue.

Inhabits North America. Is found, but very rarely,
PLACE.

in Russia and Sibiria. Found in Sweden, and never quits the country; and extends as far north as Sondmor [*].

175. BAHAMA.

- Bahama Titmouse, Catesby, i. 59.

- Yellow-bellied Creeper, Edw. 362.

- Certhia Flaveola, Lin. Syst. 187.—Latham, i. 737.

- Le Grimpereau de Martinique, ou le Sucrier, Brisson, iii. 611.

- Le Sucrier, De Buffon, v. 542.

C. With a dusky bill head, and back: cheeks black: above each eye is a yellow line: rump yellow: wings dusky; the primaries crossed with a bar of white: neck, breast, and belly, yellow: tail black; the exterior feathers tipt with white.

The female hath the same marks, but the colors are more obscure.

Inhabits the Bahama Islands, and the Antilles;
PLACE.

in the last it lives among the sugar-canes, and sucks the sweet juice which exudes from them[†].

XV. HONEYSUCKER. Gen. Birds, XXIX[*].

176. RED-THROATED.

- Passer Muscatus, Gesner, av. 655.

- Ourissia sive Tomineio, Clus. Exot. 96.

- Guainumbi Prima, (foem.) Marcgrave, 196.

- Colibry, Viamelin, or Rising Bird, Josselyn's voy. 100.—Rarities, 6.—LEV. MUS.

- Trochilus Colubris, Lin. Syst. 191.—Latham, i. 769.

- L'Oyseau Mouche a rouge gorge, Brisson, iii. 716.

- Humming Bird, Catesby, i. 65.—Lawson, 146.—Edw. 38.

- Le Rubis, De Buffon, vi. 13.

H. With a black bill, three quarters of an inch long: crown, upper part of the neck, back, and coverts of the wings, of a most resplendent variable green and gold: chin and throat of a shining rich scarlet, changing, as opposed to the light, from gold to a full black; these feathers lie nearly as compactly as scales: breast and belly white; the sides green: middle feathers of the tail green; the exterior purple.

The chin, throat, and whole under side, of the female, is white: the exterior feathers of the tail tipt with white.

MANNERS.

This bird, so admirable for its minuteness, vast swiftness of flight, food, and elegance of form and colors, gave rise to numbers of romantic tales. They were not the Europeans alone, who were struck with its great beauty; the natives of America, to whom it was so familiar, were affected with its gemmeous appearance, and bestowed on it titles expressive of its resplendent colors. Some nations called it Ourissia, and Guaracyaba, or the Sun-beam; others, Guanaeygaba, or Hairs of the Sun; others again named it Huitzitzil, or Vicililin, or the Regenerated; because they believed it died annually, and was re-animated at the return of the flowers it fed on: that it stuck its bill into the trunk of a tree, and remained lifeless for six months; when the vital powers re-migrated, and restored to nature one of its most brilliant wonders.

It flies with a swiftness which the eye is incapable of following.
SWIFTNESS.

The motion of the wings is so rapid as to be imperceptible to the nicest observer. Lightning is scarcely more transient than its flight, nor the glare more bright than its colors.
FOOD.

It never feeds but upon wing, suspended over the flower it extracts nourishment from; for its only food is the honied juice lodged in the nectarium, which it sucks through the tubes of its curious tongue. Like the Bee, having exhausted the honey of one flower, it wanders to the next, in search of new sweets. It admires most those flowers which have the deepest tubes. Thus the female Balsamine, and the Scarlet Monarda, are particular favorites. Whosoever sets those plants before the window is sure to be visited by multitudes of these diminutive birds. It is a most entertaining sight to see them swarming around the flowers, and trying every tube of verticillated plants, by putting their bills into every one which encircles the stalk. If they find that their brethren have been beforehand, and robbed the flower of the honey, they will, in rage, pluck off, and throw it on the ground.

The most violent passions animate at times their little bodies.
RAGE.

They have often dreadful contests, when numbers happen to dispute possession of the same flower. They will tilt against one another with such fury, as if they meant to transfix their antagonists with their long bills. During the fight; they frequently pursue the conquered into the apartments of those houses whose windows are left open, take a turn round the room, as Flies do in England, and then suddenly regain the open air. They are fearless of mankind; and in feeding will suffer people to come within two yards of them; but on a nearer approach, dart away with admirable swiftness.

Fernandez Oviedo, an author of great repute, speaks from his own knowlege of the spirited instinct, even of this diminutive bird, in defence of its young:
So that when they see a man clime ye tree where they have their nests, they flee at his face, and stryke hym in the eyes, commyng, goying, and returnyng, with such swyftness, that no man woulde lyghtly beleeve it, that hath not seene it[*].

Father Charlevoix gives a more apocryphal instance of the courage of this bird, in its attack on its disproportioned enemy the Raven. As soon as the last appears, the Honeysucker flies up like lightning, beds itself beneath the Raven's wing, and, piercing him with his needle-like bill, till the bird is heard to croak with agony, at length tumbles to the ground dead, either from the fall or the wound. This relation seems of a piece with the combat of the Wren with the Eagle, mentioned by Aristotle [†]: but, to do justice both to the French voyager and Grecian philosopher, I must add, that each of them delivered their reports from oral evidence.

Many fables have been related of the melody of the song of these birds.
NOTE.

In fact, their only note is screep, screep, screep; but the noise which they make with their wings, especially in the morning, when numbers are in motion, is a sort of buzz or sound resembling that of a spinning-wheel. Their note is chiefly emitted when they happen to strike against each other in their flight.

NESTS.

Their nests are found with great difficulty, being built in the branch of a tree, amidst the thick foliage. It is of elegance suitable to the architects; formed on the outside with moss; in the inside lined with the down or gossamer collected from the Great Mullein, or Verbascum Thapsus; but it is also sometimes made of flax, hemp, hair, and other soft materials. It is of an hemispherical shape. Its inner diameter an inch: its depth half an inch. The female is said to be the builder; the male supplying her with materials. Each assists in the labor of incubation, which continues during twelve days. They lay only two eggs, white, and as small as pease. The first is very singular, and contrary to the general rule of nature; which makes, in all other instances, the smallest and most defenceless birds the most prolific. The reasons of the exception in this case are double. The smallness of their bodies causes them commonly to escape the eyes of birds of prey; or if seen, their rapid flight eludes pursuit: so that the species is preserved as fully as if they had been the most numerous breeders.

The Indians of Mexico, Peru, and Maynas, make most exquisite pictures of the feathers of birds; but those of the Honeysuckers form the most brilliant part. Some use them as ornaments, and hang them as pendants in their ears, which give a blaze emulous of the Ruby and Emerald. In order to compose pictures, the Indians draw off the feathers with small pincers, and with fine paste most artfully join them together. They dispose them with such skill, as to give the true lights and shade to the performance, and imitate nature with the greatest fidelity. These were meant to decorate the idols and temples; for, before the depression of the Indian spirit by the tyranny of the Spaniards, religion was highly cultivated among the Mexicans and Peruvians; and, notwithstanding it was cruel, was attended with great splendor.

The generical name (in the Brasilian tongue) of these birds, is Guianumbi. There are several species, but only one which is found in North America. This kind is found from Canada,
PLACE.

through that great continent, as low as Louisiana, and from thence to the Brasils. It breeds even in the northern climate of Canada;
MIGRATES.

but retires not only from thence, but even from the warm provinces of Carolina, at approach of winter. In Hispaniola, the mountains of Jamaica, and the Brasils, countries where there are a perpetual succession of flowers, they reside throughout the year.

177. RUFFED.

- Latham, i. 785.

H. With long strait slender bill: head of a rich variable green and gold: the feathers on the neck long, and disposed on each side in form of a ruff, and of a most brilliant crimson and copper color: back, and coverts of the tail, rust-colored: breast and belly white, the last dashed with red: feathers of the tail pointed; the ends brown, bottoms ferruginous: coverts of wings green: primaries deep blue.

FEMALE.

Crown, upper part of the neck, back, and coverts of wings and tail, green and gold: throat white, spotted with brown and variable copper: belly white, dashed with rust: primaries deep blue: middle feathers of the tail green; those on the side ferruginous at their bottoms, black in the middle, and tipped with white.

PLACE.

Inhabit in great numbers the neighborhood of Natka Sound. The Indians brought them to our navigators alive, with a long hair fastened to one of their legs.

ORDER III. GALLINACEOUS.

XVI. TURKEY. Gen. Birds, XXXI.

178. WILD.

- Turkey, Josselyn's voy. 99.—Rarities, 8.—Clayton's Virgin.—Ph. Tr. Abridg. iii. 590.—Lawson, 149.—Catesby, App. xliv.

- Le Coc d'Inde, Belon, 248.

- Gallo-pavus, Gesner, av. 481.—Icon. 56.

- Gallo-pavo, Aldrov. av. ii. 18.

- Gallo-pavo, the Turkey A. 3.

- Gallo-pavo Sylvestris Novae Angliae, 2 New England Wild Turkey, Raii. Syn. av. 51.

- Meleagris Gallo-pavo, M. capite caruncula frontali gularique, maris pectore barbato, Lin. Syst. 268.

- Le Dindon, De Buffon, ii. 132.—Brisson, i. 158. tab. xvi.—Pl. Enl. 97.

T. With the characters described in the definition of the genus.
DESCRIPTION.

Color of the plumage dark, glossed with variable copper color and green: coverts of the wings, and the quil-feathers, barred with black and white. Tail consists of two orders; the upper,
TAIL.

or shorter, very elegant; the ground color a bright bay; the middle feathers marked with numerous bars of shining black and green; the greatest part of the exterior feathers of the same ground with the others, marked with only three broad bands of mallard green, placed remote from each other; the two next are colored like those of the middle; but the end is plain, and crossed with a single bar, like the exterior.

The longer, or lower order, were of a rusty white color, mottled with black, and crossed with numerous narrow waved lines of the same color, and near the end with a broad band.

Wild Turkies preserve a sameness of coloring. The tame, as usual with domestic animals, vary. It is needless to point out the differences, in so well-known a bird. The black approach nearest to the original stock. This variety I have seen nearly in a state of nature, in Richmond and other parks. A most beautiful kind has of late been introduced into England,
WHITE VARIETY.

of a snowy whiteness, finely contrasting with its red head, and black pectoral tuft. These, I think, came out of Holland, probably bred from an accidental white pair; and from them preserved pure from any dark or variegated birds.

SIZE.

The sizes of the wild Turkies have been differently represented. Some writers assert, that there have been instances of their weighing sixty pounds; but I find none who, speaking from their own knowlege, can prove their weight to be above forty. Josselyn says, that he has eaten part of a Cock, which, after it was plucked, and the entrails taken out, weighed thirty[*]. Lawson, whose authority is unquestionable, saw half a Turkey serve eight hungry men for two meals[†]; and says, that he had seen others, which, he believed, weighed forty pounds. Catesby tells us, that out of the many hundreds which he had handled[‡], very few exceeded thirty pounds. Each of these speak of their being double that size, merely from the reports of others.

MANNERS.

The manners of these birds are as singular as their figure. Their attitudes in the season of courtship are very striking. The males fling their heads and neck backwards, bristle up their feathers, drop their wings to the ground, strut and pace most ridiculously; wheel round the females, with their wings rustling along the earth, at the same time emitting a strange found through their nostrils, not unlike the grurr of a great spinning-wheel.
NOTES.

On being interrupted, fly into great rages, and change their note into a loud and guttural gobble; and then return to dalliance.

The sound of the females is plaintive and melancholy.

The passions of the males are very strongly expressed by the change of colors in the fleshy substance of the head and neck,
IRASCIBLE.

which alters to red, white, blue, and yellowish, as they happen to be affected. The sight of any thing red excites their choler greatly.

They are polygamous, one cock serving or hens.
POLYGAMOUS.

They lay in the spring; and will lay a great number of eggs. They will persist in laying for a great while. They retire to some obscure place to sit, the cock, through rage at loss of its mate, being very apt to break the eggs. The females are very affectionate to the young, and make great moan on the loss of them. They sit on their eggs with such perseverance, that, if they are not taken away when addle, the hens will almost perish with hunger before they will quit the nest.

Turkies greatly delight in the seeds of nettles; but those of the purple Fox-glove prove fatal to them[*].

They are very stupid birds; quarrelsome, and cowardly. It is diverting to see a whole flock attack the common Cock; who will for a long time keep a great number at bay.

They are very swift runners, in the tame as well as the wild state.
SWIFT.

They are but indifferent flyers. They love to perch on trees;
PERCH HIGH.

and gain the height they wish, by rising from bough to bough. In a wild state, they get to the very summit of the loftiest trees, even so high as to be beyond the reach of the musquet[†].

In the state of nature they go in flocks even of five hundred[‡].
GREGARIOUS.

Feed much on the small red acorns; and grow so fat in March, that they cannot fly more than three or four hundred yards, and are then soon run down by a horseman. In the unfrequented parts bordering on the Missisipi, they are so tame as to be shot with even a pistol‖.

They frequent the great swamps [§] of their native country;
HAUNTS.

and leave them at sun-rising to repair to the dry woods, in search of acorns, and various berries; and before sun-set retire to the swamps to roost.

The flesh of the wild Turkey is said to be superior in goodness to the tame, but redder. Eggs of the former have been taken from the nest, and hatched under tame Turkies; the young will still prove wild, perch separate, yet mix and breed together in the season. The Indians sometimes use the breed produced from the wild, as decoy-birds, to seduce those in a state of nature within their reach[*].

Wild Turkies are now grown most excessively rare in the inhabited parts of America, and are only found in numbers in the distant and most unfrequented spots.

The Indians make a most elegant cloathing of the feathers. They twist the inner webs into a strong double thread of hemp, or inner bark of the mulberry-tree, and work it like matting. It appears very rich and glossy, and as fine as a silk shag[†]. They also make fans of the tail; and the French of Louisiana were wont to make umbrellas by the junction of four of the tails[‡].

When disturbed, they do not take to wing, but run out of sight. It is usual to chase them with dogs; when they will fly, and perch on the next tree. They are so stupid, or so insensible of danger, as not to fly on being shot at; but the survivors remain unmoved at the death of their companions‖.

PLACE.

TURKIES are natives only of America, or the New World; and of course unknown to the antients. Since both these positions have been denied by some of the most eminent naturalists of the sixteenth century, I beg leave to lay open, in as few words as possible, the cause of their error.

MISTAKEN BY BELON.

Belon [§], the earliest of those writers who are of opinion that these birds were natives of the old world, founds his notion on the description of the Guinea Fowl, the Meleagrides of Strabo, Athenaeus, Pliny, and others of the antients. I rest the refutation on the excellent account given by Athenaeus, taken from Clytus Milesius, a disciple of Aristotle, which can suit no other than that fowl. "They want, says he, ‘natural affection towards their young. Their head is naked, and on the top is a hard round body, like a peg or nail: from their cheeks hangs a red piece of flesh, like a beard: it has no wattles, like the common poultry: the feathers are black, spotted with white: they have no spurs: and both sexes are so like, as not to be distinguished by the sight.’ Varro [*] and Pliny [†] take notice of the spotted plumage, and the gibbous substance on the head. Athenaeus is more minute, and contradicts every character of the Turkey: whose females are remarkable for their natural affection; which differ materially in form from the males; whose heads are destitute of the callous substance; and whose heels (in the male) are armed with spurs.

Aldrovandus, who died in 1605,
ALDROVANDUS,

draws his arguments from the same source as Belon; I therefore pass him by, and take notice of the greatest of our naturalists, GESNER[‡];
AND GESNER.

who falls into a mistake of another kind, and wishes the Turkey to be thought a native of India. He quotes Aelian for that purpose; who tells us,
that in India are very large poultry, not with combs, but with various-colored crests, interwoven like flowers: with broad tails, neither bending, nor displayed in a circular form; which they draw along the ground, as Peacocks do when they do not erect them: and that the feathers are partly of a gold color, partly blue, and of an emerald color‖.

This, in all probability, was the same bird with the Peacock Pheasant of Mr. Edwards, Le Paon de Tibet of M. Brisson, and the Pavo Bicalcaratus of Linnaeus. I have seen this bird living. It has a crest, but not so conspicuous as that described by Aelian; but it has those striking colors in form of eyes: neither does it erect its tail like the Peacock[*]. The Catreus of Strabo [†] seems to be the same bird. He describes it as uncommonly beautiful, and spotted; and very like a Peacock. The former author [‡] gives a more minute account of this species, and under the same name. He borrows it from Clitarchus, an attendant of Alexander the Great in all his conquests. It is evident from his description, that it was of this kind; and it is likewise probable, that it was the same with his large Indian poultry before cited. He celebrates it also for its fine note; but allowance must be made for the credulity of Aelian. The Catreus, or Peacock Pheasant, is a native of Tibet, and in all probability of the north of India, where Clitarchus might have observed it; for the march of Alexander was through that part of India which borders on Tibet, and now known by the name of Penj-ab, or Five Rivers.

NOT NATIVES OF EUROPE;

I shall now collect from authors the several parts of the world where Turkies are unknown in the state of nature. Europe has no share in the question, it being generally agreed, that they are exotic in respect to our continent.

NOR OF ASIA.

Neither are they found in any part of Asia Minor, or the Asiatic TURKEY, notwithstanding ignorance of their true origin first caused them to be named from that empire. About Aleppo, capital of Syria, they are only met with domesticated, like other poultry‖. In Armenia they are unknown, as well as in Persia, having been brought from Venice by some Armenian merchants into that empire[§]; where they are still so scarce, as to be preserved among other rare fowls in the Royal menagery[¶].

In India they are kept for use in our settlements, and imported from Europe, as I have been more than once informed by gentlemen long resident in that country.

Du Halde acquaints us, that they are not natives of China; but were introduced there from other countries. He errs, from misinformation, in saying that they are common in India.

I will not quote Gemelli Careri, to prove that they are not found in the Philippine islands, because that gentleman, with his pen, travelled round the world in his easy chair, during a very long indisposition and confinement[*].

But Dampier bears witness that none are found in Mindanao [†].

The hot climate of Africa barely suffers these birds to exist in that vast continent, except under the care of mankind.
NOR AFRICA:

Very few are found in Guinea, except in the hands of the Europeans: the negroes declining to breed any, on account of their great tenderness[‡].

Prosper Alpinus satisfies us that they are not found either in Nubia or in Egypt. He describes the Meleagrides of the antients; and only proves that the Guinea-hens were brought out of Nubia, and sold at a great price at Cairo ‖, but is totally silent about the Turkey of the moderns.

Let me in this place observe, that the Guinea-hens have long been imported into Britain. They were cultivated in our farm-yards: for I discover, in 1277, in the grainge of Clifton, in the parish of Ambrosden, in Buckinghamshire, among other articles, VI. mutilones, and sex AFRICANAE faeminae [¶]; for this fowl was familiarly known by the names of Afra Avis, and Gallina Africana & Numida. It was introduced into Italy from Africa, and from Rome into our country. They were neglected here by reason of their tenderness and difficulty of rearing. We do not find them in the bills of fare of our antient feasts[§]: neither do we find the Turkey: which last argument amounts to almost a certainty, that such a hardy and princely bird had not found its way to us. The other likewise was then known here by its classical name; for that judicious writer, Dr. Caius [*], describes, in the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth, the Guinea fowl, for the benefit of his friend Gesner, under the name of Meleagris, bestowed on it by Aristotle [†].

Having denied, on the very best authorities, that the Turkey ever existed as a native of the old world, I must now bring my proofs of its being only a native of the new; and of the period in which it first made its appearance in Europe.

BUT OF AMERICA.

The first precise description of these birds is given by Oviedo; who in 1525 drew up a summary of his greater work, the History of the Indies, for the use of his monarch Charles V. This learned man had visited the West Indies and its islands in person, and payed particular regard to the natural history. It appears from him, that the Turkey was in his days an inhabitant of the greater islands, and of the main land. He speaks of them as Peacocks; for, being a new bird to him, he adopts that name, from the resemblance he thought they bore to the former:
But (says he) the neck is bare of feathers, but covered with a skin which they change after their phantasie into divers colours. They have a horn as it were on their front, and HAIRES on the breast[‡].
He describes other birds, which he also calls Peacocks. They are of the gallinaceous genus, and known by the name of Curassao birds; the male of which is black, the female ferruginous.

The next who speaks of them as natives of the main land of the warmer parts of America, is Francisco Fernandez, sent there by Philip II. to whom he was physician. This naturalist observed them in Mexico.
MEXICO.

We find by him, that the Indian name of the male was Huexolofl, of the female Cihuatotolin: he gives them the title of Gallus Indicus, and Gallo-Pavo. As the Indians as well as Spaniards domesticated these useful birds, he speaks of the size by comparison, saying that the wild were twice the magnitude of the tame; and that they were shot with arrows or guns‖. I cannot learn the time when Fernandez wrote. It must be between the years 1555 and 1598, the period of Philip's reign.

Pedro de Ciesa mentions Turkies on the Isthmus of Darien [*].
DARIEN.

Lery, a Portuguese author, asserts that they are found in Brasil, and gives them an Indian name[†]; but since I can discover no traces of them in that diligent and excellent naturalist Marcgrave, who resided long in that country, I must deny my assent. But the former is confirmed by that able and honest navigator Dampier, who saw them frequently, as well wild as tame, in the province of Yucatan [‡],
YUCATAN.

now reckoned part of the kingdom of Mexico.

In North America they were observed by the very first discoverers.
N. AMERICA.

When Renè de Laudonniere, patronized by Admiral Coligni, attempted to form a settlement near the place where Charlestown now stands, he met with them on his first landing, in 1564, and by his historian, has represented them with great fidelity in the Vth plate of the recital of his voyage‖. From his time, the witnesses to their being natives of this continent are innumerable. They have been seen in flocks of hundreds in all parts, from Louisiana even to Canada: but at this time are extremely rare in a wild state, except in the more distant parts, where they are still found in vast abundance.

It was from Mexico or Yucatan that they were first introduced into Europe;
WHEN FIRST INTRODUCED INTO EUROPE.

for it is certain that they were imported into England as early as the year 1524, the 15th of Henry VIII[§]. We probably received them from Spain, with which we had great intercourse till about that time. They were most successfully cultivated in our kingdom from that period; insomuch that they grew common in every farm-yard, and became even a dish in our rural feasts by the year 1585; for we may certainly depend on the word of old Tusser, in his account of the Christmas husbandlie fare[*].

Beefe, mutton, and porke, shred pies of the best,

Pig, veale, goose and capon, and Turkie well drest:

Cheese, apples, and nuts, jolie carols to heare,

As then in the countrie, is counted good cheare.

But at this very time they were so rare in France, that we are told that the very first which was eaten in that kingdom appeared at the nuptial feast of Charles IX. in 1570[†].

They are now very common in all parts of Russia, but will not thrive in Sibiria. Are cultivated in Sweden, and even in Norway, where they degenerate in size[‡].

XVII. GROUS. Gen. Birds. XXXVI.

179. RUFFED.

- Ruffed Heathcock, or Grous, Edw. 248.—Latham.

- Morehen, La Hontan, i. 69.

- Pheasant, Lawson, 139.

- Tetrao umbellus, Lin. Syst. 275.—Tetrao togatus, ibid.

- La gelinote hupèe de Pensylvanie, Brisson, i. 214.—and, La grosse gelinote de Canada—207.

- Le Coq de Bruyere a fraise, De Buffon, Ois. ii. 281.—Pl. enl. 104. — LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

GR. With a great ruff on the hind part of the neck, to be raised or depressed at pleasure: the head crested: that, hind part of the neck, the ruff, back, and coverts of the wings, prettily varied with brown, ferruginous, and black: the black on the ruff disposed in broad black bars: the coverts of the tail marked with heart-shaped spots of white: chin white: fore part of the neck yellowish: breast and belly dirty white, barred with cinereous brown: primaries barred on their outmost sides with black and rust-colour.

Tail large, expansible like a fan; in some of a cinereous colour, in others orange, most elegantly barred with narrow undulated lines of black; near the end with a broad band of ash-color, another of black, and tipped with white.

Legs feathered to the feet: toes naked and pectinated.

Female wants both crest and ruff. Crown dusky: back mixed with black and rust-colour like a Woodcock: breast, belly, and coverts of the wings, barred with dirty white and cinereous brown: tail short, brown, tipt with white; two middle feathers mottled with red.

SIZE.

In size these birds observe a medium between a Pheasant and a Partridge. Length 1 foot 5 inches.

PLACE.

They inhabit North America, from Hudson's Bay [*] to the Carolinas, and probably to Louisiana [†].

MANNERS.

The history of this species is very curious: all which I beg leave to transcribe from Mr. Edwards, according to the accounts given him by Mr. Bartram and Mr Brooke, who had frequent opportunity of observing its manners; to which I shall add another, borrowed from the Travels of the Baron La Hontan.

FROM MR. BARTRAM.

‘He is (says Mr. Bartram) a fine bird when his gaiety is displayed; that is, when he spreads his tail like that of a Turkey-cock, and erects a circle of feathers round his neck like a ruff, walking very stately with an even pace, and making a noise something like a Turkey; at which time the hunter must fire immediately at him, or he flies away directly two or three hundred yards, before he settles on the ground. There is something very remarkable in what we call their thumping; which they do with their wings, by clapping them against their sides, as the hunters say. They stand upon an old fallen tree, that has lain many years on the ground, where they begin their strokes gradually, at about two seconds of time distant from one another, and repeat them quicker and quicker, until they make a noise like thunder at a distance; which continues, from the beginning, about a minute; then ceaseth for about six or eight minutes before it begins again. The sound is heard near half a mile, by which means they are discovered by the hunters, and many of them killed. I have shot many of them in this position; but never saw them thump, they mostly seeing me first, and so left off. They commonly exercise in thumping spring and fall, at about nine or ten in the morning, and four or five in the afternoon. Their food is chiefly berries and seeds of the country: their flesh is white, and choice food. I believe they breed but once a year, in the spring, and hatch twelve or fourteen at a brood; which keep in a company till the following spring. Many have attempted to raise the young ones, and to tame them; but to no purpose. When hatched under a hen, they escape into the woods soon after they are hatched, where they either find means to subsist, or perish.’

The history of this bird is thus further illustrated by Mr. Brooke of Maryland, in North America:
The ruffed Grous, or Pheasant,
MR. BROOKE.

breeds in all parts of Maryland, some countries on the Eastern shore excepted. They lay their eggs in nests they make in the leaves, either by the side of fallen trees, or the roots of standing ones. They lay from twelve to sixteen eggs: the time of incubation is in the spring; but how long their eggs are hatching I cannot say; but probably it is three weeks, the time that a Dunghill Hen sits. I have found their nests when a boy, and have endeavoured to take the old Pheasant, but never could succeed: she would almost let me put my hand upon her before she would quit her nest; then by artifice she would draw me off from her eggs, by fluttering just before me for a hundred paces or more; so that I have been in constant hopes of taking her. They leave their nests as soon as they are hatched; and I believe they live at first on ants, small worms, &c. When they are a few days old, they hide themselves so artfully among the leaves, that it is difficult to find them: as they grow up, they feed on various berries, fruits, and grain of the country: grapes they likewise are fond of in the season; but the Pheasant is more particularly fond of the ivy-berry. I do not know any other animal that feeds on this berry: I know it is poison to many. Though the Pheasant hatches many young at a time, and often sits twice a year, the great number and variety of Hawks in Maryland feeding on them, prevents their increasing fast. The beating of the Pheasant, as we term it, is a noise chiefly made in the spring of the year by the cock-bird; it may be distinctly heard a mile in a calm day: they swell their breasts like the Powting Pigeon, and heat with their wings, which make a noise not unlike a drum in sound; but the Pheasant shortens each sounding note, till they run one into another undistinguishably, like striking two empty bottles together.

LA HONTAN.

In order to perfect, as far as I am able, the history of this bird, I shall give a quotation from Baron La Hontan's Voyages to North America, published in English, (vol. i. p. 67.) where he speaks of a bird found near the lakes of Canada, which, I think, can be no other than the above-described, though the names given them disagree.

La Hontan says, ‘I went in company with some Canadese on purpose to see that fowl flap with its wings: believe me, this sight is one of the greatest curiosities in the world; for their flapping makes a noise much like a drum, for about the space of a minute; then the noise ceases for half a quarter of an hour; after which it begins again. By this noise we were directed to the place where the unfortunate More-hen sat, and found them upon rotten mossy trees. By flapping one wing against the other they mean to call their mates; and the humming noise that ensues thereupon may be heard half a quarter of a league. This they do in the months of April, May, September, and October; and, which is very remarkable, the More-hen never flaps in this manner but upon one tree. It begins at break of day, and gives over at nine o'clock in the morning, till about an hour before sun-set, then it flutters again, and continues so to do till night.’

Mr. GRAHAM.

To these accounts I beg leave to add the following, out of the Philosophical Transactions; which informs us, that this species of Grous bears the Indian name of Puskee, or Puspuskee, at Hudson's Bay, on account of the leanness and dryness of their flesh, which is extremely white, and of a very close texture; but when well prepared, is excellent eating. They are pretty common at Moose Fort and Henly House; but are seldom seen at Albany Fort, or to the northward of the above places. In winter they feed upon juniper-tops, in summer on gooseberries, raspberries, currants, cranberries, &c. They are not migratory; staying all the year at Moose Fort: they build their nest on dry ground, hatch nine young at a time, to which the mother clucks as our common hens do; and, on the lest appearance of danger, or in order to enjoy an agreeable degree of warmth, the young ones retire under the wings of their parent.

180. PINNATED.

- Urogallus minor fuscus cervice plumis alas imitantibus donata, Catesby, App. tab. i.

- Tetrao Cupido, Lin. Syst. 274.—Latham.

- La Gelinote hupèe d'Amerique, Brisson, i. 212.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

GR. With head, cheeks, and neck of a reddish brown, marked with dusky lines: chin and throat of a pale rusty brown: on the head is a small crest: on each side of the neck a most singular tuft (five feathers in each) gradually lengthening to the fifth, which is about three inches long: the upper feathers ferruginous and white; the lower black: back and scapulars black and pale rust-colour; the former spotted with white: breast and belly barred with white and pale brown: tail barred with pale brown and black.

Legs covered with soft brown feathers: toes naked and pectinated.

SIZE of a Pheasant. A peculiar species,
SIZE.

not to be confounded with the preceding[*]. Described from the real bird by Mr. Catesby; and by myself from the specimens in Mrs. Blackburn's cabinet; which were sent from the province of Connecticut.
PLACE.

Is frequent about a hundred miles up Albany river, in Hudson's Bay.

The tufts, which distinguish this species from all others, are rooted high on the neck, not far from the hind part of the head. The bird has the power of erecting or dropping them at pleasure. When disturbed, it would spread them horizontally, like little wings; at other times let them fall on the sides of the neck[†]. It is probable, that they assist in running or flying, or perhaps both, as the real wings are very short, in proportion to the weight of the body. These appendages are peculiar to the cock, and almost the only difference between it and the hen.

181. SHARP-TAILED.

- Long-tailed Grous, Edw. 118.—Ph. Tr. lxii.

- Tetrao Phafianellus, Lin. Syst. 273.—Latham.

- Le Coq de Bruyeres à longue queue, de la Baye de Hudson, Brisson, App. 9.—De Buffon, ii. 286.

GR. With the head, cheeks, and hind part of the neck, varied with reddish brown and black: the back and coverts of the tail of the same color: the scapulars and great coverts of the wings ferruginous, spotted with black, and great spots of white: primaries black, spotted with white: breast and sides white, elegantly marked with sagittal spots of black: belly white: tail short and cuneiform; the two middle feathers two inches longer than the others; the tail is of the same color with the back, only the exterior feathers are spotted with white: the legs are covered with soft and long feathers, extending over the pectinated toes, which would be otherwise naked.

SIZE.

The LENGTH of this species is seventeen inches: the EXTENT of wings twenty-four: WEIGHT two pounds.

PLACE.

Inhahits Hudson's Bay; and, according to Dr. Mitchel, the unfrequented parts of Virginia; but none have been brought over to England from any other place than the Bay.

Linnaeus confounds this with the Wood Grous, or Cock of the Wood[*]. Comparison will shew with how little reason the Comte De Buffon [†] makes it to be the female of the next species, our Spotted Grous. If the female of that was not ascertained, the difference in the form of the tail would be sufficient to establish a distinction; by which it approaches nearest to the European Pheasant of any bird in North America.

The Indians about Hudson's Bay call this species the Au Kuskow. It continues there the whole year; lives among the small larch bushes, and feeds, during winter, on the buds of that plant and the birch; in the summer, on all sorts of berries. The females lay from nine to thirteen eggs. The young, like others of this genus, run as soon as hatched, and make a puling noise like a chicken. They differ chiefly from the cock, in having less of the red naked skin over the eyes. The cock has a shrill crowing note, but not very loud. When disturbed, or while flying, it makes a repeated noise of cuck, cuk; and makes a noise with the feathers of its tail like the cracking of a fan. The flesh of these birds is of a light brown color, plump, and very juicy.

182. SPOTTED.

- Black and Spotted Heathcock (male) Edw. 118.

- Brown and Spotted Heathcock (female) Edw. 71.

- Tetrao Canadensis (male) Lin. Syst. 274.

- Tetrao Canace (female) Lin. Syst. 275.—Latham.

- La Gelinote de la Baye de Hudson, Brisson, i. 201. and the same, App. 10. (male.)

- La Gelinote de Canada, Brisson, i. 203. tab. xx. fig. 1. 2. (m. and fem.)—De Buffon, ii. 279.—Pl. Enl. 131, 132.

GR. With a white spot before and behind each eye: head, neck, back, and coverts of the wings and tail, dusky brown, crossed with black: throat of a glossy black, bounded by a white line, commencing at the external corner of each eye: breast of the former color: belly white, marked with great black spots: tail black, external feathers tipt with orange: legs feathered: toes naked and pectinated.

The FEMALE is of a reddish brown, barred and spotted with black:
FEMALE.

belly of a dirty white, spotted with black: tail of a deep brown, barred with mottled bands of black; the tips of the exterior feathers orange.

The WEIGHT is twenty-three ounces: LENGTH fifteen inches:
SIZE.

EXTENT near two feet.

PLACE.

Inhabits Hudson's Bay, Newfoundland, and Canada. Is called by the English of Hudson's Bay, the Wood Partridge, from its living in pine woods. These birds are very stupid; so that they are often knocked down with a stick; and are usually caught by the natives with a noose fastened to a stake. In summer they are very palatable; for in that season they feed on berries. In winter they live on the shoots of the spruce-fir, which infects the flesh with a very disagreeable taste. If it is true, that this species lays but five eggs[*], it is a strange exception to the prolific nature of the genus.

183. WHITE.

- White Partridge, Edw. 72.—Ellis's Voy. 37.

- La Lagopede de la Baie de Hudson, De Buffon, ii. 276. tab. ix.—Latham.

- La Gelinote blanche, Brisson, i. 216.sPl. Enl.

- Tetrao Lagopus, suecis Snoripa, Lappis Cheruna, Faun. Suec. No 203

GR. With a black bill: scarlet eye-brows, very large in the male; in the female far less conspicuous. Head, neck and part of the back,
SUMMER PLUMAGE.

coverts of the tail, and scapulars, deep orange, crossed with numerous dusky lines, and often marked with great blotches of white: belly, legs, and middle feathers of the tail, white: the rest of the tail dusky, tipt with white: the shafts of the quill feathers black: the legs and toes warmly clad with a very thick and long coat of soft white feathers: the claws broad and flat, adapted for digging.

WINTER PLUMAGE.

Such is the summer dress: in winter they change their color to white, or, more properly speaking, moult, and change their colored plumes for white ones.
DOUBLY FEATHERED.

By a wonderful providence, every feather, except those of the wings and tail, becomes double; a downy one shooting out at the base of each, as expressed in the plate, which gives an additional protection against the cold. In the latter end of February, the summer plumage begins to appear first about the rump, in form of brown stumps[*], the first rudiments of the coat they assume in the warm season, when each feather is single, suitable to the time. I ought to have observed before, that the SPOTTED GROUS also changes its single for double feathers at approach of winter, notwithstanding it undergoes no change of color.

The WEIGHT of this species is twenty-four ounces:
SIZE.

its LENGTH sixteen inches and a quarter: EXTENT twenty-three.

These birds are met with round the globe,
PLACE.

within and without the arctic circle, and as high as lat. 72, in the countries round Hudson's Bay, and as low as Newfoundland; in Norway; perhaps in the N. of the Russian dominions in Europe [†], and certainly in Asia all over Sibiria, as far as Kamtschatka, and in the islands which lie between that country and America. Finally, they abound in Lapland and Iceland; and I repeat, with certainty,
NORWAY.

that Norway has supplied me with this species, which was sent to me by the late Mr. Fleischer, of Copenhagen, along with the lesser kind, which proved to be the same with the White Grous of the Alps, and the Ptarmigan of the Highlands of Scotland. Each of the varieties of the Norwegian birds were in their summer dress; and differed most materially in size as well as color, the one being in all respects like the American kind: the lesser agreed in every point with that which I describe, No 95, vol. i. of my British Zoology.

The natives distinguish the kinds. The larger,
NORWEGIANS DISTINGUISH TWO KINDS.

which inhabits forests, is styled by them Skorv Rype, or the Wood Grous; the lesser, which lives in the mountains, is called Fiaeld Rype, or the Mountain Grous[‡]. They all burrow under the snow; and form extensive walks beneath. There they feed, especially in Lapland, on the seeds of the dwarf birch[*], and in the season on variety of berries of mountain plants. During winter they are taken and brought to Bergen by thousands; are half roasted, and put into firkins, and transported to other countries[†].

The lesser variety is not unknown in America. The sort here described is found in amazing quantities, especially about Hudson's Bay, where they breed in all parts along the coasts, make their nests on dry ridges on the ground, and lay from nine to eleven eggs, powdered with black.

This is the only species of Grous in N. America to which Providence hath given that warm protection to its feet, evidently to secure them against the cold of their winter lodgings: and, as they are greatly sought after by Eagles, Owls, and other birds of prey, a fine provision is made for their safety, by the change of color, which renders them not to be distinguished from the snow they lie on.

Every morning they take a flight into the air directly upwards, to shake the snow from their wings and bodies. They feed in the mornings and evenings, and in the middle of the day bask in the sun. In the morning they call to one another with a loud note, interrupted; feeding in the intervals, and calling again.

In the beginning of October, they assemble in flocks of two hundred, and live much among the willows, the tops of which they eat; whence they are called Willow Partridges. About the beginning of December they appear in less plenty, retiring from the flats about the settlements on Hudson's Bay to the mountains, where in that month the snow is less deep than in the lowlands, to feed on cranberries and other berries[‡]. In Greenland they resort in summer to the mountains for the sake of the crowberries‖, which they eat even with the leaves of the plant. In winter they descend to the shores, where the winds sweep the snow off the rocks, and enable them to pick up a sustenance.

They are an excellent food, and much searched after by the Europeans in Hudson's Bay. They are generally as tame as chickens, especially in a mild day: sometimes they are rather wild; but by being driven about, or shot at with powder, they grow so weary, by the short flights they take, as soon to become very tame again. Sometimes the hunters, when they see the birds likely to take a long flight, imitate the crying of a Hawk, which intimidates them so much, that they instantly settle. When the female is killed, the male can scarcely be forced from the body of its mate[*].

The usual method of taking them is in nets made of twine, twenty feet square, fastened to four poles, and supported in front in a perpendicular direction with sticks. A long line is fastened to these props, the end of which is held by a person who lies concealed at a distance. Several people are then employed to drive the birds within reach of the net, which is then pulled down, and often covers at one haul fifty or seventy. At this time they are so plentiful, that ten thousand are taken for the use of the settlement from November to the end of April. In former days, they must have been infinitely more numerous; for Sir Thomas Button relates, that when he wintered there in 1612, he took eighteen hundred dozens of these and other fowl[†]: but this is a trifle to the success of M. Jeremie, who asserts, that there were eaten in one winter, between himself and seventy-nine others, ninety thousand Grous, and twenty-five thousand Rabbets[‡].

The Laplanders take them by forming a hedge with the boughs of birch-trees; leaving small openings at certain intervals, and hang in each a snare. The birds are tempted to come and feed on the buds or catkins of the birch; and whenever they endeavour to pass through the openings they are instantly caught.

184. ROCK.

ROCK Gr. With a black line from the bill to the eye. In all other parts of the plumage of the same colors with the WHITE, No 183; but inferior in size by one third.

Differs in nature. Feeds on the tops of small birch. Frequents only the dry rocky grounds, and the larch plains. Makes a singular snoring noise, with its neck streched out, and seemingly with difficulty. Is very numerous in the northern parts of Hudson's Bay, and never visits the southern end, except in very hard weather. Never takes shelter in the woods, but sits on the rocks, or burrows in the snow. Is inferior in goodness to the preceding.

- A. WOOD GROUS, Br. Zool. i. No 92.

- Tetraonis alterum Genus, Plinii, lib. x. c. 22.

- Tetrao urogallus Kjader, Faun. Suec. No 200.—Latham.

- La Tetras ou le grand Coq de Bruyere, De Buffon, ii. 191. tab. v.—Pl. Enl. 73, 74.

MALE.

GR. With head, neck, and back crossed with slender lines of black and grey: upper part of the breast glossy green: tail black; the feathers on each side spotted with white: legs feathered: toes naked and pectinated.
SIZE.

LENGTH two feet eight: WEIGHT sometimes fourteen pounds.

FEMALE.

Length of the female only two feet two: color ferruginous and black, disposed generally in bars.

Notwithstanding the opinions of Linnaeus and the Count De Buffon, this species is unknown in North America. Its most southerly habitation, as far as I can discover, is the Archipelago,
PLACE.

it being found in the islands of Crete and of Milo. One was shot in the last, perched on a palm-tree, on whose fruit it probably fed. I suspect that it does not extend into Asia Minor; for Doctor Russell does not enumerate it among the Syrian birds. As the Tetrao, which Athenaeus [*] calls a sort of Pheasant, was found in the antient Media, it may still be met with in the northern part of Persia. If Aristotle intends this species by the words Tetrix and Ourax [†], it was likewise found in Greece; but he applies those names only to a bird which lays its eggs on the grassy ground, and says no more.

Pliny gives a far clearer description of the Tetraones of Italy. Decet TETRAONAS suus nitor, absolutaque nigritia, in superciliis cocci rubor. This certainly means only the cock of the Black Grous; which is distinguished by the intense blackness and the brilliant gloss of its plumage, as well as by its scarlet eyebrows, which is common to it and the Wood Grous; which last is the species described by the ancient naturalist; truly in some respects, hyperbolically in others. He says it is of the size of a Vulture, and not unlike it in color[‡]. Both these assertions approach the truth; for the upper part of the body has a dusky or sooty look, not unlike that of the Vulture of the Alps. But when he speaks of its being the heaviest bird next to the Ostrich, we see plainly he goes beyond all bounds.

It is a species found in most parts of the wooded and mountanous countries of Europe, and extends even to the arctic Lapmark [§]: is common in Russia and Sibiria; in the last are found greater and lesser varieties. It is found even as far as Kamtschatka.

- B. SPURIOUS GR. Tetrao Hybridus. Racklehane. Roslagis Rostare, Faun. Suec. No 201.

GR. With a spotted breast and forked tail. In size equal to the hen of the preceding. Is much scarcer, more timid, and its note very different. Linnaeus says it is a mixed breed between the WOOD and BLACK GROUS; but his account of it is obscure.

- C. BLACK GROUS, Br. Zool. i. No 93.

- Tetrao ius, Plinii.

- Tetrao Tetrix, Orre, Faun. Suec. No 202.

- Le Petit Tetras oa Coq de Bruyere a queue forchue, De Buffon, ii. 210.—Pl. Enl. 172, 173.

GR. With a white spot on the shoulders, and white vent feathers: rest of the plumage of a full black, glossed with blue: tail much forked, exterior feathers curling outwards. Weight near four pounds. Length one foot ten inches.

Female weighs but two pounds. The tail is slightly forked and short: the colors rust, black, and cinereous.

PLACE.

Inhabits Europe, as high as Lapland: extends over Russia and Sibiria as far as birch-trees grow, of the catkins and buds of which it is very fond. Feeds much on the populus balsamifera [*], which gives its flesh a fine flavor. In northern Europe, this and the last species live during summer on whortle-berries, and feed their young with gnats. In summer the males perch on trees, and animate the forests with their crowing. In winter they lie on the ground, become buried in the snows, and form walks beneath, in which they often continue forty days[*]. They are at present taken in snares; but in Lapland were formerly shot with arrows[†].

During winter, there is at present a very singular way of taking the BLACK GROUS in Sibiria. In the open forests of birch, a certain number of poles are placed horizontally on forked sticks: by way of allurement, small bundles of corn are placed on them; and not remote, are set certain tall baskets of a conic shape, with the broadest part uppermost: within the mouth is placed a small wheel, through which passes an axis fixed so nicely as to admit it to play very readily, and permit one side or the other, on the least touch, to drop down, and again recover its situation. The BLACK GROUS are soon attracted by the corn on the horizontal poles; first alight on them, and after a short repast fly to the baskets, attempt to settle on their tops, when the wheel drops sideways, and they fall headlong into the trap, which is sometimes found half full.

- D. PTARMIGAN, Br. Zool. i. No 95.

- Tetrao Lagopus. Suecis Snoripa. Lappis Cheruna, Faun. Suec. No 203.

- Le Lagopede, De Buffon, ii. 264. tab. ix.

GR. With the head, neck, back, scapulars, and some of the coverts of the wings, marked with narrow lines of black, ash-color, and rust, intermixed with some white: wings and belly white: outmost feathers of the tail black; those of the middle cinereous, mottled with black, and tipt with white. The male has a black spot between the bill and the eye; which in the female is scarcely visible. One which I weighed in Scotland was nineteen ounces. Another weighed by Mr. Ray, in the Grisons country, only fourteen. It regularly changes its colors at approach of winter.

PLACE.

Inhabits Greenland, Iceland, Lapland, all Scandinavia, and Russia; but I believe does not extend to Sibiria or Kamtschatka. This, from its haunts, is called by the Norwegians, Fiaelde Rype, or Mountain Grous. But in Russia it inhabits indifferently woods, mountains, plains, and marshes. Its feathers were formerly an article of commerce. It is taken among the Laplanders, by the same stratagem as the WHITE GROUS, No 183.

The Greenlanders catch it in nooses hung to a long line, drawn between two men, dropping them over the neck of this silly bird. They sometimes kill it with stones; but of late oftener by shooting. It is said, that when the female is killed the male unwillingly deserts the body[*].

The Greenlanders eat it either dressed, or half rotten, or raw, with seals lard. The intestines, especially those next to the rump, and fresh drawn, are reckoned great delicacies. They also mix the contents with fresh train-oil and berries; a luxury frequent among these people. The skins make a warm and comfortable shirt, with the feathers placed next to the body. The women formerly used the black feathers of the tail as ornaments to their head-dresses.

- E. REHUSAK. Montin, in Act. Physiogr. Lund. i. 150.

GR. With neck rust-colored, spotted with black: back and coverts of tail black, varied with rusty streaks: breast divided from the lower part of the neck by a dark shade: rest of the breast and vent white; the hen spotted with yellow: primaries white: tail black; end whitish: thighs white, with some rusty spots: legs feathered to the toes: toes naked, covered with large brown scales. SIZE of a small Hen.

Inhabits both the woods and alps of Lapland.
PLACE.

Lays thirteen or fourteen reddish eggs, marked with large brown spots. When disturbed, flies away with a loud noise, like a coarse laugh. The Keron, or common Ptarmigan, on the contrary, is silent. The Keron inhabits the Alps only.

- F. HAZEL GR. Will. Orn. 175.

- Tetrao bonasia. Hiarpe, Faun. Suec. No 204.

- La Gelinotte, De Buffon, ii. 233. tab. vii.—Pl. Enl. 474, 475.

GR. With the chin black, bounded with white: head and upper part of the neck crossed with dusky and cinereous lines: behind each eye a white line: coverts of wings and scapulars spotted with black and rust-color: breast and belly white, marked with bright bay spots: feathers of the tail mottled with ash and black; and, except the two middlemost, crossed with a broad single bar of black: legs feathered half way down. FEMALE wants the black spot on the chin, and white stroke beyond the eyes.
SIZE.

Its size superior to an English Partridge.

Inhabits the birch and hazel woods of many parts of Europe,
PLACE.

as high as the diocese of Drontheim, and even Lapland [*]; and is not unfrequent in the temperate parts. Paulsen [†] says that it migrates into the south of Iceland in April, and departs in September? It lays from twelve to twenty eggs: perches usually in the midst of a tree: is attracted by a pipe, imitative of its voice, to the nets of the sportsmen, who lie concealed in a hovel[‡]. Is excellent meat, insomuch that the Hungarians call it Tschasarmadar, or the bird of Caesar, as if it was only fit for the table of the Emperor. Is found in most parts of the Russian dominions with the Ptarmigan, but grows scarcer towards the east of Sibiria.

XVII. PARTRIDGE. Gen. Birds, XXXVII.

185. MARYLAND.

- American Partridge, Clayton, Ph. Tr. abridg. iii. 590.—Lawson, 140.—Catesby, App. plate xii.—Du Pratz, ii. 86.

- Tetrao Virginianus, Lin. Syst. 277.

- Le Perdrix d'Amerique, Brisson, i. 231.—Et de la Nouvelle Angleterre, 229.—De Buffon, ii. 447.

P. With white cheeks and throat, bounded by a line of black on all sides, and marked with another passing beneath each eye: breast whitish, prettily marked with semicircular spots of black: upper part of the breast, coverts of wings, scapulars, and coverts of tail, bright bay, edged with small black and white spots; scapulars striped with yellowish white: primaries and tail of a light ash color.

The head of the female agrees in the white marks of the male, but the boundaries are ferruginous. There is also more red on the breast. In other respects the colors nearly correspond. In SIZE, above half as big again as the English Quail.

PLACE.

Frequent from Canada to the most southern parts of North America, perhaps to Mexico. Are great breeders, and are seen in covies of four or five and twenty. Breed the latter end of April, or beginning of May. Collect, towards the beginning of June, in great flocks, and take to the orchards, where they perch when disturbed. Feed much on buck-wheat; grow fat, and are excellent meat. Migrate from Nova Scotia, at approach of winter, to the southern provinces; but numbers reside in the latter the whole year. The males have a note twice repeated, which they emit, while the females are sitting, usually perched on a rail or gate. Make a vast noise with the wings when they arise.

Of late they have been introduced into Jamaica;
IN JAMAICA:

are naturalized to the climate, and increase greatly in a wild state; and, as I am informed, breed in that warm climate twice in the year.

- A. COMMON PARTRIDGE. Tetrao Perdix. Rapphona. Faun. Suec. No 205.

- La Perdrix Grise, De Buffon, ii. 401.—Pl. Enl. 27.

INHABITS as high as Sweden; but has not yet reached Norway [*]. Found in the west, and all the temperate parts of Russia and Sibiria, and even beyond lake Baikal, where it winters about steep rocky mountains exposed to the sun, and where the snow lies lest.

During winter, in Sweden it burrows beneath the snow; and the whole covey retires there, leaving a spiracle at each end of their lodge.

- B. QUAIL, Br. Zool. i. No 97.—Wachtel, Faun. Suec. No 206.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

IS found no further north than Sweden. It appears there in the beginning of the leafing month (May); and is neither heard or seen there in autumn or winter, unless it should, as Linnaeus supposes, migrate to the southern province, or Schonen, or retire to the Ukraine, Wallachia, &c[*].

Quails swarm so greatly, at the time of their migration, about the Dnieper, and in the south of Russia, that they are caught by thousands, and sent to Moscow and Petersburgh in casks. They are common in all parts of Great Tartary; but in Sibiria only in the south, as their passage is hindered by the lofty snowy mountains. It is said they winter beneath the snow; and in great frosts, to be found torpid in the Ant-hills. Beyond lake Baikal, the Quails exactly resemble those of Europe, but are quite mute. These are used by the Chinese in fighting, as we do Cocks.

XVIII. BUSTARD. Gen. Birds. XXXIX.

186. NORTON SOUND.

I Am sorry that I have it not in my power to do more than ascertain that a bird of the BUSTARD genus is found in North America. Captain KING was so obliging as to inform me, that he saw on the plains near Norton Sound, N. lat. 64 ½, great flocks of a large kind. They were very shy; ran very fast, and for a considerable way before they took wing; so that he never could get one shot.

I often meet with the word Outarde, or Bustard, among the French voyagers in North America; but believe it to be always applied to a species of Goose.

The Great Bustard, Br. Zool. i. No 98, is frequent over all the desert of Tartary, and beyond lake Baikal. Is a solitary bird; but collects into small flocks at the time of its southern migration, and winters about Astracan [*].

- •. LESSER BUSTARD, Br. Zool. i. No 99.

- Tetrao Tetrax, Faun. Suec. No 196.

- La Petite Outarde ou la Cane-petiere, De Buffon, ii. 40.—Pl. Enl. 10. 25.—LEV. MUS.

B. With crown, back, scapulars, and coverts of the wings, ferruginous and black; primaries black at their ends, white at their bottoms; the secondaries quite white: neck black, marked near the top and bottom with a white circle: breast and belly white: middle feathers of the tail crossed with rust and black, the rest white. FEMALE entirely ferruginous and black, except wings and belly. SIZE of a Pheasant.

Appears in Sweden rarely in the spring: not traced further north.
PLACE.

Very frequent in the southern and south-west plains of Russia, and in small flocks when it migrates. Continues a good way into the deserts of Tartary; but is never seen in Sibiria.

ORDER IV. COLUMBINE.

XIX. PIGEON. Gen. Birds, XL.

187. PASSENGER.

- Pigeon, Josselyn's Voy. 99.

- Wild Pigeon, Lawson, 140.—Kalm. ii. 82.

- Pigeon of Passage, Catesby, i. tab. 23.

- Wood Pigeon, Du Pratz, ii. 88.

- Columba Migratoria, Lin. Syst. 285.

- Le Pigeon sauvage d'Amerique, Brisson, i. 100.—De Buffon, Ois. ii. 527.— LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

P. With a black bill: red irides: head, and hind part and sides of the neck, of a slaty blue; on each of the last a large shining golden spot: coverts of the wings of a dark blueish grey, marked with a few black spots: quil feathers brown: tail of a great length, and cuneiform: the middle feathers dusky grey, the next paler, the outmost white. WEIGHT nine ounces.

MANNERS.

These birds visit the provinces of North America in most amazing numbers every hard winter. They appear in greater or lesser numbers, according to the mildness or severity of season; for when the weather proves mild, few or none are seen in the southern parts. Necessity alone obliges them to change their quarters, in search of acorns,
FOOD.

mast, and berries, which the warmer provinces yield in vast abundance. When they alight, the ground is soon cleared of all esculent fruits, to the great loss of the hog, and other mast-eating animals. When they have devoured every thing which has fallen on the surface, they form themselves into a great perpendical column, and by rotation keep flying among the boughs of the trees, from top to bottom, beating down the acorns with their wings, and some or other, in succession, alight on the earth and eat[*]. The species of food they are fondest of is the small acorn, called the Turkey acorn, it being also a favorite food of those birds. In Canada they do vast damage in autumn, by devouring the corn, before they begin their southern flight[†].

They build their nests in trees,
NESTS.

and coo like the English Wild Pigeon; and lay two eggs. They breed in the more northern parts, from the country south of Moose Fort, in Hudson's Bay [‡], to that between Fort Frederick and Fort Anne, and the woods about the river Onandago ‖. During the time of incubation and nutrition, they feed first on the seeds of the [§] red maple, which ripens in May; and after that, on those of the elm[¶]. It appears by those accurate observers, Mr. Bartram and Mr. Kalm, that they continue in their breeding-places till the middle at lest of July: the first having seen them in June; the last, the 19th of July. Mr. Hutchins assures me, that they continue in the inland parts of Hudson's Bay till December; and when the ground is covered with snow, feed on the buds of juniper.

As soon as these birds find a want of food,
MIGRATIONS.

they collect in vast flocks, and migrate to such places as are likely to supply them with subsistence.
VAST NUMBERS.

The multitudes which appear during the rigorous seasons are so immense, that the mention of them, unless supported by good authority, would seem incredible. They fly by millions in a flock; and in their passage literally intercept the light of the sun for a considerable space. As soon as one flock has passed, another succeeds, each taking a quarter of an hour before the whole flock is gone. This continues, in some seasons, for three days without any intermission[**].

The inhabitants of New York and Pennsylvania are frequent witnesses of the phaenomenon, and kill numbers of these migrants from their balconies, and the roofs of their houses. When they alight on trees to roost, they often break the limbs of stout oaks, unable to support the weight of the crowds which perch on them. The ground beneath the trees on which they have lodged a night, is covered with their dung to a considerable depth[*].

Josselyn, who observed these Pigeons in 1638, in New England, before they were disturbed by population, says, he has seen flights of them moving at Michaelmas to the southward, four or five miles long, so thick that he lost sight of the sun. He adds, that they return in spring;
RETURN.

and that they join nest to nest, and tree to tree, by their nests, for many miles together, in the woods[†]. Kalm mentions their passage through Jersey in March.

The inhabitants of North America profit by this kind gift of Providence, and shoot them in their passage; for they are very fat, and excellent meat. The Indians watch the roosting-places; go in the night, and, knocking them down with long poles, bring away thousands. Formerly, you could not go into a little Indian town, in the interior parts of Carolina,
THEIR OIL.

but you would find a hundred gallons of Pigeons oil or fat, which they use with their mayz, as we do butter[‡]. They scorn to obtain that useful article from the quiet employ of the dairy; but are fond of the similitude, provided it could be obtained by any means suitable to their active spirit.

M. du Pratz hit upon an ingenious expedient of taking them on roost, by placing under the trees vessels filled with flaming sulphur; the fumes of which ascending, brought them senseless to the ground in perfect showers.

I shall conclude this account with what was communicated to me by the late Mr. Ashton Blackburne, from his own observations, or those of his friends, who were eye-witnesses to the wondrous facts related of these birds.

New York, June 21, 1770.

‘I think,’ says Mr. Blackburne, ‘this as remarkable a bird as any in America. They are in vast numbers in all parts, and have been of great service at particular times to our garrisons, in supplying them with fresh meat, especially at the out-posts. A friend told me, that in the year in which Quebec was taken, the whole army was supplied with them, if they chose it. The way was this: every man took his club (for they were forbid to use their firelocks) when they flew, as it was termed, in such quantities, that each person could kill as many as he wanted. They in general begin to fly soon after day-break, and continue till nine or ten o'clock; and again about three in the afternoon, and continue till five or six: but what is very remarkable, they always fly westerly. The times of flying here are in the spring, about the latter end of February or the beginning of March, and continue every day for eight or ten days; and again in the fall, when they begin the latter end of July or the beginning of August. They catch vast quantities of them in clap-nets, with stale pigeons. I have seen them brought to this market by sacks-full. People in general are very fond of them; and I have heard many say they think them as good as our common Blue Pigeon; but I cannot agree with them by any means. They taste more like our Queest, or Wild Pigeon; but are better meat. They have another way of killing them—They make a hut of boughs of trees, and six stale Pigeons on the ground at a small distance from the hut. They plant poles for the Wild Pigeons to light on when they come a salting (as they term it) which they do every morning in the season, repairing to the marshes near the sea-side; then the persons in the hut pull the stale Pigeon, when the birds will alight in vast numbers on the poles, and great multitudes are shot. Sir William Johnson told me, that he killed at one shot with a blunderbuss, a hundred and twenty or thirty. Some years past they have not been in such plenty as they used to be. This spring I saw them fly one morning, as I thought in great abundance; but every body was amazed how few there were; and wondered at the reason.’

‘I must remark one very singular fact: that, notwithstanding the whole people of a town go out a pigeoning, as they call it, they will not on some days kill a single hen bird; and on the very next day, not a single cock (and yet both sexes always fly westerly); and when this is the case, the people are always assured that there will be great plenty of them that season. I have been at Niagara when the centinel has given the word that the Pigeons were flying; and the whole garrison were ready to run over one another, so eager were they to get fresh meat.’

188. CAROLINA.

- Picacuroba, Marcgrave, 204.

- Turtle Dove, Lawson, 142.—Du Pratz, ii. 88.

- La Tourterelle de la Caroline, Brisson, i. 110.

- Turtle of Carolina, Catesby, i. 24.—De Buffon, ii. 557.—Pl. Enl. 175.

- Columba Carolinensis, Lin. Syst. 286.

- Long-tailed Dove, Edw. 15.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

P. With the orbits naked and blue: crown, neck, back, and scapulars, brown; the last spotted with black: some of the lesser coverts of a lead-color: quil feathers dusky: beneath each eye in the male a black spot; on each side of the neck another, variable, with green, gold, and crimson: breast of a pale claret-color: belly and thighs of a dull yellow: tail very long and cuneiform; the two middle feathers brown; the others white, marked in the middle with a black spot. LENGTH fourteen inches.

Inhabits Carolina the whole year; and is found as far south as the West Indies and Brasil. Feeds much on the berries of the poke or Phytolacca Decandria [*], and the seeds of the mug-apple or Podophyllum
Passenger Pigeon. No. 187. Carolina Pigeon▪ No. 186.

Peltatum [*]. Lawson says, it is a great devourer of peas; on which account the Americans catch as many as they can in traps; and as an additional reason, because of the delicacy of their flesh.

189. WHITE-CROWNED.

- White-crowned Pigeon, Catesby, i. 25.

- Bald-pate, Brown. Jam. 468.—Sloane, ii. 303.

- Le Pigeon de la Roche, de la Jamaique, Brisson, i. 137.—De Buffon, ii. 529.

- Columba Leucocephala, Lin. Syst. 281.

P. With the end of the bill white; the base purple: crown white, beneath that purple: hind part of the neck changeable green, edged with black.

Inhabit the Bahama islands, and breed among the rocks;
PLACE.

and prove of great use to the inhabitants, who take vast numbers. This species is found also in Jamaica, where Brown says they feed on the feeds of the mangrove and wild coffee.

I do not recollect that our navigators saw any Pigeons on the western side of America; but the Spaniards saw abundance in lat. 41. 7. north[‡].

190. CANADA.

- La Tourterelle de Canada, Brisson, i. 118.—De Buffon, ii. 552.—Pl. Enl. 176.

- Columba Canadenfis, Lin. Syst. 285.

P. With the crown, hind part of the head, and upper part of the back, of a cinereous brown: the lower part of the back and rump ash-colored: lower part of the neck and the breast cinereous, dashed with rust: coverts of the wings spotted with black: primaries dusky, the exterior edges of the greater yellowish: the tail long and cuneiform; the middle feathers ash-colored; the exterior on each side white, marked on their inner side with a red spot, and beneath that with a great black one.

The head, neck, back, breast, and coverts of the wings, of the female have the feathers terminated with dirty white and yellow.

PLACE.

Inhabits Canada. Greatly resembles, in size, form, and some of the colors, the Carolina Pigeon: I guess therefore, that it is here needlessly separated from that species.

191. GROUND.

- Picuipinima, Marcgrave, 204.—Raii Syn. Av. 62. 184.—Sloane. Jam. ii. 305. —Brown, 469.

- Ground Dove, Catesby, i. 26.

- La petite Tourterelle, Brisson, i. 113.

- Columba Passerina, Lin. Syst. 285.

- Le Cocotzin, Fernandez, 24.—De Buffon, ii. 559.—Pl. Enl. 243.

P. With a yellow bill tipt with black: red irides: upper part of the head, body, and coverts, of a cinereous brown; the coverts spotted with black: breast and belly a variable purple, spotted with a deeper:
SIZE.

the two middle feathers of the tail cinereous brown, those of the sides dusky: legs yellowish. In SIZE does not exceed a Lark.

PLACE.

This diminutive species is not found further north than Carolina, where they sometimes visit the lower parts near the sea, where shrubs grow, in order to feed on the berries; especially of the pellitory, or toothach tree[*], which gives their flesh a fine flavor. The species is continued through the warm parts of America, the islands Mexico and Brasil. The French islanders call them Ortolans, from their excessive fatness and great delicacy. They take them young, when they will become very tame.

THERE is not a single species of Pigeon to be found in Kamtschatka; a proof that the birds of this genus do not extend far to the north-west of America: otherwise the narrow sea between the two continents could never confine birds of so swift and strong a flight.

- A. The STOCK DOVE, Wil. Orn.

- Columba Oenas. Skogsdufva, Faun. Suec. No 207.

IS very frequent in a wild state in the south of Russia, breeding in the turrets of village-churches, and in steep rocky banks of rivers; but at approach of winter, migrates southward. It does the same in Sweden [*]. Is among the birds of the Feroe isles, and sometimes strays as far Finmark [†].

No Pigeons are seen in Sibiria, till you come beyond lake Baikal, where a very small variety (with a white rump) breeds in great plenty about the rocks. This is the same with our ROCK PIGEON, one stock or origin of our tame Pigeons. This species breeds in the cliffs as far north as the diocese of Bergen in Norway [‡]. Haunt during winter the cliffs of the Orknies, by myriads.

- B. RING DOVE, Br. Zool. i. No 102.

- Columba Palumbus. Ringdufwa, Faun. Suec. No 208.

- Le Ramier, De Buffon, ii. 531.

COMMON in the Russian forests: very scarce in Sibiria; none in the north-east. Visits Sweden in summer: migrates in autumn. None in Norway.

None of the Pigeon tribe inhabit the arctic zone, by reason not only of the cold, but of defect of food.

ORDER V. PASSERINE.

XX. STARE. Gen. Birds. XLI.

192. CRESCENT.

- Lark, Lawson, 144.—Catesby, i. 33.

- Le Merle a collier d'Amerique, Brisson, ii. 243.

- L'Etourneau de la Louisiane—449.

- Le Fer a Cheval, ou Merle a collier d'Amerique, De Buffon, Ois. iii. 371.— Pl. En. 256.—Latham, iii. 6.

- Alauda Magna, Lin. Syst. 289.

- Sturnus Ludovicianus—290.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

ST. With a dusky head, divided in the middle by a pale brown line, bounded on the side by two others: on the corner of each eye, above the bill, is a yellow spot: whole upper part of the body, neck, and wings, reddish brown and black: breast and belly of a rich yellow; the former marked with a black crescent: primaries pale brown, barred with a darker: tail very short, the feathers sharp-pointed; the three outmost white, marked with a pale brown stripe on the exterior side; rest of the feathers light brown, marked with pointed bars of black: legs long.

SIZE.

LENGTH above ten inches: WEIGHT between three and four ounces.

PLACE.

Inhabits most parts of the continent of North America: lives in the savannas, feeding chiefly on the seeds of grasses; sits on small trees and shrubs; has a jetting motion with its tail; is reckoned excellent meat; has a musical but not a various note. Arrives in New York in March, or the beginning of April: lays in June, in the grass, five white eggs, thinly spotted with pale rust-color. Leaves the country in September or October.

193. LOUISIANE.

- Sturnus Ludovicianus, Lin. Syst. 290.—Latham, iii. 6.

- L'Etourneau de la Louisiane, De Buffon, iii. 192.—Brisson, ii. 449.—Pl. Enl. 256.

ST. With a whitish bill, tipped with brown: with the crown, back, wings, and tail of a rusty ash-color; the first marked along the middle with a white line; and another of the same color over each eye; inner webs of the four outmost feathers white: in front of the neck a large black spot; each feather tipt with grey: rest of the fore part of the neck, breast, and belly, of a rich yellow: thighs and vent dirty white.

Inhabits Louisiana.
PLACE.

- A. STARE, Br. Zool. i. No 104.
STARE.

- Sturnus, vulgaris Stare, Faun. Suec. No 213.

- L'Etourneau, De Buffon, iii. 176.—Latham, iii. 2.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

ST. With a yellow bill: black body glossed with purple, and spotted with yellow and white: legs black.

Inhabits Europe as high as Salten, in the diocese of Drontheim,
PLACE.

in Norway; and in great numbers in Naesne Helgeland [*], in Feroe, and in Iceland [†]. They migrate from Norway, a few excepted, which lodge in the fissures of the rocky isle near Stavanger, at the southern extremity of that kingdom, and come out to bask in the sunny days of winter. They are found in vast flocks in all parts of Russia, and the west of Sibiria; but are very scarce beyond the Jenesei. In many places of England reside the whole year: in others, migrate after the breeding-seasons by thousands to other countries.

WATER OUZEL.

- B. WATER OUZEL, Br. Zool. i. No 111.

- Sturnus cinclus, Watnstare, Faun. Suec. No 214.

- Le Merle d'Eau, De Buffon, viii. 134.—Latham, iii. 48.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

ST. Dusky above: throat and breast white: belly rust-colored: tail black. WEIGHT two ounces and a half: LENGTH seven inches and a half.

PLACE.

Found in Europe as high as Feroe and Finmark [*]: in the Russian empire, as far as Kamtschatka. The Tartars believe, that the feathers of this bird, tied to their nets, produce good fortune in their fishery[†].

XXI. THRUSH. Gen. Birds. XLII.

194. MIMIC.

- Mock-bird, Catesby, i.—Lawson, 143.

- Le Moqueur, De Buffon, Ois. ii. 323.—Pl. Enl. 645.—Brisson, ii. 262.— Latham, iii. 40.

- Turdus Polyglottos, T. Orpheus, Lin. Syst. 293.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

TH. With a black bill and legs: head, neck, back, and lesser coverts on the ridge of the wing, ash-colored: the other coverts dusky, slightly edged with white: quil feathers black; white on their lower parts: under side of the body white: tail very long; the middle feathers dusky; two outmost feathers white; the exterior margins black.

The breast of the female of a dirty white.

- A. The Lesser, Edw. 78.

DIFFERS from the former in having a white line over each eye; and in being somewhat inferior in size. Jamaica [*].

- B. Varied. Tetronpan, Fernanaez, 38.

WITH a spotted breast; probably a young bird of one of the others.

These birds shun the cold parts of America;
PLACE.

and are found from the province of New York as far south as Mexico and the Antilles. They are so impatient of the rigorous season, as to retire at approach of winter from all the provinces north of Carolina or Virginia. In the first they inhabit the whole year. They visit New York in April, or the beginning of May, but are rather scarce in that part of America: they breed there in June, and lay five or six blue eggs, thickly spotted with dull red.

They build often in fruit trees[†]; are very familiar, and love to be conversant about dwellings; and, during summer, usually deliver their song perched on the chimney's top. During breeding season, are very shy, and will desert their nest if any one looks on the eggs[*]: but are sometimes preserved, and brought alive to England.

During summer they feed on berries, mulberries, and other fruits, and insects. In winter, when other food is scarce, on the berries of the Dogwood [†]. When tamed, feed on every thing.

VARIOUS SONG.

These birds are perhaps the first among the choristers of the woods; and are justly famed not only for the variety, fulness, and melody of their own notes, but their imitative faculty of the notes of all other birds or animals, from the Humming-bird to the Eagle. They will even imitate the sound of other things. I have heard of one, confined in a cage, that would mimic the mewing of a cat, the chattering of a magype, and the creaking of a sign in high winds. The Mexicans call them Cencontlatolli [‡], or the birds of four hundred tongues, on account of their vast variety of notes and imitative powers. In the warmer parts of America they sing incessantly from March to August, day and night, beginning with their own compositions, and then finishing by borrowing from the whole feathered choir, and repeat their tunes with such artful sweetness, as to excite pleasure and surprize. The super-excellence of their songs makes ample amends for the plainness of their plumage.

They may be said not only to sing, but dance: for, as if excited by a sort of extasy at their own admirable notes, they gradually raise themselves from the place where they stand, with their wings extended, drop with their head down to the same spot, and whirl round with distended wings, accompanying their melody with variety of pretty gesticulations[§]. They are birds of vast courage; and will attack any large bird.

195. FERRUGINOUS.

- Ground Mocking-bird, Lawson, 143.

- Fox-coloured Thrush, Catesby, i. 28.

- Turdus rufus, Lin. Syst. 293.—Latham, iii. 39.

- La Grive de la Caroline, Brisson, ii. 223.

- Le Moqueur François, De Buffon, iii. 323.—Pl. Enl. 645.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

TH. With yellow irides: head, and whole upper part of the body, coverts of the wings, and the tail, of a pale rust-color: under part of a dirty white, spotted with brown: across the coverts of the wings are two white lines: tail very long: legs brown. LENGTH twelve inches.

Inhabits North America, from New York to Carolina.
PLACE.

In the former, arrives in May, and migrates to the south in August: continues in Virginia and Carolina the whole year: builds in low bushes, and (in New York) breeds in June, and lays five white eggs, closely spotted with rust-colour.

It feeds on berries, especially those of the cluster bird-cherry, of which all the Thrush kind are very fond. It is called in America the French Mocking-bird, from the variety of its notes; but they are far inferior to the real.

196. RED-BREASTED.

- Fieldfare of Carolina, Catesby, i. 29.

- La Grive de Canada, Brisson, ii. 225.

- La Litorne de Canada, De Buffon, iii. 307.—Pl. Enl. 558.

- Turdus migratorius, Lin. Syst. 295.—Latham, iii. 26.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

TH. With the bill half yellow and half black: head and cheeks black: orbits covered with white feathers: chin and throat black, streaked with white: under part of the neck, the breast, and upper part of the belly, of a deep orange: vent white: back and rump of a deep ash-color: coverts and quil feathers dusky, edged with white: inner coverts of the wings orange: tail black; the outmost feather marked with white: legs brown. SIZE of an English Throstle.

PLACE.

Inhabits North America, from Hudson's Bay to Natka Sound, on the western coast; and south as low as Carolina. Quits the warmer parts in the spring, and retires north to breed. Appear in pairs in Hudson's Bay, on Severn River, at the beginning of May. At Moose Fort, these birds build their nest, lay their eggs, and hatch their young, in fourteen days; but at Severn settlement, which lies in 55, or four degrees more north, the same is not effected in less than twenty-six days[*]. They are also very common in the woods near St. John's, in Newfoundland.

They arrive in New York in February, and lay their eggs in May, and quit the country in October: in each country where they pass the summer, they adapt their retreat to the time in which winter sets in.

NESTS.

They make their nests with roots, moss, &c.; and lay five eggs, of a most lively sea-green colour. The cock is most assiduous in assisting its mate in making the nest and feeding the young; and in the intervals chears her with its musical voice.

Like the English Fieldfare, they come and go in large flocks. They have two notes; one a loud scream, like the Missel-bird: the other, a very sweet song, which it delivers from the summit of some lofty tree.

They feed on worms, insects, and berries. Mr. Catesby brings a proof, that it is not the heat of the season alone that forces them away. He had, in Virginia, some trees of the Aluternus, in full berry; the first which were known in America: a single Fieldfare was so delighted with them, as never to quit them during the whole summer.

They are called in America, the Robin; not only from the redness of the breast, but from their actions and tameness, as I have observed in those kept in aviaries.

Varied Thrush No. 197.

197. VARIED.

TH. With a dusky crown: upper part of the neck and back of an iron grey: cheeks black: beyond each eye is a bright bay line: throat, under side of the neck, and breast, of the same color; the breast crossed by a black band: sides orange-colored: middle of the belly white: lesser coverts of the wings iron grey: greater, dusky, tipped with bright ferruginous: primaries dusky, crossed and edged with bay: tail long, of a deep cinereous color: legs pale brown. SIZE of the former.

Inhabits the woods of Natka Sound. Latham, iii. 27.
PLACE.

198. TAWNY.

TH. With the head, back, and coverts, tawny; the head the brightest: cheeks brown, spotted with white: throat, breast, and belly, white, with large black spots: rump, primaries, and tail, of a pale brown: the ends of the tail sharp-pointed: legs pale brown. SIZE of the Redwing Thrush.

From the province of New York. BL. MUS.—Latham, iii. 28.
PLACE.

199. BROWN.

TH. With the head, neck, back, cheeks, coverts, and tail, of an olive brown: primaries dusky: breast and belly of a dirty white, marked with great brown spots: legs dusky. SIZE of the former; and a native of the same country. BL. MUS.—Latham, iii. 28.

200. RED-LEGGED.

- Merle appellé Tilli? Feuillee, i. 126.

- Red-leg'd Thrush, Catesby, i. 30.

- Le Merle cendré de l'Amerique, Brisson, ii. 288.

- Turdus plumbeus, Lin. Syst. 294.—Latham, iii. 33.

- Le Tilly, ou la Grive cendrée de l'Amerique, De Buffon, iii. 314.—Pl. Enl. 560.

TH. With a dusky bill: irides, edges of the eyelids, and legs, red: throat black: whole body of a dusky blue: tail long, and cuneiform: tail dusky, with the three exterior feathers on each side tipt with white. WEIGHT two ounces and a half. The hen is a third part less than the cock.

PLACE.

Inhabits the Bahama islands, Andros, and Ilathera. Has the voice and gestures of Thrushes. Feeds on berries, especially of the gum elimy tree[*].

201. LITTLE.

- Little Thrush, Catesby, i. 31.—Edw. 296.—Latham, iii. 20.

- Le Mauvis de la Caroline, Brisson, ii. 212.

- La Grivette d'Amerique, De Buffon, iii. 289.—Pl. Enl. 398.—LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

TH. With the head, whole upper part of the body, wings, and tail, of an uniform brown color: eyelids encircled with white: chin white: breast, and under side of the neck, yellowish, marked with large brown spots: belly white: legs long, and brown. SIZE of a Lark.

PLACE.

Inhabits Canada, Newfoundland, and the whole continent of North America, and even Jamaica. In all the cold parts, even as low as Pensylvania, they migrate southward at approach of winter. They arrive in that country in April, and breed there. They inhabit thick woods, and the dark recesses of swamps: are scarce, and not often seen[†]. In Jamaica they inhabit the wooded mountains[‡]. They feed on berries, &c. like other Thrushes, but want their melody.

202. UNALASCHA.

TH. With the crown and back brown, obscurely spotted with dusky: breast yellow, spotted with black: coverts of the wings, primaries, and tail, dusky, edged with testaceous. SIZE of a Lark.

PLACE.

Found on Unalascha. Latham, iii. 23.

203. GOLDEN-CROWNED.

- Golden-crowned Thrush, Edw. 252.

- Motacilla aurocapilla, Lin. Syst, 334.—Latham, iii. 21.

- Le Figuier a tete d'or, Brisson, iii. 504.

- La Grivelette de St. Domingue, De Buffon, Ois. iii. 317.—Pl. Enl. 398.— BL. MUS.

TH. With the crown of the head of a bright gold-color, bounded on each side by a black line: upper part of the body, wings, and tail, of an olive brown: under side of the neck, breast, and sides, white, spotted with black; or, as the French expressively call, it grivelées: belly in some of a pure white; in others, spotted: legs of a yellowish brown. In SIZE lesser than the last.

Inhabits Pensylvania, and probably all the southern provinces.
PLACE.

It builds its nest on the ground, on the side of a bank, in the form of an oven, with leaves, lining it with dry grass, and lays five white eggs, spotted with brown. Migrates on approach of winter to the islands, such as St. Domingo, Jamaica, &c. Some having been taken at sea in November in their passage[*].

204. HUDSONIAN.

TH. With a black bill: general color of the plumage deep blueish ash: crown, nape, coverts of the wings, and primaries, more or less edged with pale chesnut: coverts of the tail of the same color: tail deep ash, rounded at the end: legs black. LENGTH of the whole bird seven inches and a half.

Inhabits Hudson's Bay. LEV. MUS.
PLACE.

205. NEW-YORK.

TH. With a dusky strong bill, half an inch long: head, neck, and breast, mottled with light rust-color and black: back very glossy: and the edges of the feathers ferruginous: from the bill, above and beneath each eye, extends to the hind part of the head a band of black: belly dusky: wings and tail black, glossed with green: tail rounded: legs black. SIZE of an English BLACKBIRD.

PLACE.

Appears in the province of New York in the latter end of October, in its way from its more northern breeding place. BL. MUS.

206. LABRADOR.

- Latham, iii. 46.—BL. MUS.—LEV. MUS.

TH. With a black bill, rather slender, near an inch long. In one specimen the plumage wholly black, glossed with variable blue and green[*]: in another[†], the feathers on the head, neck, and beginning of the back, slightly edged with deep rust: tail, and rest of the plumage, full black; tail even at the end.

PLACE.

Inhabits Labrador, and the province of New York.

- A. FIELDFARE, Br. Zool. i. No 106.

- Turdus pilaris. Suecis Kramsfogel. Uplandis Snoskata, Faun. Suec. No 215.

- La Litorne, De Buffon, iii. 301.—Pl. Enl. 490.—Latham, iii. 24.—LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

TH. With head and rump cinereous: back and wing coverts chesnut: breast and belly of a rusty white, spotted with black. WEIGHT about four ounces. LENGTH ten inches.

PLACE.

These birds swarm in the woods of Sweden and Norway: breed in the highest trees; and continue, at lest in Sweden, the whole year[‡]. In Norway, I do not trace them further north than the diocese of Bergen. They migrate in great numbers into Britain at Michaelmas, and depart about the beginning of March; but I have no certainty of the place they come from. Multitudes are found in all seasons in Poland [*]: multitudes also migrate from other places to the Polish woods in autumn. Perhaps the woods in all those countries may be overcharged with them, so that annually numbers may migrate into other places, without being missed by the inhabitants. Pontoppidan says, that Fieldfares are in great flocks in autumn, when berries are most plenty[†]. Possibly, after they have exhausted the woods, they may migrate to us, compelled both by cold and want of food. They appear constantly in the Orknies, near the approach of winter, in their way south, and feed during their residence in those isles on the berries of empetrum nigrum, arbutus alpina, and uva ursi, and those of the juniper. They arrive in England about Michaelmas, and leave it early in March. They are frequent in the forests of Russia, Sibiria, and even Kamtschatka, as is the REDWING THRUSH. Both visit Syria [‡], and both migrate into Minorca in the end of October, and winter in that climate[§].

- B. MISSEL TH. Br. Zool. i. No 105.

- Turdus viscivorus, Biork-Trast, Faun. Suec. No 216.

- Le Draine, De Buffon, iii. 295.—Pl. Enl. 489.—Latham, iii. 16.

TH. Olive-brown above: whitish yellow below, spotted with black: inner coverts of wings white: tail brown; three outmost feathers on each side tipt with white. WEIGHT near five ounces: LENGTH eleven inches.

Inhabits Europe as far as Norway;
PLACE.

but not higher than the middle part. Common in Russia; but has not reached Sibiria.

- C. THROSTLE, Br. Zool. i. No 107.

- Turdus musicus. Faun. Suec. No 217.

- La Grive, De Buffon, iii. 280.—Pl. Enl. 406.—Latham, iii. 18.—LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

TH. Above of an olive-brown: breast white, with large dusky spots: inner coverts of the wings of a deep orange: cheeks white, spotted with brown. WEIGHT three ounces: LENGTH nine inches.

PLACE.

Inhabits Europe as far north as Sondmor [*]. Is found in most parts of Russia, where juniper grows, especially about the river Kama: not in Sibiria.

- D. REDWING, Br. Zool. i. No 108.

- Turdus iliacus. Klera. Kladra. Talltrast. Faun. Suec. No 218.

- Le Mauvis, De Buffon, iii. 309.—Latham, iii. 22.

TH. With a whitish line above each eye: and the cheeks bounded beneath by another: head, and upper part of body, brownish: on each side of the neck a spot of deep yellow: tail of an uniform brown: breast white, spotted with brown: inside of the wings deep orange. WEIGHT two ounces and a quarter.

PLACE.

Is met with as remote as Sondmor, and even in Iceland. In Sweden sings sweetly, perched on the summit of a tree, among the forests of maples: builds in hedges, and lays six blueish green eggs, spotted with black[†]. Appears in England with the Fieldfare, and has with us only a piping note. Such numbers of these birds, Throstles, and Fieldfares, are killed for the market in Polish Prussia, that excise was payed in one season at Dantzick for thirty thousand pairs, besides what were smuggled or payed duty in other places[‡]. Found with the Fieldfare in the Russian dominions.

- E. Latham, iii. 28.—LEV. MUS.
KAMTSCHATKAN.

TH. With a dusky bill: crown, upper side of the neck, back, and wings, light brown: from the base of the bill, on each side, a black line passes to the eyes, and a little beyond; over each, a line of white: chin and throat of an elegant rose-color: breast and belly of a whitish brown: tail of a light brown, and rounded. LENGTH six inches.

Inhabits Kamtschatka.
PLACE.

- F. ORIOLE, Br. Zool. ii. App. p. 626, 8vo.—4to, 532. tab. iv.—Will. Orn. 198.

- Oriolus galbula, Lin. Syst. 160.—Faun. Suec. No 95.

- Loriot, De Buffon, iii. 260. tab. xvii.—Pl. Enl. 26.

TH. With head and whole body of a rich yellow: bill red: wings black; the primaries marked with a yellow spot: tail black; tips yellow. FEMALE dull green: ends of the exterior feathers of the tail whitish. LENGTH ten inches.

Inhabits many parts of Europe. Has been shot in Finland;
PLACE.

but is in Sweden a rare bird. Seen in England but very seldom: affects warm climates: frequent in India and China. Found in the temperate parts of the Russian empire, as far as lake Baikal: none beyond the Lena. Is almost constantly flitting from place to place: makes no long residence in any. Builds a hanging nest between the forks of a bough, usually of some lofty tree. Lays four or five eggs, of a dirty white, spotted with dusky. Is reckoned very good meat. Receives its name of Loriot from its note. Feeds on insects, berries, and fruits.

- G. ROSE-COLORED OUZEL, Br. Zool. ii. App. p. 627. 8vo.—4to. tab. v.

- Turdus roseus, Faun. Suec. No 219.—Will. Orn. 194.—De Buffon, iii. 348. tab. xxii. —Pl. Enl. 251.—Latham, iii. 50.

TH. With a crested head: head, neck, wings, and tail, black, glossed with variable purple, blue, and green: breast, belly, back, and lesser coverts of the wings, of a fine rose-color. SIZE of a Stare.

Linnaeus, on the authority of Mr. Adlerheim, says it is found in Lapland. Has been shot in a garden at Chester; and twice besides near London. Is migratory. I cannot discover its breeding-place in Europe. Is found during summer about Aleppo, where it is called, from its food, the Locust-bird [*].

Appears annually in great flocks about the river Don: and in Sibiria about the Irtish, where there are abundance of Locusts, and where it breeds between the rocks.

- H. RING-OUZEL, Br. Zool. i. No 110.

- Turdus torquatus, Faun. Suec. No 221.

- Ring-trost, Norvegio, Brunnich, No 237.—De Buffon, iii. 340.—Latham, iii. 46.— LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

TH. With wings and tail black: upper part of the body dusky; lower part the same, edged with ash-color: breast marked with a white crescent. LENGTH eleven inches.

PLACE.

Inhabits Europe as high as Lapmark [†]. Is not found in Russia and Sibiria: is, in the south of England, and in France, an errant passenger, for a week or two, to other countries: in alpine parts, resident. Is met with about Mount Caucasus, and in Persia.

Belon [‡] says, that in his time they swarmed so in their season about Embrun, that the hosts were used to treat their guests with them instead of other game. We are told by the Count de Buffon, that they build their nests on the ground at the foot of some bush; from which they are called Merles Terriers.

- I. BLACKBIRD, Br. Zool. i. No 109.

- Turdus merula. Trast. Kohltrast. Faun. Suec. No 220.—Latham, ii. No 46.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

TH. With a yellow bill: plumage and legs intensely black. FEMALE with bill and plumage of a dusky hue. LENGTH nine inches and a half: WEIGHT about four ounces.

Inhabits Europe as high even as Drontheim.
PLACE.

Is uncommon in Russia, except beyond the Urallian chain, and in the western provinces. But about Woronesch, this bird, and the STARE, do not make their appearance till about the 17th or 18th of April [*], searching for food in other places during the severe season.

XXII. CHATTERER. Gen. Birds, XLIII.

207. PRIB.

- Chatterer, Catesby, i. 46.—Edw. 242.—Br. Zool. i. No 112.

- Le Jaseur de la Caroline, Brisson, ii. 337.—De Buffon, Ois. iii. 441.— Latham, ii. 93.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

CH. With a black bill: black band of feathers across the forehead, extended on each side of the eyes towards the hind part of the head: head crested; color of that and neck a pale reddish brown: chin black: back deep brown: rump grey: coverts of wings cinereous: quil feathers dusky; ends of the seven last tipt with wax-like, or enameled appendages, of a bright scarlet color: tail dusky, tipt with bright yellow: breast whitish: belly and thighs of a light yellow: legs black. LENGTH seven inches. FEMALE wants the scarlet appendages to the wings.

PLACE.

Inhabits America, from Nova Scotia to Mexico and Cayenne [*]. The Mexican name is Coquantototl. Fernandez [†] says, it lives in the mountanous parts of the country. Feeds on seeds; but is remarkable neither for its song, or the delicacy of its flesh. It migrates in flocks to New York the latter end of March; breeds there in May and June; and retires south in flocks in November.

The differences between this bird, and the CHATTERERS of the old continent, are these:—it is about an inch inferior in length: it wants the rich yellow on the wings; but, as a recompence, has the same beautiful color on the belly.

IN EUROPE.

The European varieties are found as high as Drontheim, and appear in great numbers during winter, about Petersburg and Moscow, and in all parts of Russia, and are taken in flocks. They do not breed there: retiring to the very arctic circle for that purpose. It is said, that they never have been observed beyond the river Lena: and that they are much scarcer in Sibiria than Russia. Mr. Bell saw some about Tobolski in December [‡]. The navigators found them, September 1778, on the western coast of America, in lat. 64. 30.: long. 198. 30.

XXIII. GROSBEAK. Gen. Birds, XLV.

208. CROSSBILL.

- Le Bee croise, De Buffon, iii. 449 —Pl. Enl. 218.—Br. Zool. i. No 115.

- Loxia curvirostra. Korssnaf. Kiagelrifvare, Faun. Suec. No 224.—Latham, ii. 106. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

GR. With each of the mandibles crooked, and crossing each other at the tips: wings, head, neck, and body, of a full red: wings and tail dusky: the coverts crossed with two white lines.

The FEMALE is of a dirty green: rump of a deep yellow: the colors of each sex vary wonderfully; there being scarcely two which agree in the degree of shades of red or green: but the bills are sufficient distinctions from all other birds.

Inhabits the northern latitudes of North America,
PLACE.

from Hudson's Bay to Newfoundland. Mr. Edwards mentions one taken off Greenland; but that individual must have been driven there by a storm, since it could never have subsisted in that woodless region, its food being the kernels of pine-cones, apples, and berries.

These birds arrive at Severn river in Hudson's Bay, the latter end of May; but so greatly affect a cold climate, as to proceed even more northward to breed. They return in autumn at the first setting-in of the frost. Their habitations are the forests of pines.

They are found in all the evergreen forests of Russia and Sibiria. In Scandinavia, as high as Drontheim. In England they only appear in certain years. I do not find that they migrate in any part except in America.

The American species varies from the European in being much less; and in the two white lines across the wings.

209. PINE.

- PINE GROSBEAK, Br. Zool. i. No 114.—Edw. 123.

- Le Dur-bec, De Buffon, iii. 444.—Pl. Enl. 135.

- Loxia enucleator. L. Canadensis, Lin. Syst. 299, 304.

- Tallbit, Swansk-Papgoia, Faun. Suec. No 223.—Latham, ii. 111.—LEV. MUS.

GR. With a very strong thick bill, hooked at the end: head, and upper part of the body, of a rich crimson; each feather marked with black in the middle: lesser coverts incline to orange; the others dusky, crossed by two white lines: the primaries and tail dusky: lower part of the neck, breast, and belly, of a pale crimson: vent cinereous: legs black. FEMALE of a dull dirty green; twice the size of the English Bullfinch.

PLACE.

Inhabits Hudson's Bay [*], Newfoundland, and Canada, and as far as the western side of North America: visits Hudson's Bay, in April: frequents the groves of pines and junipers: sings on its first arrival, but soon grows silent: makes its nest on trees, at a small height from the ground, with sticks, and lines it with feathers. Lays four white eggs, which are hatched in June. The clerk of the California observed these birds first on the 25th of January: they fed on the poplar tree[†]. It is remarked, that birds of plain colors only inhabit the frigid climates: but this gay bird is an exception.

It is likewise an inhabitant of the northern parts of Europe, as far as Drontheim; and in Asia, in all the pine forests: is frequent in Sibiria, and the north of Russia: is taken in autumn about Petersburg, and brought to market in plenty. In spring it retires to Lapland.

I have seen them in the pine forests near Invereauld, in the county of Aberdeen, in Scotland, in the month of August; therefore suspect they breed there.

210. CARDINAL.

- Coccothraustes Indica cristata, Aldr. ii. 289.

- Virginian Nightingale, Will. Orn. 245.—Raii Syn. av. 85.

- Redbird, Lawson, 144.—Catesby, i. 38.

- La Cardinal hupè, De Buffon, iii. 458.

- Grosbec de Virginie, Brisson, iii. 253.

- Loxia Cardinalis, Lin. Syst. 300.—Latham, ii. 118.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

GR. With a light red bill; base encompassed with black feathers: head adorned with an upright pointed crest: head, neck, and body, of a rich scarlet color: wings and tail of a dark and dull red. FEMALE of a much duller hue, with brown cheeks and back: belly of a dirty yellow. LENGTH nine inches.

Inhabits the country from Newfoundland to Louisiana.
PLACE.

Is a hardy and familiar bird: very docile. Lives much on the grain of mayz, which it breaks readily with its strong bill. Lays up a winter provision of that grain; and conceals it very artfully in its retreat, first with leaves, and then with small branches, with an aperture for an entrance[*].

Their song is remarkably fine; so that they are called the Virginian Nightingale. They sit warbling in the mornings, during spring, on the tops of the highest trees[†]. They also sing when confined in cages, and are much sought on account of their melody. In a state of confinement the female and male are at such enmity, that they will kill one another. They seldom are seen in larger numbers than three or four together. I have heard that their note is toned not unlike that of a Throstle; and that when tame, they will learn to whistle. Arrives in the Jersies and New York in the beginning of April; and during the summer, haunts the magnolia swamps. In autumn retires to the south.

211. POPE.

- Crested Cardinal, Brown's Illustr. tab. xxiii.

- Le Paroure hupè, De Buffon, iii. 501.—Pl. Enl. 103.—Latham, ii. 124.

GR. With a most elegant upright pointed crest: that, head, and neck, of a most rich scarlet: sides of the neck, breast, and belly, white: upper part of the neck, back, wings, and tail, dark grey: legs flesh-color.

SIZE a little inferior to the last. Is said to have a soft feeble note[*].

PLACE.

Inhabits from Louisiana to Brasil.

212. RED-BREASTED.

- Loxia Ludoviciana, Lin. Syst. 306.—Latham, ii. 126. — Brisson, iii. 247.

- Le Rose Gorge, De Buffon, iii. 460.—Pl. Enl. 153.—BL. MUS.

GR. With the head, chin, and back, deep black: coverts of the wings black, crossed with two white lines: upper part of the primaries black; lower white: tail black; inner webs of the two outmost feathers marked with a large white spot: breast and inner coverts of the wings of a fine rose-color: lower part of the back, belly, and vent, white: legs black. Head of the FEMALE spotted with white: breast yellowish brown, spotted with black.

PLACE.

Inhabits from New York to Louisiana. Arrives in New York in May: lays five eggs: retires in August. Is in that province a scarce bird.

213. SPOTTED.

GR. With the middle of the head, neck, and whole under side of the body, white, marked with narrow spots of brown: above each eye is a long bar of white, reaching from near the bill to the hind part of the head: back, wings, and tail, brown: the coverts of the wings crossed with two white lines: inner coverts of the wings of a fine yellow: on the inner side of the outmost feathers of the tail is a white spot: legs dusky.

PLACE.

Inhabits New England.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.—Latham, ii. 126.

214. FANTAIL.

- Grosbec appellé queue en eventail de Virginie, Pl. Enl. 380.—De Buffon, iii. 463. —Latham, ii. 128.

GR. With a dusky bill: scarlet head, neck, breast, and belly; colors most lively on the head: back and wings dusky, tinged with scarlet: the coverts of the tail a rich red: tail dusky, edged with red: lower belly and thighs in some white, perhaps females.

Inhabits Virginia. Mr. Blackburne sent one from New York,
PLACE.

shot in November. This species has a custom of spreading its tail like a fan, from which arose the name.

215. YELLOW-BELLIED.

GR. With a yellow bill: red head; hind part of an olive brown: hind part of the neck, and whole under side, of a fine red: wings, lower part of the back, and the tail, olive, the two middle feathers of the last excepted, which are red: belly yellow.

Inhabits Virginia. From Mr. Kuckahn's collection.—Latham, ii. 125.
PLACE.

216. DUSKY.

GR. With the head, neck, and back, dusky, edged with pale brown: coverts of the wings dusky, crossed with two bars of white: quil feathers dark; their outmost edges of a pale yellowish green: middle of the throat white: the breast, and sides of the belly, white spotted with brown.

New York. Killed in June.—BL. MUS.—Latham, ii. 127.
PLACE.

217. BLUE.

- Loxia Caerulea, Lin. Syst. 304.—Latham, ii. 116.

- Pyrrhula Carolineus Caerulea, Brisson, iii. 223. tab. xi.

- Blue Grosbeak, Catesby, i. 39.—De Buffon, iii. 454.—Pl. Enl. 154.

GR. With a narrow black list round the base of the bill: head, whole body, and coverts of the wings, of a deep blue; the last marked with a transverse bar of red: primaries and tail brown, dashed with green: legs dusky. FEMALE of a dark brown, with a small mixture of blue.

PLACE.

Inhabits Carolina during summer only. Is a scarce bird, and seen only in pairs. Has but a single note.

218. PURPLE.

- Loxia violacea, Lin. Syst. 306.—Latham, ii. 117.

- Purple Grosbeak, Catesby, i. 40.

- Pyrrhula Bahamensis violacea, Brisson, iii. 326.

- La Bouvreuil ou Bec rond violet de la Caroline, De Buffon, iv. 395.— LEV. MUS.

GR. With head and body entirely purple: wings and tail of the same color: over each eye a stripe of scarlet: throat and vent feathers of the same color. FEMALE wholly brown, with red marks similar to the cock.

PLACE.

Inhabits the Bahama islands. Feeds much on the mucilage of the poison [*] wood-berries. From the trunk of this tree distils a liquid, black as ink, said to be a poison.

219. GREY.

- Le Grisalbin, De Buffon, iii. 467.—Latham, ii. 134.

- Grosbec de Virginie, Pl. Enl. 393, No 1.

GR. Entirely of a light grey color, except the head and neck, which are white. SIZE of a Sparrow.

PLACE.

Inhabits Virginia.

220. CANADA.

- Loxia Canadensis, Lin. Syst. 309.—Latham, ii. 127.

- Le Flavert, De Buffon, iii. 462.—Brisson, iii. 229.—Pl. Enl. 152.

GR. With the upper part of the plumage of an olive green; the lower light-colored, and inclining to yellow: chin black: base of the bill surrounded with feathers of the same color: legs grey.

PLACE.

Supposed, from the Linnaean name, to inhabit Canada: but is also found in Cayenne.

- A. BULFINCH, Br. Zool. i. No 116.

- Loxia Pyrrhula. Domherre, Faun. Suec. No 225.

- Le Bouvreuil, De Buffon, iv. 372.—Latham, ii. 143.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

GR. With a short thick bill: full black crown: whole under side rich crimson: tail black. Under part of the FEMALE of a light brown.

Is found in Europe as high as Sondmor [*].
PLACE.

Frequent in the north of Russia; and during winter, all over Russia and Sibiria, where it is caught for the table. The LOXIA ATRA, Brunnich, No 244, a bird shot at Christiansoe, and described as wholly black, except a white line on the wings, and the outmost feather in the tail, seems only a variety of this species.

- GREEN GR. Br. Zool. i. No 113.

- Loxia chloris. Swenska, Faun. Suec, No 226.

- Le Verdier, De Buffon, iii. 171.—Latham, ii. 134.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

GR. With the plumage of a yellowish green.

Inhabits Europe as far north as Drontheim. Is rare in Russia.
PLACE.

Seen about the Kama. None in Sibiria: yet Steller describes it among the birds of Kamtschatka. Inhabits Sweden the whole year, as does the BULFINCH.

- C. HAW GR. Br. Zool. i. No 113.

- Le Gros-bec, De Buffon, iii. 444. tab. xxvii.—Pl. Enl. 99, 100.

- Loxia coccothraustes. Stenkneck, Faun. Suec. No 222.—Latham, ii. 109.— LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

GR. With a large conic thick bill: crown and cheeks bay: hind part of the neck of a fine grey: chin black: breast dirty flesh-color: back, and coverts of wings, deep brown: tail short; inner webs white. WEIGHT two ounces.

PLACE.

Is a species that seldom is seen far north. Newly arrived in Schonen, where it does much damage to cherry-orchards. Lives on the kernels of fruits, and even on walnuts and almonds, which it easily breaks with its strong bill. Is migratory: appears only accidentally in England. Known only in the west and south of the Russian empire, where fruits grow, wild or cultivated. Disappears in other parts, as far as beyond lake Baikal; where they come from the south in great plenty, and feed on the pyrus baccata, a tree peculiar to that country. They build their nest, like that of the Turtle, with dry sticks fastened with slender roots; and lay five blueish eggs, spotted with brown.

Spotted Grosbeak. No. 213. White Crowned Bunting No. •••

XXIV. BUNTING. Gen. Birds, XLVI.

221. WHITE-CROWNED.

- Emberiza Leucophrys, Forster.—Phil. Trans. lxii. 403, 426.—Latham, ii. 200.

B. With a red bill: white crown: sides of the head black: beneath the eyes a black line joining the former: space between both white: front, sides of the neck, and breast, cinereous: back and coverts of the wings of a rusty brown, spotted with black, crossed with two lines of white: scapulars edged with white: primaries brown: tail long, and of the same color: legs flesh-colored. LENGTH seven inches and a half: EXTENT nine: WEIGHT three-quarters of an ounce.

Inhabits the country round Hudson's Bay.
PLACE.

Visits Severn river in June. Feeds on grass seeds, grubs, insects, &c. Makes its nest at the bottom of willow-trees: lays four or five eggs, of a dusky color. Appears near Albany Fort in May: breeds there, and retires in September. Its flight short and silent; but when it perches, sings very melodiously.

222. SNOW.

- Br. Zool. i. No 122.—Tawny B. No 121.—Edw. 126.

- Emberiza nivalis, Lin. Syst. 308.—Latham, ii. 16.

- Sno-sparf, Faun. Suec. No 227. tab. i.—Sneekok, vinter fugl. Cimbris.— Snee fugl. Fialster Norvegis, Brunnich, No 245.

- L'Ortolan de Neige, De Buffon, iv. 329.—Pl. Enl. 497.—LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

B. With a short yellow bill, tipt with black: crown tawny: neck of the same color: breast and belly of a dull yellow, declining into white towards the vent: back and scapulars black, edged with reddish brown: the coverts of the tail white on their lower, yellowish on their upper parts: on the wings is a large bed of white: the other parts black and reddish brown: tail a little forked; three outmost feathers white; the third black, tipt with white; the rest wholly black: legs black: hind claw long, but not so strait as that of the Lark. WEIGHT one ounce five drams: LENGTH six inches and a half: EXTENT ten.

PLACE. HUDSON'S BAY.

The earliest of the migratory birds of Hudson's Bay. Appeared in 1771, at Severn settlement, on April 11th; stayed about a month or five weeks; then proceeded farther north to breed[*]. Return in September; stay till November, when the severe frosts drive them southward. Live in flocks: feed on grass seeds, and are conversant about dunghills: are easily caught, under a small net baited with oatmeal, and are very delicate meat. I am not certain of the winter retreat of these birds out of Hudson's Bay; but having seen one of this species among those sent to Mrs. Blackburn from New York, I imagine that they spread over the more southern parts of North America in the rigorous season, as they do over Europe in the same period.

CHANGE OF COLOR.

These birds have a summer and a winter dress. The first we have described. Against the rigorous season they become white on their head, neck, and whole under side: great part of their wings, and the rump, assumes the same color: the back, and middle feathers of the tail, are black. But Linnaeus, who was very well acquainted with this species, says, that they vary according to age and season. Mr. Graham sent to the Royal Society two specimens; one in its summer feathers, which exactly answered to our TAWNY BUNTING, No 121; the other, to our SNOW BUNTING, No 122, in its winter feathers. On this evidence, I beg the readers of the British isles to consider the above as one and the same species.

GREENLAND.

Hudson's Bay is not the farthest of their northern migrations. They inhabit not only Greenland [†], but even the dreadful climate of Spitzbergen, where vegetation is nearly extinct, and scarcely any but cryptogamious plants are found. It therefore excites wonder, how birds, which are graminivorous in every other than these frost-bound regions, subsist: yet are there found in great flocks, both on the land and ice of Spitzbergen [*]. They annually pass to this country by way of Norway: for in the spring, flocks innumerable appear, especially on the Norwegian isles: continue only three weeks, and then at once disappear[†]. As they do not breed in Hudson's Bay, it is certain that many retreat to this last of lands, and totally uninhabited, to perform in full security the duties of love, incubation, and nutrition. That they breed in Spitzbergen is very probable; but we are assured that they do so in Greenland. They arrive there in April, and make their nests in the fissures of the rocks, on the mountains, in May: the outside of their nest is grass; the middle of feathers; and the lining the down of the Arctic Fox. They lay five eggs, white, spotted with brown: they sing finely near their nest.

They are caught by the boys in autumn, when they collect near the shores in great flocks in order to migrate; and are eaten dried[‡].

In Europe they inhabit, during summer, the most naked Lapland Alps; and descend, in rigorous seasons, into Sweden, and fill the roads and fields; on which account the Dalecarlians call them Illwarsfogel, or bad-weather birds. The Uplanders, Hardvarsfogel, expressive of the same. The Laplanders style them Alaipg. Olaus Magnus speaks of them under the name of Aviculae nivales [§], but mixes much fable in his narrative: he perches them also on trees; whereas they always sit upon the ground.

Leems ‖ remarks, I know not with what foundation, that they fatten on the flowing of the tides, in Finmark, and grow lean on the ebb. The Laplanders take them in great numbers in hair springes, for the tables, their flesh being very delicate.

They seem to make the countries within the whole arctic circle their summer residence; from whence they overflow the more southern countries in amazing multitudes, at the setting in of winter in the frigid zone. In the winter of 1778-9, they came in such multitudes into Birsa, one of the Orkney islands, as to cover the whole barony; yet, of all the numbers, hardly two agreed in colors.

NORTH OF BRITAIN.

Lapland, and perhaps Iceland, furnishes the north of Britain with the swarms that frequent those parts during winter, as low as the Cheviot hills, in lat. 55. 32. Their resting-places, the Feroe isles, Schetland, and the Orknies. The highlands of Scotland, in particular, abound with them. Their flights are immense; and they mingle so closely together, in form of a ball, that the fowlers make great havock among them. They arrive lean, soon become very fat, and are delicious food. They either arrive in the highlands very early, or a few breed there; for I had one shot for me at Invercauld, the 4th of August. But there is a certainty of their migration, for multitudes of them often fall, wearied with their passage, on the vessels that are sailing through the Pentland Frith [*].

In their summer dress they are sometimes seen in the south of England [†], the climate not having severity sufficient to affect the colors; yet now and then a milk-white one appears, which is usually mistaken for a white Lark.

RUSSIA. SIBIRIA.

Russia and Sibiria receive them, in their severe season, annually, in amazing flocks, overflowing almost all Russia. They frequent the villages, and yield a most luxurious repast. They vary there infinitely in their winter colors; are pure white, speckled, and even quite brown[‡]. This seems to be the influence of difference of age more than of season.

GERMANY.

Germany has also its share of them. In Austria they are caught, and fed with millet, and afford the epicure a treat equal to that of the Ortolan [§].

223. BLACK.

- Fringilla Hudsonias, Forster.—Ph. Trans. lxii.—Latham, ii. 666.

- Snow-bird, Catesby, i. 36.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

B. With a white short bill: blue eye: head, neck, wings, body, and tail, of a footy blackness, edged with rust: breast, belly, and vent, of a pure white: exterior sides of the primaries edged with white; of the secondaries, with pale brown: exterior webs of the outmost feathers of the tail white: of the specimen described in the Transactions, the two outmost are wholly white, and the third marked with a white spot; the rest dusky. LENGTH six inches and a half: EXTENT nine: WEIGHT half an ounce.

Appears near Severn settlement not sooner than June:
PLACE.

stays a fortnight: frequents the plains: feeds on grass seeds: retires into the arctic parts to breed. Returns to Hudson's Bay in autumn, in its passage to the south. Migrates into New York, where it continues the whole winter. Appears in the southern provinces, as low as Carolina, but chiefly in snow, or when the weather is harder than ordinary[*]. Arrive in millions, in very rigorous seasons, and fly about the houses and barns to pick up the corn. Frequent the gardens, and the small hills, to feed on the scattered seeds of grass. Are called by the Swedes, Snovogel, or Snow-bird; by the Americans, Chuck-bird [†]. They do not change their colors in any season of the year. Are esteemed very delicate meat.

224. TOWHEE.

- Towhee-bird, Catesby, i. 34.—Latham, ii. 199.

- Fringilla Erythrophthalma, Lin. Syst.—Brisson, iii. 169.

- Le Pinson noir, aux yeux rouges, De Buffon, iv. 141.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

B. With the head, coverts of the wings, whole upper side of the body, and breast, black: middle of the belly white: sides orange: quil feathers black, edged with white: tail long, and black; exterior edge of the outmost feathers white; and a large white spot on the end of the three first; middle feathers entirely black.

FEMALE of a rusty brown: belly white, bounded by dirty yellow: irides in both sexes red. LENGTH eight inches and a half.

PLACE.

Inhabits New York and Carolina. Has a pretty note.

225. RICE.

- Maia Fernandez, 56. C. ccxix.—Wil. Orn. 386.—Raii Syn. Av.

- Rice-bird, Hortulanus Carolinensis, Catesby, i. 14.—Edw. 291.

- Emberiza oryzivora, Lin. Syst. 311.—Latham, ii. 288, 289.

- L'Ortolan de la Caroline, Brisson, iii. 282.

- L'Agripenne, ou l'Ortolan de Riz, De Buffon, iv. 337.—Pl. Enl. 388.—LEV. MUS. —BL. MUS.

B. With the head, and whole under side of the body, black: hind part of the neck in some pale yellow; in others, white: coverts of the wings, and primaries, black; the last edged with white: part of the scapulars, lesser coverts of the wings, and rump, white: back black, edged with dull yellow: tail of the same colors, and each feather sharply pointed: legs red. LENGTH seven inches and a quarter.

Head, upper part of the neck, and back, of the FEMALE, yellowish brown, spotted with black: under part of a dull yellow: sides thinly streaked with black. The bird described by le Comte de Buffon, under the title of l'Agripenne de la Louisiane [*], seems to be no other than a female of this species, varied by having some of the secondary feathers wholly white.

PLACE.

These birds inhabit in vast numbers the island of Cuba, where they commit great ravages among the early crops of rice, which precede those of Carolina. As soon as the crops of that province are to their palate, they quit Cuba, and pass over the sea, in numerous flights, directly north; and are very often heard in their passage by sailors frequenting that course. Their appearance is in September, while the rice is yet milky; and commit such devastations, that forty acres of that grain have been totally ruined by them in a small time.

They arrive very lean; but soon grow so fat, as to fly with difficulty; and, when shot, often burst with the fall. They continue in Carolina not much above three weeks, and retire by the time the rice begins to harden. They are esteemed to be the most delicate birds of the country. I am informed, that the male birds have a fine note.

It is very singular, that, among the myriads which pay their autumnal visit, there never is found a single cock-bird. Mr. Catesby verified the fact by dissecting numbers, under a supposition, that there might have been the young of both sexes, which had not arrived at the full colors; but found them all to be females, which are properly the RICE-BIRDS. Both sexes make a transient visit to Carolina in the spring. It is said, that a few stragglers continue in that country the whole year.

RICE, the periodical food of these birds, is a grain of India [*]: it probably arrived in Europe (where it has been much cultivated) by way of Bactria, Susia, Babylon, and the lower Syria [†]. The time in which it reached Italy is uncertain: for the Oryza of Pliny is a very different plant from the common Rice; but the last has been sown with great success about Verona for ages past; and was imported from thence, and from Egypt [‡], into England; until, by a mere accident, it was introduced into Carolina. It was first planted there about 1688, by Sir Nathaniel Johnson, then governor of the province; but the seed being small and bad, the culture made little progress.

Chance brought here, in 1696, a vessel from Madagascar; the master of which presented a Mr. Woodward with about half a bushel, of an excellent kind[§]; and from this small beginning sprung an immense source of wealth to the southern provinces of America; and to Europe relief from want in times of dearth. Within little more than half a century, a hundred and twenty thousand barrels of Rice have been in one year exported from South Carolina; and eighteen thousand [*] from Georgia: and all from the remnant of a sea store, left in the bottom of a sack!—Ought I not to retract the word chance, and ascribe to PROVIDENCE so mighty an event from so small a cause?

226. PAINTED.

- Painted Finch, Catesby, i. 44.—Lawson, 144.

- Emberiza ciris, Lin. Syst. 313.—Edw. 130, 173.

- Le Verdier de la Louisiane, dit vulgairement le Pape, Brisson, iii. 200. App. 74. —Pl. Enl. 159.—De Buffon, iv. 176.—Latham, ii. 206.—LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

B. With the head, and hind part of the head, of an exquisite deep blue: orbits scarlet: back, greater coverts, and secondaries, green: primaries dusky: the upper orders of lesser coverts of a fine blue; the lower, orange: rump, and whole under side of the body, of a rich scarlet; the sides declining into yellow: tail dusky, edged with green.

This beautiful species is some years in arriving at the height of its colors. At first is of a plain brown, like a hen Sparrow; in the next stage, becomes blue; in the third, attains the perfection of its gay teints.

The FEMALE is brown, and has over its plumage a tinge of green.

Inhabits Carolina in the summer-time; but migrates in winter perhaps as far as Vera Cruz, in Spanish America,
PLACE.

where the Spaniards call it Mariposa pintada, or the Painted Butterfly. It chuses a tree for nestling equal to its own elegance of form and color; affecting the orange for that purpose.

227. LOUISIANE.

- Hortulanus Ludovisianus, Brisson, iii. 278.—De Buffon, iv. 325.—Pl. Enl. 158.

- Emberiza Ludovicia, Lin. Syst. 310.—Latham, ii. 177.

B. With the crown reddish, surrounded with a black mark, in form of a horse-shoe: another black line beneath each eye: the whole upper part of the body of a rusty brown, spotted with black: lower part of the back, lesser coverts of the wings, and rump, black: breast and belly reddish; towards the vent growing more faint: tail and primaries black.

Inhabits Louisiana. Nearly allied to the European species:
PLACE.

perhaps a female, or young bird.

228. BLACK-THROATED.

B. With a large and thick bill: fore part of the head of a yellowish green: hind part and cheeks cinereous: above each eye a line of rich yellow: on the corner of the mouth another: on the throat a black spot: breast and belly of a fine yellow: back, scapulars, and secondaries, black, edged with reddish brown: lesser coverts of a bright bay: primaries and tail of a dusky brown: vent and thighs white: legs dusky.

Inhabits New York. LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.—Latham, ii. 197.
PLACE.

229. UNALASCHA.

B. With a yellow line from the bill, reaching over each eye: crown dusky, divided lengthways with a white line: back black, edged with pale brown: tail and primaries dusky, edged with white: throat and breast white, spotted with black: belly white.

Inhabits Unalascha. Latham, ii. 202. No 47.
PLACE.

230. BLACK-CROWNED.

B. With a deep black crown, and a rich yellow spot on the fore part: feathers on the back black, edged with rust-color: wings of the same color, crossed with a double line of white: rump olive brown: throat and breast cinereous: belly whitish: tail long, and of a deep brown: legs yellowish.

PLACE.

Inhabits Natka Sound. Latham, ii. 202.

231. RUSTY.

B. With head, neck, breast, and sides, rust-colored: belly white: wings ferruginous, with two white, marks on the primaries: tail of the same color: the two outmost feathers of the tail tipt with white.

PLACE.

New York. In Mrs. Blackburn's collection. Perhaps the same with Mr. Latham's species, ii. 197[*]: if so, it is common to Russia and America. Latham, ii. 202.

232. UNALASCHA.

B. With head, upper part of the neck, back, wings, and tail, brown, tinged with red: breast and sides dirty white, clouded: middle of the belly plain dirty white.

PLACE.

Inhabits the western side of North America.

233. CINEREOUS.

- Le Bruant de Canada? Brisson, iii. 296.

- Le Cul-rousset, De Buffon, iv. 368.—Latham, ii. 204.—LEV. MUS.

B. With a short bill: head, neck, back, breast, and coverts of the wings and tail, of a pale reddish brown, edged with ash-color: on the neck and breast: the ash-color predominates: belly white: primaries dusky, edged with white: tail pale brown, with the ends sharp-pointed.

PLACE.

Inhabits Canada.

233. A VAR.

B. With a yellow bill: head, back, and wings, rust-colored; each feather deeply and elegantly edged with pale grey; some of the greater coverts edged with paler rust; the primaries and
Black throated Bunting No. 228. Cinereous Bunting No 333

tertials with white: throat, breast, and sides, white, fully spotted with rust: middle of the belly white: middle feathers of the tail brown; exterior feathers white; each feather truncated obliquely.

Inhabits New York. BL. MUS.
PLACE.

234. BLUE.

- Le Bruant bleu de Canada, Brisson, iii. 298.

- L'Azuroux, De Buffon, iv. 369.—Latham, ii. 205.

B. With the crown of a dirty red: the upper part of the neck and body, scapulars, and lesser coverts of the wings, of the same color, varied with blue: the lower part of the neck, breast, and belly, of a lighter red, mixed with blue: primaries and tail brown; with the exterior edges of a cinereous blue.

Inhabits Canada. Breeds in New England;
PLACE.

but does not winter there.

235. INDIGO.

- Tanagra cyanea, Lin. Syst. 315.—Latham, ii. 205.

- Blue Linnet, Catesby, i. 45.

- Le Tangara bleu de la Caroline, Brisson, iii. 13.

- Le Ministre, De Buffon, iv. 86.—BL. MUS.—LEV. MUS.

B. With a dusky bill: plumage of a rich sky-blue color; lightest about the belly and breast: across the coverts of the wings is a row of black spots: primaries and tail dusky, edged with blue.

FEMALE brown above; of a dirty white beneath. In SIZE less than the English Goldfinch.

Inhabits (according to Catesby) the interior parts of Carolina,
PLACE.

a hundred and fifty miles from the sea. Has the note of a Linnet. It is found as low as Mexico, where the Spaniards call it Azul Lexos, or the far-fetched bird: and the Americans call it the Indigo bird. Notwithstanding Catesby, it appears in the province of New York, in May. Makes its nest of dead yellow grass, lined with the down of some plant; and places it between the fork of an upright branch.

- A. GOLDEN BUNTING. Emberiza Aureola, Pallas Itin. ii. 711.—Latham, ii. 201.

B. With the crown, hind part of the neck, and back, of a deep bay: sides of the head, throat, and space round the nostrils, black: under part of the neck, breast, and belly, of a most beautiful citron-color: the middle of the neck crossed by a bar of bay: vent white: wings dusky, marked with a great bed of white: tail a little forked; two outmost feathers on each side crossed obliquely with white: legs pale ash-colored.

PLACE.

Found only in Sibiria. Most frequent in the east part; where it extends even to Kamtschatka. Is conversant in the islands, in rivers overgrown with reeds and willows. Has the note of the Reed Sparrow.

- B. COMMON B. Br. Zool. i. No 118.

- Kornlarka, Faun. Suec. No 228.

- Knotter Norvigis, Brunnich, No 247.

- Le Proyer, De Buffon, iv. 355.—Pl. Enl. 30. 1.—Latham, ii. 171.—LEV. MUS.

B. With the head, and upper part of the body, light brown; lower part yellowish white: all parts, except the belly, spotted with black: tail subfurcated, dusky edged with white.

PLACE.

Inhabits Europe as high as Sondmor [*]. Migrates into the south of Russia. Unknown in Sibiria.

- C. YELLOW B. Br. Zool. i. No 119.

- Groning. Goldspink. Faun. Suec. No 230.

- Le Bruant de France, De Buffon, iv. 340.—Pl. Enl. 30. 2.—Latham, ii. 170.— LEV. MUS.

B. With the crown of a fine light yellow: chin, throat, and belly, yellow: breast marked with orange red: rump rust-colored: tail brown; two outmost feathers marked, near the end, obliquely with white.

Found as high as Sondmor [*], in the Russian empire. In Russia,
PLACE.

and the west of Sibiria: but none in the wilds of the east.

- D. ORTOLAN, Wil. Orn. 270.—Raii Syn. Av. 94.

- Emberiza Hortulana, Lin. Syst. 309.—Faun. Suec. No 229.

- L'Ortolan, De Buffon, iv. 305.—Pl. Enl. 247. 1.—Latham, ii. 166.—LEV. MUS.

B. With a cinereous crown: yellow throat: back pale brown, spotted with black: rump dashed with yellow: belly rust-colored: tail dusky; inner ends of the outmost feathers marked with a great spot of white.

These are a southern species; but sometimes wander into Sweden,
PLACE.

in March. Breed, and quit the country in autumn[†]. Are common in Russia and Sibiria, but not further than the Oby. Arrive in France with the Swallows[‡]. In Italy, about Padua, in May, and retire in September [§]. I cannot trace their winter residence. They come rather lean. Make an artless nest: lay four or five greyish eggs: and usually lay twice in the summer. These birds sing prettily, and in the night‖: but, by epicures, are valued more as a delicious morsel, than for their song. They are taken and placed in a chamber lightened by lanthorns; so that, not knowing the vicissitudes of day and night, they are not agitated by the change. Are fed with oats and millet; and grow so fat, that they would certainly die, if not killed in a critical minute. They are a mere lump of fat; of a most exquisite taste; but apt soon to satiate.

These birds receive both their Greek and their Latin name from their food, the millet. Aristotle calls them Cynchromi; and the Latins, Miliariae [*]. The latter kept and fattened them in their ornithones, or fowl-yards, as the Italians do at present; which the antients constructed with the utmost magnificence, as well as conveniency[†].

- E. REED B. Br. Zool. i. No 120.

- Saf. Sparf. Faun. Suec. No 231.

- Ror-Spurv. Brunnich, No 251.

- L'Ortolan de roseaux, De Buffon, iv. 315.—Pl. Enl. 247. 2.—Latham, ii. 173.— LEV. MUS.

B. With black head and throat: cheeks and head encircled with white: body above rusty, spotted with black; beneath white. FEMALE has a rust-colored head, spotted with black: wants the white ring.

PLACE.

Is found as far north as Denmark: and is rare in Sweden. Common in the south of Russia and Sibiria. Its song nocturnal, and sweet. Makes a nest pendulous, between four reeds.

XXV. TANAGER. Gen. Birds. XLVII.

236. SUMMER.

- Summer Red-bird, Catesby, i. 56.—Edw. 239.

- Muscicapa rubra, Lin. Syst. 326.—Brisson, ii. 432.

- Tangara du Missisipi, De Buffon, iv. 252.—Pl. Enl. 741.—Latham, ii. •20.

T. Wholly red, except the wings; the ends of which are brown: bill yellow: legs reddish. FEMALE brown, with a tinge of yellow.

Inhabits the woods on the Missisipi. Sings agreeably. Collects,
PLACE.

against winter, a vast magazine of maize, which it carefully conceals with dry leaves, leaving only the hole by way of entrance; and is so jealous of it, as never to quit its neighborhood, except to drink[*].

237. CANADA.

- Scarlet Sparrow, Edw. 343.

- Tanagra rubra, Lin. Syst. 314.—Latham, ii. 217. No 3. A.

- Tangara de Canada, De Buffon, iv. 250.—Pl. Enl. 156.

T. With a whitish bill: head, neck, and whole body, of a brilliant scarlet; the bottoms of the feathers black: primaries dusky; lower part of their inner webs white: tail and legs black; tips of the first white; but that circumstance is sometimes wanted. The supposed FEMALE is of a green color, light and yellowish beneath. SIZE of a Sparrow.

Inhabits from New York to the Brasils.
PLACE.

In New York it appears in May, and retires in August. Is a very shy bird, and lives in the deepest woods.

238. OLIVE.

T. With the head, whole upper part of the body, and coverts of the wings, of an olive green, fading into cinereous towards the rump: wings and tail brown, edged with white: throat and breast of a fine yellow: belly white: legs brown. Wings and tail of the FEMALE dusky, edged with olive: under side of the body of a very pale yellow.

PLACE.

Inhabits New York: and as far south as Cayenne [*]. BL. MUS.— Latham, ii. 218.

239. GREY.

- Le Gris-olive, De Buffon, 277.—Pl. Enl. 714.—Latham, ii. 236.

T. With a black bill: forehead, and space above the eyes, grey: back of an olive grey: wings and tail dusky, edged with grey: under part of the body an uniform grey.

PLACE.

Inhabits Guiana and Louisiana.

240. BISHOP.

- Latham, ii. 226.

- Tanagra episcopus, Lin. Syst. 316.

- L'Eveque, Brisson, iii.

- Le Bluet, De Buffon, iv. 265.—Pl. Enl. 176.—LEV. MUS.

T. With a black bill: whole plumage of a blueish grey; in some places greenish: on the coverts of the wings the blue predominates: legs ash-colored. Head, neck, and breast, of the FEMALE of a blueish green: back, and coverts of the wings, brown; the last crossed obliquely with a greyish stroke: primaries and tail black.

PLACE.

Inhabits Louisiana [†]; and as low as Cayenne. Haunts the skirts of forests, and feeds on the smaller fruits. Is sometimes gregarious, but usually found in pairs. Roosts on the palm-trees. Has a very sharp and disagreeable note.

XXVI. FINCH. Gen. Birds. XLVIII.

241. COWPEN.

- Cowpen-bird, Catesby, i. 34.—Latham, ii. 269.

- Le Pinçon de Virginie, Brisson, iii. 165.

- Le Brunet, De Buffon, iv. 138.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

F. With the head and neck of a dusky brown: back, wings, and body, of a fine black, glossed with green and blue: tail the same: legs black. Crown and upper part of the FEMALE deep brown: throat white: breast and belly light cinereous brown: wings and tail dusky, edged with brown. Bigger than the English Bulfinch.

Arrives in New York in May: lays five eggs in June:
PLACE.

and migrates southward in August. Appears in flights in winter, in Virginia and Carolina, and associates with the Redwing Orioles, and Purple Grakles. It delights much to feed about the pens of cattle; which gave occasion to the name.

242. GOLDEN.

- American Goldfinch, Catesby, i. 43.—Edw. 274.—Latham, ii. 289.

- Fringilla Tristis, Lin. Syst. 320.

- Le Chardonneret jaune, De Buffon, iv. 212.—Pl. Enl. 202.—BL. MUS.

F. With a flesh-colored bill: fore part of the head black: rest of the head, neck, and whole body, of a most beautiful gold color; whitening towards the vent: wings black, with two lines of white: tail black: inner webs of the exterior feathers white: legs brown. FEMALE wants the black mark on the head: whole upper part of an olive green; lower part of a pale yellow: in other marks the sexes agree: on coverts of wings two bars of yellow.

243. NEW-YORK SISKIN.

- Le Tarin de la Nouvelle York, De Buffon, iv. 231.—Pl. Enl. 292.—Latham, ii. 291.

F. With a black crown: neck encircled with yellow: breast and rump of the same color; the last fading into white: back olive brown: wings and tail black, edged with white: belly and vent whitish. The crown of the FEMALE wants the black: its colors also in general are less brilliant than those of the male. Superior in size to the European kind; but seems only a variety.

PLACE.

Inhabits New York.

244. ORANGE.

- Bahama Finch, Catesby, i. 42.—Latham, ii. 276.

- Fringilla Zena, Lin. Syst. 320.—Brisson, iii. 368.—De Buffon, iv. 140?

F. With a yellow throat: head and neck black: above and beneath each eye a long white line: breast orange-colored: belly white: back greenish: coverts of the wings black; lowest order white: primaries and tail dusky, edged with white: legs lead-color. Head of the FEMALE ash-color:
FEMALE.

back of a dull green: belly of a dull yellow.

PLACE.

Inhabits the Bahama isles.

245. RED-BREASTED.

F. With a white bill: cheeks, throat, and under side of the neck and breast, of a rich crimson: belly white: crown, upper part of the neck, back, wings, and tail, black: coverts crossed with two lines of white: legs black.

Eight of these were driven, in a storm, on Sandy Hook, in April 1779. Latham, ii. 272.

246. TREE.

- Br. Zool. i. No 128.

- Mountain Sparrow, fern. Edw. 269.—Latham, ii. 252, 265.

- Moineau de Canada, Brisson, iii. 102.—Pl. Enl. 223.

- Le Soulciet, De Buffon, iii. 500.—BL. MUS.—LEV. MUS.

F. With the end of the bill dusky; base of the lower mandible yellow: cheeks, and under side of the neck, pale ash-color: from the base of the bill, on each side, is a red line passing above the throat: crown, hind part of the neck, and feathers on the ridge of the wings, bay: back ferruginous, spotted with black: coverts of the wings black, edged with rust-color, and crossed with two bars of white: belly and breast of a dirty white: tail dusky, edged with ash-color. LENGTH six inches and a half: EXTENT ten.

Inhabits Hudson's Bay during summer.
PLACE.

Comes to Severn settlement in May. Advances farther north to breed; and returns in autumn, in its way southward. Found also in Pensylvania. Supposed, by Mr. Edwards, to be the female of the Tree, or Mountain Sparrow, Br. Zool. i. No 128; but as I have had opportunity of seeing specimens of this bird from Hudson's Bay, Newfoundland, and New York [*], all of which agreed in marks and colors, I have no doubt but that it is a distinct species.

247. BAHAMA.

- Bahama Sparrow, Catesby, i. 37.—Latham, ii. 300.

- Fringilla bicolor, Lin. Syst. 324.

- Le Verdier de Bahama, Brisson, iii. 202.—LEV. MUS.

F. With the head, neck, and breast, black: the remaining parts of a dirty green color. SIZE of a Canary-bird.

Inhabits the woods of the Bahama islands.
PLACE.

Sits perched on a bush, and sings, repeating one set tune.

248. WHITE-THROATED.

- Edwards, 304.—Latham, ii. 272.—BL. MUS.

F. With a broad bar crossing from the bill, over each eye, towards the hind part of the head; orange-colored near the bill; white beyond the eyes; and bounded above and below with a dusky line: crown divided lengthways by a white stroke: throat white: hind part of the neck, back, and coverts of the wings, prettily spotted with black, ash-color, and ferruginous: primaries and tail dusky, edged with white: ridge of the wing pale yellow: breast and belly of a brownish white: legs yellowish.

PLACE.

Inhabits Pensylvania. Mr. Blackburne saw a small flock of them in the province of New York, in January. I have likewise described them from Newfoundland, where they are found during summer: one, which I suppose to be the female, had the yellow spot at the base of the bill very obscure, nor had it the white spot on the chin.

249. YELLOW-THROATED.

F. With head, and upper part of body, cinereous: primaries dusky, edged with pale brown: chin white: on the throat a pale yellow spot: belly of a dirty white: legs and bill of a blueish grey.

PLACE

Inhabits the province of New York,

250. STRIPED.

- Latham, ii. 275.

F. With a lead-colored bill: forehead, and space between the beak and eyes, yellow; on the crown are three black stripes on a white ground: behind each eye is a black spot: cheeks and chin whitish: hind part of the neck and back brown, spotted with dusky: coverts of the wings uniform brown: tail of the same color, and subcuneiform: primaries dusky: breast light grey: belly still paler.

PLACE.

Shot in New York in May. In the cabinet of Major Davies, of the Artillery: a gentleman to whom this Work is under great obligations.

251. FERRUGINOUS.

- Little Sparrow, Edw. 354.—Latham, ii. 272.—BL. MUS.

F. With the head and back cinereous, edged with rust-color: coverts of the wings and tail of a bright ferruginous: inner webs of the primaries, and the tail, dusky; the exterior ferruginous: the cheeks, breast, and belly, white, marked with large bright spots of ferruginous: legs yellowish. SIZE of a House Sparrow.

Inhabits Newfoundland, and as low as Pensylvania.
PLACE.

Called in New York, the Shepherd, from its note shep, shep: stays there only the winter. Fond of scraping the ground.

A bird of a plain dusky rust-color above, and white beneath, spotted like the former, shot at Unalascha, seems a variety.

252. FASCIATED.

F. With the crown, hind part of the neck, and back, rust-colored, spotted with black; the spots on the back large: coverts of the wings of a plain ferruginous: primaries dusky, edged with dirty white: whole under side white, with black streaks pointing downwards: tail brown, crossed by numerous dusky bars.

Inhabits New York. BL. MUS.—Latham, ii. 273.
PLACE.

253. GRASS.

F. With the head, upper part of the neck, and back, cinereous, rust-colored, and black: cheeks brown: lesser coverts of the wings bright bay: the orders below black, edged with white: primaries dusky, edged with white: lower part of the neck and sides white, spotted with small white streaks: belly pure white: tail dusky.

Inhabits New York. Lays five eggs in May, in the grass.
PLACE.

Called the Grey Grass-bird. Continues the whole winter. BL. MUS.—Latham, ii. 273.

254. WINTER.

F. With the head, neck, and back, of a light brown, spotted with black: under part of the neck, breast, and sides, white, with small brown spots: belly white, and unspotted: primaries brown, edged with white; as are the coverts.

PLACE.

Inhabits New York. Seen and killed there, out of a small flock, in January. BL. MUS.—Latham, ii. 274.

255. BLACK-FACED.

- Le Moineau de la Caroline, De Buffon, iii. 496.—Pl. Enl. 181. fig. 2.— Latham, ii. 253.

F. With the fore part of the head and chin black: hind part, neck, and rump, crimson: back, tail, and wings, black, edged with rust-color: breast crossed with a black band: belly brownish.

PLACE

Inhabits Carolina, according to the Count De Buffon, who supposes it to be the female of a crested Finch, of a very different aspect[*].

256. NORTON.

F. With the head, upper part of the neck, and secondaries, black, edged with bright bay: rump bright bay, edged with ash: lesser coverts of the wings bright bay; middle order black, crossed with a white line; primaries dusky: throat buff-colored; bounded on each side by a dusky line: belly and sides white: sides and under part of the neck spotted with rust-color: tail dusky, edged with dirty white: along the middle of the outmost feather is a pure white line, ending at the tip.

PLACE.

Discovered in Norton Sound.—Latham, ii. 274.

257. CRIMSON-HEAD.

F. With a crimson head and breast; the first faintly marked with dusky spots: space behind each eye dusky: back, coverts of the wings, primaries, and tail, black, edged with crimson: belly white, tinged with red.

Inhabits New York. Arrives there in April.
PLACE.

Is very frequent among the Red Cedars, and shifts most nimbly around the stems. BL. MUS.—A bird of this species, or nearly related, is described by Doctor Pallas, under the name of Fringilla rosea [*]; which, he says, frequents lake Baikal, and the country to the north of that water.
IN ASIA.

258. PURPLE.

- Purple Finch, Catesby, i. 41.—Latham, ii. 275.

- Le Bouvreuil violet de la Caroline, Brisson, iii. 324.

F. With a purple head and body, with some dusky mixture, especially the inner webs of the primaries, and the tail: belly white. FEMALE brown, with the breast spotted like a Thrush.

Appears in Carolina, in November. Feeds on juniper-berries.
PLACE.

In February, destroys the swelling buds of fruit trees.

259. LAPLAND.

- Fringilla Lapponica, Lin. Syst. 317.—Faun. Suec. No 235.

- Fringilla calcarata, Pallas Travels, ii. App. 710. tab. E.

- Le Grand Montain, De Buffon, iv. 134.—Latham, ii. 263.

F. With a yellow bill, with a dusky point: crown black: from the base of the bill is a white line, passing under each eye, descending down the sides of the neck, bending towards the breast: throat, and fore part of the breast, black: its sides and belly white: hind part of the neck and back brown, mixed with rust-color: tail forked; that, and the wings, dusky, edged with rust-color; some of the exterior feathers of the tail marked, near their ends, with a white spot: legs dark brown: hind claw long, like a Lark's, and almost strait. LENGTH five inches: EXTENT seven: WEIGHT half an ounce.

A bird of a hardy constitution.
PLACE.

Inhabits Hudson's Bay during winter. Appears in November, and lives among the juniper bushes. Is called by the natives, Tecurmashish.

It also inhabits Greenland, but continues there only in the summer. Makes an artless nest of moss and grass, lined with a few feathers; and lays in June five or six eggs, of a clay-color, clouded: departs early[*]. Is found in Lapland, in the Feroe isles, the northern parts of Sibiria, and near the Urallian chain, where it breeds. Arrives in flocks, from the south, and frequent the fields at the first flowering of the Draba verna, or Whitlow-grass. Has nearly the note of a Linnet; but its flight is higher, and more lasting. It runs on the ground like a Lark: and feeds on seeds.

260. CINEREOUS.

F. With the head, upper part of the body, wings, and tail, deep cinereous brown, edged with obscure rust-color: at the corner of the upper mandible is a light grey line; another bounds the cheeks beneath; and a dusky line bounds that: the throat is of a light grey: under side of the neck pale cinereous, marked with great dusky black spots: middle of the belly whitish: bill long: that and the legs dusky.

PLACE.

Inhabits Unalascha. Latham, ii. 274.

261. GREATER REDPOLL.

- Greater Red-headed Linnet, Br. Zool. i. No 131.—Latham, ii. 304.

- Hampling, Faun. Suec. No 240.

- La Linotte, De Buffon, iv. 58.—Pl. Enl. 485.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

F. With a blood-red spot on the forehead: breast tinged with rose-color. In the European species, a rust-color prevales in all the upper part of the body; in this the greatest portion is white. LENGTH five inches and a half: EXTENT nine.

PLACE.

Is found in the northern parts of North America. Is seen only in the south and west of Russia: yet is met with in Scandinavia, as high as Drontheim. None in Sibiria.

262. LESSER REDPOLL.

- Br. Zool. i. No 132.—Ph. Trans. lxii. 405.

- Grasiska, Faun. Suec. No 241.

- Le Sizerin, De Buffon, iv. 216.—Pl. Enl. 151. 2.—Latham, ii. 305.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

F. With a red spot on the forehead: breast of the same color: back dusky, edged with rusty brown; coverts brown, with two transverse bars of white.

Inhabits Hudson's Bay, and probably other parts of America:
PLACE.

also Greenland, where it arrives in April, and quits the country in autumn. Is found in Sweden. Is seen in prodigious flocks all over Russia and Sibiria, particularly in the spring, flying about the villages. Mr. Steller also saw it in Kamtschatka, and the islands.

- A. ARCTIC F. Fringilla flavirostris, Lin. Syst. 322.

- Riska, Faun. Suec. No 239.—Latham, ii. 260.

F. With a yellow bill: body black and ash-color, lightest in front: wings and tail black: tips of the feathers on the breast glossed with crimson. FEMALE of a dusky ash.

Appears about the Jenesei, and in the eastern parts of Sibiria,
PLACE.

even in the severest of winters: and returns to the north even before the Snow Bunting[*]. Is not seen in Russia, but inhabits Sweden.

- B. LULEAN F. Fringilla Lulensis, Lin. Syst. 318.—Faun. Suec. No 234.—Latham, ii. 287.

- Le Chardonneret à quatre raies, De Buffon, iv. 210.

F. With body and tail dusky cinereous: chin white: breast and shoulders ferruginous: belly whitish: primaries dusky: on part of the wings two black lines, one rusty, and a fourth white.

PLACE.

Inhabits about Lulea, in West Bothnia.

- C. TWITE, Br. Zool. i. No 133.

- La Linotte de Montagne, De Buffon, iv. 74.—Latham, ii. 307.

F. With a short yellow bill: head cinereous, and black: above each eye a spot of pale brown: back rusty, spotted with black: coverts of the tail rich scarlet: tips of the greater coverts of the wings white: primaries dusky; inner sides white: tail dusky; all but the two middle feathers edged with white. About the SIZE of the greater Red-headed Linnet.

PLACE.

Is seen in northern Europe as high as Finmark [*]. I discover it only in the Fauna of that country, of Silesia [†], and of Great Britain. It flits in great numbers, in spring and fall, in the neighborhood of London, to and from its breeding place.

- D. FLAMING. Fringilla flammea, Lin. Syst. 322.—Faun. Suec. No —Latham, ii. 259. LEV. MUS.

F. With a pale brown bill: crown of a deep crimson flame-color, slightly crested: upper part of the body and wings brown: lower parts of a light rose-color: legs pale brown. LENGTH four inches.

PLACE.

Inhabits Norland, in Sweden.

- E. BRAMBLING, Br. Zool. i. No 126.

- Norquint, Faun. Suec. No 233.—Latham, ii. 261.

- Le Pinson d'Ardenne, De Buffon, iv. 123.—Pl. Enl. 54. 2.

F. With head and back of a glossy black, edged with dull yellow: breast, and lesser coverts of the wings, orange: inner coverts rich yellow: primaries dusky; exterior sides edged with yellow: tail a little forked; black, with the outmost webs of the outmost feather white.

Breeds in the woods of Nordland and Drontheim.
PLACE.

In hard winters descends into East Gothland [*].

- F. CHAFFINCH. Br. Zool. i. No 125.

- Finke. Bofinke, Faun. Suec. No 232.—De Buffon, iv. 109.—Pl. Enl. 54.—Latham, ii. 257.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

F. With the front black: crown blueish-grey: cheeks, throat, and breast, reddish: upper part of the back tawny; lower, green: wings and tail black, marked with white. FEMALE of duller colors: breast of a dirty white.

Is found as high as Drontheim.
PLACE.

Both sexes continue in England the whole year. By admirable and unusual instinct, in Sweden the females, to a bird, collect in vast flocks at the latter end of September, desert their mates, and, passing through Schonen, Denmark, Holstein, and Holland, visit several parts of Europe. They reach Holland about a fortnight after Michaelmas, and at that time afford great amusement to the gentry at their country houses, in taking them while they sit at tea in their pavilions. They spread nets among their plantations, and strew the ground with hemp-seed, by way of bait. The birds arrive, and perch by thousands in the trees: then alight on the ground, hungry, and inattentive to the danger. The nets are closed by the pulling of a cord by the persons in the pavilions; and multitudes are thus taken. Those which escape, continue their route to Flanders, France, and Italy. The males continue in Sweden, and enliven its rigorous winter with their chearful twitter. Towards spring, they receive additional spirits; perch on every tree, and animate with their notes every spray, expecting the arrival of spring, and of their mates. The last return invariably the beginning of April, in such numbers as almost to darken the skies; join their consorts, perform their nuptials, retire to the woods, increase and multiply[*].

France has its resident Chaffinches, as well as England: many also winter in Italy: many come there in April, and migrate in October [†]; perhaps into Minorca, where it arrives in October, and continues in that island the whole winter[‡].

- G. SPARROW, Br. Zool. i. No 127.—Latham, ii. 248.

- Fatting. Grasparf, Faun. Suec. No 242.

- Le Moineau, De Buffon, iii. 474.—Pl. Enl. 6. 1. 55. 1.

PLACE.

INHABITS Europe in plenty as high as Drontheim [§]; infests the corn, in the Orknies, by thousands: is native among the rocks beyond lake Baikal; but it is said, that they were unknown in the greatest part of Sibiria before the Russians attracted them by the cultivation of corn. By a wonderful instinct, these and many other birds discover the effects of rural oeconomy, which draws various species, unknown before, from distant parts, to share with mankind the several sorts of grain or seeds which are grateful to them. Partridges keep pace with the spreading of corn over many parts of the earth, and appear where they were never seen before: and RICE-BIRDS quickly discovered the cultivation of rice in South Carolina, and come annually some hundreds of miles to feed on it.

- H. GOLDFINCH, Br. Zool. i. No 124.

- Stiglitza, Faun. Suec. No 236.

- Le Chardoneret, De Buffon, iv. 187.—Pl. Enl. 4.—Latham, ii. 281.—LEV. MUS. BL. MUS.

F. With the base of the bill encircled with rich scarlet: cheeks white: crown black: primaries dusky, marked with a rich yellow spot: tail black; tips white: feathers round the bill of the FEMALE brown: other colors less brilliant.

This elegant bird is found as high as Sondmor [*]:
PLACE.

whether it goes farther north, is rather doubtful[†]. In Italy, appears in April: breeds; and retires in October and November. Is common in Russia, and the greatest part of Sibiria. None beyond the Lena, and lake Baikal.

- I. SISKIN, Br. Zool. i. No 129.

- Le Tarin, De Buffon, iv. 221.—Pl. Enl. 485.

- Siska, Grousiska, Faun. Suec. No 237.—Latham, ii. 289.

F. With a black crown: body yellowish; green above: breast the same: wings green, with a yellow spot in the middle: tail black; yellow at the base: head and back of the FEMALE greenish ash, spotted with brown.

Found as high as Sweden, and perhaps Norway [‡]. In Sweden,
PLACE.

during summer, lives in woods, and among junipers: in winter, consorts with Red-headed Linnets, and feeds on the buds of alders. Plenty in the south and west of Russia, but none towards the Urallian chain, nor in Sibiria.

XXVII. FLY-CATCHER. Gen. Birds, XLIX.

263. TYRANT.

- Tyrant, Catesby, i. 55.—Brisson, ii. 391.

- Lanius Tyrannus, Lin. Syst. 136.—Latham, i. 186.

- Le Tyran de la Caroline, De Buffon, iv. 577.—Pl. Enl. 676.—LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

FL. With a black bill and head; the crown divided lengthways by a stripe of scarlet; in some, yellow: back ash-color: wings dusky, edged with white: tail black, tipt with white: under side of the body white: legs black. SIZE of a Redwing Thrush.

PLACE.

This species appears in New York in April: lays five white eggs, spotted with rust-color: builds in low bushes: makes its nest with wool, and some moss, and lines it with small fibres of roots: leaves the country in August: observes the same time of migration in the southern provinces. Mr. Catesby gives so very good an account of its manners, and singular spirit, that I beg leave to express it in his own words:—‘The courage of this little bird is singular. He pursues and puts to flight all kinds of birds that come near his station, from the smallest to the largest, none escaping his fury; nor did I ever see any that dared to oppose him while flying, for he does not offer to attack them when sitting. I have seen one of them fix on the back of an Eagle, and persecute him so, that he has turned on his back into various postures in the air, in order to get rid of him; and at last was forced to alight on the top of the next tree, from whence he dared not to move, till the little Tyrant was tired, or thought fit to leave him. This is the constant practice of the cock, while the hen is brooding: he sits on the top of a bush, or small tree, not far from her nest; near which, if any small birds approach, he drives them away; but the great ones, as Crows, Hawks, and Eagles, he won't suffer to come within a quarter of a mile of him without attacking them. They have only a chattering note, which they utter with great vehemence all the time they are fighting.’

‘When their young are flown, they are as peaceable as other birds. It has a tender bill; and feeds on insects only. They are tame and harmless birds. They build their nest in an open manner, on low trees and shrubs, and usually on the sassafras-tree.’

264. LOUISIANA TYRANT.

- Le Tyran de la Louisiane, De Buffon, iv. 583.—Latham, ii. 358.

FL. With a long flat beak, hooked at the end: head and back cinereous brown: throat clear slate-colour: belly yellowish: primaries bright bay: on the greater coverts some lines of white: tail long, of a cinereous brown. Rather inferior in size to the last.

Inhabits Louisiana.

265. FORK-TAIL.

- Muscicapa Tyrannus, Lin. Syst. 325.—Latham ii. 355.

- Le Tyran a queue fourchue, Brisson, ii. 395.

- Le Savana, De Buffon, iv. 557.—Pl. Enl. 571.—LEV. MUS.

FL. With head and cheeks black: feathers on the crown yellow at their bottoms: upper part of the body ash-colored; lower white: tail greatly forked; the two outmost feathers on each side five inches longer than the others; color black: the lower half of the exterior feather white.

Inhabits Canada, and as low as Surinam.
PLACE.

266. CHATTERING.

- Yellow-breasted Chat, Catesby, i. 50.—Latham, ii. 350.

- Le Merle verde de la Caroline, Brisson, ii. 315.—De Buffon, iii. 396.—Pl. Enl. 627.—BL. MUS.

FL. With the crown, upper part of neck and back, and tail, of a cinereous green: each eye encircled with yellow: from the throat to the thighs of a fine yellow: belly white: tail dusky, edged with white: legs black. SIZE of a Sky-Lark.

PLACE.

Inhabits the interior parts of Carolina, two or three hundred miles from the sea. Is so very shy, as to be shot with the utmost difficulty. Lives by the banks of great rivers; and makes so loud a chattering, as to reverberate from rock to rock. Flies with its legs hanging down. Its musical note is good. Often flies up perpendicular, and lights by jerks.

267. CRESTED.

- Crested Fly-catcher, Catesby, i. 52.—Latham, ii. 357.

- Muscicapa crinita, Lin. Syst. 325.

- Le Gobe-Mouche hupè de Virginie, Brisson, ii. 412.

- Le Moucherolle de Virginie a huppè verte, De Buffon, iv. 565.—Pl. Enl. 569. —BL. MUS.

FL. With an upright crest: head and back olive: the coverts of the same color, crossed with two white lines: primaries dusky; the four first edged, on their outmost sides, with ferruginous: tail dusky; two middle feathers plain; the inner webs of the others orange: neck and breast of a lead-color: belly and thighs yellow: legs black. I have seen one of a cinereous color on the upper parts, and white belly: perhaps a young bird, or a hen. WEIGHT one ounce.

SIZE.

LENGTH eight inches. Sent from New York, with the name of the Large Wild Phoeby Bird, or Bee-eater.

PLACE.

Breeds in New York and Carolina. Its note extremely brawling, as if at enmity with all other birds. Makes its nest of snake-skins and hair, in holes of trees. Retires in August.

268. LESSER-CRESTED.

FL. With a small backward crest: head, neck, and back, of a dirty light cinereous green: breast and belly whitish, tinged with yellow: wings and tail dusky; coverts crossed with two bars of white; secondaries edged with white: legs black.

PLACE.

Inhabits Nova Scotia. Captain Davies.

269. BLACK-HEADED.

- Black-cap Fly-catcher, Catesby, i. 53.—Latham, ii. 353.

- Le Gobe-Mouche brun de la Caroline, Brisson, ii. 367.

- Le Gobe-Mouche noirâtre de la Caroline, De Buffon, iv. 541.

FL. With a black crown: back brown, wings and tail dusky, edged with white: whole under side white, tinged with yellowish green: legs black. Head of the hen of not so full a black as that of the cock.

Breeds in Carolina. Is supposed to migrate in the winter.
PLACE.

270. CINEREOUS.

- Little brown Fly-catcher, Catesby, i. 54. fig. 1.

- Le Gobe-Mouche cendré de la Caroline, Brisson, ii. 368.

- Muscicapa virens, Lin. Syst. 327.

- Le Gobe-Mouche brun de la Caroline, De Buffon, iv. 543.—Latham, ii. 350. —BL. MUS.

FL. With the upper mandible black; the lower yellow: eyes red: head and back of a deep ash-color: over each eye a faint white line: wings and tail brown: secondaries edged with white: whole under side of the body dirty white, tinged with yellow: legs black. WEIGHT nine pennyweights.

Inhabits Carolina, in the summer only.
PLACE.

271. RED-EYED.

- Red-eyed Fly-catcher, Catesby, i. 54. fig. 2.—Edw. 253.

- Muscicapa Olivacea, Lin. Syst. 327.—Brown Jam. 476.

- Le Gobe-Mouche de la Jamaique, Brisson, ii. 410.

- Le Gobe-Mouche olive de la Caroline, De Buffon, iv. 539.—Latham, li. 351, 352.—LEV. MUS.

FL. With red irides: crown, and whole upper part of the body, wings, and tail, of a cinereous brown: over each eye a white line: edges of the primaries and tail whitish: under side of the body white, dashed with olive: legs black. WEIGHT ten pennyweights and a half.

PLACE.

Inhabits Carolina, and as high as New York; and migrates at approach of winter: probably into Jamaica; the same kind being found there, where, from its note, it is called Whip Tom Kelly. Has great affinity with the preceding: perhaps they differ only in sex.
NEST.

Makes a pendulous nest, usually in apple-trees, and hangs it between the horizontal fork of some bough, beneath the leaves. It is most curiously formed with cotton and wool, lined with hair and dead grass; and wonderfully bound to the branches by a certain thread, like moss, twisted round them, and likewise all about the outside of the nest. Lays five eggs, white, thinly spotted with deep rust-color.

272. CAT.

- Cat-bird, Catesby, i. 66.—Lawson, 143.—Latham, ii. 353.

- Le Gobe-Mouche brun de Virginie, Brisson, ii. 365.

- Muscicapa Carolinensis, Lin. Syst. 328.

- Le Moucherolle de Virginie, De Buffon, iv. 562.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

FL. With a black crown: upper part of the body, wings, and tail, blueish grey: the tail cuneiform, marked with numerous dusky bars: under side of the body of a pale grey: vent ferruginous: legs brown. Larger than a LARK.

PLACE.

Inhabits New York and Carolina. Mews like a kitten; from which arose its name. Lives among bushes and thickets. Feeds on insects. Makes the outside of its nest with leaves and matting rushes; the inside with fibres of roots. Lays a blue egg. Has a great spirit, and will attack a Crow, or any large bird. Mr. Latham saw one which was brought from Kamtschatka, which differed from this only in having no rust-color on the vent.

273. CANADA.

- Muscicapa Canadensis, Lin. Syst. 324.—Latham, ii. 354.

- Gobe-Mouche cendrè de Canada, Brisson, ii. 406. tab. xxxix.—De Buffon, iv. 538. —Catesby, i. 60.

FL. With a cinereous head, spotted with black; a yellow spot between the bill and the eyes; and beneath each eye a black one: the upper part of the body cinereous; the lower, yellow, marked on the under side of the neck with small black spots: the tail of a cinereous brown, with the exterior webs ash-colored.

Inhabits Canada.
PLACE.

274. GREEN.

FL. With a yellow spot on each side of the bill: head a cinereous green: back and coverts of the wings of a pale green; cross the last are two bars of white: primaries and tail dusky, edged with green: throat of a pale ash-color: middle of the belly white: sides of a fine yellow.

Sent from New York by Mr. Blackburne,
PLACE.

under the name of the small Green Hanging Bird. It comes there in May, breeds, and etires in August: and is a scarce species. BL. MUS.

275. DUSKY.

FL. With a dusky head: back of a dull cinereous olive: quil feathers and secondaries dusky; the last edged with white: breast of a pale ash-color: belly of a whitish yellow: tail dusky; exterior web of the exterior feather white: legs black.

Sent from the same place,
PLACE.

under the title of The Small or Common Phoeby Bird, or Bee-eater. Appears the latter end of March, or beginning of April; lays five white small eggs: disappears in August. Eats Bees. BL. MUS.

276. GOLDEN-THROAT.

FL. With the crown, upper part of the neck, and body, of a dirty olive: throat and ridge of the wing of a very rich yellow: breast and belly white, tinged with yellow: primaries and tail of a bright olive green.

Inhabits New York. BL. MUS.
PLACE.

277. STRIPED.

- Striped Fly-catcher, Forster, Ph. Tr. lxii. 406.

- Muscicapa striata, the same, 429.—Latham, ii. 349.—Miller's Plates, No 15.

FL. With a black crown; white cheeks: hind part of the head varied with black and white: throat of a yellowish white, striped with brown: bread white, striped on the sides with black: belly white: back of a cinereous green, marked with black: wings dusky, mixed with white: tail dusky, with the three outmost feathers marked with a white spot: legs yellow.

Head of the FEMALE of a yellowish green, with short streaks of black: a short yellow line passes from the bill over each eye: throat, cheeks, and breast, of a yellowish white, striped on the sides with black: in other respects like the MALE, but greener. LENGTH five inches; Extent seven.

PLACE.

Arrives at Severn settlement, Hudson's Bay, in the summer. Feeds on grass-seeds.

- A. DUN FL. Faun. Russ.—Latham, ii. 351.

FL. Dusky above; ash-colored beneath: throat and vent spotted with white.

PLACE.

Found about lake Baikal, and in the eastern part of Sibiria: and observed by Steller in Kamtschatka.

- •. PIED FL. Br. Zool. i. No 135,

- Muscicapa Atricapilla, Faun. Suec. No 256, tab. 1[*].

- Le Gobe-Mouche noir a Collier, De Buffon, iv. 520.—Pl. Enl. 565.

- Motacilla Leucomela, Muller, No 268.—Latham, ii. 324.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

FL. With white front: bill, head, back, and legs, black: coverts of tail spotted with white: coverts of wings dusky, crossed with a white bar: primaries dusky: exterior sides of secondaries white; interior black: breast and belly white: middle feathers of tail black; exterior black, marked with white: head of the FEMALE wholly brown, as is the upper part of the body: white in the wings obscure: breast and belly dirty white.

Found as far north as Sondmor.
PLACE.

Inhabits that diocese the whole year; and, during winter, frequently takes refuge in the very houses[†]. Feeds on the buds of birch. Is met with in Russia only between the Kama and the Samara.

XXVIII. LARK. Gen. Birds, L.

278. SHORE.

- Alauda gutture flavo. The Lark, Catesby, i. 32.

- Alauda alpestris, Lin. Syst. 289.

- Gelbburtige Lerch, Klein, Av. 72.—Latham, ii. 385.

- Le Hausse-col noir, ou l' Alouette de Virginie, De Buffon, v. 55.—Brisson, iii. 367. LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

L. With yellow cheeks and forehead: breast and belly white: head divided by a line of black; another passes beneath each eye, bounding the throat, which is yellow: across the upper part of the breast is a broad black mark; beneath that is a tinge of red: upper part of the neck, and coverts of the wings and tail, are ferruginous: back brown: primaries dusky: two middle feathers of the tail brown; the rest black; those on the outside edged with white: legs dusky: head of the FEMALE dusky. LARGER than the common Lark.

PLACE.

Inhabit the large plains of several provinces, and breed there. They appear on our settlements in Hudson's Bay in May, and proceed farther north to breed. Feed on grass-seeds, and the buds of the sprig birch. Run into small holes, and keep close to the ground; whence the natives call them Chi-chup-pi-sue.

In winter they retire to the southern provinces in great flights; but it is only in very severe weather that they reach Virginia and Carolina. They frequent sand-hills on the sea-shore, and feed on the sea-side oats, or uniola panicula. They have a single note, like the Sky-lark in winter.

They are also found in Poland; in Russia and in Sibiria more frequent: in both are very common during winter; but retire to the north on approach of spring, except in the north-east parts, and near the high mountains.

279. RED.

- Red Lark, Edw. 297.—Br. Zool, i. No 140.—Brisson, App. 94.—Latham, ii. 376.

- L'Alouette aux joues brunes de Pensylvanie, De Buffon, v. 58.—LEV. MUS.

L. With a white line above and beneath each eye: thickish bill: chin and throat whitish: head, and whole upper part of the body, and coverts, pale ferruginous, spotted with black: breast whitish, with dusky spots: belly of a dirty white: side tinged with rust: tail dusky; outmost feathers white; the two next edged with white: legs dusky. When the wing is closed, says Mr. Edwards, the third quill from the body reaches to its tip; a constant characteristic of the Wagtail genus.

Inhabits Pensylvania; appears there in March,
PLACE.

in its passage northward. Found also near London.

280. CALANDRA.

- Edw. 268.—Latham, ii. 382.

- Alauda Calandra, Lin. Syst. 288.

- La Calandra on grosse Alouette, De Buffon, v. 49.—Pl. Enl. 363.—Brisson iii. 352.

L. With a bill thicker and stronger than usual to the genus: from the bill a black line passes to and beyond the eye; above and beneath are two others of white, faintly appearing: head, neck, back, and coverts of the wings, reddish brown, spotted with black: primaries and tail dusky, edged with rust-color: throat white: upper part of the breast crossed by a narrow black crescent; beneath that the breast is of a pale brown, spotted with a darker: belly and vent white: tail a little forked: legs of a pale flesh-color. In SIZE rather superior to the Sky-Lark; but the body thicker. It is a species allied to the common BUNTING.

Brought from North Carolina;
PLACE.

and first described as an American bird by Mr. Edwards. Is common in many parts of Europe, especially in the southern. In Asia it is found about Aleppo, and is pretty frequent about the Tartarian deserts bordering on the Don and Volga.

- A. SKY-LARK, Br. Zool. i. No 136.

- L'Alouette, De Buffon, v. 1.

- Alauda arvensis. Larka, Faun. Suec. No 209.—Latham, ii. 368.—LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

L. With the crown of a reddish brown, spotted with black: hind part of the head cinereous: chin white: breast and belly pale dull yellow; the first spotted with black: back and coverts of wings dusky, edged with pale reddish brown: exterior web, and half the interior web of the outmost feather of the tail, white: legs dusky. LENGTH seven inches one-fourth:
SIZE.

EXTENT twelve and a half: WEIGHT an ounce and a half.

PLACE.

Inhabits all parts of Europe, even as high as Nordland in Norway, beneath the Arctic circle. They migrate in Scandinavia. They are the first birds, in East Gothland in Sweden, which give notice of the return of spring, singing with a tremulous note, and flying in flocks near to the ground. Enlivened by the warmth of summer, they soar and sing with full voices. In September they collect in flocks, and retire south; probably into the province of Schonen, where they are found in vast multitudes during winter[*]. They are frequent in all parts of Russia and Sibiria, and reach even Kamtschatka.

- B. WOOD-LARK, Br. Zool. i. No 137.

- Alauda arborea, Faun. Suec. No 211.

- Le Cujelier, De Buffon, v. 25.—Pl. Enl. 660.—Latham, ii. 371.

L. With crown and upper part of back reddish brown: head surrounded with a whitish coronet from eye to eye: first feather of the wing shorter than the second. In form shorter and thicker than the Sky-Lark.

Inhabits not farther north than Sweden.
PLACE.

Found in the woods of Russia and Sibiria, as far east as Kamtschatka [*].

- C. TIT-LARK, Br. Zool. i. No 138.

- Alauda pratensis, Faun. Suec. No 210.

- La Farlouse, De Buffon, v. 31.—Pl. Enl. 574.—Latham, ii. 374.

L. With a black bill: olivaceous brown head and back, spotted with black: breast yellow, with oblong streaks of black. Of a slender form.

Found not higher than Sweden.
PLACE.

- D. FIELD-LARK, Br. Zool. i. No 139.

- Alauda campestris, Faun. Suec. No 212.—Raii Syn. Av. 70.

- La Spipolette, De Buffon, v. 43.—Latham, ii. 375.

L. With head and neck pale brown, marked with dusky lines, faintest on the neck: rump and back of a cinereous olive; the first spotted with black, the last plain: legs pale brown: hind claw shorter than usual with Larks. Lesser than the Sky-Lark.

Extends only to Sweden.
PLACE.

These three species disappear in that kingdom in the height of winter. If the weather softens, they return in February. The Comte De Buffon [†] describes a variety of this, under the name of La Farlouzzane; which, he says, came from Louisiana.

WAGTAIL. Gen. Birds. LI.

- E. WHITE, Br. Zool. ii. No 142.

- M. Alba. Arla, Faun. Suec. No 252.—Latham, ii. 395.

- La Lavandiere, De Buffon, v. 151.—Pl. Enl. 652.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

W. T. With head, back, and neck, black: cheek, front, and chin, white: belly white: primaries dusky: tail long, dusky, with part of the webs white.

PLACE.

Inhabits as high as Iceland, the Feroe Isles, and Drontheim [*]. It is a bird of augury with the Swedish farmers; who have a proverb relative to this and the WHEAT-EAR, which is another bird of direction:
When you see the WAGTAIL return, you may turn your sheep into the fields; and when you see the WHEAT-EAR, you may sow your grain[†].

It is common in Russia, Sibiria, and Kamtschatka, but does not extend to the arctic regions.

- F. Yellow Wagtail, Br. Zool. i. No 143.

- M. Flava. Sadesarla, Faun. Suec. No 253.—Latham, ii. 400.

- La Bergeronette grise, De Buffon, v. 261.—Pl. Enl. 674.—LEV. MUS.

W. T. With crown and upper part of the body of an olive-green: breast and lower part of the body of a rich yellow: throat spotted with black. In the FEMALE those black spots are wanting: the other colors are also much more obscure.

PLACE.

Inhabits Sweden; but not higher. Migrates like the former. Common in all parts of Russia, Sibiria, and even Kamtschatka.

- G. Yellow-headed Wagtail. Motacilla cifreola, Pallas Itin. iii. 696.—Latham, ii. 401.

W. T. with citron-colored head, neck, breast, and belly: the hind part of the neck marked with a black crescent: the back blueish grey.

Common in Sibiria, as far as the Arctic circle: less so in Russia.
PLACE.

Migrates with the last.

- H. TCHUTSCHI, Latham, ii. 403.

W. T. With crown and back deep olive-brown: a spot of white between the upper mandible and eye: coverts and primaries deep brown; the first crossed with two bars of white: breast and belly white, dashed with rust: vent pale yellow: tail very long; outward web, and half the inward web, of outmost feather, white; all the rest dusky: legs black.

Taken off the Tchutschi coast, within the Streights of Bering,
PLACE.

lat. 66, north.

XXIX. WARBLER. Gen. Birds, LII.

281. BLUE-BACKED RED-BREAST.

- Blue-bird, Catesby, i. 47.

- Blue Red-breast, Edw. 24.—Lawson.

- Motacilla Sialis, Lin. Syst. 336.—Latham, ii. 446.

- Le Rouge gorge bleu, De Buffon, v. 212.—Pl. Enl. 390.—Brisson, iii. 423.— LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

W. With bill and legs of a jetty blackness: head, hind part of the neck, back, tail, and coverts of the wings, of a rich deep and glossy blue: primaries dusky, tipt with brown: from the bill to the tail red. Head, and lower part of the neck, in the FEMALE, cinereous blue: breast duller than that of the MALE.

PLACE.

Frequent in most parts of North America, from New York to the Bermuda islands. Is the same in the new world as the Robin-red-breast is in the old. Are harmless, familiar birds. Breed in holes of trees. Have long wings. Are swift of flight, therefore elude the pursuit of the Hawk. Have a cry and a whistle. Feed usually on insects; but, through deficiency of that food, come to the farm-houses, to pick up grass-seeds, or any thing they can meet with.

282. BLACK-HEADED.

- Redstart, Catesby, i. 67.—Edw. 80.

- Muscicapa ruticilla, Lin. Syst. 326.—Raii Syn. Av. 180. No 51.

- Le Gobe-Mouche d'Amerique, Brisson, iii. 383.—De Buffon, v. 178, 566.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

W. With the head, neck, breast, back, and wings, black: the primaries crossed with a broad bar of orange: the sides and inner coverts of the wings, belly, and vent, white, spotted with black on the upper sides: two middle feathers of the tail dusky; the rest of the same color at their ends; the lower parts orange: legs black. The FEMALE cinereous olive above; white beneath, bounded on each side by yellow: the parts of the tail which are red in the male, are in this sex yellow.

PLACE.

Inhabits the shady woods of New York, Virginia, Hudson's Bay, and Carolina, during the summer. Retreat to Jamaica, and perhaps others of the Antilles, during winter[*].

283. YELLOW-BREAST.

- Maryland Yellow-throat, Edw. 237.

- Le figuier de Maryland, Brisson, iii. 506.

- Le figuier a joues noires, De Buffon, v. 292.

- Turdus Trichas, Lin. Syst. 293.—Latham, ii. 438.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

W. With black forehead and cheeks: crown cinereous: hind part, whole upper part of the neck, back, wings, and tail, of a deep olive green: primaries and tail edged with yellow: under side of the neck, breast, and belly, of a rich yellow.

Inhabits Pensylvania and Maryland.
PLACE.

Frequents bushes and low grounds, near rills of water. Quits the country in autumn.

284. ORANGE-THIGHED.

- La Fauvette a poitrine jaune de la Louisiane, De Buffon, v. 162.—Pl. Enl. 709. —Latham, ii. 439.

W. With forehead and cheeks black: head crossed in the middle with a white band, which divides the cheeks from its hind part: nape, back, wings, and tail, deep olive: lower part of the neck, breast, and belly, fine yellow: thighs and vent reddish orange: tail rounded.

Inhabits Louisiana; and is a most elegant species: differs from the last in its rounded tail.

285. BLACK-THROAT.

- Blue Fly-catcher, Edw. 252.

- Motacilla Canadensis, Lin. Syst. 336.

- Le petit figuier cendrè de Canade, Brisson, iii. 527.—Latham, ii. 487.

- Le figuier bleu, De Buffon, v. 304.—Pl. Enl. 685.—BL. MUS.

W. With the head, upper part of the neck, back, and coverts of the wings, of a slaty blue: throat, under part, and sides of the neck, black: primaries dusky; white at bottom: breast and belly white: tail dusky.

Inhabits, during summer, Canada and other parts of America,
PLACE.

to the south. Arrives in Pensylvania in April. Migrates in winter to the Antilles, and returns in spring.

286. YELLOW-THROAT.

- Yellow-throated Creeper, Catesby, i. 62.—Latham, ii. 437.

- La Mesange grise a gorge jaune, De Buffon, v. 454.—Brisson, iii. 563.

W. With a yellow spot on each side of the upper mandible: throat of a bright yellow: from the bill, a black line extends across each eye, pointing down, and bounding the sides of the neck: forehead black: crown, hind part of the neck, and back, grey: wings dark cinereous; the coverts edged with white: middle of the breast and belly of a pure white: side spotted with black: tail black and white. The FEMALE wants both the yellow and black marks.

PLACE.

Inhabits Carolina; and is continually creeping about the trees in search of insects.

287. HOODED.

- Catesby, i. 60.—Latham, ii. 462.

- Le Gobe-Mouche citrin, De Buffon, iv. 538.—Pl. Enl. 666.

- La Mesange a Collier, De Buffon, v. 452.—BL. MUS.

W. With the forehead, cheeks, and chin, yellow, regularly encircled with black like a hood. This black is the color of the head, breast, and each side of the neck: back, wings, and tail, of a dusky green: inner webs of the exterior feathers of the tail white: breast and belly bright yellow. SIZE of a Gold-Finch.

PLACE.

Frequents the thickets and shady parts of the uninhabited places of Carolina.

288. YELLOW-RUMP.

- Yellow-rumped Fly-catcher, Edw. 255.

- Le figuier tachetè de la Pensylvanie, Brisson, iii. 503.

- Le figuier a tête cendrê, De Buffon, v. 291.—Latham, ii. 481.

W. With cheeks and crown of the head cinereous: hind part of the neck and back of an olive-green; the last spotted with black: rump of a bright yellow: throat and breast of the same color; the breast spotted with black drops: rest of the under side white: wings dark ash-color; the coverts crossed with two bars of white: inner sides of the primaries edged with white: coverts of the tail black; two middle feathers of the tail dusky; the middle part of the inner webs of the rest white; the tops and bottoms black.

Inhabits Pensylvania.
PLACE.

289. RED-HEAD.

- Yellow Red-poll, Edw. 256.

- Motacilla petechia, Lin. Syst. 334.—Latham, ii. 479.

- Le figuier à tete rouge de Pensylvanie, Brisson, iii. 488.—De Buffon, v. 286. —BL. MUS.

W. With the crown scarlet: cheeks yellow: hind part of the neck, back, and rump, of an olive-green: wings and tail dusky, edged with yellow: all the under side of the body of a rich yellow, speckled with red, except the vent, which is plain. A bird, which I suspect to be the FEMALE, shot in Newfoundland, had the scarlet crown; but the upper part of the body was dusky, edged with pale brown: coverts of the tail white: primaries and tail dusky: breast and belly of a dirty white, and unspotted.

Visits Pensylvania in March. Is a lonely bird,
PLACE.

keeping in thickets and low bushes. Does not breed there; but goes farther north to breed; probably to Canada and Newfoundland. Feeds on insects.

290. BLACK-POLL.

W. With the crown black: cheeks white: upper part of the body ash-colored, with long black strokes pointing to the tail: coverts of the wings and primaries dusky; the first marked with two white bars: the secondaries edged with white: tail dusky; ends of the two outmost feathers marked with a white spot: throat white, streaked on each side with black: breast and belly of a dirty white, streaked downwards with black: legs whitish.

Inhabits, during summer, Newfoundland and New York;
PLACE.

called in the last, Sailor. Arrives there in May; breeds; and retires in August. BL. MUS.—Latham, ii. 460.

291. GREY-POLL.

W. With head, sides of the neck, and coverts of the wings and tail, of a fine grey; the coverts of wings crossed with two white bars: primaries and tail dusky, edged with grey: throat orange: chin and breast of a fine yellow: belly whitish ash-color.

PLACE.

Sent from New York to Mrs. Blackburn.—Latham, ii. 461.

292. YELLOW-POLL.

- Le figuier tachete 1 Espece, De Buffon, v. 285.—Pl. Enl. 58.—Latham, ii. 514. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

W. With the forehead and whole under side of the body of a fine yellow; the last streaked with red: the upper part, and coverts of wings, of an olive-green: the primaries brown, bordered with green: tail brown, bordered with rich yellow. FEMALE of a duller color.

PLACE.

Inhabits Canada; where it makes only a short stay, and does not breed there. Found in New York; and even Hudson's Bay during summer. Retires into South America, according to M. De Buffon. He suspects that No 1, plate 58, Pl. Enl. is the female. Till that is ascertained, I beg leave to make a new species of it, in the OLIVE, No

The nest is very elegant, composed of down, mixed with dead, grass; the inside lined with fine fibres. The eggs spotted near the larger end. Sent from New York, under the name of the Swamp Bird.

293. WHITE-POLL.

- Black and white Creeper, Edw. 300.

- Le figuier variè, De Buffon, v. 305.—Latham, ii. 488.

- —de St. Domingue, Brisson, iii. 529.—BL. MUS.

W. With the crown white, bounded by a black line passing from the corners of the bill; beneath that is a stripe of white: below the eyes a broad bed of black, bounded with white: chin and throat black: hind part of the neck, back, and rump, white, marked with great black spots: coverts and primaries black; the first crossed with two white bars; the last edged on their inner sides with white: belly white: sides spotted with black: tail black, edged with grey; inner webs of the outmost feathers spotted with white.

Arrives in Pensylvania in April; stays there the whole summer.
PLACE.

Feeds on insects, caterpillars, &c. Probably winters in the Antilles, where it is likewise found[*].

294. GOLDEN-CROWNED.

- Golden-crowned Fly-catcher, Edw. 298.

- Le figuier couronne d'or, De Buffon, v. 312.—Latham, ii. 486.

W. With a golden crown, bounded on all sides with a blueish slate-color: above each eye, a narrow white line: from the bill, across the eyes, a broad band of black: throat and chin white: hind part of neck and back blueish, with dusky oblong spots: rump yellow: breast black, edged with grey; sides of the breast yellow: belly and vent white, spotted with black: wings dusky; coverts and secondaries edged with white: tail black; three outmost feathers on each side marked on their inner webs with white. FEMALE is brown on the back; wants the black stroke through the eye, and mark on the breast: in other respects agrees with the cock.

Arrives in Pensylvania in spring:
PLACE.

stays there but three or four days, proceeding northward to breed. Appears likewise in the same manner in Nova Scotia.

295. GOLD-WING.

- Golden-wing Fly-catcher, Edw. 299.

- Le figuier, aux ailes dorées, De Buffon, v. 311.—Brisson, App. 109.

- Motacilla chrysoptera, Lin. Syst. 333.—Latham, ii. 492.

W. With a golden crown: eyes inclosed in a bed of black, reaching from the bill to the hind part of the head, and bounded above and below with a white line: throat, and under side of neck, black: upper part, back, and lesser coverts of wings, pale blueish grey: greater coverts rich yellow: primaries and tail dark cinereous: belly white.

PLACE.

Like the preceding, transient in the spring through Pensylvania.

296. YELLOW-FRONTED.

W. With the forehead and crown of a bright yellow: from the bill extends through the eyes a band of black, bounded on each side with white: chin, throat, and lower side of the neck, black: breast and belly white: upper part of the neck, back, rump, and lesser coverts of the wings, of a light blueish grey; the greater coverts, and lower order of lesser, of a bright yellow, forming a great spot in each wing: primaries and tail of a deep ash-color; inner webs of the outmost feathers of the tail spotted with white.

PLACE.

A passenger, like the former, through Pensylvania.—Latham, ii. 461.

297. GREEN.

- Green black-throated Fly-catcher, Edw. 300.—Latham, ii. 484.

- Le figuier à cravate noire, De Buffon, v. 298.—Brisson, App. 104.

W. With yellow cheeks and sides of the neck: black throat, under side of the neck, and sides under the wings: upper part of the breast yellowish; lower, and belly, white: head, and upper side of the body, of an olive-green: coverts of the wings of the same color, marked with two bars of white: primaries and tail dusky; the inner webs of the first edged with white; of the three outmost feathers of the tail, spotted with white.

PLACE.

Appears and migrates in the same manner as the other.

298. BLOODY-SIDE.

- Red-throated Fly-catcher, Edw. 301.

- La figuier a poitrine rouge, De Buffon, v. 308.—Brisson, Add. 105.

- Motacilla Pensylvanica, Lin. Syst. 333.—Latham, ii. 489.

W. With a yellow crown: white cheeks: a small black mark passing under each eye: throat, and whole under side of the body, white, except part of the breast, which is of a blood-red, which color extends along the sides under the wings: hind part of the head black: back and rump dusky, edged with yellowish green: coverts of the wings, and primaries, dusky; the first marked with two bars of white: tail dusky, with a white mark on the exterior feathers. FEMALE wants the black spot on the hind part of the head, and those on the back; in other respects agrees with the cock.

Attends the preceding species in their short passage through Pensylvania.
PLACE.

299. CAERULEAN.

- Little blue-grey Fly-catcher, Edw. 302.

- La figuier gris de fer, De Buffon, v. 309.—Brisson, App. 107.

- M. Caerulea, Lin. Syst. 337.—Latham, ii. 490.

W. With the head and whole upper part of the body of a blueish slate-color: wings brown; a few of the secondaries edged with white: over each eye a narrow line of black: tail dusky; two outmost feathers white; the third on each side tipt with white. FEMALE wants the black stripe over the eyes: and the colors of the tail, and upper part of it, brownish.

Appears in Pensylvania in March. Builds its nest in April,
PLACE.

with husks from the buds of trees, down of plants, &c. coating it with lichens, and lining it with horse-hair. It continues in the country all summer, and retires south at approach of winter; perhaps to Cayenne, where the same species is found[*].

300. WORM-EATER.

- Worm-eater, Edw. 305.—Latham, ii. 499.

- Le Demi-fin. Mangeur de vers, De Buffon, v. 325.

W. With the crown of a reddish yellow, bounded by a line of a lighter; beneath that, another of black; and through the eye, from the bill, a third of yellow, bounded beneath by a dusky stroke: cheeks, throat, and breast, of a yellowish red, deepest on the breast, fading towards the belly, which is white: upper part of the neck, back, wings, and tail, of a deep olive-green: legs flesh-colored. BILL of this species is much thicker than others of the genus.

PLACE.

Does not appear in Pensylvania till July, in its passage northward. Does not return the same way; but is supposed to go beyond the mountains which lie to the west. This seems to be the case with all the transient vernal visitants of Pensylvania.

301. YELLOW-TAIL.

- Yellow-tail Fly-catcher, Edw. 257.

W. With an ash-colored crown: hind part of the neck, coverts of the wings, and the back, of an olive-green: rump cinereous; sometimes that and the head of the same color with the back: throat, under side of neck, breast, and belly, white; the sides of the breast dashed with rust-color: sides, under the wings, yellow: on the lower part of the primaries a large bed of yellow: two middle feathers of the tail brown; the rest yellow, tipt with brown.

PLACE.

Taken on its passage, with other birds (before described) of this genus, off Hispaniola, at sea, supposed to be on their way to their winter quarters in Jamaica, and other islands.

302. SPOTTED.

- Spotted yellow Fly-catcher, Edw. 257.—Latham, ii. 482.

- La figuier brun de Canada, (the male) Brisson, iii. 515.

- — de St. Domingue (the female) 513.—De Buffon, v. 293.

W. With the head, upper part of the body, and wings, of a dark olive green: primaries and tail of a more dusky hue: the interior web of the outmost feathers of the tail marked with a large white spot: lesser coverts of the wings, near the ridge, crossed with white: rump yellowish: all the under side of the body yellow: under side of the neck, breast, and sides, spotted with black: middle of the belly and vent plain.

Taken with the preceding. Inhabits also Canada,
PLACE.

which may be its place of summer residence and breeding. The FEMALE, which has a white breast, and the colors of the upper part of the body more dull than that of the cock, has been found in the isle of Hispaniola; which may be one of the winter quarters of this and congenerous birds.

303. LOUISIANE.

- Le figuier à gorge jaune, De Buffon, v. 288.

- Le figuier de le Louisiane, Brisson, iii. 500.—Latham, ii. 480.

W. With the head and whole upper part of the body of a clear olive-green: cheeks inclining to cinereous: coverts of the wings of a blueish ash-color, crossed with two white bars: primaries dusky, edged externally with olive, internally with white: tail of a dusky brown, edged like the wings; and the three outmost feathers marked near their ends with a white spot: lower side of the neck and breast of a fine yellow; the last spotted with red: belly and vent white, tinged with yellow. FEMALE wants the red spots on the breast.

Inhabits Louisiana and St. Domingo.
PLACE.

304. ORANGE-THROAT.

- Le figuier à gorge orangée, De Buffon, v. 290.

- Le grand figuier de Canada, Brisson, iii. 508.

W. With the head, upper part of the neck and back, and lesser coverts of the wings, of an olive-green: the lower part of the back, rump, and greater coverts, ash-colored: primaries brown, edged on the outmost webs with dark cinereous; on the inner with dirty white: throat and under side of the body orange, except the vent, which is white. FEMALE differs from the male in having its under side of a duller and paler color.

PLACE.

Inhabits Canada.

305. QUEBEC.

- Le figuier à tête jaune, De Buffon, v. 298.—Brisson, iii. 517.—Pl. Enl. 731.

- Motacilla icterocephala, Lin. Syst. 334.—Latham, ii. 484.

W. With a yellow crown: space between the bill and the eyes black: below the eyes, and on the sides of the neck, white: hind part of the head, neck, back, and rump, black, edged with yellowish olive: ridge coverts of the wings, and tail, of the same color; other lesser coverts, and the greater coverts, black, marked with two transverse bars of yellow: tail dusky, edged with olive; the outmost feathers marked half the length of their inner webs with yellowish white: all the lower part of the body of a dirty white.

PLACE.

Inhabits Canada.

306. BELTED.

- Le figuier a ceinture, De Buffon, v. 503.

- Le figuier cendrè, Brisson, iii, 524.

- Motacilla Canadensis, Lin. Syst. 334.—Latham, ii. 486.

W. With an oblong yellow spot on the crown: rest of the head, upper side of the body, and coverts of wings, of a deep blueish ash-color, almost black; the last crossed with two white bars: from the bill, above each eye, passes a white line: the under side of the neck, breast, and belly, are white; the two first marked longitudinally with brown streaks: between the breast and belly is a transverse belt of yellow: tail dusky, a little forked; the two outmost feathers on each side white at their ends and inner sides: coverts of the tail yellow. FEMALE is brown on the upper side: the coverts of the tail are not yellow.

Inhabits Canada.
PLACE.

307. OLIVE.

- Le figuier de la Caroline, Pl. Enl. 58, No 1.—De Buffon, v. 286.

W. With the head, upper part of the body, and coverts of the wings, of an olive-green: primaries and tail brown; the first bordered with green, the last with yellow: under side of the body of a pale yellow.

Inhabits Carolina.
PLACE.

308. NEW-YORK.

- Le Fauvette tachetée de la Louisiane, De Buffon, v. 161.—Pl. Enl. 752.— Latham, ii. 436.

W. With a black bill, slightly bent at the end: over each eye a white line: crown, and all the upper plumage, cinereous and deep brown: lower part of the neck and body yellowish, streaked with black: legs reddish brown. LENGTH near six inches.

Inhabits Louisiana, and the hedges about New York.
PLACE.

Not gregarious.

309. DUSKY.

- Fauvette ombrée de la Louisiane, De Buffon, v. 162.—Pl. Enl. 709.— Latham, ii. 437.

W. With a black slender bill: upper part of the plumage greyish brown: back marked faintly with black: wings, coverts of the tail, and the tail itself, dusky; the last edged with white, thinly speckled with black: legs dusky.

PLACE.

Inhabits Louisiana.

310. PROTHONOTARY.

- Le figuier protonotaire, De Buffon, v. 316.—Pl. Enl. 704.—Latham, ii. 494.

W. With the head, neck, throat, breast, and belly, of a fine jonquil yellow: vent white: back olive: rump ash-color: wings and tail black and cinereous.

PLACE.

Inhabits Louisiana. Called there le Protonotaire; but the reason has not reached us.

311. HALF-COLLARED.

- Le figuier a demi collier, De Buffon, v. 316.—Latham, ii. 494.

W. With a yellowish olive crown: an ash-colored band behind the eyes: coverts of the wings brown, edged with yellow: primaries brown, edged with white: throat and all the under side of the body of a clear ash-color: across the breast is a half-collar of black: belly tinged with yellow: tail ash-color: four feathers on each side edged with black on their inner sides.

312. ORANGE-BELLIED.

- Le figuier a gorge jaune, De Buffon, v. 317.—Latham, ii. 495.

W. With the head and upper part of the body of an olive-brown: coverts of the wings yellow, varied with brown? primaries brown: secondaries and tail brown, bordered with olive: throat, under side of the neck, and breast, yellow; part of the latter tinged with brown: the rest of the lower part of the body reddish, approaching to yellow.

313. OLIVE-BROWN.

- Le figuier brun olive, De Buffon, v. 318.—Latham, ii. 495.

W. With the upper part of the head and body of a brownish olive: the coverts of the wings, and primaries, brown; the first edged and tipt with white; the last edged with grey: throat and breast white, varied with teints of grey: belly of a yellowish white: vent quite yellow: tail brown, bordered with clear grey; those of the middle tinged with yellow; the two outmost on each side bordered with white.

314. GRASSET.

- Le figuier grasset, De Buffon, v. 319.—Latham, ii. 496.

W. With the head and upper part of the body of a deep greyish green and deep olive; the middle of the head marked with a yellow spot: back tinged with black: wings brown or dusky: throat and under side of the neck reddish; the rest of the lower part white: tail black, edged with grey; and the four outmost feathers on each side marked near their ends with white.

315. GREY-THROAT.

- Le figuier cendre, a gorge cendré, De Buffon, v. 319.—Latham, ii. 496.

W. With the head, and upper part of the body and wings, ash-color; the last edged with white: throat and under side of the body of a more clear ash-color: tail black: first feather on each side almost white; the second half white; the third tipt with the same.

These five species inhabit Louisiana, and are called there Grassets,
PLACE.

from their exceeding fatness. They frequent the tulip-trees; in particular the magnolia grandiflora, or the laurel-tree [*], whose evergreen leaves give ample shelter to the feathered tribe.

316. GUIRA.

- Motacilla Guira, Lin. Syst. 336.—Edw. 351.—Latham, ii. 505.—Marcgrave, 212.—De Buffon, v. 343.—BL. MUS.

W. With head, hind part of neck, and back, of an olive green; lower part dashed with yellow: lesser coverts dusky, slightly edged with white; greater, and primaries, dusky, with their edges deeply marked with white: throat, and lower part of the neck, full black: breast and belly of a fine light yellow: tail brown, edged with dull yellow. The crown of the FEMALE olive green, spotted with black: hind part of the neck plain green: chin and fore part of neck black: breast and belly yellow, spotted with red: wings and tail like those of the male.

PLACE.

Inhabits New York. Makes its nest between the small branches of some tree. It is open at top, shallow, and formed of broad dead grass, and some fibres. Its eggs white, thinly spotted with black.

317. BLACK-BURNIAN.

W. With the crown intensely black, divided by a line of rich yellow: from each corner of the upper mandible is another of the same color: through the eye passes one of black, reaching beyond it, bounded beneath by a narrow yellow line: sides of the neck, the throat, and middle of the breast, are of a beautiful yellow: sides spotted with black: vent and thighs white: lesser coverts black; greater white: back striped black and white: primaries dusky: middle feathers of the tail dusky; three outmost on each side marked with white.—Latham, ii. 461.

PLACE.

Inhabits New York.—BL. MUS.

318. PINE.

- Pine-Creeper, Catesby, i. 61.—Edw. 277.

- Le figuier de sapins, De Buffon, v. 296.—Latham, ii. 483.

W. With the crown, cheeks, breast, belly, and thighs, of a bright yellow: from the bill to the eyes is a dusky line: hind part of the neck, the back, and rump, of a yellowish green, inclining to olive, brightest on the rump: wings and tail of a blueish grey: coverts marked with two white lines: outmost feathers of the tail with their inner webs white. FEMALES of a brownish color.

Appears in Pensylvania, from the south, in April.
PLACE.

Feeds on insects and buds of trees. Continues there the whole summer. Inhabits the softer climate of Carolina the whole winter; and is seen creeping about the trees, especially the firs and pine, with other congenerous birds, which associate during that season in small flights.

319. YELLOW.

- Yellow Titmouse, Catesby, i. 63.

- Yellow Wren, Br. Zool. i. No 151.—Edw. 278.

- Le figuier brun & jaune, De Buffon, v. 295.

- Le Pouillot, ou le Chantre, Ib. 344.—Brisson, iii. 479.

- Le figuier de Caroline, Ib. 486.—Latham, ii. 512.

- M. Trochilus, Faun. Suec. No 264.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

W. With the head and upper part of the body, wings, and tail, of a deep olive: cheeks yellow: through the eyes passes a dusky line, and beneath them another: whole under side and inner coverts of the wings, of a fine yellow; but in some much paler than others.

Inhabits North Carolina; breeds there, and disappears in winter,
PLACE.

retiring to Jamaica and other islands. Is almost an universal bird. Found in most parts of Europe. Bears all climates, from the East Indies to the rugged Kamtschatka. Is one of the smallest birds of Europe. Feeds on insects.

320. RUBY-CROWNED.

- Ruby-crowned Wren, Edw. 254.

- Le Roitelet rubis, De Buffon, v. 373.—Latham, ii. 511.—LEV. MUS.

W. With a rich ruby-colored spot towards the hind part of the head: rest of the head, upper part of the neck, body, and coverts of the wings, of an olive-colour: coverts crossed by two white lines: primaries and tail dusky, edged with yellow: from bill to tail a light yellow.
SIZE.

LENGTH four inches: extent five: weight four drams.

PLACE.

Inhabits North America, from Hudson's Bay to Pensylvania; probably through the whole continent. A most delicate bird, to be found in the rude climate of the bay.

321. GOLDEN-CRESTED.

- Br. Zool. i. No 153.—Catesby, App. 13.

- M. Regulus. Kongsfogel, Faun. Suec. No 262.—Latham, ii. 508.

- Le Roitelet, De Buffon, v. 363.—Pl. Enl. 651. 3.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

W. With a black crown, divided lengthways with a rich scarlet line, which it shews or conceals at pleasure. In other respects, the colors and marks resemble the former. The least of all European birds. LENGTH only three inches and a half.

PLACE.

Is found in New York; and inhabits the red cedars. Is met with in Europe as high as Drontheim [*]. Crosses annually from the Orknies to the Shetland isles; where it breeds, and returns again before winter: along flight, of sixty miles, for so small a bird. Rare in Russia. Frequent in Sibiria, about the Jenesei.

322. WREN.

- Br. Zool. i. No 154.

- M. Troglodytes, Faun. Suec. No 261.—Latham, ii. 506.

- Le Troglodyte, De Buffon, v. 352.—Pl. Enl. 651. 2.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

W. With head and back brown, obscurely barred with dusky: coverts of wings, quil-feathers, and tail, elegantly barred with black and ferruginous: whole under side of a dirty white, mottled with pale brown.

Twice the size of the European Wren; yet appears to be of the same kind. Is one of the exceptions to the remark made, that the animals of the same species in the new are lesser than those of the old world.

Appears in the province of New York in May, and lays in June.
PLACE.

Builds its nest in holes of trees, with fibres of roots and sticks, lining it with hairs and feathers. Lays from seven to nine eggs, white, thinly spotted with red. Has the same actions with the European Wren: sings, but with a different note. Retires south in August.

The European kind reaches to the Feroe isles; where it enters the cottages, to peck the dried meat of the inhabitants[*]. Found also in Norway; but not far north. Rare in Sweden and Russia. Unknown in Sibiria.

323. BUSH?

- Little Sparrow? Catesby, i. 35.

- Hedge Sparrow, Lawson, 144.—Latham, ii. 420.

W. With the body entirely brown.

Less than the European Hedge Sparrow. Mr. Catesby says, that it partakes much of the nature of that species. Mr. Lawson says, that the Hedge Sparrow of Carolina differs scarcely from the English; only that he never heard it sing. They are not numerous; are usually seen single, hopping under bushes: feed on insects: and are commonly seen near houses in Carolina and Virginia,
PLACE.

where they continue the whole year.

- A. NIGHTINGALE, Br. Zool. i. No 145.

- Nâchtergani, Faun. Suec. No 545.—Latham, ii. 410.

- Le Rossignol, De Buffon, v. 81.—Pl. Enl. 615.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

W. With head and neck tawny, dashed with olive: throat, breast, and belly, glossy ash-color: tail deep tawny.

PLACE.

Inhabits the groves of Oland, Gothland, Upsal, and Schonen; but not farther north. Appears about the middle of May: retires about the time of hay-harvest[*]. Found in the temperate parts of Russia; and in Sibiria, as far as Tomsk only; not as yet in the eastern parts. None in Scotland. Extends over every temperate part of Europe; to Syria [†], Persia [‡], and the Holy Land [§]; and to the banks of the Nile.

- B. REDSTART, Br. Zool. i. No 146.

- M. Phoenicurus Rodstjert, Faun. Suec. No 257.—Latham, ii. 421.

- Le Rossignol de muraille, De Buffon, v. 170.—Pl. Enl. 351.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

W. With white front: crown and back deep blueish grey: cheek and throat black: breast, rump, and sides, red: two middle feathers of tail brown; the rest red. FEMALE, head and back ash-color: chin white.

PLACE.

Inhabits Europe, as high as Drontheim. In all parts of Russia and Sibiria: in the last, the colors are extremely vivid. Extends to Kamtschatka, and even to the Arctic circle.

- C. GREY REDSTART.

- M. Erithacus, Faun. Suec. No 258.

- Le Rouge-queue, De Buffon, v. 180.—Latham, ii. 423.

W. With a hoary crown: back and wings cinereous: whole under side of the body and tail ferruginous.

Inhabits Sweden. Lives in trees. Lays nine blueish grey eggs.
PLACE.

Seen also near the Volga.

- D. Red-breast, Br. Zool. i. No 147.

- Rotgel, Faun. Suec. 260.—Latham, ii. 442.

- Le Rouge-gorge, De Buffon, v. 196.—Pl. Enl. 361.—LEV. MUS.

W. With front, chin, and breast, of a deep orange red: upper part of the body, wings, and tail, olivaceous.

Inhabits Europe as far as Drontheim. Scarce in Russia.
PLACE.

Is seen above the Kama; but never in Sibiria. Its familiarity with mankind has occasioned it, in many countries, to receive a fond name: thus the Danes call it Tommi-Liden; the Norwegians, Peter Ronsmad; the Germans, Thomas Gierdet; and we, Robin Red-breast [*].

- •. BLUE-THROAT. M. Suecica, No 259.

- Bloukropfl, Kram. Aust. 375.—Latham, ii. 444.

- La Gorge-bleue, De Buffon, v. 206.—Pl. Enl. 361.—LEV. MUS.

W. With a tawny breast, marked with a sky-blue crescent: over each eye a white line: head and back brown: tail dusky, ferruginous towards the base, and tipt with yellow: belly whitish: the vent yellowish.

Inhabits West Bothnia and Lapland.
PLACE.

Lives among the alders and willows, and is supposed not to migrate from that severe climate[†]. Is found in all the northern parts of Russia and Sibiria. Sings finely.

A bird, differing from this only by a blue line below each eye, is figured by Mr. Edwards, tab. 28, and drawn from one shot on the rook of Gibraltar.

- F. BLACK-CAP, Br. Zool. i. No 148.

- M. Atricapilla, Faun. Suec. No 256.—Latham, ii. 415.

- La Fauvette à tête noire, De Buffon. v. 125.—Pl. Enl. 580.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

W. With a black crown: hind part of neck pale ash: back, and coverts of wings, greyish olive: breast and belly light ash. Crown of the FEMALE dull rust-color.

PLACE.

Found in Sweden; chiefly in Schonen. Not in the Russian catalogue.

- G. PETTY-CHAPS, Br. Zool. i. No 149.

- M. Hippolais, Faun. Suec. No 248.—Latham, ii. 413.

- La Fauvette, De Buffon, v. 117.—Pl. Enl. 579.—LEV. MUS.

W. With inside of the mouth red: head, back, and wings, olivaceous ash: inner coverts yellow: breast white, tinged with yellow: belly silvery: tail dusky.

PLACE.

Found as far as Sweden.

- H. HEDGE, Br. Zool. i. No 150.

- M. Modularis Jarnsparf, Faun. Suec. No 245.—Latham, ii. 419.

- Le Traîne Buisson, ou Mouchet, ou la Fauvette d'hiver, De Buffon, v. 151.—Pl. Enl. 615.—LEV. MUS.

W. With a deep brown head, mixed with ash: throat and breast of a dull slate-color: belly dirty white: sides, thighs, and vent, of a tawny brown: tail dusky.

PLACE.

Inhabits Sweden, its farthest northern residence. Lays four or five fine pale blue eggs.

- I. BOG-RUSH.

- M. Schaenobaenus, Faun. Suec. No 246.—Latham, ii. 418.

- La Roussette, ou la Fauvette des bois, De Buffon, v. 139.

W. With head, back, and rump, of a testaceous brown; the two first spotted: the wings testaceous on their outmost sides: throat and belly of the same color: tail dusky. SIZE of a Wren.

Inhabits among the bog-rushes of Schonen in Sweden.
PLACE.

- K. FIG-EATER.

- M. Ficedula, Faun. Suec. No 251.—Latham, ii. 432,

- Le Bec-figue, De-Buffon, v. 187.—Pl. Enl. 668.

W. With head and upper part of the body and wings dusky, mixed with chesnut: breast of a cinereous white; that of the female white: tail of the male black; of the female inclined to chesnut: legs of the male chesnut, of the female black.

Inhabits (but rarely) the gardens and cultivated parts of Sweden.
PLACE.

- L. GRASSHOPPER, Br. Zool. i. No 382.

- Alanda trivialis, Lin. Syst. 288.—Latham, ii. 429.—LEV. MUS.

W. With head and upper part of the body of an olive brown, spotted with black: primaries dusky, edged with olive brown: breast and belly dirty white: tail very long, and cuneiform, composed of twelve sharp-pointed brown feathers.

Inhabits Sweden. Is frequent in Sibiria. Scarce in Russia.
PLACE.

Has the note of a Grasshopper.

- M. SEDGE, Br. Zool. i. No 155.

- M. Salicaria, Faun. Suec. No 249.—Latham, ii. 430.

- La Fauvette de roseaux, De Buffon, v. 142.—LEV. MUS.

W. With a brown head, streaked with dusky: over each eye a line of white, bounded above by another of black: throat white: breast and belly white, tinged with yellow: back reddish brown, spotted with black: rump tawny: tail brown; circular when spread.

PLACE.

Inhabits Sweden. Is frequent in Russia and Sibiria, in willow thickets near rivers, even to the Arctic circle.

- N. SCOTCH, Br. Zool. i. No 152.

- M. Acredula, Faun. Suec. No 263.—Latham, ii. 513.

W. With front and under side of the body of a fine pale yellow: back and wings green, dashed with ash-color: tail forked and brown. SIZE of a Wren.

PLACE.

Inhabits Sweden, about Upsal. Found also in Russia and Sibiria.

- O. LONG-BILLED.

W. With a very long slender bill: forehead, cheeks, and chin, pale rust-color: upper part of body and tail brown, tinged with olive: under part of the body of the same color, but lighter: middle of the belly white. Lesser than a Hedge Sparrow.

PLACE.

Inhabits Kamtschatka.

* * WITH PARTICOLORED TAILS.

- P. WHEAT-EAR, Br. Zool. i. No 157.

- M. Oenanthe. Stensquetta, Faun. Suec. No 254.—Latham, ii. 465.

- Le Motteux, ou Cul blanc, De Buffon, v. 237.—Pl. Enl. 554.—LEV. MUS.

W. With head and back grey, tinged with red: from the bill to the hind part of the head, across each eye, is a broad bar of black; above that a line of yellow: breast and belly white, tinged with yellow: rump and lower half of the tail white; the end black. FEMALE wants the black bar across the eyes: less white on the tail, and the colors in general are duller.

A species which extends from the sultry climate of Bengal [*] to the frozen region of Greenland, Is migratory,
PLACE.

at lest in the temperate and frigid zones. Goes even in summer as high as beyond the Arctic circle, in Europe and Asia, wherever the country is rocky. In Greenland, is conversant among rills of water. Feeds, on insects and worms, especially those of places of interment; is therefore detested by the natives[†]. Breeds in that country in June. Is found in Iceland and the Feroe islands. On its first appearance in Sweden, the peasants expect to be freed from the severe nocturnal, frosts[‡]. Its winter retreat unknown.

- Q. STAPAZINA.

- M. Stapazina, Lin. Syst. 331.—Latham, ii. 468.

- Le Motteux, ou Cul blanc roussâtre, De Buffon, v. 454.—LEV. MUS.

W. With head, neck, and breast, of a reddish brown: throat and belly, white: across the eyes a brown bar: rump white: tail like that of the former.

Is frequent, with the preceding, in Russia and Sibiria;
PLACE.

and extends to Kamtschatka. Often found in the warmer parts of Europe.

- R. WHIN-CHAT, Br. Zool. i. No 158.

- Le Tarier, De Buffon, v. 224.—Pl. Enl. 678.

- M. Rubetra, Faun. Suec. No 255.—Latham, ii. 245.—LEV. MUS.

W. With head and back of rusty brown, spotted with black: over each eye a white line; under that a broad bed of black: breast reddish yellow: two middle feathers of the tail black; the rest white at their bottoms, black at their ends. The FEMALE has on the cheeks a bed of brown instead of black, and the other colors less vivid.

PLACE.

Found not farther north than Sweden. Is found in the temperate parts of Russia, as far as the Urallian chain; but has not reached Sibiria.

- S. WHITE-THROAT.

- M. Sylvia. Skogsneter mesar, Faun. Suec. No 250.—Latham, ii. 428.

- La Grisette, ou Fauvette grise, De Buffon, v. 132.—Pl. Enl. 579. 3.—LEV. MUS.

W. With head of a brownish ash: back tinged with red: lesser coverts of wings pale brown; greater dusky, edged with tawny brown: wings and tail dusky, with reddish brown margins: exterior side, and part of the interior sides, of the outmost feather of the tail white.

PLACE.

Not farther north than Sweden. Scattered over all Russia and Sibiria.

- T. AWATCHA.

W. With crown, upper part of neck and body, deep brown: primaries edged with white: lower part of the five outmost feathers of the tail deep orange; ends brown; two middle feathers wholly brown: throat and breast white; the sides of the first, and all the last, spotted with black: from upper mandible to each eye, an oblique white line: sides pale rust-color: middle of the belly white.

PLACE.

Inhabits Kamtschatka.

- U. KRUKA.

- M. Curruca. Kruka, Faun. Suec. No. 247.—Latham, ii. 417.

W. With head, wings, and upper part of body, brownish ash; lower part white: tail dusky; but each outmost feather striped down with a line of white.

PLACE.

Inhabits Sweden, and all parts of Russia; but not Sibiria. Its eggs ash-colored, spotted with rust. Not our Hedge Sparrow, which Linnaeus makes synonymous with it.

XXX. TITMOUSE. Gen. Birds LIV.

324. TOUPET.

- Crested Titmouse, Catesby, i. 57.—Latham, ii. 544.

- La Mesange huppée de Ja Caroline, De Buffon, v. 451.—Brisson, iii. 561.

- Parus bicolor, Lin. Syst. 340.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

T. With the forehead, head, and upper part of the neck and body, of a deep grey: under side white, tinged with red; deepest: under the wings: feathers on the head long, which it erects occasionally into a pointed crest, like a toupet: legs of a lead-color. FEMALE differs not in color.

Inhabits the forests of Virginia and Carolina the whole year,
PLACE.

and feed on insects. Shuns houses. Found also in Greenland [*]. Flies swift; and emits a weak note.

325. VIRGINIAN.

- Yellow-rump, Catesby, i. 58.—Latham, ii. 546.

- La Mesange à croupion jaune, De Buffon, v. 453.

- Parus Virginianus, Lin. Syst. 342.—Brisson, iii. 575.

T. With the head, whole body, wings, and tail, brown, tinged with green: rump yellow.

Inhabits Carolina. Frequents trees, and feeds on insects.
PLACE.

326. CREEPING.

- Finch Creeper, Catesby, i. 64.—Latham, ii. 558.

- Parus Americanus, Lin. Syst. 341.—BL. MUS.

T. With a blueish head: white spot above, and another beneath each eye: upper part of the back of a yellowish green; rest of the back, tail, and wings, of a dusky blue; the last crossed with two bars of white: throat yellow, bounded beneath by a black band, extending to the hind part of the neck; which is of the same color: breast yellow: belly white: sides tinged with red: legs dull yellow. FEMALE dusky.

PLACE.

Inhabits Carolina all the year. Creeps up and down the bodies of trees, and picks insects out of the bark.

327. COLEMOUSE.

- Br. Zool. i. No 164.

- Parus ater, Faun. Suec. 268.—Latham, ii. 540.

- La petite Charbonniere, De Buffon, v. 400.—LEV. MUS.

T. With a black head, marked on the hind part with a white spot: back and rump of a cinereous green; brightest on the last: coverts of the, wings of a dusky green; the lowest order tipt with white.

PLACE.

Shot during summer in Newfoundland. Is found in Sibiria, even beyond the Lena; and winters in that climate.

328. CANADA.

- Mesange à tête noire du Canada, De Buffon, v. 408.—Brisson, iii. 553.

- Parus Atricapillus, Lin. Syst. 341.—Latham, ii. 542.

T. With the head and chin black: sides of the neck, cheeks, and all the under part of the body, white: upper side of the neck, back, and rump, of a deep ash-color: coverts of the wings, and primaries, brown; the first edged with grey; the exterior sides of the last with a lighter grey; the inner with white: the two middle feathers of the tail cinereous; the others brown on the inner side, and ash-colored on the outmost, edged with light grey.

PLACE.

Inhabits Canada and Hudson's Bay, and as high as lat. 64. 30, on the western side of North America. Is a most hardy bird; and continues about Albany Fort the whole year; but most numerous in cold weather, probably compelled by want of food. Feeds on worms and insects: makes a twittering noise; from which the natives call it Kiss-kiss-keshish [*].

I cannot add a bird of this kind from Louisiana as a new species, as it differs in nothing, except having the black spot on the chin larger, and the colors deeper. The FEMALE has a tinge of red amongst the cinereous, and on the head[*].

329. HUDSON'S BAY.

- Parus Hudsonicus, Forster.—Ph. Trans. lxii. 408. 430.—Latham, ii. 557.

T. With the head of a rusty brown: a white line beneath each eye: black throat: feathers on the back long, brown tipt with olive: feathers on the breast and belly black, tipt with white: sides under the wings ferruginous: wings brown: edges of the primaries cinereous: tail rounded; brown, edged with cinereous: legs black. Male and Female resemble each other. LENGTH five inches and an eighth. EXTENT seven. WEIGHT half an ounce.

Continues, even about Severn river, the whole year.
PLACE.

Frequents the juniper-bushes, on buds of which it feeds. Lays five eggs. In winter collects in small flocks, flying from tree to tree. The natives call them Peche-ke-ke-shish.

- A. GREAT TITMOUSE, Br. Zool. i. No 162.—Latham, ii. 536.

- Le Charbonniere, ou grosse Mesange, De Buffon, v. 392.—Pl. Enl. 3.

- Talg-oxe, Faun. Suec. 265.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

T. With white cheeks: bill, head, and throat, black: belly yellowish green, divided lengthways with a bed of black: rump blueish grey: coverts of wings blue: primaries edged with blue: tail dusky; exterior sides of the outmost feathers white; of the others blueish: legs lead-color. SIZE of a Chaffinch.

PLACE.

Inhabits Norway, Sweden, Russia, and Sibiria, even in the winter.

- B. STRÖMIAN, Strom. Sond. i. 240.—Brunnich, p. 73.—Latham, ii. 537.

T. With bill black above, yellow below: neck and upper part of the body, yellowish green: throat yellow: breast yellow, spotted with bay: belly blue, yellowish near the vent: tail bifurcated, of the same color with the back; the two middle feathers greenish; the two outmost edged with white: legs black.

PLACE.

Discovered by Mr. Ström, in Sondmor.

- C. AZURE TITMOUSE.

- Parus Cyaneis, Nov. Com. Petrop. xiv. 498. tab. xiii. fig. 1.—588. tab. xxiii. fig. 1.

- Parus Indicus, Aldr.—Raii. Syn. Av. 74.—Latham, i. 538.

T. With a very short and thick bill: crown and hind part of the neck of a hoary whiteness; the lower part of the last bounded by a transverse band of dark blue: cheeks white, crossed by a deep blue line, extending beyond the eyes: back light blue: rump whitish: under side of the neck, breast, and belly, of a snowy whiteness, with a single dusky spot on the breast: wings varied with rich blue, dusky, and white: tail rather long; of a dusky blue, tipt with white: legs dusky blue.

SIZE of the English Blue Titmouse. The plumage of this elegant species is extremely loose, soft, and of most exquisitely fine texture, and so liable to be raised, that when the bird is sitting, but especially when it is asleep, it appears like a ball of feathers.

PLACE.

It inhabits, in great abundance, the northern woods of Sibiria and Russia, and about Synbirsk, in the government of Kasan. It is a migratory bird, and appears in winter conversant about the houses in Petersburgh. It twitters like the common Sparrow, but with a softer and sweeter note.

- D. BLUE, Br. Zool. i. No 163.

- Blamées, Faun. Suec. No 267.—Latham, ii. 543.

- La Mesange bleue, De Buffon, v. 413.—Pl. Enl. 3. 2.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

T. With a rich blue crown, wings, and tail: a black line over each eye: cheeks and forehead white: back yellowish green: breast and belly yellow.

Inhabits as high as Sondmor [*]. Found in southern Russia,
PLACE.

but not in Sibiria.

- E. MARSH, Br. Zool. i. No 165.

- Entita, Tomlinge, Faun. Suec. No 269.—Latham, ii. 541.

- La Nonuette cendrée, De Buffon, v. 403.—Pl. Enl. 3. 3.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

T. With head wholly black: under side of the body white: back cinereous. Like the Colemouse, No 〈◊〉 it wants the white spot on the hind part of the head: its tail is longer, and the bulk larger.

Is found as far as Sondmor [†].
PLACE.

Inhabits all parts of Russia and Sibiria, even as far as Kamtschatka; and endures the hardest frosts.

- F. CRESTED.

- Parus cristatus. Tofsmyssa. Tofstita, Faun. Suec. No 266.

- La Mesange huppée, De Buffon, v. 447.—Pl. Enl. 502.—Latham, ii. 545.

T. With a large upright crest: chin black: rest of the plumage a mixture of black, ash-color, and white.

Is found in Sweden, and in the west and temperate parts of Russia;
PLACE.

but does not reach Sibiria.

- G. LONG-TAILED, Br. Zool. i. No 166.

- Lanius caudatus Ahltita, Faun. Suec. No 83.—Latham, ii. 551.

- La Mesange à longue queue, De Buffon, v. 436.—Pl. Enl, 502. 3.—LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

T. With crown white, mixed with dark grey: head surrounded by a bed of black, beginning at the base of the bill: from the hind part of the head to the rump a line of black; feathers on each side of that line, and those on the breast, a fine purplish red: tail very long and cuneiform; black, with the interior edges of the three outmost feathers white.

PLACE.

Inhabits Sweden. Frequent, even in winter, in thickets and woods, all over Russia and Sibiria. Its elegant nest described in the Br. Zool. i. p. 395.

- H. BEARDED, Br. Zool. 1. No 167.—Latham, ii. 552.

- La Moustache, De Buffon, v. 418.—Pl. Enl. 618.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

T. With a fine grey head: beneath each eye a deep black triangular tuft of feathers: back, sides, and thighs, orange-colored: secondaries black, edged with orange: middle of the breast bloom-colored: tail long, cuneiform, and ferruginous. FEMALE wants the black tufts: crown of a dirty brown: outmost feathers of the tail black; the ends white.

PLACE.

Found but rarely in Schonen in Sweden. Is very common about the Caspian and Palus Maeotis, and among the rushes of the rivers which fall into them; but in no high latitudes in Asia. None in Sibiria.

XXXI. SWALLOW. Gen. Birds, LV.

330. CHIMNEY.

- Br. Zool. No 168.—Latham, ii. 560.

- Hirundo rustica. Ladu Swala, Faun. Suec. No 270.

- L'Hirondelle de cheminée, De Buffon, vi. 591.—Pl. Enl. 543.—LEV. MUS— BL. MUS.

SW. With the head, upper part of the body, and coverts of the wings, black, glossed with rich purplish blue: forehead red: under side ferruginous. That of Europe white; in the MALE tinged with red: tail black; every feather, unless the two middle, marked with a white spot near the end.

Differs in nothing from the English chimney Swallow, but in the redness of the under side.

These birds inhabit, during summer, Newfoundland,
PLACE.

and other parts of North America. Build on lofty rocks and precipices, especially such as yield shelter by overhanging their base. Others, since the arrival of the Europeans, affect the haunts of mankind, and make their nests in barns, stables, and out-houses: in some parts they are, on that account, called Barn Swallows. The Swedes give them the same name, Ladu Swala, because in their country they also nestle in barns.

They appear in the Jersies the beginning of April, wet, says Mr. Kalm, from the sea or lakes, at the bottom of which they had passed torpid the whole winter—I should rather imagine, from the casual showers they met with in their long flight from their winter quarters: and that they do take such, Mr. Kalm himself is witness to, by meeting with them on their passage at sea, nine hundred and twenty miles from any land[*].

In the province of New York they appear in May. Make the same sort of nest with the European. Lay in June. Disappear in August, or early in September.

Is found in Europe as far north as Drontheim, and sometimes frequents the Feroe isles.

IN SIBIRIA.

This species is very common all over Sibiria; but those which are found beyond the Jenesei, and in all the north-east part of that country, have their lower part rust-colored, like the American variety; for they cannot be deemed a distinct species.

331. MARTIN.

- Br. Zool. i. No 169.—Latham, ii. 564.

- Hirundo urbica. Hus-Swala, Faun. Suec. No 271.

- L'Hirondelle au Croupion blanc, ou de Fenêtre, De Buffon, vi. 614. — Pl. Enl. 542.—BL. MUS.

SW. With a white rump, breast, and belly: head and back black, glossed with blue: wings and tail black: feet covered with white down.

PLACE.

In Europe is seen as high as Drontheim.

Inhabits, during summer, Newfoundland and New York. It was also found by the navigators on the western coast in the month of October: it was inferior in size to those found in Europe. A specimen, with a black rump, was sent from Hudson's Bay [*]; doubtful whether a variety or distinct species. They build there under the windows of the few houses, or against the steep banks of rivers.

IN SIBIRIA.

Is very common in Sibiria and Kamtschatka.

332. SAND.

- Br. Zool. i. No 170.—Latham, ii. 568.

- Hirundo riparia. Strand-Swala. Back-Swala, Faun. Suec. No 273▪

- L'Hirondelle de rivage, De Buffon, vi. 632.—Pl. Enl. 543. 2.—BL. MUS.

SW. With the head and upper part of the body of a mouse-color: wings and tail dusky: under side white: throat crossed by a mouse-colored ring: feet smooth and black.

Arrives in June in New York. Builds in deep holes of banks,
PLACE.

over lakes and rivers; and departs in August or the beginning of September. It is frequent in Sibiria and Kamtschatka. Is found in Europe as far north as Sondmor [*].

333. PURPLE SWIFT.

- Purple Martin, Catesby, i. 51,

- Great American Martin (fem?) Edw. 120.

- Hirundo purpurea. H. Subis, Lin. Syst. 344.—Latham, ii. 574. No 21.—575. Nos 23▪ 24.

- Le Martinet coleur de pourpre, De Buffon, vi. 676.

- L'Hirondelle de la Baie de Hudson, Ib. 677.

- L'Hirondelle de la Louisiane, Ib. 674.—Pl. Enl. 722.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

SW. With its whole plumage black, glossed most richly with variable blue and deep purple: wings and tail of a duller color: legs and feet naked, large, and strong; three toes only standing forward, not all four, as in the European kind. In SIZE far superior to the English Swift; but the wings in proportion shorter.

The colors of the FEMALE are less glossy on the upper part of the body; below of a dirty white: in some, the ridge of the wings is white, and the breast grey. Such is the specimen engraven by Mr. Edwards; which I suspect to be a young bird, and not to differ in species, although it may in sex, from that of Mr. Catesby; for I have had opportunity of examining both male and female from New York. I must also unite the Louisiane of the Count De Buffon, to this species.

Inhabits North America,
PLACE.

from Hudson's Bay to South Carolina and Louisiana. Appears in New York in April. Leaves the province the latter end of August. By the self-interest of mankind, they are welcome guests, and provided with lodgings, in form of earthen pots or boxes, placed on the outsides of the houses, against their arrival, and sometimes with empty calabashes hung on the tops of poles[†]. In these they make their nests, and lay four or five eggs. In return for these benefits, they are the guardian of the poultry; driving away, and pursuing with great noise, Crows, Hawks, and all kinds of vermin. On the approach of any thing noxious, they set up a loud note; which the chickens consider as an alarm, and instantly run under shelter.

334. SWIFT.

- Br. Zool. i. No 171.—Latham, ii. 584.

- Swift, or Diveling, Lawson, 145.

- Hirundo apus. Ring-Swala, Faun. Suec. 272.

- Le Martinet noir, De Buffon, 643.—Pl. Enl. 542.—BL. MUS.

SW. With a very small bill: white chin: all the plumage besides dusky: all the toes standing forward.

PLACE.

According to Mr. Lawson, inhabits Carolina. Found in vast abundance beyond lake Baikal, on the loftiest rocks; chiefly about the river Onon, where a variety with a white rump is very common. Extends in Europe as high as Drontheim.

335. ACULEATED.

- American Swallow, Catesby, i. 8.

- Chimney Swallow, Kalm. ii. 146.

- Hirundo pelasgia, Lin. Syst. 345.—Latham, ii. 583.

- Le Hirondelle brune acutipenne, De Buffon, vi. 699. — Pl. Enl. 726. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

SW. With the bill short, broad, and black: head, upper part of the neck, and wings, dusky: breast cinereous: back, tail, and belly brown: tail even at the end; extremities of each shaft naked and sharp-pointed: wings extend far beyond the tail: legs longer than common to this tribe, and naked a little below the knee. LENGTH five inches and a half.

PLACE.

Inhabits many parts of North America. Arrives in New York and Pensylvania in May; somtimes early, sometimes late in the month. Builds in chimnies, forming a most curious nest, with bits of small sticks, cemented by peach-tree gum. It is open at top, and forms about a third of a circle. Lays four or five eggs in June, and quits the country in August. They often stick close to the chimney-wall by their feet, and support themselves by applying their sharp tail to the sides. They make all day a great thundering noise, by flying up and down the funnel.

It is remarkable, that three species of the American Swallows, in general seek the protection of houses for their places of building their nests, ovation, and nutrition; yet it is very certain, that before the arrival of the Europeans they must have had recourse to rocks or hollow trees for those purposes; for the miserable hovels of the Indians had neither eaves for the uses of the 331st and 330th species, nor chimnies for that of the bird in question. The two first must therefore have fixed their nest against the face of some precipice, as some of the House Swallows do at present in America, and this species does about the steep rocks about Irkutsk in Sibiria.
IN SIBIRIA.

The instinct that directs part of this genus to fly to the protection of mankind, as soon as opportunity, unknown to preceding broods, offered, is as wonderful as it is inexplicable.

The Comte De Buffon mentions another of this species[*],
LOUISIANE. A VARIETY.

which is found in Louisiana. It differs only in the superior length of the wings, from the bird I describe: I therefore can consider it but as a mere variety.

XXXII. GOATSUCKER. Gen. Birds, LVI.

336. SHORT-WINGED.

- Goatsucker of Carolina, Catesby, i. 8.

- East India Bat, or Musqueto Hawk, Lawson, 144.

- L'Engoulevent dela Caroline, De Buffon, vi. 532.—Latham, ii. 592.

G. With the head, back, breast, and coverts of the wings, elegantly mottled with black and bright rust-color, and spotted with large ragged black marks: the scapulars of the same color, here and there spotted with white: on the lower part of the back is a mixture of ash-color: primaries and secondaries most beautifully varied with narrow bars of black and ferruginous; the four middle feathers of the tail barred and mottled with the same colors; as are the external webs of the three outmost on each side; but the inner webs of a snowy whiteness. Wings, when closed, reach little farther than half the length of the tail.
SIZE.

LENGTH twelve inches: EXTENT twenty-four.

PLACE.

I received this species from Doctor GARDEN of Charlestown, South Carolina; where it is called, from one of its notes, Chuck, Chuck Will's widow; and in the northern provinces, Whip poor Will, from the resemblance which another of its notes bears to those words. This, Mr. Kalm says, is the fancy of the Europeans; for the real sound is likest to Whipperiwhip, with a strong accent on the first and last syllable[*]. It begins its note about the time that the cherry-trees begin to blossom, or near the 22d of April, in the Jersies; probably sooner in the southern provinces. Mr. Blackburne observed them first,
EGGS.

in the province of New York, in May. Adds, that they lay two eggs on the bare ground; and that they will scarcely quit them on the nearest approach. They disappear in August.

FOOD.

Their food is entirely insects, which they catch night and morning, at the time in which they emit their song. They never settle on high trees; but on bushes, rails, or the steps of houses, which they frequent, as insects swarm more, near to habitations, than other places. They give their note sitting: if they see an insect pass, they fly up, catch it, and then settle again, and renew their song. Oft-times numbers perch near one another, make a vast noise, repeating their song as if in emulation. They continue their call till it is quite dark: their note ceases during night; but commences at the dawn, and is continued till the sun rises, when they again desist for the whole day[*]. I must add, that, besides these notes, it has that strange sound resembling the turning of a great spinning-wheel; probably common to the whole genus[†].

They are extremely rare towards the sea-side; but swarm towards the mountains. Doctor Garden never got but this one. Mr. Clayton confirms their scarcity in the maritime parts of the provinces; and favors us with the following account of them.

‘I never heard but one in the maritime parts; though my abode has been always there; but near the mountains, within a few minutes after sun-set, they begin, and make so shrill and loud a noise, which the echoes from the rocks and sides of the mountains increase to such a degree, that the first time I lodged there I could hardly get any sleep. The shooting them in the night is very difficult; they never appearing in the day. Their cry is pretty much like the sound of the pronunciation of the words Whip poor Will, with a kind of a chucking between every other, or every two or three cries; and they lay the accent upon the last word Will, and lest of all upon the middle one.’

The Indians say, these birds were never known till a great massacre was made of their country folks by the English, and that they are the departed spirits of the massacred Indians. Abundance of people here look upon them as birds of ill omen, and are very melancholy if one lights on their house or near their door, and sets up its cry (as they will sometimes upon the very threshold); for they verily believe one of the family will die very soon after[*].

337. LONG-WINGED.

- Whip poor Will, or lesser Goatsucker, Edw. 63.—Catesby, App. 16.— Latham, ii. 595.

- Caprimulgus minor Americanus, Lin. Syst. 346.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

G. With the head and body dusky, mottled with white and pale rust-color: primaries black, marked near the middle with a white bar: under the throat is a white crescent, with the ends pointing upwards; breast barred with dirty white and dusky: tail black, marked regularly on each web with spots, mottled with black and white: near the ends of each feather is a large white spot, the ends quite black: wings, when closed, extend beyond the end of the tail. LENGTH nine inches and a half: EXTENT about twenty-three.

PLACE.

Inhabits the same provinces with the former, and seems to have the same manners and notes; for, according to Doctor Garden, each are known in different places, by the name of Whip poor Will. It is found as far north as Henly House, a settlement for about a hundred miles up Albany river in Hudson's Bay, where it is called the Musquets Hawk.

〈◊〉

Swallow No. 335. 〈…〉

- A. EUROPEAN.

- Caprimulgus Europeus. Nattskafwa. Quallknarran, Faun. Suec. No 274. — Latham, ii. 593.

- L'Engoulevent, De Buffon, vi. 512.—Br. Zool. i. No —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

G. With head and back elegantly streaked with narrow lines of black and grey, and with a few long oblong strokes of black and rust: belly barred with black and grey: wings black; each web finely marked with rusty spots: near the ends of the three first primaries, a large oval white spot: tail dusky, with regular spots, mottled with rust and black; ends of the two first feathers white. FEMALE wants the spots on the wings and tail.

It is found in Europe as far north as Sondmor,
PLACE.

and is common all over Sibiria and Kamtschatka; and lives not only in forests,
IN KAMTSCHATKA.

but in open countries, where it finds rocks or high banks for shelter.

Notes

*
Wil. Orn. 67.
↵

†
Schwenckfeldt av. Silesia, 375.
↵

‡
Rzaczynski, Hist. Nat. Polon. 298.
↵

‖
Hist D'Ois. i. 164. Pl. Enl. 449.
↵

§
Dr. PALLAS'S Catalogue of the Birds of the Russian empire, which he favored me with in MS. my surest clue to the Arctic birds.
↵

*
Especially in the winter, Leems, 233.
↵

†
Dr. Pallas.
↵

‡
M. Polo, in Purchas, iii. 85. in Bergeron. 74.
↵

‖
De Buffon.
↵

§
Extracts, iii. 303. A name by which I quote an abridgement of the travels of PALLAS, GMELIN, LEPECHIN, and others, published by the SOCIETE TYPOGRAPHIQUE, at Berne, under the title of HISTOIRE DES DECOUVERTES, faites par divers savans voyageurs dans plusieurs contreès de la Russie et de la Perse, 4 vols. 8vo.
↵

*
Le Pygargue a tête blanche, De Buffon, i. 99. Pl. Enl. 411.
↵

†
Catesby.
↵

*
Du Pratz, ii. 75. Latham, i. 36.
↵

†
Du Pratz, i. 298. Kalm, iii. 230.
↵

‡
Strabo, lib. x. p. 736. edit. Amstel. 1707.
↵

*
Adair's Hist. Am. Indians, 179.
↵

*
That agreeable traveller, the reverend Dr. Burnaby, adds, that it is often seen resting on the wing for some minutes, without any visible change of place, before it descends. Travels in America, 2d ed. p. 48.
↵

†
Extracts, i. 479.
↵

*
Bell. ii. 87.
↵

†
Bergeron, 75, 76.
↵

*
Bergeron, 75. 76.
↵

†
Monumens de la Monarchie Françoise, i. 372.
↵

‡
Mr. Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting, i. 33.
↵

§
Hutchins's Dorsetshire, ii. 443.
↵

‖
Malmsbury, lib. ii. c. 6.
↵

*
In Russia, lat. 52 north.
↵

*
DR. PALLAS.
↵

†
In the Baltic, a little north-east of Bornholm.
↵

*
Journal des obserru. &c. vol. ii. 33.
↵

*
Leems, 331.
↵

†
Brunnick, No 12.
↵

*
Hist. Kamtschatka, 501.
↵

†
Salmo. Carpio, Faun. Groenl. 170, No 124.
↵

*
Lib. x. c. 3.
↵

*
Brunnick, p. 2.
↵

†
Olaffen, i. 32.
↵

*
Horrebow, 59, 60.
↵

†
Brunnick, p. 3. Horrebow, 58.
↵

‡
Madox, Antiq. Exch. 469. 497.
↵

‖
Arist. de Mirabil. Auscult.
↵

†
Lib. xiv. ep. 216.
↵

‡
Olina, 65.
↵

‖
Hist. Nat. lib. xci. c. 44.
↵

§
Fr. ed. octavo, 82.
↵

¶
Saxon Chr. 60.
↵

*
Quoted by Mr. Whitaker in Hist. Manchester, from Max. Bibliotheca Patrum, xiii. p. 85. ep. 40.
↵

*
Spelman's Gloss.
↵

†
Olearius's travels, 177.
↵

‡
Strahlenberg, tab. A. B.
↵

*
Leems, 235.
↵

†
Strom.
↵

‡
At the time this sheet was printing, I had the good fortune to meet with Mr. Hutchins, surgeon, a gentleman many years resident in Hudson's Bay; who, with the utmost liberality, communicated to me his MS. observations, in a large folio volume: in every page of which his extensive knowlege appears. The benefit which this work will, from the present page, receive, is here once for all gratefully acknowleged.
↵

*
Extracts, i. 315.
↵

†
Hammer, Faun. Norway.
↵

‡
Amoen. Acad. iv.
↵

‖
Extracts, i. 100.
↵

§
Vol. ii. 142.
↵

¶
Forskahl, Descr. Arab. 7.
↵

**
Wil. Orn. 75.
↵

*
Belon Obs. xxxvi. p. 107. b.
↵

†
Aves.
↵

‡
See this subject most ingeniously handled in Mr. STILLINGFLEET'S Essays, in the Calendar of Flora.
↵

*
Strom. 235.
↵

†
The same.
↵

*
Calendar of Flora, and Migr. av. in Amoen. Acad. v. 397. 382.—Is found as far south as as the Holy Land. Hasselquist, Itin. 291.
↵

*
Faun, Suec.
↵

†
Extracts, ii. 142.
↵

*
Colden's Six Indian Nations, i. 17.
↵

†
If no mistake is made in Mr. Hutchins's MS. the extent is less by far than that of the English kind.
↵

‡
Hasselquist, Itin. 233.
↵

*
Voy. Peru, ii. 562.
↵

†
See Strix Funerea, Faun. Suec. No 75. Pontop. Atlas Danica, tab. 25. Olaffen's Iceland, ii. tab. 46.
↵

*
Extracts, i. 91. ii. 142.
↵

*
Extracts, ii. 142.
↵

†
Brunnick, No 19.
↵

*
Rariora Norvegiae, in Amoen. Acad. vii. 479.
↵

*
EDWARDS, Gl. p. 233.
↵

†
The Freres tale. Ful of venime, because it was believed, that the thorn on which it stuck its prey was venomous.
↵

*
Ois. vi. 115.
↵

†
Journal Historique, vi. 124.
↵

‡
Ois. vi. 82.
↵

*
Barrington's Miscellanies, 489. 491.
↵

†
See Spilbergen's voy. in Purchas, i. 80; Wood's in Dampier's voy. iv. 112; and Byron's, in Hawksworth's Coll. i. 38. Besides these authorities, Lieut. Gore (since Captain) and Mr. Edwards, now surgeon at Caernarvon, who sailed with Mr. Byron, confirmed to me the existence of these birds in the streights of Magellan.
↵

*
Brunnick, p. 8.
↵

†
Egede, 64.
↵

*
Lawson, 139.
↵

†
Adair's Hist. Am. 173.
↵

‡
Mr. Hutchins.
↵

‖
Voyage, i. 121.
↵

§
See article Rook, p. 250, A. where a comparison is made of the differences between these two birds.
↵

*
Voyage, ii. 65.
↵

†
De Buffon, iii. 66.
↵

‡
Phil. Trans. lxii. 387.
↵

‖
Leems, 241.
↵

†
Mr. Hutchins.
↵

*
Latham, i. 387.
↵

*
I once had the curiosity to compare the measurements of these common birds, and found them as above; but they are often inferior in sizes to the subjects I examined.
↵

†
Extracts, i. 103.
↵

*
Russel's Aleppo, 69.
↵

†
Extracts, i. 100.
↵

*
Syst. 138. Faun. Suec. No 93.
↵

†
Russel's Aleppo, 69.
↵

†
Amoen. Acad. iv. 583.
↵

‡
De Buffon, iii. 139: from this circumstance, one of its German names is Birck-heher, or the Birch Jay.
↵

‖
Zinanni delle Nova, &c. p. 68. tab. x. fig. 29.
↵

§
Av. Silefiae, 244.
↵

¶
Voy. Senegal, Engl. ed. 25. 107.
↵

*
The Caterpillar of the Bruchus Pisi, or Pease Beetle, in particular. See Kalm, i. 173. 176.
↵

*
Lawson, 145.
↵

†
De Buffon.
↵

‡
Av. Nov. Hisp. 39.
↵

*
i. e. The Salt Starling, because in Mexico it frequents the salt lakes.
↵

*
Pontop. ii. 75.
↵

†
Leems, 291.
↵

†
Dr. PALLAS.
↵

*
Euseb. Nieremberg.
↵

†
Catesby.
↵

‡
Barrere.
↵

*
Catesby.
↵

†
Lafitau Moeurs de Sauvage, ii. 60.
↵

*
Kalm.
↵

*
Phil. Tr. lxii. 387.
↵

†
Kalm, ii. 36.
↵

*
Kalm, ii. 87.
↵

*
Phil. Trans. lxii. 388.
↵

*
Phil. Trans. lxii. 388.
↵

*
Vol. iii. 9.—Brisson, iv. 24, who follows Albin, calls it, Le Pic noir de la Nouvelle Angleterre.
↵

*
M. Sprunglin's collection at Stettlin, near Bern, who told me it was common among the Alps.
↵

*
Leems, 292.
↵

*
Catalogue of Swiss birds in M. Sprunglin's cabinet, which that gentleman favored me with. This species was not unnoticed by the great GESNER. See his Hist. av. ed. p. 710, line 20.
↵

†
Gmelin. voy. Sibiria, ii. 113.
↵

‡
Leems, 292.
↵

‖
Flora Lapp. Proleg. 21.
↵

*
Fernandez, Nov. Hisp. 13.
↵

*
Muller, Prod. Zool. Dan. 13.
↵

†
Gmelin, voy. ii. 112.
↵

*
Among a small collection of drawings made in that country by one of our voyagers.
↵

†
Strom. 247.
↵

*
Correct the description of this part in the British Zoology.
↵

†
See Br. Zool. i. 258.—Is rarely seen in Britain.
↵

*
Strom, 244.
↵

†
De Buffon, v. 542.
↵

*
This genus may be divided into those with strait and those with incurvated bills; but there being none of the last in North America, the distinction is omitted.
↵

*
Hist. of West Indies, translated by Richard Eden, p. 199.
↵

†
Hist. An. lib. ix. c. 11. vol. i. 931.—Charlevoix, v. 232.
↵

*
New England Rarities, 8.
↵

†
Hist. Carolina, 149 and 27.
↵

‡
App. xliv. The greatest certain weight is given by Mr. Clayton, who saw one that reached 38 lb.—Ph. Trans.
↵

*
De Buffon.
↵

†
Lawson, 45.
↵

‡
Lawson, 149.
↵

‖
Adair's Amer. 360.
↵

§
It is in the swamps that the loftiest and most bulky trees grow: the wet, with which they are environed, makes them a most secure retreat.
↵

*
Lawson, 149.
↵

†
Lawson, 18. Adair, 423.
↵

‡
Du Pratz, ii. 85.
↵

‖
Du Pratz, 224.
↵

§
248. Hist. des Ois.
↵

*
Lib. iii. c. 9.
↵

†
Lib. x. c. 26.
↵

‡
Av. 481.
↵

‖
De Anim. lib. xvi. c. 2.
↵

*
Edw. ii. 67. Brisson, i. 291. Lin. Syst. 268.
↵

†
Lib. xv. p. 1046.
↵

‡
De Anim. lib. xvii. c. 23.
↵

‖
Russell, 63.
↵

§
Tavernier, 146.
↵

¶
Bell's Travels, i. 128.
↵

*
Sir James Porter's Obs. Turkey, i. 1.
↵

†
I. 321.
↵

‡
Barbot, in Churchill's Coll. v. 29. Bosman, 229.
↵

‖
Hist. Nat. Aegypti, i. 201.
↵

¶
Kennet's Parochial Antiq. 287.
↵

§
Neither in that of George Nevil, archbishop of York, in 1466, nor among the delicacies mentioned in the Northumberland Houshold Book, in the beginning of the reign of Henry VIII.
↵

*
Caii Opusc. 93.
↵

†
Hist. An. lib. vi. c. 2.
↵

‡
In Purchas, iii. 995.
↵

‖
Hist. Av. Nov. Hisp. 27.
↵

*
Seventeen Years Travels, 20.
↵

†
In De Laet's Descr. des Indes, 491.
↵

‡
Voyages, vol. ii. part 2d. p. 65, 85, 114.
↵

‖
De Bry.
↵

§
Baker's Chr. Anderson's Dict. Com. i. 354. Hackluyt, ii. 165. makes their introduction about the year 1532. Barnaby Googe, one of our early writers on husbandry, says they were not seen here before 1530. He highly commends a Lady Hales, of Kent, for her excellent management of those fowl. p. 166.
↵

*
Five hundred pointes of good husbandrie, p. 57.
↵

†
Anderson's Dict. Comm. i. 410.
↵

‡
Pontopp. 78.
↵

*
Phil. Trans. lxii. 393.
↵

†
The accounts given by Bossu, Engl. ed. i. 95. and by Du Pratz, ii. are too flight for us to determine the species they mean. Charlevoix, in his account of Canada, vol. v. describes it very well.
↵

*
The Comte De Buffon, ii. 282. falls into this mistake.
↵

†
Catesby.
↵

*
Br. Zool. i. No 92. tab. xl.
↵

†
Ois. ii. 279.
↵

*
Ph. Tr. lxii. 390.
↵

*
Drage's Voy. ii. 9.
↵

†
The feathers of the Russian kind, whichsoever it was, in early times, about Pechora, were an article of commerce, and were sold for two pence of their money per Pood, or 38 lb. Purchas, iii. 536.
↵

‡
The Russian White Grous inhabits indifferently woods, mountains, plains, and marshes. The British species or variety is in Russia about half the size of the Sibirian kind.
↵

*
Fl. Lap. 268.
↵

†
Pontoppidan, ii. 92.
↵

‡
Drage's Voy. i. 174.
↵

‖
Empetrum Nigrum. See Crantz. Greenl. i. 64, 75.
↵

*
Faun. Groenl. p. 117.
↵

†
Quoted in North-west Fox, 228.
↵

‡
Recucil de Voy. au Nord. iii. 344.
↵

*
Lib. xiv. p. 654.
↵

†
Hist. An. lib. vi. c. 1.
↵

‡
Hist. Nat. lib. x. c. 22.
↵

§
Leems, 241.
↵

*
The Taccamahacca of North America. Catesby, i. 34.
↵

*
Amoen. Acad. iv. 591.
↵

†
Olaus Gent. Septr. lib. xix. c. 13.
↵

*
Faun. Groenl. p. 117.
↵

*
Scheffer Lapl. 138.
↵

†
Catalogue of Iceland Birds, MS.
↵

‡
Gesner Av. 230.
↵

*
Brunnich, No 201.
↵

*
Amoen. Acad. iv. 592.
↵

*
Extracts, 143.
↵

*
Du Pratz.
↵

†
The same.
↵

‡
Ph. Tr. lxii. 398.
↵

‖
Bartram's Journey to Onandago, 36.—Kalm's Travels, ii. 311.
↵

§
Acer Rubrum, Lin. —Catesby, i. 62.
↵

¶
Ulmus Americana, Lin.
↵

**
Catesby.
↵

*
Lawson, 44.—The Rev. Mr. Burnaby relates the prodigious flights he saw passing in September, southerly, over New England. He adds, he scarcely met with any other food in the inns he was at. p. 132.
↵

†
Voy. 99.
↵

‡
Lawson, 44.
↵

*
Phytolacca Decandria, Lin. Sp. Pl. 631.
↵

*
Lin. Sp. Pl. 723.
↵

‡
In Barrington's Miscellanies, 492.
↵

*
Xanthoxylum Clava Herculis, Lin. Sp. Pl. 1455.—Catesby, i. 26.
↵

*
Ekmark Migr. av. in Amoen. Acad. iv. 593.
↵

†
Leems, 245.
↵

‡
Pontop. ii. 69.—Since the publication of the last edition of the British Zoology, I have been informed, by the Rev. Mr. Ashby, of Barrow, near Newmarket, that multitudes of Stock Doves breed in the rabbet-burrows on the sandy plains of Suffolk, about Brandon; and that the shepherds annually take the young for sale.
↵

*
Leems, 194.
↵

†
Brunnich, 64.
↵

*
Leems, 261.
↵

†
Voy. en Sibirie, ii. 112.
↵

*
Sloane, ii. 306.
↵

†
Lawson.
↵

*
Kalm, i. 218.
↵

†
Cornus Florida, Lin. Sp. Pl.
↵

‡
Fernandez, p. 20.
↵

§
Catesby.
↵

*
Ph. Transact. lxii. 399.
↵

*
Amyris Elemifera, Lin. Sp. Pl. i. 495.
↵

†
Catesby.
↵

‡
Sloane, ii. 305.
↵

*
Edwards.
↵

*
From Hudson's Bay.—LEV. MUS.
↵

†
New York.—BL. MUS.
↵

‡
Amoen. Acad. iv. 594.
↵

*
Klein Migr. av. 178.
↵

†
Hist. Norway, 69.
↵

‡
Russel's Aleppo, 65, 71.
↵

§
Cleghorn's Minorca, 56.
↵

*
Strom, 260.
↵

†
Faun. Suec. No 218.
↵

‡
Klein, Migr. av. 178.
↵

*
Russel's Aleppo, 70.
↵

†
Gjelavaelgo Lapponum.—Leems, 260.
↵

‡
Oyseaux, 319.
↵

*
Extracts, i. 107.
↵

*
De Buffon.
↵

†
Hist. av. Nov. Hisp. 55.
↵

‡
Travels, i. 198.
↵

*
Ph. Trans. lxii.
↵

†
Voy. to Hudson's Bay, ii. 5.
↵

*
Du Pratz, ii. 94.
↵

†
Kalm, ii. 71.—He says that they are very destructive to Bees.
↵

*
Du Pratz, ii. 93.
↵

*
Amyris Toxifera, Lin. Sp. Pl. 496.
↵

*
Faun. Suec. No 222.
↵

*
Phil. Trans. lxii. 403.
↵

†
Crantz, i. 77.
↵

*
Lord Mulgrave's Voy. 188.—Marten's Voy. 73.
↵

†
Leems, 256.
↵

‡
Faun. Greenl. 118.
↵

§
De Gent. Septentr. lib. xix. p. 156.
↵

‖
Finmark, 255.
↵

*
Bishop Pocock's Journal, MS.
↵

†
Morton's Northamp. 427.
↵

‡
Bell's Travels, i. 198.
↵

§
Kramer Anim. Austr. 372.
↵

*
Lawson, 146.
↵

†
Kalm, ii. 51, 81.
↵

*
Hist. d'Ois. iv. 339.—Pl. Enl. 388. fig. 2.
↵

*
Raii Hist. Pl. ii. 1446.
↵

†
Strabo, lib. xv. p. 1014.
↵

‡
Anderson's Dict. ii. 327.
↵

§
The same, 238—and Catesby, ii. Account of Carolina, xvii.
↵

*
American Traveller, 95, 101.—In a news-paper of last year, I met with the following article:—A Gentleman died lately in Carolina, without any nearer relation than a third cousin. He determined to leave his estate, consisting of three fine plantations, to some person whose public deserts would justify such a step. The Gentleman, on consideration, determined in favour of Mr. Ashby, a gentleman in the province, whose ancestor had introduced the culture of rice, by which Carolina had increased so amazingly in wealth, declaring at the same time in his will, that if there had been any living person to whom his country was equally obliged, in the same line of peace, he would have preferred him. Mr. Ashby, on his death, which happened lately, took possession of the Gentleman's estate, in consequence of this will.—How much more rational is such a conduct, than endowing colleges or hospitals!
↵

*
Emberiza Rutila Pallas Itin. iii. 698.
↵

*
Strom. 240.
↵

*
Strom. 230.
↵

†
Amoen. Acad. iv. 595.
↵

‡
De Buffon, iv. 309.
↵

§
M. SCOPOLI'S List of Italian birds, MS. with which he favored me.
↵

‖
Kram. Austr. 371.
↵

*
Arist. Hist. An. lib. viii. c. 12: and Varro de re Rust. lib. iii. c. 5.—Ficedulae et miliariae dictae à cibo, quod alterae fico: alterae milio fiant pingues. Varro de Ling. Lat. iv.
↵

†
See a plan in the Leipsic edition of Var. de re Rust, lib. iii. v.
↵

*
Du Pratz.
↵

*
L'Olivet, De Buffon, iv. 269.
↵

†
Du Pratz, ii.
↵

*
BL. MUS.
↵

*
Pl. Enl. 183. fig. 1.
↵

*
Travels, iii. 699.
↵

*
Fauna Greenl. 119.
↵

*
Pallas's Travels, ii. 710.
↵

*
Gran-Irisk, Leems: well described, p. 256.
↵

†
Linaria Saxatilis. Stein-henffling, Schwenckfelt. Av. Silesiae, 294.
↵

*
Amoen. Acad. iv. 596.
↵

*
Amoen. Acad. iv. 595.
↵

†
M. Scopoli, MS. List, & Av. 148.
↵

‡
Cleghorn, 56.
↵

§
Aves Nidr. Enum. MS.
↵

*
Strom. 225.
↵

†
Gunner, in Leems, 256.
↵

‡
Siisgen? Pontoppidan, ii. 94.
↵

*
The description refers to the Black-cap Warbler. The figure to this bird.
↵

†
Act. Nidros, v. 543.
↵

*
Amoen. Acad. iv. 593.
↵

*
Mr. Latham, ii. 372.
↵

†
v. 38.
↵

*
Av. Nidr. Enum. MS.
↵

†
STILLINGFLEET'S Tracts, 2d ed. 265.
↵

*
Sloane's Jamaica, ii. 312.
↵

*
Sloane, i. 309.
↵

*
Pl. Enl. 704.
↵

*
Catesby, ii. 61.
↵

*
Av. Nidr. Catal. MS.
↵

*
Brunnich, No 284.
↵

*
Amoen. Acad. iv. 597.
↵

†
Russell, as quoted by Mr. Latham.
↵

‡
Fryer's. Trav. 248.
↵

§
Hasselquist.
↵

*
Mr. Latham.
↵

†
Amoen. Acad, iv. 597.
↵

*
Edw. Birds, i. Preface, xii.
↵

†
Faun. Groenl. No 84.
↵

‡
Amoen. Acad. iv. 597.
↵

*
Faun. Groenl. 123.
↵

*
Phil. Trans. lxii. 407.
↵

*
De Buffon, v. 407.—Pl. Enl. 502.
↵

*
Strom. 239.
↵

†
Ibid.
↵

*
Voy. i. 24.—See also Br. Zool. i. p. 344, &c.
↵

*
Ph. Trans. lxii. 408.
↵

*
Strom. 249.
↵

†
Lawson, 144.
↵

*
vi. 700.
↵

*
Kalm, ii. 152.
↵

*
Kalm, ii. 153.
↵

†
Br. Zool. i. p. 352, 4to—417, 8vo.
↵

*
Catesby, App. 16.
↵

DIV. II. WATER FOWLS. SECT. I. CLOVEN-FOOTED.
DIV. II. Water-Fowls.

SECT. I. CLOVEN-FOOTED.

XXXIII. SPOON-BILL. Gen. Birds, LIX.

338. ROSEATE.

- Ajaja, Marcgrave, 204.—Wil. Orn.—Raii Av.—Platalea ajaja, Lin. Sjst. 231. —Latham, iii.

- La Spatule d'Amerique, De Buffon, vii. 456.—Pl. Enl. 165.—Du Pratz, ii. 84.

SP. B. With the fore part of the head and throat naked and whitish: the whole plumage white, tinged with a beautiful rose-color, deepest about the wings and coverts of the tail, where it nearly approaches crimson. SIZE of a Goose. Is an eatable fowl. Is conversant in Louisiana,
PLACE.

about the shores and rivers; and lives on water-insects and small fish. Is found also in Mexico [*], Guiana [†], Brasil, and in Jamaica, and the greater Antilles. The plumage acquires its beauty in proportion to the age of the bird[‡]; so probably is whitish when young. It soon grows tame.

- A. SPOON-BILL, Br. Zool. ii. App. No ix.—La Spatule, De Buffon, vii. 448. tab. xxiv. —Pl. Enl. 405.—Latham, iii.

- Platalea Leucorodia, Pelekan, Faun. Suec. No 160.—LEV. MUS.

SP. B. Wholly white, with a pendent crest: legs and bill black: at the angles of the bill, on each cheek, a bright orange spot. From the end of the bill to end of the claws, forty inches. EXTENT fifty-two.

Inhabits the Feroe isles[*];
PLACE.

and on the continent is sometimes found in summer as high as West Bothnia and Lapland [†]. Inhabits also the temperate parts of Russia and Sibiria, both in flocks and solitary, frequenting the vast lakes of the country. Is seen even beyond lake Baikal. Winters in the south. Builds its nest on high trees, and is very clamorous in the breeding season. Lays four eggs. Feeds on fish, which it is said to take from the diving tribe of birds, frightening them from their prey by clattering its bill[‡]. It devours frogs and snakes; and will even feed on vegetables.

XXXIV. HERON. Gen. Birds, LXIII.

339. HOOPING CRANE.

- Hooping Crane, Catesby, i. 75.—Edw. 132.—Latham, iii.

- Ardea Americana, Lin. Syst. 234.

- La Grue blanche, De Buffon, vii. 308.—Pl. Enl. 889.

H. With a yellowish brown bill, serrated near the end: crown covered with a red skin, thinly beset with black bristles: from the bill, beneath each eye, extends a similar stripe: on the hind part of the head a triangular black spot: quil feathers, and a few of the greater coverts, black: secondaries, and the whole plumage, of a pure white: webs of the tertials elegantly loose and unconnected, and, falling over the primaries, almost conceal them: legs and feet black and scaly. LENGTH from the bill to the tip of the claws five feet seven inches.

PLACE.

Inhabits all parts of North America, from Florida to Hudson's Bay. Is migratory: appears early in the spring about the Alatamaha, and other rivers near St. Augustine, and then quits the country in great numbers, and flies north in order to breed in security. They appear in summer in Hudson's Bay, and return southward with their young on approach of winter. They make a remarkable hooping noise: this makes me imagine these to have been the birds, whose clamor Captain Philip Amidas (the first Englishman who ever set foot on North America) so graphically describes, on his landing on the isle of Wokokou, off the coast of North Carolina: "WHEN," says he, ‘such a flock of Cranes (the most part white) arose under us, with such a cry, redoubled by many ecchoes, as if an armie of men had showted all together.’ This was in the month of July [*]; which proves, that in those early days this species bred in the then desert parts of the southern provinces, till driven away by population, as was the case with the common Crane in England; which abounded in our undrained fens, till cultivation forced them entirely to quit our kingdom.

340. BROWN CRANE.

- Brown and ash-colored Crane, Edw. 133.—Grus Canadensis, Lin. Syst. 234.— Toquil Coyotl, Fernandez, 44 —Latham, iii.

- La Grue brune, De Buffon, vii. 310.—LEV. MUS.

H. With a dusky bill, near four inches long: crown red and naked: cheeks and throat white: hind part of the head and whole neck cinereous; rest of the plumage of the same color, tinged with pale rust: primaries black, shafts white; the row of feathers incumbent on them light ash: tertials brown with elegant loose webs, incurvated, and extending beyond the ends of the primaries: tail cinereous: legs black. LENGTH three feet three. EXTENT three,
SIZE.

five. WEIGHT seven pounds and a half.

This species is found in Mexico;
PLACE.

but migrates into the north to breed. About the middle of February they are seen in their flight over the Jersies, steering northerly; and in the spring some make a short halt there[*]. They arrive in May about Severn river in Hudson's Bay. Frequent lakes and ponds. Feed on fish and insects. Hatch two young; and retire southward in autumn [†]. I must observe, that they formerly made a halt in the Hurons country, at the season in which the Indians set their maiz; and again on their return from the north, when the harvest was ready, in order to feed on the grain. The Indians, at those times, were used to shoot them with arrows headed with stone; for Theodat [‡], my authority, made his remarks in that country in the beginning of the last century.

341. GREAT.

- Largest crested Heron, Catesby, App. 10.—Ardea Herodias, Lin. Syst.

- Le grand Heron d'Amerique, De Buffon, vii. 385.—Latham, iii.

H. With a bill eight inches long: on the hind part of the neck a long crest of slender herring-bone feathers, of a brown color, to be erected at pleasure: the head, neck, and whole of the body, brown, palest on the under part, and spotted: primaries black: legs brown. HEIGHT, when erect, four feet and a half.

PLACE.

Inhabits Virginia. Feeds on fish, frogs, and lizards.

342. RED-SHOULDERED.

- Ash-colored Heron, Edw. 135.—Ardea Hudsonias, Lin. Syst. 238.—Latham, iii.

- Le Heron de la Baie d'Hudson, De Buffon, vii. 386.—LEV. MUS.

H. With a white forehead: black crest: hind part of the neck of a reddish brown; fore part white, spotted with black: feathers on the breast long and narrow: belly black and white, bounded with black: sides grey: primaries and tail dusky: coverts and secondaries cinereous: shoulders and thighs of an orange red: bill yellowish: legs dusky. In SIZE superior to the English Heron.

PLACE.

Inhabits Hudson's Bay, frequenting, during summer, the inland lakes.

FEMALE?

Head smooth, deep cinereous: neck paler: throat white: breast and belly white, striped downwards with black: back, tail, and coverts of wings, light ash: primaries black: shoulders and thighs of a dirty yellow: legs dusky.

PLACE.

Sent to Mrs. Blackburn from New York, under the name of the Hen Heron. It probably is the female of the last. Its LENGTH was three feet to the tail: to the end of the toes four feet nine.

343. COMMOM HERON.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 173 —Ardea cinerea. Hagen, Faun. Suec. No 165.—Latham, iii.

- Le Heron commun, De Buffon, vii. 34.—Pl. Enl. 787. 755.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

H. With a white crown: long pendent black crest: white neck, streaked before with black: coverts of the wings, scapulars, and tail, grey: belly white: primaries dusky. Crest on the FEMALE very short. LENGTH three feet three.

PLACE.

Is frequent in Carolina [*]; and I think a specimen was sent to Mrs. Blackburn from New York, where they breed in flocks as they do in England. If I mistake not the kind, they come to New York in May, and retire in October. They are found in Russia, and Sibiria, but not very far north. Crantz says, that they have been seen in the south of Greenland; but were never observed by Fabricius [*]: but it certainly inhabits Romsdal and Nordmer [†], in the severe climate of the diocese of Drontheim.

It may be here remarked, that this, and the whole tribe of what Linnaeus calls Grallae, or the Cloven-footed Water Fowl, quit Sweden; and of course the more northern countries, at approach of winter; nor is a single species seen till the return of spring[‡].

344. GREAT WHITE.

- White Heron, Br. Zool. i. No 175.—Ardea Alba, Lin. Syst. 239.—Faun. Suec. No 166.—Latham, iii.

- Le Heron blanc, De Buffon, vii. 365.—Pl. Enl. 886.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

H. With a very slender yellow bill: plumage entirely of a milk white: legs black. LENGTH to the toes four feet and a half.

Inhabits America, from Jamaica and Mexico,
PLACE.

to New England. It migrates, being seen in New York from June to October only. Is found, but rarely, in Sweden. Inhabits the Russian dominions, about the Caspian and Black Seas, the lakes of Great Tartary, and the river Irtish, and sometimes extends north as high as lat. 53. Captain Cook observed this species in New Zealand ‖.

345. LITTLE WHITE.

- Garzetta, Aldr. Av. lib. iii. 161.—Will. Orn. 280.—Raii Syn. Av. 99.— Catesby, i. 77.—Latham, iii.

- La Garzette blanche, De Buffon, vii. 371.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

H. With the bill and legs black: whole plumage white: on the head a short crest. LENGTH two feet.

This species is found in New York.
PLACE.

Is met with again in New Zealand and Otaheite.

The little white Carolina Heron of Catesby, with a red bill and green legs, seems only a variety of this.

346. GREAT EGRET.

- La grande Aigrette, De Buffon, vii. 377.—Pl. Enl. 925.—Latham, iii.

H. With a long slender crest: bill and legs black: whole plumage of a silvery whiteness: the feathers on the back inexpressibly elegant, long, silky, narrow, and with unwebbed plumes, hanging over the wings and tail; the same kind are pendent from the breast. Of double the SIZE of the European species. LENGTH of which, from bill to the tip of the tail, is two feet[*].

PLACE.

Inhabits Louisiana and Guiana. Does not frequent the shores; but the vast morasses and overflown tracts, where it nestles on the little isles formed by the inundations. The Guiritinga of the Brasilians [†] is probably the same species. It extends to the Falkland isles; for Bougainville observed these Egrets, which he first thought were common Herons. They fed towards night, and made a barking noise[‡].

The feathers of the Great Egret would prove a valuable article of commerce, being very much sought after for the ornamental part of dress.

347. LITTLE EGRET.

- Br. Zool. ii. App. No vii.—Ardea Garzetta, Lin. Syst. 237.—Latham, iii.

- L'Aigrette, De Buffon, vii. 372. tab. xx.—Pl. Enl. 901.—LEV. MUS.

H. With yellow irides: a crest with some short and two long pendent feathers: whole plumage of a delicate silvery white: feathers on the breast and scapulars very delicate, loose, and unwebbed: legs a blackish green. WEIGHT about one pound. LENGTH to the tip of the tail two feet.

Is frequent in New York and Long Island:
PLACE.

about the Black and Caspian seas; but seldom farther north. Are found in France, and the south of Europe. Migrates into Austria in spring and autumn[*]. Is frequent in Senegal, Madagascar, Isle de Bourbon, and Siam [†].

348. REDDISH EGRET.

- L'Aigrette rousse, De Buffon, vii. 378.—Pl. Enl. 902.—Latham iii.

H. With the body of a blackish grey: the silky long feathers of the neck and back of a rusty red. LENGTH about two feet.

Inhabits Louisiana.
PLACE.

349. GREEN.

- Small Bittern, Catesby, i. 80.—Ardea virescens, Lin. Syst. 238.—Latham, iii.

- Le Crabier vert, De Buffon, vii. 404.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

H. With a green head, and large green crest: bill dusky above, yellow beneath: throat white: neck a bright bay, streaked before with white: coverts of the wings dusky green, edged with white: tail and primaries dusky: feathers on the back cinereous, long, narrow, and silky: belly of a cinereous red: legs yellowish. The colors of the FEMALE less brilliant: wings spotted with rust-color. It wants the long silky feathers. LENGTH eighteen inches.

Inhabits from New York to South Carolina. Usually sits,
PLACE.

with its long neck contracted, on trees hanging over rivers. Feeds on small fish, frogs, and crabs. From the last, the French call several of these Herons Crabiers.

They are supposed to migrate, even from Carolina, at approach of winter.

350. LOUISIANE.

- Le Crabier roux à tête & queue vertes, De Buffon, vii. 407.—Pl. Enl. 909.— Latham, iii.

H. With the crown and tail of a dull green: the neck and belly red, tinged with brown: coverts of the wings dusky green, edged with tawny: the back covered with long slender feathers, faintly dashed with purple.

PLACE.

Inhabits Louisiana.

351. BLUE.

- Blue Bittern, Catesby, i. 76.—Le Crabier bleu, De Buffon, vii. 398.— Ardea Caerulea, Lin. Syst. 238.—Latham, iii.—LEV. MUS.

H. With a blue bill, dusky at the point: head and neck of a changeable purple; the first adorned with a beautiful crest of long slender feathers: the remainder of the plumage entirely of a fine deep blue: from the breast depend several long feathers: the back is covered with others a foot in length, hanging four inches beyond the tail; they are silky, and of the same fine texture with those of the crest: the legs are green. WEIGHT fifteen ounces.

PLACE.

It appears, but not in numbers, in Carolina, and that only in the spring of the year. Its winter residence seems to be Jamaica [*].

352. YELLOW-CROWNED.

- Crested Bittern, Catesby, i. 79 —Ardea Violacea, Lin. Syst. 238.—Latham, iii.

- Le Crabier gris de fer, De Buffon, vii. 399.

H. With a black, strong, and thick bill: crown of a pale yellow: from the hind part issue three or four long slender white feathers, erigible at pleasure; some are six inches long: a broad white stripe runs from the corner of the lower mandible as far as the ears: the rest of the cheeks and head are of a blueish black: head, breast, belly, and coverts of wings, of a dusky blue: the primaries brown, tinged with blue: the back striped with black, mixed with white: from the upper part arise tufts of elegant slender silky feathers, falling beyond the tail: the legs and feet yellow. WEIGHT one pound and a half.

This species appears in Carolina in the rainy seasons:
PLACE.

but their native places are the Bahama islands, where they breed in amazing numbers, amidst the bushes in the rocks. They are called by the islanders Crab-catchers, as they chiefly live on those crustaceous animals. They are of great use to the inhabitants; who take the young birds before they can fly, and find them delicious eating. They swarm so on some of the rocky isles, that two men, in a few hours, will fill a small boat with them, taking them when perched on the rocks or bushes; for they will make no attempt to escape, notwithstanding they are full grown.

353. ASH-COLORED.

H. With a black strong bill: crown dusky: cheeks and chin whitish: neck of a pale cinereous brown, streaked before with white: back, wings, and tail, cinereous, clouded round each feather with dusky: feathers on the sides of the back long and broad, hanging over the ends of the wings: belly white: legs yellowish. LENGTH two feet one inch.

Inhabits New York. Arrives there in May: breeds,
PLACE.

and leaves the country in October.—BL. MUS.—Latham, iii.

354. STREAKED.

H. With a bill about two inches long: crown, back, and tail, of an uniform dusky color: hind part of the neck and cheeks rusty and black: chin and throat white: fore part of the neck marked with streaks of white and black: coverts of the wings, with streaks of black and yellowish white: ridge of the wing white: primaries dusky.—LEV. MUS.—Latham, iii.

Another, in the same Museum and same case (probably differing only in sex) has, from the lower mandible, a white line bounding the lower part of each cheek: the greater coverts of the wings and scapulars dusky, each feather tipt with white. In other respects it agrees with the former: the legs of each are greenish: the form of their bodies slender and elegant. LENGTH, from bill to the tip of the tail, about seventeen inches.

PLACE.

Sent to Sir Ashton Lever from North America.

355. GARDENIAN.

- Le Pouacre de Cayenne? Pl. Enl. 939.—Latham, iii.

H. With a dusky strong bill: head, neck, breast, and belly, whitish, elegantly streaked downwards with short fine lines of black; the crown and hind part the darkest: upper part of the back streaked with white; the lower dusky and plain: the whole wing of the same color: the lesser coverts marked with small yellowish spots; the greater coverts marked with a white spot at the end of each feather, forming, across the wings, two rows: the primaries edged with dull white; the ends tipt with the same: tail dusky: legs of a deep dirty yellow. LENGTH about twenty-two inches.

PLACE.

Doctor GARDEN, of South Carolina, favoured me with this bird. From the characteristic lines of white spots in the wings, I do not doubt but that the Brown Bittern of Catesby, i. 78, is the same [*] with this: notwithstanding, it would hardly be known, had he not preserved the spots in his very bad figure of it. He says it frequents ponds and rivers in the interior part of the country remote from the sea.—LEV. MUS.

356. NIGHT.

- Ardea Nycticorax, Lin. Syst. 135.—Will. Orn. 279.—Latham, iii.

- Le Bihoreau. Le B. de Cayenne, De Buffon, vii. 435. 439. tab. xxii.—Pl. Enl. 758. 759. 899.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

H. With a black bill, crown, back, and scapulars; the last broad and long: forehead, cheeks, neck, and under side of the body, white: wings and tail of a very pale ash-color: the hind part of the head is most specifically distinguished by three very slender white feathers, five inches long, forming a pendent crest: legs of a yellowish green. The LENGTH, to the tip of the tail, one foot seven inches.

Inhabits New York; and a variety is found as low as Cayenne.
PLACE.

Is common to Europe. Is frequent in the southern parts of the Russian dominions; but does not extend farther than lat. 53. It must not at this time be sought for in the wood near Sevenhuys in Holland, so noted in the days of Mr. Willughby for the vast rendezvous of Shags, Herons, Spoon-bills, and these birds, besides Ravens, Woodpigeons, and Turtles[*], it being now cut down. When Mr. Willughby visited the place it was rented, for the birds and grass, for three thousand gilders a year.

This bird is not the Nycticorax of the Antients; which was some rapacious fowl, probably of the Owl kind. It is the Nacht-rab, or Night-Raven of the Germans; so called from its nocturnal cry, resembling the straining of a person to vomit.

357. BITTERN.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 174.—Ardea Stellaris. Rordrum, Faun. Suec. No 164.—Latham, iii.

- Bittern from Hudson's Bay, Edw. 136.—Le Butor, De Buffon, vii. 411. 430.—Pl. Enl. 789.—LEV. MUS—BL. MUS.

H. With the upper mandible dusky; lower yellow: feathers on the crown black and long; on the cheeks tawny; on the throat white: hind part of the neck brownish red; fore part white, beautifully marked with short stripes of red, bounded on each side with one of black: feathers on the breast very long: the belly of the colors of the fore part of the neck: back, coverts of wings, and the tail, are ferruginous, traversed with dusky lines: primaries black: legs yellowish green. Rather inferior in SIZE to the European Bittern; but so like, as not to merit separation.

PLACE.

It inhabits from Hudson's Bay to Carolina [*]. In the former, it appears the latter end of May: lives among swamps and willows: lays two eggs. Like the European species, is very indolent; and, when disturbed, takes but a short flight[†].

That of the old continent is found in Russia; and, in Asia, in Sibiria, as far north as the river Lena, and is continued considerably to the north. Inhabits Sweden [‡]; but, with all the other Herons, disappears at approach of winter‖.

The second species of Bittern, mentioned by Lawson, p. 148. as being lesser than the former, with a great topping, of a deep brown color, and a yellowish white throat and breast, is at present unknown to us.

358. RUSTY-CROWNED.

H. With yellow irides: very small crest: the bill seven inches long, slender, and of the same color with the former: forehead dusky: throat white: crest and hind part of the neck of a deep ferruginous color: the fore part of the neck marked with four rows of black spots: the feathers towards the breast long: a dark line passes from the breast upwards to the back of the neck: the upper part of the body, and coverts of the wings, deep ferruginous, marked with a few large black spots: primaries dusky: tail short, and of a lead color: belly and breast of a dirty white, striped with black: legs of a dirty yellow. The crest on the head is very small, and the feathers lie universally smooth. SIZE of the European Bittern.

PLACE.

Inhabits North America; the province unknown. Described from a live bird at Amsterdam.—LEV. MUS?—Latham, iii.

359. LITTLE.

- Little Bittern, Br. Zool. ii. App. No x. tab. viii.—Pl. Enl. 323.—Latham, iii.

- Ardea Minuta, Lin. Syst. 240.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

H. With a smooth head: crown black: hind part of the neck and cheeks ferruginous: coverts on the ridge of the wing, and ends of the greater, of a bright bay; the rest of the coverts of a very pale clay color: primaries and secondaries dusky, with ferruginous tips: lower side of the neck and belly of a yellowish white: breast crossed with a band of black: tail black: legs of a dusky green. LENGTH, to the end of the tail, fifteen inches. The body narrow: neck very long.

Inhabits from New York to South Carolina,
PLACE.

and many parts of Europe. Extends to, and perhaps winters in Jamaica. Its eggs are of a sea-green color.

- A. COMMON CRANE, Br. Zool. ii. App. No vi.—Ardea Grus, Trana, Faun. Suec. No 161. —Latham, iii. —La Grue, De Buffon, vii. 286. tab. xiv.—Pl. Enl. 769. —LEV. MUS.

H. With a bald crown: fore part of the neck black: primaries black: a large tuft of elegant unwebbed curling feathers springing from one pinion of each wing: those, and all the rest of the plumage, cinereous. LENGTH six feet. WEIGHT about ten pounds.

Cranes arrive in Sweden in great flocks in the spring season; pair,
PLACE.

and disperse over the whole country; and usually resort to breed to the very same places which they had used for many years past[*]. No augural attention is paid to them there; yet Hesiod directs the Grecian farmer
to think of ploughing whenever he hears the annual clamor of the Cranes in the clouds[*].

PLACE.

Inhabits all Russia and Sibiria, even as far east as the river Anadyr; and migrates even to the Arctic circle. None seen in Kamtschatka, except on the very southern promontory, which they probably make a resting-place, on their re-migration; Kamtschatka being destitute of serpents and frogs, on which they feed in countries where corn is unknown. They lay two blueish eggs on the rushy ground: the young are hatched late; and as soon as they can fly attend their parents in their southern migration: ‘Poturae te, Nile, GRUES.’ For Egypt is generally supposed to be the great winter quarters of these birds. Previous to their retreat, they assemble in amazing numbers, choose their leader, soar to a considerable height, and then, with continued clamor, proceed to their designed place. Milton, when he touches on this wonderful instinct of nature, describes their progress with equal truth and elegance.

Part loosely wing the region: part more wise,

In common, rang'd in figure () wedge their way,

Intelligent of seasons, and set forth

Their aery caravan, high over seas

Flying, and over lands with mutual wing

Easing their flight. So steers the prudent CRANE

Her annual voyage, borne on winds;

The air flotes as they pass, fann'd with unnumber'd plumes.

- B. SIBIRIAN CRANE. Grus Leucogeranos, Pallas Itin. ii. 714.—Latham, iii.

H. With a red bill like the former, serrated near the end: face naked beyond the eyes: coverts and primaries black: all the rest of the bird of a snowy whiteness: legs red. Its HEIGHT is four feet and a half.

Inhabits the vast morasses of Sibiria,
PLACE.

and every part where lakes abound; and penetrates far north into the boggy forests about the Ischim, Irtish, and Oby. Makes its nest among the inaccessible reeds, with layers of plants. Lays two great grey eggs, streaked with numerous dusky lines. Makes a clamorous noise, and that frequently, especially during its flight. Feeds on small fish, frogs, and lizards. Winters usually about the Caspian sea. Observed to migrate in spring northward along the course of the Wolga, always in pairs[*].

- C. WHITE STORK. Ardea Ciconia. Storck, Faun. Suec. No 162.—La Cigogne, De Buffon, vii. 253.—Pl. Enl. 866.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

H. With red bill and legs: primaries black: the rest of the plumage white: skin of the color of blood. Larger than the common Heron.

Inhabits most parts of Europe, except England.
PLACE.

In the west of Russia, is not found beyond 50 degrees north, nor to the east of Moscow. It appears in Sweden in April; retires in August [†]: does not reach Norway, unless tempest-driven.

This species is semi-domestic: haunts towns and cities; and in many places stalks unconcerned about the streets, in search of offals and other food. Removes the noxious filth, and clears the fields of serpents and reptiles. They are, on that account, protected in Holland; held in high veneration by the Mahomedans; and so greatly respected were they in old times by the Thessalians, that to kill one of these birds was a crime expiable only by death[*].

The Storks observe great exactness in the time of their autumnal departure from Europe to more favorable climates. They pass a second summer in Egypt, and the marshes of Barbary [†]: in the first they pair, and lay again, and educate a second brood[‡]. Before each of their migrations they rendezvous in amazing numbers; are for a while much in motion among themselves; and after making several short flights, as if to try their wings, all of a sudden take flight with great silence, and with such speed, as in a moment to attain so great a height as to be instantaneously out of sight. The beautiful and faithful description which the NATURALIST'S POET ‖ gives of this annual event, ought not by any means to be omitted.

Where the Rhine loses his majestic force

In Belgian plains, won from the raging deep

By diligence amazing, and the strong

Unconquerable hand of Liberty,

THE STORK-ASSEMBLY meets; for many a day

Consulting deep and various, ere they take

Their arduous voyage thro' the liquid sky.

And now, their route design'd, their leaders chose,

Their tribes adjusted, clean'd their vigorous wings;

And many a circle, many a short essay,

Wheel'd round and round, in congregation full

The figur'd flight ascends, and riding high

The aerial billows, mixes with the clouds.

- D. BLACK STORK. Ardea nigra. Odenswala, Faun. Suec. No 163.—Latham, iii.

- La Cigogne noire, De Buffon, vii. 271.—Pl. Enl. 399.

H. With the bill, legs, and skin, red: head, neck, body, and wings, black, glossed with blue: breast and belly white. About the SIZE of the former.

Inhabits many parts of Europe.
PLACE.

It is not uncommon in the temperate parts of Russia and Sibiria, as far as the Lena, where lakes and morasses abound. Migrates to warmer countries in autumn. Is a solitary species. Preys on fish, which it not only wades for, but, after hovering over the waters, will suddenly plunge on its prey. It also eats beetles and other insects. Perches on trees: and builds its nest in the depths of forests.

These birds pass over Sweden in the spring in vast flocks, flying towards the extreme north. They sometimes rest in the moors at night; but it is reckoned a wonder, if any one is found to make its nest in the country. They return southward in autumn; but, in both their passages, soar so high as to appear small as sparrows[*].

XXXV. IBIS. Gen. Birds, LXV.

360. WOOD.

- Wood Pelecan, Catesby, i. 81.—Latham, iii.

- Curicaca, Marcgrave, 191.—De Buffon, vii. 276.—Pl. Enl. 868.—Brisson, v. 335.

- Tantalus Loculator, Lin. Syst. 240.

I. With a bill near ten inches long; near seven in girth at the base; strait till near the end, where it bends downwards: fore part of the head and face covered with a bare dusky blue skin: hind part of the head, and the whole neck, of a pale yellowish brown: under the chin is a pouch capable of containing half a pint: the greater primaries, and some of the greater coverts, are black glossed with green; the rest of the wing, back, and belly, white: tail square, short, and black: legs very long, black, and semi-palmated. The body of the SIZE of a Goose.

PLACE.

Appears in Carolina, at the latter end of summer, during the great rains, when they frequent the overflown savannas in vast flocks; but retire in November. They perch erect on tall cypress and other trees, and rest their monstrous bills on their breasts for their greater ease. They are very stupid and void of fear, and easily shot. Fly slowly. Their food is herbs, fruits and seeds, fish, and water insects; notwithstanding which they are excellent eating.

The residence of these birds, the rest of the year, is Brasil, Guiana [*], and perhaps other parts of South America.

361. SCARLET.

- Guara, Marcgrave, 203.—De Buffon, vii. 35.—Pl. Enl. 81.

- Red Curlew, Catesby, i. 84.—Latham, iii.

- Tantalus Ruber, Lin. Syst. 241.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

I. With a slender incurvated bill, and naked skin on the face, both of a pale red color: the whole plumage of the richest scarlet, only the ends of the wings are black: legs pale red. In SIZE somewhat larger than the English CURLEW.

Frequent the coasts of the Bahama islands.
PLACE.

Are common in East Florida: in Georgia are frequent in the months of July and August, after which they retire southward. A few are seen in the south of Carolina, and the parts of America within the tropics, and very seldom to the north. These birds perch, like the former, upon trees, and make a most resplendent appearance. They lay their eggs in the tall grass. When first hatched, the young are of a dusky color: their first change is to ash-color; then to white; and, in their second year, to columbine; and with age acquire their brilliant red. In Guiana it is often domesticated, so as never to leave the poultry yard. It shews great courage in attacking the fowls, and will even oppose itself to the cat. The flesh is esteemed excellent. Its rich plumage is used by the Brasilians for various ornaments.

362. BROWN.

- Brown Curlew, Catesby, i. 83.—De Buffon, vii. 42.—Latham, iii.

- Tantalus Fuscus, Lin. Syst. 242.

I. With the bill six inches and a half long, resembling the former: bill, face, and legs, red: neck, upper part of the back, and tail, of a cinereous brown: lower part of the back, breast, and belly, white.

363. WHITE.

- White Curlew, Catesby, i. 82.—De Buffon, vii. 41.—Pl. Enl. 915.—Latham, iii.

- Tantalus Albus, Lin. Syst. 242.

I. With the face, bill, and legs, like the former: the whole plumage of a snowy whiteness, except the ends of the four first primaries, which are green. The flesh and fat is of saffron-color.

These birds arrive in South Carolina,
PLACE.

with the Wood Ibis and the Brown Curlew, in great numbers, in September, and frequent the low watery tracts: continue there about six weeks, and then retire south to breed. This species goes away with egg. There was a suspicion, that the BROWN and the WHITE differed only in sex; but experiment proved the contrary. The white kind are twenty times more numerous than the others; the flesh of the latter also differs, being of a dark color.

All these species frequent the sides of rivers, and feed on small fish, crustaceous animals, and insects.

- A. BAY IBIS. Tantalus Falcinellus, Lin. Syst. 241.—Muller, No 178.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

I. With a black face: violet-colored wings and tail: blue legs.

Inserted here on the authority of Mr. Muller; but this species has hitherto been known only to southern Europe, and about the Caspian and Black Seas.

XXXVI. CURLEW. Gen. Birds, LXVI.

364. ESKIMAUX.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 177.—Eskimaux Curlew, Faun. Am.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

C. With a dusky bill, near three inches long: crown of a deep brown, divided lengthways by a white stripe: cheeks, neck, and breast, of a very pale brown, marked with small dusky streaks, pointing down the back: scapulars and coverts spotted with black and pale reddish brown: primaries dusky; shafts white; inner webs marked with red oval spots: tail barred with black and light brown: legs blue. Larger than the English WHIMBREL, of which it is a variety; and differs only in having its back brown instead of white.

Were seen in flocks innumerable, on the hills about Chateaux Bay,
PLACE.

on the Labrador coast, from August the 9th to September 6th, when they all disappeared, being on the way from their northern breeding-place. They kept on the open grounds, fed on the empetrum nigrum, and were very fat and delicious. They arrive in Hudson's Bay in April or the beginning of May: pair and breed to the north of Albany Fort, among the woods: return in August to the marshes; and all disappear in September [*].

- A. CURLEW, Br. Zool. ii. No 176.—Scolopax arquata, Faun. Suec. No 168.—Latham, iii.

- Le Courlis, De Buffon, viii. 19.—Pl. Enl. 818.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

C. With an incurvated bill, seven inches long: head, and upper part of the wings, pale brown, spotted with black: back white: tail white, barred with black: legs blueish. WEIGHT from twenty-two to thirty-seven ounces.

PLACE.

Inhabits Europe, as high as Lapmark [*] and Iceland [†]; and is found on the vast plains of Russia and Sibiria, quite to Kamtschatka.

- B. WHIMBREL, Br. Zool. ii. No 177.—Scolopax Phaeopus. Windspole. Spof. Faun. Suec. No 169.—Latham, iii.

- Le Courlieu, ou petit Courlis, De Buffon, viii. 27.—Pl. Enl. 842.—LEV. MUS.

C. With a bill near three inches long: head marked lengthways by a whitish line, bounded on each side by one of black: neck, coverts of wings, and upper part of the back, pale brown, spotted with black: lower part of the back and the belly white: tail light brown, barred with black: legs blueish grey. WEIGHT twelve ounces.

PLACE.

Inhabits the same places with the former.

Eskimaux Curlew No. 364. Little Woodcock No •

XXXVII. SNIPE. Gen. Birds, LXVII.

365. LITTLE WOODCOCK.

SN. With the upper mandible of the bill two inches and a half long; the lower much shorter: forehead cinereous; hind part black, with four transverse yellowish bars: from bill to the eye a dusky line: chin white: under side of the neck, breast, belly, and thighs, of a dull yellow, palest on the belly: hind part of the neck black, edged with yellowish red: back, and lesser coverts, of the same colors; rest of the coverts marked with zigzags of black and dull red: primaries dusky: inner coverts rust-colored: tail black, tipped with brown: legs short, pale brown. LENGTH, from tip of the bill to the end of the tail, eleven inches and a half.

This species has entirely the form of the European Woodcock;
PLACE.

but differs in size and color. They appear in the province of New York in the latter end of April, or beginning of May. They lay, the latter end of the last month or beginning of June, from eight to ten eggs? and usually in swampy places. Mr. Lawson [*] found them in Carolina in September. He prefers them, in point of delicacy, to the European kind.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

366. COMMON SNIPE.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 187.—Scolopax gallinago, Horsgjok, Faun. Suec. No 173.— Latham, iii.

- La Becassine, De Buffon, vii. 483.—Pl. Enl. 883.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

SN. With head divided lengthways with two black lines, and three of reddish brown: throat white: neck mottled with brown and testaceous: ridge of the wing dusky: greater coverts and primaries dusky, tipt with white: belly white: lower half of the tail black; upper orange, with two dusky stripes: toes divided to the origin. The American is lesser than the British.

PLACE.

Inhabits Europe as far as Iceland: extends even to Greenland [*]; and common in all parts of Russia and Sibiria. Is found all over North America, and swarms in South Carolina. The lines on the head are less distinct in the American kind: the bill is also shorter than that of the English.

367. JACK.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 189.—Petite Becassine, ou le Sourde, De Buffon, vii. 490. —Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

SN. With crown of the head black, tinged with rust: a yellow stroke over each eye: neck mottled with white, brown, and testaceous: rump of a glossy purplish blue: tail brown, edged with tawny. WEIGHT under two ounces.

PLACE.

These two inhabit Europe, North America, and Sibiria.

368. RED-BREASTED SNIPE.

SN. With a bill like the common kind, two inches one-eighth long: head, neck, and scapulars, varied with black, ash-color, and red: under side of the neck and breast ferruginous, thinly spotted with black: coverts and secondaries dark cinereous; the last tipt with white: back and rump white, concealed by the scapulars: tail barred with dusky and white: legs dark green: middle and outmost toe connected by a small web. SIZE of the English Snipe.

PLACE.

Inhabits the coast of New York.—Latham, iii. —BL. MUS.

369. BROWN.

SN. With a bill like the former: from that to each eye a white bar: head, neck, and scapulars, of a fine uniform cinereous brown, in a very few places marked with black: coverts and primaries dark brown; shaft of the first primary white: secondaries light brown, edged with white: back white: rump and tail barred with black and white: breast mottled with brown and white: belly white: legs and toes like the former. Its SIZE the same.—BL. MUS.

Inhabits the same place.
PLACE.

370. NODDING.

SN. With the bill very slender, long, and black: the crown, and upper part of the back, dusky, streaked with red: cheeks cinereous, streaked with black: neck and breast cinereous, mixed with rust-color, and marked obscurely with dark spots: belly white: thighs spotted with black: lesser coverts of wings ash-colored; greater dusky, edged with brown: primaries and secondaries dusky; the last tipt with white: lower part of the back white, spotted with black: tail barred with black and white; tips reddish: legs greenish: the toes bordered by a narrow plain membrane. SIZE of the English Snipe.

Observed in Chateaux Bay, on the coast of Labrador, in September.
PLACE.

Are perpetually nodding their heads.—Latham, iii.

371. GREAT GODWIT.

- Edw. 137.—Scolopax Fedo•, Lin. Syst. 244.—La Barge rousse de Baie de Hudson, De Buffon, vii. 507.—Latham, iii.—LEV. MUS.

SN. With bill six inches long: throat white: from the bill to the eye extends a dusky line: head and neck mottled with dusky and light brown: breast barred with black: belly plain brown: back and coverts varied with rusty brown and dusky: the primaries and secondaries ferruginous on their exterior webs: tail barred with light brown and black: legs very long, black, and naked very high above the knees.

Inhabits Hudson's Bay and Connecticut.—BL. MUS.
PLACE.

372. RED.

- Red Godwit, Br. Zool. ii. No 181.—Edw. 138.—Scolopax Lapponica, Faun. Suec. No 174.—Ph. Trans. lxii. 411.—Latham, iii.

- La Barge rousse, De Buffon, vii. 304.—Pl. Enl. 900.—LEV. MUS.

SN. With a bill three inches three quarters long, reflecting a little upward; yellow near the base; dusky towards the end: head, neck, breast, and upper part of the back, ferruginous, and streaked with black, excepting the neck, which is plain: lower part of the back white: lesser coverts of the wings cinereous brown: exterior webs of the primaries black; the lower parts white: the lower part of the tail white; the upper black; the tips white: the legs dusky. LENGTH, to the tip of the tail, one foot six inches. EXTENT two feet four. WEIGHT twelve ounces. Varies much in colors, according to age.

PLACE.

Is common to the north of Europe and of America. Very numerous, in summer time, in the fens of Hudson's Bay; where they breed, and then retire. Appear about the Caspian sea in the spring; but never in Sibiria, nor in the north of Asia.

373. COMMON.

- Godwit, Br. Zool. ii. No 179.—Catesby, App.—Latham, iii.

- La Barge Aboyeuse, De Buffon, vii. 501.—Pl. Enl. 876.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

SN. With the bill turning a little up; four inches long; pale purple at the base; dusky at the end: head, neck, back, and coverts of the wings, of a very light brown, with a brown spot in the middle of each feather: primaries dusky; inner webs of a reddish brown: tail barred with black and white: belly and vent white: legs dusky; in some of a greyish blue. In SIZE somewhat inferior to the last.

PLACE.

Common to the north of Europe, Asia, and America.

374. SPOTTED.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 186.—Phil. Trans. lxii. 410.—Latham, iii.—BL. MUS.

SN. With a very slender bill, a little more than two inches long: orbits, chin, and throat, white: from bill to eye a line of white: cheeks and under side of the neck white, with short streaks of a dusky color: crown and upper part of the neck brown, with white streaks: coverts of the wings, primaries, secondaries, and scapulars, black, with elegant triangular spots of white: tail barred with black and white: breast and belly white: legs long; and in the live bird of a rich yellow; sometimes red. LENGTH, to the tip of the tail, near sixteen inches.

Arrives in Hudson's Bay in spring.
PLACE.

Feeds on small shell-fish and worms; and frequents the banks of rivers. Called there, by the natives, from its noise, Sa-sa-shew; by the English, Yellow legs. Retires in autumn. Makes a stop in the province of New York, on its return, but does not winter there. This, and several other species of Snipes and Sandpipers, are called, in North America, Humilities.

375. JADREKA.

- Lesser Godwit, Br. Zool. ii. No 188.—La Barge commune, De Buffon, vii. 500. —Pl. Enl. 874.—Latham, iii.

- Scolopax Limosa, Faun. Suec. No 172.

- Jadreka, Olaf. Iceland, ii. 201. tab. xlviii.

SN. With a bill near four inches long: head and neck cinereous: cheek and chin white: back of an uniform brown: wings marked with a white line: rump and vent feathers white: middle feathers of the tail black; in the rest the white predominates more and more, to the outmost: legs dusky. WEIGHT nine ounces. LENGTH, to the tail, seventeen inches.

Inhabits Iceland, Greenland [*], and Sweden.
PLACE.

Migrates in flocks in the south of Russia.

376. STONE.

SN. With a black bill: head, neck, and breast, spotted with black and white: back, scapulars, and greater coverts, of the same colors: primaries dusky: rump and tail barred with black and white: belly white: legs long and yellow. Double the SIZE of a Snipe.

PLACE.

Observed in autumn feeding on the sands on the lower part of Chateaux Bay, continually nodding their heads. Are called there Stone Curlews.

377. REDSHANK.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 184.—Scolopax Totanus, Faun. Suec. No 167.—Latham, iii.

- Le Chevalier aux pieds rouges, De Buffon, vii. 513.—Pl. Enl. 845.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

SN. With bill red at the base, black at the end: head, hind part of neck, and scapulars, of a dusky ash-color, faintly marked with black: back white, sprinkled with black: under side of neck white, streaked with dusky: breast and belly white: tail barred with black and white: legs of a bright orange-color.

PLACE.

Inhabits North America, in common with the north of Europe, as high as Finmark [*]; and is found in Sibiria. Grows less common towards the north of that country. Is sometimes found, in Hudson's Bay, quite white[†].

378. YELLOW-SHANKS.

SN. With a slender black bill, an inch and a half long, a little bent at the end: head, hind part of the neck, back, and greater coverts of the wings, dirty white, spotted with black: lesser coverts plain brown: primaries dusky: breast and fore part of the neck spotted with black and white: belly and coverts of the tail pure white: tail barred with brown and white: legs yellow. LENGTH, from tip of the bill to the tail, eleven inches.

PLACE.

Appears in the province of New York in autumn.—BL. MUS.

379. GREEN-SHANK.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 183.—La Barge varié, De Buffon, vii. 503.—Latham, iii.

- Scolopax Glottis, Faun. Suec. No 171.—LEV. MUS.

SN. With a bill two inches and a half long, very slender, and a little recurvated: head, and upper part of neck, cinereous, with dusky lines: over each eye a white line: coverts of wings, scapulars, and upper part of the back, of a brownish ash-color: breast, belly, and lower part of the back, white: primaries dusky: tail white, finely marked with waved dusky bars: legs green. LENGTH fourteen inches. WEIGHT only six ounces.

Inhabits the province of New York;
PLACE.

and in every latitude of Russia and Sibiria, in plenty. Is found in Europe as high as Sondmor [*].

380. SEMIPALMATED.

SN. With a bill two inches long, and dusky: head and neck streaked with black and white: breast white, with round brown spots: belly and sides white; the last marked with transverse bars of brown: back and coverts of the wings cinereous, with great sagittal spots of black: primaries dusky, with a transverse white bar: secondaries white: the middle feathers of the tail cinereous, barred with black; outmost white: legs dusky: toes semipalmated. LENGTH fourteen inches.

Inhabits New York.—BL. MUS.
PLACE.

381. BLACK.

SN. With red bill and legs: the plumage most intensely black.

Observed by Steller in the islands towards America.
PLACE.

- A. EUROPEAN WOODCOCK, Br. Zool. ii. No 178.—Le Becasse, De Buffon, vii. 462.— Pl. Enl. 885.—Latham, iii.

- Scolopax rusticola. Morkulla, Faun. Suec. No 170.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

SN. With a reddish cinereous front: hind part of the head barred with reddish brown: upper part of the body and wings barred with rust-color, black, and grey: breast and belly dirty white, barred with dusky lines. WEIGHT twelve ounces.

PLACE.

Inhabits, during summer, Scandinavia, Lapland, and Iceland. Migrates southerly at approach of winter. Common in Russia and Sibiria, but only in the time of migration; and breeds in the northern marshes and Arctic flats.

- B. GREAT SNIPE, Br. Zool. ii. No 188.—Latham, iii.

- Scolopax Media, Frisch. tab. 228.—LEV. MUS.

SN. With head divided lengthways by a testaceous line, bounded on each side by one of black; above and beneath each eye another: neck and breast yellowish white, marked with semicircular spots of black: sides undulated with black: back and coverts testaceous, spotted with black, and edged with white: primaries dusky: tail rust-color; external feathers barred with black. WEIGHT eight ounces.

PLACE.

Inhabits the Arctic regions of Sibiria. Found in England and Germany. The link between the Woodcock and Snipe.

- C. DUSKY SNIPE. Scolopax Fusca, Lin. Syst. 243.—Brisson, v. 276. tab. xxiii.

- La Barge brun, De Buffon, vii. 508.—Pl. Enl. 875.—Latham, iii.

SN. With the upper part dusky black, with the edges of the feathers whitish: lower part of the body dark cinereous: two middle feathers of the tail dusky, streaked crossways with white: the side feathers brown, streaked in the same manner: legs black. LENGTH twelve inches; of the bill two and a quarter.

Breeds within the Arctic circle. Migrates into Russia and Sibiria.
PLACE.

- FINMARK SNIPE. Scolopax Gallinaria, Muller, No 183.—Latham, iii.

SN. With the bill tuberculated like that of the common Snipe: head entirely grey: legs yellow. In other respects, has great agreement with the common sort.

Inhabits Finmark.
PLACE.

XXXVIII. SANDPIPER. Gen. Birds, LXVIII.

382. HEBRIDAL.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 200.—Tringa interpres, Tolk, Faun. Suec. No 178.

- Turnstone, Catesby, i. 72.—Tringa Morinellus, Lin. Syst. 249.—Latham, iii.

- Le Tourne-pierre, De Buffon, viii. 130.—Pl. Enl. 130.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

S. With black bill, red at the base: white forehead, throat, belly, and vent: crown white, spotted with black: sides of the head white: a black line passes above the forehead; is continued under each eye to the corner of the mouth; drops on each side of the neck to the middle, which is surrounded with a black collar: breast black: coverts cinereous: upper part of the back, scapulars, and tertials, ferruginous, spotted with black: lower part of back white, traversed with a black bar: tail black, tipped with white: legs short; of a bright orange. WEIGHT three ounces and a half. LENGTH eight inches and a half.

PLACE.

Inhabits Hudson's Bay, Greenland [*], and the Arctic flats of Sibiria, where it breeds; wandering southerly in autumn. It lays four eggs. It migrates in America as low as Florida. In spring it possesses itself of the isles of the Baltic, till it quits them in autumn[†].

383. STRIATED.

- Tringa Striata, Lin. Syst. 248.—Faun. Groenl. No 71.—Faun. Dan. No 194.— Latham, iii.

S. With the base of the bill and legs yellow: upper part of the body undulated with dusky and cinereous: front of the neck dusky: breast and belly white: primaries and secondaries black; the last tipt with white: tertials white, with a stripe of black: tail black: the feathers on the side cinereous, edged with white. SIZE of a Stare.

PLACE.

Inhabits Sweden, Norway, and Iceland. Is found, but not frequently, in Russia and Sibiria; and is conversant, even during winter, in the frosty climate of Greenland; but retires to breed into the bottom of the bays: flies very swiftly along the surface of the water, catching the insects on the surface. Never touches the water with its feet or body; but dexterously avoids the rising of the highest waves. Twitters with the note of the Swallow[*].

384. KNOT.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 193.—Le Canut, De Buffon, viii. 142.—Latham, iii.

- Tringa Canutus, Faun. Suec. No 183.—LEV. MUS.

S. With a black bill: between the base and eyes a white line: crown and upper part of the body of a dusky brown: wings of the same color, crossed with a line of white: the breast and under side of the neck white, spotted with black: rump white, with large black spots: legs short, of a blueish grey: toes divided to the origin.

I have seen this species from the province of New York.
PLACE.

Observed by Dr. Pallas only about lake Baikal.

385. SPOTTED.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 196.—Tringa Macularia, Lin. Syst. 249.—Edw. 277.— Latham, iii.

- La Grive d'eau, De Buffon, viii. 140.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

S. With a white line above each eye: crown, upper part of neck and body, and coverts of the wings, olive brown, with triangular black spots: under side, from neck to tail, white, with brown spots: middle feathers of the tail brown; those on the side white, with dusky lines: legs of a dirty flesh-color. FEMALE has no spots on the lower part of the body. SIZE of the Striated.

Inhabits North America. Arrives in Pensylvania in April,
PLACE.

and stays there all the summer. Visits Hudson's Bay in May: breeds there, and retires in September.

386. ASH-COLORED.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 194.—Tringa Cinerea, Brunnich, No 179.—Latham, iii. —BL. MUS.

S. With a dusky cinereous head, spotted with black: neck cinereous, marked with dusky streaks: back and coverts of wings finely varied with concentric semicircles of black, ash-color, and white: coverts of the tail barred with black and white: tail cinereous, edged with white: breast and belly pure white; the first spotted with black: legs dusky green: toes bordered with a narrow membrane, finely scolloped. LENGTH ten inches. WEIGHT five ounces.

PLACE.

Seen in great numbers on Seal Islands near Chateaux Bay. Continues the whole summer in Hudson's Bay, and breeds there. Breeds in Denmark? Has been shot on the Flintshire shores in the winter season.

387. NEW YORK.

S. With the under side of neck and body white: the breast spotted with brown: lesser coverts dusky, edged with white: back and greater coverts dusky in the middle; the edges cinereous: the secondaries of the same colors: coverts of the tail barred with black and white: sides beneath the wings streaked with brown: tail cinereous.

PLACE.

Inhabits the province of New York.—BL. MUS.

388. COMMON.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 204.—La Guignette, De Buffon, vii. 540.—Pl. Enl. 850.— Latham, iii.

- Tringa Hypoleucus Snappa, Faun. Suec. No 182.—LEV. MUS.

S. Above of a deep brown, spotted with rugged marks of black: the plumage most glossy and silky: fore part of the neck and breast white, with a few black spots: belly white: primaries and secondaries dusky; the last with their bottoms and ends white: the outmost feathers of the tail spotted with white and brown; the middle brown, tipt with white: legs yellowish. WEIGHT about two ounces. Differs little from the European kind, but in the colors of the legs.

PLACE.

Inhabits Chateaux Bay, and the northern latitudes of Sibiria, as far as Kamtschatka.

389. GREEN.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 201.—Le Becasseau, De Buffon, vii. 535.—Pl. Enl. 843.

- Tringa Ocrophus, Faun. Suec. No 180.—Tr. Littorea? Faun. Suec. No 185.— Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

S. With head and upper part of the neck cinereous brown, streaked with white: lower part of neck mottled with brown and white: back, scapulars, and coverts of wings, of a dusky green, glossy as silk, and elegantly speckled with white: primaries dusky: rump, breast, and belly, white: tail white, the feathers marked with different numbers of spots: legs a cinereous green. About a third larger than the COMMON.

I have seen this species in Mr. Kuckan's collection,
PLACE.

which he made in North America. It is also found in Iceland; and is very common in all the watery places of Russia and Sibiria. The Tringa Littorea is said to migrate from Sweden to England, at approach of winter[*].

390. PURRE.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 206.—Tringa Cinclus, Lin. Syst. 251.—Latham, iii.

- L'Alouette de mer, De Buffon, vii. 548.—Pl. Enl. 851.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

S. With a slender black bill: head and upper part of neck ash-colored, streaked with black: from bill to eyes a white line: under side of the neck white, mottled with brown: back and coverts of wings a brownish ash-color: greater coverts dusky, tipt with white: breast and belly white: two middle feathers of the tail dusky; the others ash-color, edged with white: legs of a dusky green. WEIGHT an ounce and a half. LENGTH seven inches and a half.

Inhabits the coast of New York,
PLACE.

and extends as low as Jamaica and Cayenne. Not mentioned among the Scandinavian birds. Common in all latitudes of Russia and Sibiria.

391. DUNLIN.

- Br. Zool ii. No 205.—La Brunnette, De Buffon, vii. 493.—Latham, iii.

- Tringa Alpina, Faun. Suec. No 181.—Faun. Groenl. No 77.

- Loar Thraell, Olaf. Iceland. i. No 677. tab. xli.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

S. With head, hind part of the neck, and back, ferruginous, marked with great black spots: lower part of neck white, streaked with black: coverts of the wings ash-colored: breast and belly white, marked with a black crescent: tail ash-colored; the two middle feathers longest and darkest: legs black. In SIZE somewhat larger than the last.

PLACE.

Inhabits Greenland, Iceland, Scandinavia, the alps of Sibiria, and, in its migration, the coasts of the Caspian sea.

392. RED.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 202.—Aberdeen Sandpiper, No 203.—Latham, iii.

- Tringa Icelandica, Lin. Syst. Add.

S. With the bill black and slender, a little bending: head, upper part of the neck, and beginning of the back, dusky, marked with red: lower side of the neck and breast cinereous, mixed with rust-color, and obscurely spotted with black: lesser coverts of the wing cinereous; primaries dusky; secondaries tipt with white: two middle feathers of the tail are dusky, and extend a little beyond the others; the rest are cinereous: legs long and black.

PLACE.

The birds which I have seen of this kind came from the coasts of New York, Labrador, and Natka Sound. They are also found in Iceland [*]. Probably are the same with the Scolopax Subarquata, which, during summer, frequent the shores of the Caspian sea, lake Baikal, and especially the mouth of the Don [†]. I believe them to be the young, or the females, of that which is described in the Br. Zool. under the name of the Red. The last differs in nothing, but in having the whole under side of a full ferruginous color.
SIZE.

LENGTH from eight to ten inches. Varies greatly in size.

393. GREY.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 191.—Grey Plover, Wil. Orn. 309.—Latham, iii.

- Tringa Squatarola, Faun. Suec. No 186.

- Le Vanneau Pluvier, De Buffon, viii. 68.—Pl. Enl. 854.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

S. With a strong black, bill: head, back, and coverts of wings, black, edged with grey, tinged with green, and some white: cheeks and throat white, streaked with black: primaries dusky, white on their interior lower sides: belly and thighs white: rump white: tail barred with black and white: legs of a dirty green: back toe very small. WEIGHT seven ounces. LENGTH, to the end of the tail, twelve inches.

According to Lawson,
PLACE.

frequents the vallies near the mountains of Carolina. Are seen flying in great flocks; but seldom alight[*]. Very common in Sibiria; and appear in autumn in flocks, after breeding in the extreme north.

394. GAMBET.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 198.—Latham, iii.

- Tringa Gambetta, Faun. Suec. No 177.—Tr. Variegata, Brunnich, No 181.

S. With head, back, and breast, of a cinereous brown, spotted with dull yellow: coverts of the wings, and scapulars, cinereous, edged with yellow: primaries dusky: belly white: tail dusky, bordered with yellow: legs yellow. SIZE of the Greenshank.

Taken in the frozen sea, between Asia and America, lat. 69½,
PLACE.

long. 191½. Inhabits also Scandinavia and Iceland [†]; in the last it is called Stelkr, from its note.

395. ARMED.

- Le Vanneau armé de la Louisiane, Brisson, iv. 114. tab. viii.—De Buffon, viii. 65.—Pl. Enl. 835.—Latham. iii.

S. With an orange bill, depressed in the middle: on each side of the base is a thin naked skin of a light orange-color, which rises above the forehead, extends beyond each eye, and falls, in form of a pointed wattle, far below the chin: crown dusky: hind part of the neck, back, rump, scapulars, and coverts of the wings, of a dusky grey: from the chin to the vent white, tinged with tawny: primaries mostly black: the fore part of the wing is armed with a sharp spur, a most offensive weapon: the tail short, whitish, crossed near the end with a black bar, and tipt with white: legs long, and of a deep red. LENGTH, from bill to tail, above ten inches. EXTENT about two feet two.

PLACE.

Inhabits Louisiana.

396. SWISS.

- Tringa Helvetica, Lin. Syst. 250.—Le Vanneau Suisse, De Buffon, viii. 60.— Pl. Enl. 853.

- Vanellus Helveticus, Brisson, v. 106. tab. x.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

S. With a strong bill an inch long, depressed in the middle: front and sides of the head white; hind part spotted with black and white: cheeks, under side of the neck, breast, and belly, black: thighs and vent white: primaries black: back, coverts of wings, and the tail, white, barred with black: legs black: back toe very small. SIZE of a Lapwing.

PLACE.

Inhabits the coast of Connecticut and Hudson's Bay. Visits the last in the spring. Feeds on berries, insects, and worms. Retires in September. Breeds also in the Arctic flats of Sibiria; and, in the time of migration, appears in all parts of the south of Russia and Sibiria. Is found in France and Swisserland.

397. LITTLE.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 207.—Tringa pusilla, Lin. Syst. 252.—Oddinstiane Islandis, Latham, iii.

S. With crown black: upper part of the plumage brown, edged with black and pale rusty brown: belly and breast white: tail dusky: legs black. SIZE of a Hedge Sparrow.

Inhabits the north of Europe, Iceland, and Newfoundland.
PLACE.

Observed also in Natka Sound. It is met with as far south as St. Domingo [*]. Probably migrates there in the winter.

- A. RUFF, Br. Zool. ii. No 192.—Le Combattant, ou Paon de mer, De Buffon, vii. 521.— Pl. Enl. 305, 306.—Latham, iii.

- Tringa pugnax, Brushane, Faun. Suec. No 175.—Leems Lapm. 246.—LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

S. With a long ruff of feathers on the fore part and sides of the neck; and a long tuft on the hind part of the head: legs yellow. REEVES, or the females, are of a pale brown: back slightly spotted with black: breast and belly white: neck smooth.

Inhabits the north of Europe in summer, as far as Iceland,
PLACE.

and is very common in the northern marshes of Russia and Sibiria.

- B. FRECKLED.—Calidris naevia, Brisson, v. 229. tab. xxi. fig. i.—Latham, iii.

S. Above of a dusky cinereous, spotted with red and black; the last glossed with violet: lower part of the body of a reddish white, varied with dusky and chesnut-colored spots: two middle feathers of the tail ash-colored, edged with white; the rest dark cinereous: the outmost feather on each side marked lengthways, on the exterior side, with a white line: legs greenish. LENGTH near nine inches.

PLACE.

Is found in the north of Russia and Sibiria; and also in France.

- C. SELNINGER, Muller, No 206.—Tringa Maritima, Brunnich, 182.—Leems, 254. —Latham, iii.

S. Above varied with grey and black: the middle of the back tinged with violet: fore part of the neck dusky: lower part of the body white: tail dusky; four outmost feathers on each side shorter than the rest, and edged with white: legs yellow. SIZE of a Stare.

PLACE.

Inhabits Norway and Iceland. Lives about the sea-shores, and is always emitting a piping note.

- D. LAPWING, Br. Zool. ii. No 190.—Le Vanneau, De Buffon, viii. 48.—Pl. Enl. 242. —Latham iii.

- Tringa Vanellus Wipa, Cowipa, Blaecka, Faun. Suec. No 176.—LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

S. With a black bill: crown and breast black: head adorned with a very long slender crest, horizontal, but turning up at the end: cheeks and sides of the neck, and belly, white: back and scapulars glossy green; the last: varied with purple: primaries and secondaries black, marked with white: coverts of tail, and vent, orange: outmost feathers of the tail white, marked with one dusky spot: the upper half of the rest black; the lower of a pure white. WEIGHT eight ounces. LENGTH thirteen inches and a half. EXTENT two feet and a half.

The Lapwing is common in most parts of Europe.
PLACE.

Extends to the Feroe isles, and even to Iceland [*]. Is very frequent in Russia; but becomes very rare beyond the Urallian chain; yet a few have been observed about the rivers Ob and Angara, and beyond lake Baikal; but never farther to the east. They extend southward as far as Persia and Egypt [†], where they winter; but, unable to bear the vast heats of the summer, migrate to the countries about Woronesch and Astracan [‡]. Appears in Lombardy, in April; retires in September. Continues in England, and I believe in France, the whole year; but constantly shifts its quarters in search of food, worms and insects. In France, multitudes are taken for the table in clap-nets, into which they are allured by the playing of a mirror.

- E. WAVED. Tringa Undata, Brunnich, No 188.—Latham, iii.

S. Of a dusky color, marked with undulated lines of white and yellowish clay-color: shaft of the first primary white: tips of the secondaries, and their coverts, white: tail ash-colored, tipt with black.

Inhabits Denmark and Norway.
PLACE.

- F. SHORE. Tringa Littorea, Faun. Suec. No 183.—Brunnich, No 177.—Latham, iii.

- Le Chevalier varié, De Buffon, vii. 517.—Pl. Enl. 300.

S. With a dusky neck, striped obliquely with white: back and coverts of the wings dusky, with small rusty spots, lightest on the last: primaries and secondaries dusky, the last tipt with white; shaft of first primary white: breast and belly white: tail crossed with waved bars of dusky and white: legs dusky. SIZE of a Turtle Dove.

Inhabits the marshes of Sweden; and is found in Denmark.
PLACE.

- G. WOOD. Tringa Glareola, Faun. Suec. No 184.—Latham, iii.

S. With the back dusky, speckled with white: primaries and secondaries dusky; the last tipt with white: breast and belly whitish: tail barred with black and white; the outmost feathers lightest: rump white: legs of a dirty green. SIZE of a Stare.

PLACE.

Inhabits the moist woods of Sweden.

- H. UNIFORM. Keildu-suin, Islandis, Muller, No 205.—Latham, iii.

S. With a short black bill, and of an uniform light ash-color on all its plumage.

PLACE.

Inhabits Iceland.

XXXIX. PLOVER. Gen. Birds, LXIX.

398. ALWARGRIM.

- Spotted Plover, Edw. 140.—Le Pluvier doré à gorge noire, De Buffon, viii. 85.

- Charadrius Apricarius. Alwargrim, Faun. Suec. No 189.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

PL. With a short bill, like that of the Swiss Sandpiper: the forehead white, from which a white line falls from each corner, along the sides of the neck, and unites at the breast; the whole intervening space black, as are the breast, belly, thighs, and vent; only on the last are a few white spots: crown, hind part of neck, back, and coverts of wings and tail, dusky, most elegantly spotted with bright orange: the primaries dusky, edged with ash-color: secondaries and tail barred with dusky and brown: legs black. SIZE of a Golden Plover.

Inhabits all the north of Europe, Iceland, Greenland,
PLACE.

and Hudson's Bay, and all the Arctic part of Sibiria; and descends southward in its migrations. Is called in Hudson's Bay, the Hawk's eye, on account of its brilliancy. It appears in Greenland in the spring, about the southern lakes, and feeds on worms and berries of the Heath[*]. Arrives in New York in May: breeds there, and disappears in the latter end of October, after collecting in vast flocks. Is reckoned most delicious eating.

399. GOLDEN.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 208.—Le Pluvier doré, De Buffon, viii. 81.—Pl. Enl. 904.

- Charadrius Pluvialis, Akerhoua, Faun. Suec. No 190.—Latham iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

PL. With head, upper part of the neck, back, and coverts of wings, dusky, elegantly spotted with yellowish green: breast brown, streaked with greenish lines: belly white: middle feathers of the tail barred with black and yellowish green; the others with black and brown: legs black. LENGTH, to the tip of the tail, eleven inches.

PLACE.

Inhabits North America, as low as Carolina [*]. Migrates to the Labrador coast, about a week after the Eskimaux WHIMBRELS, in its way to New York; but not in such numbers. Found in Iceland and the north of Europe; but are scarcely seen in Russia. Very frequent in Sibiria, where they breed in the north. They extend also to Kamtschatka, and as far south as the Sandwich isles: in the last it is very small. I have seen, which I suppose to be young, a variety with black breasts: and sometimes a very minute back toe.

400. NOISY.

- Chattering Plover, Catesby, i. 71.—Le Kildir, De Buffon, viii. 96.—Latham, iii.

- Charadrius Vociferus, Lin. Syst. 253.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

PL. With a broad black bar, extending from the bill, beneath each eye, to the hind part of the head: orbits red: forehead, and space before and beyond the eyes, white: fore part of the crown black; the rest brown: a white ring encircles the throat and neck; beneath that another of black; under that succeeds, on the breast, two semicircles, one of white, another of black; all below is white: back and coverts of wings brown: primaries dusky: the feathers on the rump are orange, and extend over three parts of the tail; the lower part of which is black. SIZE of a large Snipe.

PLACE.

Inhabits New York, Virginia, and Carolina; where they reside the whole year. Are the plague of the sportsmen, by alarming the game by their screams. They are called in Virginia, Kill-deer, from the resemblance their note bears to that word. Migrate to New York in the spring: lay three or four eggs: stay late.

401. RINGED.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 211.—Le Pluvier à collier, De Buffon, viii. 90.—Pl. Enl. 921.

- Charadrius Hiaticula, Strandpipare, Faun. Suec. No 187.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

PL. With a short bill; upper half orange-color; the end black: crown light brown: forehead, and a small space behind each eye, white: from the bill, beneath each eye, extends a broad bar of black: the neck is encircled with a white ring; and beneath that is another of black: coverts of wings of a pale brown: primaries dusky: tail brown, tipt with lighter: legs yellow.

Almost all which I have seen from the northern parts of North America, have had the black marks extremely faint, and almost lost.
VARIES.

The climate had almost destroyed the specific marks; yet, in the bill and habit, preserved sufficient to make the kind very easily ascertained. The predominant colors were white, and very light ash-color. WEIGHT near two ounces. LENGTH, to tip of the tail,
SIZE.

seven inches and a half. Those of the western coasts of North America are much smaller.

Inhabits America, down to Jamaica [*] and the Brasils;
PLACE.

in the last it is called Matuitui [†], where it frequents sea-shores and estuaries. Is found in summer in Greenland: migrates from thence in autumn. Is common in every part of Russia and Sibiria. Was found by the navigators as low as Owyhe, one of the Sandwich isles, and as light-colored as those of the highest latitudes.

402. BLACK-CROWNED.

PL. With the bill an inch long; black towards the end; red towards the base: forehead black: crown black, surrounded with a circle of white: throat white: neck and breast of a very light ash-colored brown, divided from the belly by a dusky transverse stroke: belly and vent white: back, scapulars, and coverts of the wings, cinereous brown: primaries dusky; white towards their bottoms: tail white towards the base; black towards the end; and tipt with white: legs very long, naked an inch above the knees, and of a blood-red: toes very short. LENGTH, to the end of the tail, about ten inches.

PLACE.

Inhabits the province of New York. Has much the habit of the European DOTTREL.—LEV. MUS.

403. SANDERLING.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 212.—Le Sanderling, De Buffon, vii. 532.

- Charadrius Calidris, Lin. Syst. 255.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

PL. With a slender, black, weak bill, bending a little at the end: head and hind part of the neck cinereous, streaked with dusky lines: back and scapulars of a brownish grey, edged with dirty white: coverts and primaries dusky: belly white: feathers of the tail sharp-pointed and cinereous: legs black. WEIGHT near an ounce and three quarters. LENGTH eight inches.

PLACE.

Inhabits North America. Abounds about Seal Islands, on the Labrador coast. I do not find it among the birds of northern Europe; nor in Asia, nearer than lake Baikal.

404. RUDDY.

PL. With a black strait bill, an inch long: head, neck, breast, scapulars, and coverts of wings and tail, of a ruddy color, spotted with black, and powdered with white; in the scapulars and coverts of wings the black prevails: the outmost web of the four first quil feathers brown; the internal white, tipt with brown: the upper part of the others white; the lower brown: the two middle feathers of the tail brown, edged with rust; the others of a dirty white: legs black: toes divided to their origin.

PLACE.

Inhabits Hudson's Bay.—Mr. Hutchins.

405. LONG-LEGGED.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 209.—Fl. Scot. i. No 157.—Latham, iii.

- Charadrius Himantopus, Lin. Syst. 255.—Hasselquist, 253.

- L'Echasse, De Buffon, viii. 114.—Pl. Enl. 878.—LEV. MUS.

PL. With the crown, upper part of the neck, back, and wings, dusky; the last crossed with a white line: tail of a greyish white: forehead and whole under side of the neck and body white: legs the most disproportionably long and weak of any known bird; the French, for that reason, call it, very justly, l'Echasse, or the bird that goes upon stilts; they are of a blood-red, four inches and a half long, and the part above the knees three and a half. LENGTH, to the end of the tail, thirteen inches.

Inhabits from Connecticut to the islands of the West Indies [*].
PLACE.

Is not a bird of northern Europe. Frequent in the southern desert of independent Tartary: very common about the salt lakes; and often on the shores of the Caspian sea. Is again found on the Indian shores near Madras [†].

- A. DOTTREL, Br. Zool. ii. No 210.—Charadrius Morinellus Lahul, Lappis, Faun. Suec. No 188.—Leems Lapmark, 260.—Latham, iii.

- Le Guignard, De Buffon, viii. 87.—Pl. Enl. 832.—LEV. MUS.

PL. With bill and crown black: from the bill, over each eye, a white line: breast and belly dull orange; the first crossed with a white line: vent white: back, coverts of wings, and tail, olivaceous, edged with dull yellow: tail dusky olive; ends of the outmost feathers white. Colors of the female duller. WEIGHT four ounces. LENGTH ten inches.

PLACE.

Inhabits Europe, even as high as Lapmark. First appears in Drontheim; then seeks the Lapland alps. Returns in smaller numbers. Appears in May at Upsal, in its passage northward. Breeds in all the north of Russia and Sibiria; but appears in the temperate latitudes only in their migrations.

- B. ALEXANDRINE.—Charadrius Alexandrinus, Lin. Syst. 253.—Brunnich, App. p. 77. —Hasselquist Itin. 256.—Latham, iii.

PL. With a black bill: a white line over each eye, and collar round the neck: head, upper part of body, and coverts of wings, light cinereous brown: primaries dusky; from the fifth to eighth marked with an oblong white spot on the exterior margin: secondaries dusky, tipt with white: middle feathers of the tail black; outmost white: under side of the body white: legs dusky blue. SIZE between a Lark and a Thrush.

PLACE.

Found in the diocese of Drontheim, Norway. Common about the salt lakes between the rivers Argun and Onon; but not observed in any other part of Russia or Sibiria. Inhabits also the canal which conveys water from the Nile to Alexandria [*].

XL. OYSTER-CATCHER. Gen. Birds.

406. PIED.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 213.—Catesby, i. 85.—L'Huitrier. La pie de mer, De Buffon, viii. 119.—Pl. Enl. 929.—Latham, iii.

- Haematopus ostralegus Strandskjura, Faun. Suec. No 192.—Brunnich, No 189.— —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

O. With a long depressed bill, cuneated at the end, and of a rich orange-color: beneath the throat sometimes a white bar: the whole neck besides, with head, back, and coverts of wings, of a fine black: wings dusky, crossed with a bar of white: under side of the body white: lower part of the tail white; end black: legs strong and thick, of a dirty flesh-color. WEIGHT sixteen ounces. LENGTH seventeen inches.

Inhabits North America, from New York to the Bahama Islands;
PLACE.

and again is found in Sharks Bay, on the west coast of New Holland [*], with some variation of color. It is met with about Curaçoa in the West Indies [†], and wholly black, with a red bill and cinereous legs.

Found as far as Lapmark [‡]. Inhabits all Russia and Sibiria. Breeds on the great Arctic flats: and extends to Kamtschatka.

XLI. RAIL. Gen. Birds. LXXIII.

407. CLAPPER.

R. With the crown, and whole upper part of neck, back, and wings, of an olive brown, edged with pale ash-color: primaries dark, edged with tawny: tail of the same color: cheeks cinereous: throat white: under side of the neck and breast brown, tinged with yellow: space beyond the thighs barred with dark cinereous and white: legs brown. LENGTH fourteen inches; of the bill two.

PLACE.

Inhabits New York. Called there the Meadow Clapper. It arrives there in May, lays in June, and disappears in October.—LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

408. VIRGINIAN.

- Rallus Virginianus, Lin. Syst. 263.—Latham, iii.

- American Water Rail, Edw. 279.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

R. With a dusky bill, red at the base of the lower mandible: crown dusky: cheeks cinereous: from the bill to each eye a white line: throat whitish: upper part of the neck and back dusky, bordered with brown: ridge of the wing white: coverts, ferruginous: primaries and tail dusky: under side of the neck and breast of a brownish orange: lower belly, sides, and thighs, dusky, barred with white: vent black, white, and orange: legs of a dirty flesh-color. In size and shape like the English Rail[*],
A VARIETY OF THE ENGLISH RAIL.

of which it seems a mere variety; ours having a deep ash-colored breast instead of a red one.

PLACE.

Inhabits Pensylvania. The common kind is found in the Feroe islands, Norway, as far as Sondmor, Sweden, Russia, and the west of Sibiria.

Clapper Rail▪ No. 407. Semipalmated Snipe. No. 380.

XLII. GALLINULE. Gen. Birds. LXXV.

409. SOREE.

- Little American Water Hen, Edw. 144.—Latham, iii.

- Soree, Catesby, i. 70.—Le Râle de Virginie, De Buffon, viii. 165.—LEV. MUS.

G. With a yellow bill: crown, hind part of the neck, back, tail, and wings, of a rusty brown, spotted with black: coverts of the wing alone plain and more ferruginous: forehead, throat, and great part of the front of the neck, of a deep black: cheeks, sides of the neck, and breast, of a fine blueish ash-colour: belly and sides of a dirty white; the last barred downwards with black: legs of a dull green. Rather larger than a Lark.

These birds migrate in great numbers into Virginia the latter end of September, and continue there about six weeks.
PLACE.

During that space they are found in vast multitudes in the marshes, feeding on wild oats. On their first arrival they are exceedingly lean; but soon grow so fat as to be unable to fly. In that state they lie upon the reeds; and the Indians go in canoes and kill them with their paddles, or run them down. It is said that they have taken a hundred dozen in a morning. They are most delicious eating; and, during the season, are found on the tables of most of the planters, for breakfast, dinner, and supper[*].

410. YELLOW-BRRASTRD.

G. With the crown and hind part of the neck dark olivaceous brown, spotted with white: back plain brown: scapulars edged with yellowish white: breast dirty yellow: belly white: legs brown. In SIZE lesser than an English Quail.

Inhabits the province of New York.—BL. MUS.
PLACE.

411. COMMON.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 217.—Brunnich, No 191.—La Poule d'Eau, De Buffon, viii. 171. —Pl. Enl. 877.—Latham, iii.

- Fulica chloropus, Lin. Syst. 258.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

G. With the head and upper part of the neck, body, and coverts of the wings, of a fine deep olive green: primaries and tail dusky: breast and belly cinereous: vent white: legs green. WEIGHT of the male fifteen ounces: length fourteen inches.

Inhabits New York, and as low as Carolina: does not cross the Baltic: rare in Denmark: inhabits Russia, and the west of Sibiria, but not the east.

- A. CRAKE, Br. Zool. i. No 216.—Rallus crex. Angsnarpa; Kornkraka, Faun. Suec. No 194.

- Le Rale de Terre, Genet, ou Roi des Cailles, De Buffon, viii. 146.—Pl. Enl. 750.— Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

G. With the crown, hind part of the neck, and back, black, edged with bay: coverts of wings plain bay: tail of a deep bay: belly dirty white: legs cinereous. When lean weighs six, when fat eight ounces.

PLACE.

Inhabits Europe, even as far north as Drontheim. Notwithstanding it is so short-winged a bird, and a bad flier, yet it is found in summer in the Schetland isles; not uncommon in the temperate parts of Russia and Sibiria, but none in the north, or towards the shores. Where Quails are common, in those countries this bird abounds; and the contrary where Quails are scarce. The Crakes depart at the same time with the Cranes. The Tartars observe how ill adapted the first are for a long flight; therefore believe that every Crane takes a Crake on its back, and so assists the migration[*].

DIV. II. SECT. II. PINNATED FEET.
DIV. II. SECT. II. PINNATED FEET.

XLIII. PHALAROPE. Gen. Birds, LXXVI.

412. GREY.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 218.—Edw. 308.—Latham, iii.

- Tringa lobata, Faun. Suec. No 179.—Muller, No 195.—Brunnich, No 171.

- Le Phalarope à festons dentelés, De Buffon, viii. 226.—Pl. Enl. 766.—LEV. MUS.

PH. With a black bill, flatted and dilated near the extremity: eyes placed far back: white forehead: crown dusky: upper part of the neck light grey: back, rump, and scapulars, deep dove-color, marked with dusky spots: edges of the scapulars yellow: coverts and primaries dusky; the first edged with white: breast and belly white: tail dusky, edged with ash-color: legs black: toes scolloped; the margins of the membranes finely serrated. SIZE of a Purre.

PLACE.

Inhabits Scandinavia, Iceland, and Greenland: in the last, lives on the frozen side, near the great lakes: quits the country before winter: is seen on the full seas in April and September, in the course of its migration. Swims slowly: cannot dive. Twitters like a Swallow. The feathers being very soft, the Greenlanders use it to wipe their rheumy eyes. Is not found in Russia, but is frequent in all Sibiria, about the lakes and rivers, especially in autumn; probably in its migration from the Arctic flats: it was also met with among the ice, between Asia and America.

413. RED.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 219.—Edw. 142, 143.—Latham, iii.

- Tringa fulicaria, Faun. Suec. No 179.—Brunnich, No 172.—Muller, No 196. —Faun. Groenl. No 76.

- Le Phalarope rouge, De Buffon, viii. 225.

PH. With bill in form of the last: crown, hind part of the neck, and upper part of the breast, of a dusky ash-color: sides of the neck ferruginous: throat, belly, and vent, white: wings black: greater coverts and secondaries tipt with white: back and scapulars dusky; the last edged with bright ferruginous; rump white, barred with cinereous: tail dusky: toes like the former. The whole under side of the neck, the breast, and belly, of the supposed FEMALE are ferruginous. Linnaeus calls the male Tringa Hyperborea, and separates them[*].

Found in Hudson's Bay and Scandinavia; common about the Caspian sea, and lakes and rivers adjacent, during spring; but does not extend to the farther part of Sibiria; yet was found by the navigators between Asia and America. They go in pairs. Swim in the ponds of the fens; and are perpetually dipping their bills in the water in search of insects.

414. BROWN.

- Edw. 46.—Latham, iii.

PH. With a slender black bill, a little bending at the end: crown black: cheeks and neck of a light ash-color, tinged with bloom-color: breast and belly white: back, wings, and tail, dusky: greater primaries and greater coverts tipt with white: legs like the preceding.

Taken on board a ship off the coast of Maryland,
PLACE.

the wind blowing from land. The form of the bill is a specific distinction from the last.

415. PLAIN.

PH. With a slender black bill, dilated at the end: crown dusky and dull yellow: across each eye a black line: cheeks and fore part of the neck a pale clay-color: breast and belly white: back and tertials dusky, edged with dull yellow: coverts, primaries, and tail, cinereous; the last edged like the tertials: legs yellowish: toes bordered with a plain or unscolloped membrane.

Taken in the frozen sea, about Lat. 69 ½. Long. 191 ½.
PLACE.

XLIV. COOT. Gen. Birds. LXXVII.

416. COMMON.

- Br. Zool. i. No 220.—La Foulque, De Buffon, viii. 211.—Pl. Enl. 197.—Latham, iii.

- Fulica atra, Faun. Suec. No 193.—Brunnich, No 196.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

C. With a white bill: head, neck, body, wings, and tail, of a full black: legs yellowish green. WEIGHT from twenty-four to twenty-eight ounces.

PLACE.

Inhabits the shores of Sweden and Norway: appears in spring, and very rarely visits the lakes or moors[*]. Frequent in Russia, and even to the east of Sibiria. I found it among the birds sent to Mrs. Blackburn from North America. The Indians about Niagara dress their skins, and use them for pouches. They are frequent in the rivers of Carolina, where they are called Flusterers [†]; I suppose, from the noise they make in flying along the surface of the water.

XLV. GREBE. Gen. Birds, LXXVIII.

417. HORNED.

- Eared or horned Dobchick, Edw. 49.—Latham, iii.

GR. with the head very full of feathers, and of a mallard green color: from each eye issues a long tuft of yellowish orange-colored feathers, almost meeting at the hind part of the head; beneath them is a large ruff of black feathers: fore part of the neck and breast of an orange red; the hind part and back dusky: coverts of the wings cinereous: primaries and tertials black: secondaries white: belly glossy and silvery: legs of a bluish ash-color before; flesh-colored behind. Of the SIZE of a Teal. Not the male of my Eared Dobchick, as Mr. Edwards supposes[*]; there being in that species no external difference of sexes, as I have had frequent opportunities of observing.

Inhabits Hudson's Bay: appears there in the fresh waters in June:
PLACE.

lays its eggs among the aquatic plants. Retires towards the south in autumn: is called by the natives, Sekeep. It appears in New York in that season, and continues there till spring, when it returns to the north. For its vast quickness in diving is called, in New York, the Water Witch.

418. PIED-BILL.

- Colymbus podiceps, Lin. Syst. 223.—Latham, iii.

- Pied-bill Dobchick, Catesby, i. 91.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

GR. with a strong arched bill, not unlike that of the common poultry; of an olive-color, crossed through the middle of both mandibles with a black bar: nostrils very wide: chin and throat of a glossy black, bounded with white: upper part of the neck and back dusky: cheeks and under part of the neck pale brown: breast silvery, mottled with ash-color: belly silvery: wings brown: ends of the secondaries white: toes furnished with broad membranes. The female wants the black bar on the bill. LENGTH fourteen inches.

PLACE.

Inhabits from New York to South Carolina: is called in the first, the Hen-beaked Wigeon, or Water Witch. Arrives there late in the autumn, and goes away in April.

419. LOUISIANE.

- Le Grebe de la Louisiane, De Buffon, viii. 240.—Pl. Enl. No 943.—Latham, iii.

GR. The end of the bill slightly bent: middle of the breast white, tinged with dusky: sides of the neck and body, quite to the rump, rust-colored: from the base of the neck to the thighs marked with large transverse black spots: upper part of the body and wings deep brown: legs dusky. In SIZE rather less than the common Grebe.

PLACE.

Inhabits Louisiana.

420. DUSKY.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 225.—Edw. 96. fig. 1.—Le petit Grebe, De Buffon, viii. 232.— Pl. Enl. 942.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

GR. With the crown, neck, back, and primaries, dusky: ridge of the wings and secondaries white: rest of the wings dusky: breast and belly silvery, but clouded. SIZE of a Teal.

PLACE.

Sent from New York with the Horned Grebe, as its female; but is certainly a distinct species.

- A. GREAT CRESTED GREBE, Br. Zool. ii. No 223.—Le Grebe cornu, De Buffon, viii. 235.—Faun. Suec. No 151.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

GR. With the cheeks and throat surrounded with a long pendent ruff, of a bright tawny color: on the head a great dusky crest: hind part of the neck and back dusky: primaries of the same color: secondaries white: breast and belly of a glossy silvery white: outside of the legs dusky; inside greenish. WEIGHT two pounds and a half. LENGTH twenty-one inches. EXTENT thirty.

Inhabits Iceland, northern Europe,
PLACE.

and the temperate and northern parts of Sibiria, in every reedy lake.

- B. EARED, Br. Zool. ii. No 225.—Edw. 96. fig. 2.—Latham, iii.

- Colymbus Auritus. Fiorna. Skraenlom, Faun. Suec. No 152.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

GR. With crimson irides: behind each eye a large tuft of ferruginous feathers: the head, upper part of the body, and primaries, dusky: secondaries white: whole under side white: feathers above the thighs ferruginous. LENGTH, to the rump, twelve inches.

Inhabits Iceland [*], Norway, and Sweden,
PLACE.

and also the lakes of Lapland, where it makes a floating nest: quits those countries in winter. Common in Sibiria and Russia, in all latitudes. Inhabits England the whole year. I have seen numbers shot in Lincolnshire. Could observe no external sexual differences; so am certain they are not of the same species with the Horned Grebe, No 417.

- C. RED-NECKED GREBE.

GR. With the crown, hind part of the neck, back, and wings, dusky brown: secondaries white? cheeks and throat white; the first marked with a few brown streaks: under side of the neck bright ferruginous: belly white: legs dusky.

This species was sent to me by the late Mr. Fleischer of Copenhagen,
PLACE.

from either Denmark or Norway. The same species is found, but very rarely, towards the Caspian sea[†].

DIV. II. SECT. III. WEB-FOOTED.
DIV. II. SECT. III. WEB-FOOTED.

* WITH LONG LEGS.

XLVI. AVOSET. Gen. Birds, LXXIX.

421. AMERICAN.

AV. With a slender black bill, slightly turning up: head, neck, and upper part of the breast, of a pale buff-color: rest of the lower part of the body white: back and primaries black: lesser coverts white; greater black; beneath which is a long transverse bar of white: legs very long, and dusky: feet semipalmated; the webs bordering the sides of the toes for a considerable way. Larger than the English AVOSET.

PLACE.

This species is preserved in the LEVERIAN MUSEUM. It is a native of North America. I imagine that it sometimes is found entirely white; for the bird called by Mr. Edwards (tab. 139.) the White Godwit from Hudson's Bay, seems to be the same with this.

- A. TEREK. Scolopax cinerea, Nov. Com. Petrop, xix. 473. tab. xix.—Latham, iii.

AV. With a bill one inch ten lines long, slightly recurvated: whole upper part of the plumage cinereous: the middle of each feather marked with dusky; on the rump in form of bars: lower part
American Avoset. No. 421.

of body white: tail cinereous; outmost feather on each side varied with white and ash-color: legs short, semipalmated. SIZE of the Red Sandpiper.

Frequents and breeds in the north[*]; and haunts,
PLACE.

during the summer, the Caspian sea. Migrates through Russia and Sibiria.

- B. SCOOPING, Br. Zool. ii. No 228.—Skarflacka. Alfit, Faun. Suec. No 191.—Amoen. Acad. iv. 591.—L'Avocette, De Buffon, viii. 466.—Pl. Enl. 353.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

AV. With a black, thin, flexible bill, three inches and a half long, bending upwards half its length: head, hind part of the neck, and part of the wings and scapulars, black: rest of the neck, breast, belly, and tail, white. WEIGHT thirteen ounces. LENGTH, to the end of the tail, eighteen inches. EXTENT thirty.

Inhabits, in Scandinavia, only the isle of Oeland, off Sweden;
PLACE.

where it rarely appears in the spring. Is properly a southern bird. Very frequent, in the breeding season, about Fossdike Wash, in Lincolnshire: are then very easily shot, flying about one's head like the Lapwing, repeating shrilly, twit, twit. Lay two eggs, white, tinged with green, and spotted with black. Are frequent about the salt lakes of the Tartarian desart, and about the Caspian sea.

XLVII. FLAMMANT. Gen. Birds, LXXXI.

422. RED.

- Flamingo, Catesby, i. 73.—Phaenicopterus ruber, Lin. Syst. 230.—Le Flammant, ou le Phènicoptere, De Buffon, viii. 475.—Pl. Enl. 63.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

FL. With the upper mandible extremely convex, ridged, and sloping to a point; the under very deep, and convex on the upper part; the edges of both furnished with numerous teeth: space between it and the eyes naked: neck very long: tail short: primaries black: all the rest of the plumage of a fine crimson color; but the European birds, which are the only I have seen, are roseate: legs very long: toes webbed: hind toe very small. The attitude is erect: and its HEIGHT usually five feet.

PLACES IN AMERICA.

These birds inhabit Louisiana [*], the Bahama islands, and those of the West Indies; and frequent only salt waters. They live in flocks, and are uncommonly tame, or rather stupid. A person who can stand concealed may shoot as many as he pleases; for they will not arise at the report of the gun; but the survivors will stand as if astonished: nor will they take warning at the sight of the slain; but continue on the spot till most of them are killed. Such is Catesby's account. But the honest and intelligent Dampier gives a very different one; and says that they are extremely shy, and very difficult to be shot.

NESTS.

They build their nests in shallow ponds; and form, for that purpose, with mud, hillocks with a broad base, which appear about a foot and a half above the water: these taper to the top, in which the birds make a hollow for the eggs. They lay two, and cover them with their rump, their legs resting beneath the water. As soon as the young are hatched they run very fast, but cannot fly till they are full grown[†]. They are for a long time of a grey color, nor do they attain that of red till near two years.

They stand upright, and in a row; so at a distance look like a file of soldiers. They feed on the seeds of water-plants: not fish. Their flesh is good, notwithstanding it is lean, and looks black. Dampier also bears witness to the delicacy of the tongues; which, says he, are large, and furnished with a knob of fat at the root, the so much boasted morsel. Apicius, a Roman, probably cotemporary with Tiberius, had the honor of first introducing them to table: the same person whom Pliny so forcibly stigmatises with the title of Nepotum altissimus gurges [*].

The FLAMMANT inhabits several parts of the old world:
PLACES IN EUROPE AND ASIA.

such as some of the coasts of the Mediterranean sea; the Cape De Verd islands; and the Cape of Good Hope. They are common on the shores of the Caspian sea, on the Persian and Turcomannian coasts: repairing in flocks to the mouth of the river Yemba; and sometimes to that of the Yaik; and also to that of the Volga, below Astracan.

* WITH SHORT LEGS.

XLVIII. ALBATROSS. Gen. Birds, LXXXII.

423. WANDERING.

- Diomedea Exulans, Lin. Syst. 214.—Pl. Enl. 237.—Latham, iii.

- Albatross, Edw. 88.—Pallas, Spicil. Zool. Fasc. v. 28.

- Tschaiki of the Kamtschatkans, LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

ALB. With a strong bill, sinking a little in the middle; hooked at the end of the upper mandible, abrupt at that of the lower; nostrils covered with a strong guard, and opening forward; color red; tip dusky: the plumage, in some, wholly dusky, with the color most intense on the upper part; others again have their under side entirely white: the tail is rounded: legs and feet of a dusky red: the webs dusky.

SIZE.

ALBATROSSES differ greatly in size. Whether they differ in species I cannot determine. They weigh from twelve to twenty-eight pounds: and vary in extent of wings, from seven feet seven inches to ten feet seven.

PLACE.

The white and the brown variety or species appear annually in flocks of thousands, about the end of June, and spread over the whole Ochotschan sea, the gulph of Penschinshi, and the Kurile islands; but very rarely on the eastern coast of Kamtschatka. They also arrived in great numbers about Bering's Island, at the time when Steller was preparing to depart from his long confinement, after the shipwreck of his illustrious commander. He sailed from thence on the 10th of August. This coincides with the re-migration of these birds, who retire from the former places about the end of July or the middle of August. Their arrival is the certain forerunner of fish. It is probable that they pursue their prey northward, as they do not return the same way. They spread to the coasts of America [*], and tend from each continent to their breeding-places in the southern hemisphere, which they may arrive at by the season of summer in that adverse part of the globe.

They seek the northern shores,
MANNERS.

in pursuit of the vast shoals of salmon which frequent those distant places. They are the most voracious of birds; and will so fill themselves with fish, that sometimes a large one will hang half out of their mouths till those in their stomach are digested. They will be at times so loaden with food as to become incapable of flying; and even so stupified, as to be readily hunted down by boats, or transfixed in the water by darts: neither can they arise till they have vomited up their prey, which they strive to do with all their might.

The Kamtschatkans are very solicitous about the capture of these birds,
CAPTURE.

not so much for the sake of their flesh (which is very tough and dry, and never eaten unless hunger compels) but on account of the intestines, which they blow into bladders, in order to form floats for their nets. They angle for the Albatrosses as they do for the scaly race, baiting with a whole fish, a large hook fixed to a long cord. This they fling into the water, when there is an instant contest among these greedy birds, which shall first lay hold of it[*].

They have only the vestige of a tongue; which is one of the characters of the Gannet, Corvorants, and other voracious birds. Their voice, like that of the Pelecan, resembles the braying of an ass.

The voyage which these birds undertake,
MIGRATIONS.

from perhaps almost the extremity of the southern hemisphere to that of the northern, urged by instinct, to attend the migration of certain fishes, is very amazing. They are, indeed, seen in April and May off the Cape of Good Hope [†], sometimes soaring in the air with the gentle motion of a Kite, at a stupendous height; at others, nearer the water, watching the motions of the Flying Fish, which they catch while those miserable beings spring out of their element to shun the jaws of the Coryphenes. I have not authority to say that some of them do not reside about the Cape the whole year: but I am acquainted with only two places in which they breed; one is the Falkland islands, the other the coast of Patagonia [*]. In the first, they begin to lay their eggs in October, the spring of those regions, and continue that function about a month.
NESTS AND EGG.

They build their nests with sedges, in form of a haycock, about three feet high, leaving a hollow in the summit for the egg; for they lay but one, which is four inches and a half long, white, with some small obscure spots at the thicker end. They are constantly watched while on their nests by multitudes of Hawks, who no sooner see the Albatross quit its nest, but they instantly dart down and carry off the egg. This obliges them to lay another, and prolong the season of incubation.

The remaining part of the summer they wander over all parts of the Antarctic seas; and were seen as low as lat. 67. 20. in the middle of our January [†]; and have been seen in several successive months to the northward, shunning the winter of their native hemisphere, and seeking warmth and food in the remote climate of Kamtschatka.

STELLER takes notice of some birds which the Russians rank under the name of Gloughpichi. He says they are found in great numbers on the isles between Asia and America; that they were of the size between an Eagle and a Goose, had a yellow crooked bill, and their plumage of the color of umber, spotted with white. He also saw numbers feeding on a dead whale. And in crossing the Penchian sea, he observed several flying: some white, others black[‡]. All these I suspect to have been different sorts of ALBATROSSES, which may have wandered here; for the Antarctic voyagers observed at lest three species in their approaches towards the southern pole‖.

XLIX. AUK. Gen. Birds, LXXXIII.

424. GREAT.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 229.—Edw. No 147.—Latham, iii.

- Alca Impennis, Faun. Suec. No 140.—Brunnich, No 105.—Muller, No 139.— LEV. MUS.

A. With a strong bill, bending at the end; black, and furrowed transversely: between that and the eyes, a bean-shaped white spot: above, the whole plumage is of a glossy black; the secondaries alone tipt with white: breast and belly white: wings very short, and useless for flight, covered with very short feathers: legs black. To the end of the toes, three feet.

Inhabits (but not very frequently,
PLACE.

the coasts of Norway) the Feroe islands (in a certain number of years, St. Kilda) Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland. It lives chiefly on the sea; but never wanders beyond the soundings. Feeds much on the Lump-fish, Br. Zool. ii. No 57. and Father Lasher, Br. Zool. iii. No 99. and other fish of that size. Builds on rocks remote from shore. Lays one egg, six inches long, irregularly marked with purplish lines on a white ground, or blotched near the thicker end with black or ferruginous spots. Hatches late. The young, in August, are only covered with grey down. Their food, at that period, is vegetable, the Rhodiola Rosea, and other plants, having been found in their stomachs. The Greenlanders use the gullet as a bladder to support their darts[*]: and I think I have seen some habits of the Eskimaux made of the skins.

425. RAZOR-BILL.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 230.—Le Pingoin, Pl. Enl. 1004, 1005.—Latham, iii.

- Alca Torda, Faun. Suec. No 139.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

A. With a white line from the bill to the eyes: bill thick, bent at the end, crossed with transverse groves; the largest white, and passing over each mandible: head, back, wings, and tail black: secondaries tipt with white: breast and belly white: legs black. WEIGHT near twenty-three ounces. LENGTH eighteen inches. EXTENT twenty-seven.

PLACE.

Inhabits the north of Europe, Iceland, Greenland, and the coast of Labrador [*]. Extends in Europe, along the White sea, into the Arctic Asiatic shores; and from thence to Kamtschatka and the gulph of Ochotsk, wherever there are lofty rocks[†]. It is the only one of this species which reaches the inland Baltic. It is found there on the Carls-Ozar isles, near Gothland, and the isle of Bondon off Angermanland.

426. BLACK-BILLED.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 231.—Alca Pica, Lin. Syst. 210.—Latham; iii.

- Alca Unisuleata, Brunnich, No 102.—Muller, No 138.

A. With a black bill, marked with one furrow: whole upper side of the body black; the under, from chin to tail, white. WEIGHT only eighteen ounces. LENGTH fifteen inches and a half. EXTENT twenty-five.

PLACE.

Inhabits the north of Europe, and the same countries with the former. It extends farther south than any of the genus; being found on the coasts of Candia, the antient Crete; where it is called Vuthamaria, and Calicatczu [‡]. In Greenland neither of them frequent the bays till the intense cold sets in; but live in the sea, resorting, in the breeding season, to the cliffs in flocks, where each knows its station. Feed on the cancer pedatus, and other marine insects; and grow very fat. In winter, resort to the bays to feed; but at night return to sea. Vie with the Eider-duck, in point of utility to the Greenlanders. The skins are used for cloathing: the raw fat is sucked as broth: the flesh, half putrid, is much admired: and the whole fowl, dressed with the intestines in it, esteemed a high delicacy.

They are taken in the sea with darts; or, chaced in canoes, are driven on shore, and killed by the persons who wait for them; or are taken in nets made of split whalebone. They are the chief food of the natives during February and March [*].

The Alca Balthica of Brunnich, No 115, is a variety of these birds, only wants the white line from the bill to the eyes.

427. PUFFIN.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 232.—Edw. 358.—Le Macareux, Pl. Enl. 275.—Latham, iii.

- Alca Arctica, Faun. Suec. No 141.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

A. With a short bill, deep at the base, ridged, triangular, ending in a sharp point; base strongly rimmed; upper part blueish grey; lower red; both furrowed transversely: crown, and upper part of the body, wings, and tail, black: cheeks white, bounded by grey: breast and belly white: legs orange-colored. WEIGHT twelve ounces. LENGTH twelve inches. EXTENT twenty-one.

Inhabits all the coasts of northern Europe, the icy sea,
PLACE.

and all the way to Kamtschatka; where they are larger and blacker than usual, and their crown cinereous. Found in the Feroe isles, where they are called Lunda; extends to Iceland, Greenland, and Spitzbergen. Catesby enumerates this species, and says that the GREAT AUK, and RAZOR-BILL, frequent the coasts of Carolina during winter[†]. In the same season, numbers of these birds, and the RAZOR-BILLS, frequent the coast of Andalusia; but disappear in the spring. It is supposed that they continue swimming from the northern parts in search of food; the fish of the softer latitudes not retiring to the great deeps out of their reach, as is the case with the fish of more rigorous climates.

428. LABRADOR.

A. With a bill about an inch and a quarter long, much carinated at top, not very deep, a little convex; upper mandible dusky, lower whitish, marked with a black spot, and angulated like that of a Gull: crown, and upper part of the body, wings, and tail, dusky: lower part white: legs red. SIZE of the former.

PLACE.

Inhabits the Labrador coast?—BR. MUS.

429. LITTLE.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 233.—Edw. 91.—Latham, iii.

- Alca Alle, Faun. Suec. No 142.—Brunnich, No 106.—Rot-ges, or Rottet, Marten's Spitzb. 85.—LEV. MUS.

A. With a short, black, convex, and thick bill: whole upper part black: cheeks and lower parts white: scapulars streaked downwards with white: legs dirty greenish white: webs black: throat of the male is black. In SIZE not superior to that of a Blackbird.

PLACE.

Inhabits the north of Europe, as far as Spitzbergen; but I believe does not extend to Asia. Frequent in Greenland. Dives well. Is always putting its bill to the water as if drinking. Grows very fat in stormy weather, when the waves bring small Crabs and little fish near the surface. Is called in Newfoundland the Ice-bird, being the harbinger of ice[*]. Varies to quite white; and sometimes is found with a reddish breast. Is called by the Dutch, Rottet, from its note.

430. ANTIENT.

A. With a black bill, crown, and throat: on each side of the head a short whitish crest: on the hind part of the neck are numbers of white, long, loose, and very narrow feathers, which give it an aged look: wings, back, and tail, sooty: breast and belly white. SIZE of the former.

PLACE.

Inhabits from the west of North America to Kamtschatka and the Kurile islands.—PALLAS, MS.—LEV. MUS.

431. PYGMY.

A. With the bill black and ridged: crown, upper part of the neck, back, wings, and tail, dusky: under side of the neck and breast of a deep iron grey: belly of a dirty white: legs dusky. SIZE of the Water Ouzel.

Seen in vast multitudes about Bird Island,
PLACE.

between Asia and America.

432. TUFTED.

- Alca Cirrhata, Pallas, Spicil. Zool. fasc. v. 7. tab. i.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

A. With a strong thick bill, of a sub-triangular form, arched, hooked near the end; the lower mandible truncated; the upper mandible, near the base, rising into a distinct prominence: the bill of the male marked with three furrows; of the female with two: its colors a fine red, yellow, and corneous: from the sides of the head are two long silky tufts of a yellow color, falling down the sides of the neck to the back: cheeks white: the rest of the plumage entirely black; lightest beneath: legs of a bright red. In SIZE superior to the Puffin Auk.

Inhabits only the shores of Kamtschatka, the Kurile islands,
PLACE.

and those intervening between Kamtschatka and America.

In manners this species greatly resembles the Puffin.
MANNERS.

Lives all day at sea, but at no great distance from the rocks: comes on shore at night: burrows a yard deep under ground, and makes there a nest, with feathers and sea plants: is monogamous, and lodges there the whole night with its mate. Lays one white egg, in the latter end of May or beginning of June. Bites fiercely when taken. Feeds on Crabs, Shrimps, and shell-fish, which it forces from the rocks with its strong bill.

The females of Kamtschatka copy from this bird the fashion of hanging, from behind each ear, tufts made of slips of the white part of the skins of the Glutton. These are reckoned the most valuable present a lover can give his mistress, or a husband to his wife, and the strongest proof of affection.

Their magicians formerly used to recommend the bills of this bird, mixed with those of the Puffin, and the parti-colored hairs of Seals, as a powerful amulet. The distant islanders still bear the bills in their helmets and caps, and make their garments of the skins; but the Kamtschatkans at present make no use of any part but the eggs, which are a common food; the flesh being hard and insipid.

433. PERROQUET.

- Alca Psittacula, Pallas, Spicil. Zool. fasc. v. 15. tab. ii.—Latham, iii.

A. With an oval bill, or the upper and lower parts convex, and of a bright red color: from the remote corner of each eye is a very slender tuft of fine white feathers, hanging down the neck: the head and upper part of the body dusky; the lower whitish, varied with black edges: legs dirty yellow: webs dusky. About the SIZE of the Little Auk.

PLACE.

Inhabits Kamtschatka, the isles towards Japan, those towards America, and the western shores of America, in great abundance. They swim in flocks; but never, unless tempest-driven, go far from the rocks, to which they resort towards night, and shelter themselves in the fissures or holes, without keeping any certain nest. Are the most stupid of all birds, and caught by the natives in this ridiculous manner:—towards evening they put on their garment with great sleeves, pull out their arms, and leave the sleeves distended, which the birds will creep into by flocks, and thus become an easy prey.

The stupidity of this species has often been the salvation of mariners sailing by night in these dangerous parts; being often warned of the neighborhood of a dreadful rock, by these birds flying on board their vessel, mistaking it for their designed lodging. They lay one egg, uncommonly great for their size; it is of a whitish color, speckled with brown, dusky, or yellow; and is esteemed for its delicacy.

434. CRESTED.

- Alca Cristatella, Pallas Spicil. Zool. fasc. v. 18. tab. iii.—Latham, iii.

A. With a scarlet bill: upper mandible convex, and end hooked; and near the angle of the mouth a scarlet heart-shaped substance: on the forehead rise some upright feathers; and above that a fine crest of longer feathers, curling forwards: head and neck black: behind each eye hang a few narrow feathers: back black, marked with dusky ferruginous strokes: rump hoary: wings sooty: under side of the body of a dusky cinereous cast: legs livid: webs dusky. SIZE of the Missel Thrush.

Frequent on Bird Island, between Asia and America.
PLACE.

435. DUSKY.

- Alca Tetracula, Pallas Spicil. Zool. fasc. v. 23. tab. iv.—Latham, iii.

A. With a small arched bill, dusky and yellow: above the base, on the forehead, the feathers divide into two points: beyond each eye is a whitish descending line, in which are a few setaceous feathers: general color of the bird dusky: belly hoary: on the hind part of the head and neck, and near the tail, a few rusty marks: tail very short, dusky, and some of the feathers tipt with ferruginous: legs livid: webs intensely black. LENGTH eleven inches. EXTENT eighteen.

Frequent about Kamtschatka, the Kurile isles,
PLACE.

and those situated towards America. Live in flocks on the rocks; but appear at sea solitary: most stupid, and clumsy. Can scarcely fly; or stand, except they rest against the rocks, where they lodge in the fissures the whole night, or in burrows, which they make with great facility. They swim and dive admirably well. Are exceedingly bad food; but are eaten by the almost-famished natives.

L. GUILLEMOT. Gen. Birds, LXXXIV.

436. FOOLISH.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 234.—Colymbus Troille, Faun. Suec. No 149.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

G. With the bill three inches long: head, neck, back, wings, and tail, of a deep mouse-color: secondaries tipt with white: breast and belly pure white: legs dusky. WEIGHT twenty ounces, LENGTH seventeen inches. EXTENT twenty-seven and a half.

PLACE.

Inhabits all parts of the north of Europe, to Spitzbergen; the coast of Lapmark, and along the white and icy sea, quite to Kamtschatka and North America. Found in Newfoundland. Not mentioned among the birds of Greenland. Is a species that winters on the coast of Italy [*]; possibly those which quit England before that season.

437. BLACK.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 236 —Colymbus Grylle, Faun. Suec. No 148.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

G. With the bill an inch and a half long: inside of the mouth of a fine red: bill, head, neck, back, tail, and under side of the body, black: wings dusky; the coverts marked with a bed of white; secondaries tipt with white: legs scarlet. LENGTH fourteen inches. EXTENT twenty-two.

PLACE.

Found in all the same places with the former, except Italy; doubtful as to Newfoundland. Inhabits Hudson's Bay the whole year. The young are mottled with black and white, and sometimes are quite white[†]. Are excellent divers; therefore called sometimes Diving Pigeons. Make a twittering noise. The Greenlanders eat the flesh, use the skin for cloathing, and the legs as lures for fish.

〈◊〉

billed Grebe No ••8. Marbled Guillemot 〈…〉

In Kamtschatka is a variety, with a white oblique line issuing from the white spot on the wings.

438. MARBLED.

G. With a black bill: crown dusky: throat, breast, and belly, mottled with black and white: back and sides very glossy, and marbled with black and rust-color: wings dusky; greater coverts edged with white: tail black: legs yellow: webs black. LENGTH nine inches.

Inhabits Prince William's Sound,
PLACE.

on the western coast of North America, and probably Kamtschatka.—LEV. MUS.

LI. DIVER. Gen. Birds, LXXXV.

439. NORTHERN.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 237.—L'Imbrim, ou grand Plongeon de la Mer de Nord, De Buffon, viii. 258.—Pl. Enl. 952.

- Colymbus Glacialis, Lin. Syst. 221.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

D. With head and neck black: throat, and hind part of the neck, marked with a semilunar spot of white, and with white streaks pointing downwards: upper part of the body and wings black, varied with white spots: tail dusky: breast and belly white: legs black. LENGTH three feet five inches. EXTENT four feet eight. WEIGHT sixteen pounds.

PLACE.

Inhabits the north of Europe, and spreads along the Arctic coasts, as far as the mouth of the Ob only. Is found about Spitzbergen, Iceland, Hudson's Bay, and as low as New York. Makes its nest, in the more northern regions, on the little isles of fresh-water lakes. Every pair keeps a lake to itself. Sees well: flies very high, and, darting obliquely, falls secure into its nest. Tries to save itself by diving, not flying. The young defend themselves stoutly with their bills. Appears in Greenland in April or the beginning of May. Goes away in September or October, on the first fall of snow. The natives use the skins for cloathing; and the Indians about Hudson's Bay adorn their heads with circlets of their feathers.

440. IMBER.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 238.—Le Grand Plongeon, De Buffon, viii. 251.—Pl. Enl. 251.

- Colymbus Immer, Lin. Syst. 222.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

D. With a dusky head: back, coverts of wings, and tail, dusky, elegantly edged with greyish white: primaries and tail black: breast and belly silvery: legs black: webs marked with white stripes. Larger than the last.

PLACE.

Inhabits New York during winter. Extends to Kamtschatka; but in no part of Sibiria or Russia. Found in Iceland, and most parts of northern Europe.

441. SPECKLED.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 239.—Le petit Plongeon, De Buffon, viii. 254.—Pl. Enl. 992.

- Colymbus Stellatus, Soehane, Brunnich, No 130.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS. —BL. MUS.

D. With the bill turning a little upwards: head dark grey, spotted with white: hind part of the neck of an uniform grey: back, coverts of wings, primaries, and tail, dusky; the two first spotted with white: from chin to tail a fine silvery white. WEIGHT two pounds and a half. LENGTH two feet three. EXTENT three feet nine.

These three species visit New York in the winter,
PLACE.

and return very far north to breed. This is common about the Baltic and White Sea; but not observed in other parts of Russia; yet is a native of Kamtschatka [*]. It lays two eggs in the grass, on the borders of the lakes, not far from the sea. The eggs are exactly oval, of the size of those of a Goose, dusky, marked with a few black spots.

442. STRIPED.

D. With a strong black bill, three inches long: head and neck light grey, striped regularly downwards with long narrow black lines: back and scapulars dusky and plain: primaries, tail, and legs, dusky: cheeks, and whole under side of the body, of a glossy white. WEIGHT between two and three pounds.

Inhabits the inland lakes of Hudson's Bay,
PLACE.

about a hundred miles southward of York Fort. Lays, in June, two eggs. Flies high, and passes backwards and forwards, making a great noise; which is said to portend rain. Detested by the natives, who look on this note as supernatural.—Mr. Hutchins.

443. RED-THROATED.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 240 —Le Lumme, ou petit Plongeon de Mer de Nord, De Buffon, viii. 261.—Pl. Enl. 308.

- Colymbus Septentrionalis, Lin. Syst. 220.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

D. With head and chin of an uniform grey: throat, and lower side of the neck, of a dull red: upper part grey, streaked with black: upper part of body, wings, and tail, dusky: back and coverts of wings spotted with white: breast and belly white: legs dusky. WEIGHT three pounds. EXTENT three feet five. LENGTH, to the tip of the tail, two feet.

PLACE.

Found in the north of Europe and Iceland, along the northern coast of Russia, Sibiria, and Kamtschatka; but does not haunt the inland lakes. Inhabits the rivers of Hudson's Bay during summer. Prey much on the fish entangled in the nets; but are often caught themselves in their rapid pursuit of the fish. Mr. Hutchins took fourteen out of a single net in one tide. Numbers of every species of Diver are frequently taken in this manner about Hudson's Bay.

444. BLACK-THROATED.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 241.—Colymbus Arcticus, Lomm. Faun. Suec. No 150.

- Le Lumme, &c. De Buffon, viii. 261.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

D. With bill, forehead, and cheeks, black: hind part of the neck cinereous: sides of the neck streaked downwards with black: fore part varying with black, purple, and green: back and coverts of wings dusky; the first marked with square, the last with round white spots: breast and belly white: tail black: legs partly red, partly dusky.

PLACE.

This, and the preceding, inhabit Hudson's Bay [*], the north of Europe, and Iceland. Few in Russia: but frequent in the inland lakes of Sibiria, especially those of the Arctic regions; but in the wandering season spread over all latitudes.

The Norwegians remark the sagacity of these birds, in presaging the change of weather. When the skies are big with rain, they fly wildly about, and make the most horrible hoarse noise, fearing that the swelled waters should invade their nest; on the contrary, in fine weather, their note is different, and seemingly in an exulting strain. The Norwegians think it impious, to destroy, or even to disturb, this species[*].

The Swedes have less superstition: they dress the skins; which, when prepared, shew in the clearest manner, on the inside, the quincuncial disposition of feathers. They are exceedingly tough, and are used for gun-cases and facings for winter-caps[†].

LII. SKIMMER. Gen. Birds, LXXXVI.

445. CUT-WATER.

- Cut-water, Catesby, i. 90.—Le Bec en Ciseaux, De Buffon, viii. 454. tab. 36. —Pl. Enl. 357.

- Rynchops nigra, Lin. Syst. 229.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUs.—BL. MUS.

SK. With the bill greatly compressed, the edges sharp; lower mandible four inches and a half long; upper only three; base red; the rest black: forehead, chin, front of neck, breast, and belly, white: head, and whole upper part of the body, black: wings of the same color: lower part of the inner webs of the primaries white: tail short, and a little forked; middle feathers dusky; the others white on their sides: legs weak and red. LENGTH one foot eight inches. EXTENT three feet seven.

PLACE.

Inhabits America, from New York to Guiana [*]. Skims nimbly along the water, with its under mandible just beneath the surface, feeding on the insects and small fish as it proceeds. Frequents also oyster-banks; its bill being partly, like that of the Oyster-catcher, adapted for preying on those shell-fish. In Mr. Ray's Synopsis [†] is a sketch, sent from Madras, of one of this species.

LIII. TERN. Gen. Birds, LXXXVII.

446. NODDY.

- Catesby, i. 88.—Le Noddi, De Buffon, viii. 461.—Pl. Enl. 461.

- Sterna Stolida, Lin. Syst. 227.—LEV. MUS.

T. With a black long bill: crown white, gradually darkening to the hind part: whole plumage brown: wings and tail almost dusky. WEIGHT four ounces.

Inhabit, in vast numbers, the Bahama islands,
PLACE.

where they breed on the bare rocks. In the breeding season they, and numbers of other birds, are seen in great flights, flying near the surface of the water, continually dropping on the small fish which are driven to the top, to shun the persecution of the greater. The whole air resounds with the noise of the birds, who seem in full exultation on their success; which is expressed in vast variety of notes. A rippling and whiteness in the water marks the course of the shoals of fish; and above them the air is animated with their feathered enemies. Where the strongest rippling is, there appear the thickest swarms of fowls. As soon as the time of nutrition is over, these birds disperse over the ocean separately; and are seen at the distance of hundreds of leagues from land; but very seldom on the outside of the tropics. Their stupidity is notorious; for they will suffer themselves to be taken by the hand, when they settle, as they often do, on the yards of ships.

447. SOOTY.

T. With a black bill, two inches long: forehead white: crown, hind part of the head and neck, back, and wings, of a sooty blackness: cheeks, fore part of the neck, breast, belly, and ridge of the wings, white: tail greatly forked; tip of the exterior feathers white; the rest of the tail dusky. Nearly the SIZE, of the Common Gull.

Sent from NEW YORK to Sir Ashton Lever.
PLACE.

These birds are found in very remote climates. They swarm in the isle of Ascension, 8 south latitude. Emit a most sharp and shrill cry: are quite fearless; and fly so close to the few men who visit that distant isle, as almost to touch them. They lay only two or three eggs, which are of a surprizing size, yellowish, spotted with brown and pale violet. The flocks which possess the different parts of the isle, lay at different times. In some quarters the young were found very large; in others only a single egg was found just then layed. Mr. Osbeck and Doctor Forster, who were here in April and May, are silent about this species: possibly it was then on its migrations. It is to the Comte de Buffon [*] we owe this account; who received it from that observant nobleman the Marquis de Querhoënt.

448. GREAT.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 254.—Sterna Hirundo, Tarna, Faun. Suec. No 158.

- Le Pierre garin, ou grande Hirondelle de mer, De Buffon, viii. 331.—Pl. Enl. 987.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

T. With bill and feet of a fine crimson color: forehead, throat, and whole under side, of a pure white: crown black: upper part of the body, and coverts of the wings, an elegant pale grey: tail much forked, white, with the exterior edges of the three outmost grey. WEIGHT four ounces one quarter. LENGTH fourteen inches. EXTENT thirty.

PLACE.

Inhabits Europe, as high as Spitzbergen; and also the northern parts of North America, as far as Hudson's Bay. It appears in New England in May, and goes away in autumn: called there the Mackerel Gull. It is found on the Arctic coasts of Sibiria and Kamtschatka. Retires even from England at approach of winter.

449. LESSER.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 255.—Sterna minuta, Lin. Syst. 228.

- La petite Hirondelle de mer, De Buffon, viii. 337.—Pl. Enl. 996.—Latham, iii. LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

T. With a yellow bill and legs; the first tipt with black: forehead and cheeks white: from the back to the eyes is a black line: crown black: breast and belly of the most exquisite and glossy whiteness, unequalled by the finest satin: back and wings of a pale grey: tail white; less forked than that of the preceding. WEIGHT two ounces eight grains: LENGTH eight inches and a half: EXTENT nineteen and a half.

This species is too tender to endure the high northern latitudes,
PLACE.

nor even beyond the Baltic. Is met with in the south of Russia, and about the Black and Caspian sea; and in Sibiria about the Irtish. In America is seen, during summer, about New York.

450. BLACK.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 256.—Sterna fissipes, Lin. Syst. 228.

- Le Guifette noire, ou l'Epouvantail, De Buffon, viii. 341.—Pl. Enl. 333.— Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

T. With the bill, head, neck, breast, and belly, black: vent white: wings and back of a deep ash-color: tail short; exterior feathers white; the others cinereous: legs a dirty red: webs deeply hollowed in the middle, so as to form a crescent.

This is the species which I apprehend was sent to the Royal Society from Hudson's Bay; and was seen in vast flocks beyond lat. 41 north,
PLACE.

long. 47 west from London, by Mr. Kalm [*], somewhat south of the bank of Newfoundland. Is found in Europe, as far as Iceland. Very numerous in Sibiria, and about the salt lakes of the desarts of Tartary, which they animate by their note and active flight and motions.

- A. KAMTSCHATKAN. PALLAS, MS.

- La Guiffette? De Buffon, viii. 339.—Pl. Enl. 924.

T. With the bill and crown black: forehead and space over the eyes white.

Observed by Steller about Kamtschatka.
PLACE.

A bird seemingly of this species was shot on the Severn a few miles below Shrewsbury; and is among the elegant drawings of my friend, Joseph Plymley, Esq of Longnor.

- B. CASPIAN T. Terna Caspia, Mr. Lepechin, in Nov. Com. Petrop. xiv. 500. tab. xiii. —PALLAS, 483. tab. xxii.—Latham, iii.

T. With a scarlet bill, three inches long: crown and hind part of the head of an intense black, hoared with white: space round the eyes black; under each a white crescent: cheeks, lower side of the neck, and whole under side of the body, of a snowy whiteness: upper part cinereous and hoary: six first primaries darker, edged and tipt with black: tall deeply forked, and of a pure white: legs black. The specimen described by Doctor PALLAS was of darker colors; perhaps differed in age and sex. LENGTH near two feet. EXTENT three feet two inches. Seems, in the air, as big as a KITE.

PLACE.

Inhabits the Caspian sea, about the mouth of the Yaik. Makes a laughing noise. Fishes both in the sea and rivers. Remains long suspended in the air, then dashes on its prey; and skims the surface of the water like a Swallow. Lays, on the back of desart isles, two eggs marked with dusky spots. Wanders up the great river Oby, even, towards the frozen ocean[*].

LIV. GULL. Gen. Birds, LXXXVIII.

451. BLACK-BACKED.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 242.—Larus marinus, Faun. Suec. No 155.

- Le Goeland à manteau noir, De Buffon, viii. 405.—Pl. Enl. 990.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

G. With a strong pale yellow bill; the lower mandible marked with a black spot, encircled with red: upper part of the back and wings black; primaries tipt with white: the rest of the plumage of a snowy whiteness: legs pale flesh-color.
SIZE.

WEIGHT sometimes five pounds. LENGTH twenty-nine inches. EXTENT five feet nine.

Inhabits northern Europe, as high as Iceland, Lapmark,
PLACE.

and the White Sea; Greenland, and the coast of North America down to New York and South Carolina, where they are called Old Wives. Is observed, in Greenland, to attack other birds, especially the Eider Duck. The Eskimaux and Greenlanders make their garments of the skins of these, as well as other water fowl. This was a practice, in early times, with every people to whom manufactures were unknown. Non avium plumae in usum vestis conseruntur [*]?

452. HERRING.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 246.—Larus fuscus, Faun. Suec. No 154.

- Le Goeland à manteau gris brun, De Buffon, viii. 410.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

G. With a yellow bill; lower mandible marked with a red spot: irides straw-colored: head, neck, and tail, white: back and coverts of wings ash-color: primaries dusky, with a white spot near their ends: legs of a pale flesh-color; vary to yellow. WEIGHT about thirty ounces. LENGTH twenty-three inches. EXTENT four feet four.

Inhabits the north of Europe, Iceland, and Greenland:
PLACE.

even in the last country a common species; and continues there the whole year. Breeds among broken rocks: much upon wing: is caught in snares, or by a baited hook. The flesh and eggs eaten; and the skin used, like that of most other Gulls, for garments. Is found in Hudson's Bay during summer: breeds there, and retires at approach of winter. It breeds likewise on the islands on the coast of South Carolina. Is frequent about the Caspian and Black seas, and their great rivers: also about the greatest lakes of Sibiria.

453. WAGEL.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 247.—Larus naevius, Lin. Syst. 225.

- Le Goeland varié, ou le Grisard, De Buffon, viii. 413.—Pl. Enl. 266.— Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

G. With a black bill: irides dusky: whole plumage, above and below, varied with brown, white, and cinereous: primaries dusky: tail mottled with dusky and white; near the end a black bar; tips whitish; legs of a dirty white. WEIGHT thirty-two ounces. LENGTH near two feet. EXTENT four feet eight.

PLACE.

Inhabits the north of Europe, Iceland, Hudson's Bay, and Newfoundland. Frequent about the lakes of Russia, and the west of Sibiria.

454. LAUGHING.

- Catesby, i. 89.—Will. Orn. 346. No iv.—La Mouette rieuse, De Buffon, viii. 433. —Pl. Enl. 970.

- Larus Atricilla, Lin. Syst. 225.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

G. With a red bill: black head: the ends of the primaries black: back and coverts of the wings cinereous: all the rest of the plumage white: legs black and long. LENGTH about eighteen inches. EXTENT three feet.

PLACE.

Inhabits the Bahama islands. Their note resembles a coarse laugh.

455. BLACK-HEADED.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 252.—Latus ridibundus, Lin. Syst. 225.—La Mouette rieuse, De Buffon, viii. 433.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

G. With a red bill and legs: head and throat black: neck, belly, and tail, white: back and wings ash-colored: ends of the primaries marked with black. LENGTH about fifteen inches. EXTENT thirty-seven. WEIGHT ten ounces.

Inhabits New England: comes in May, leaves the country in August.
PLACE.

In Europe, not farther north than England. In all parts of Russia and Sibiria, and even Kamtschatka. Has the laughing notes of the former, of which it seems a variety.

456. KITTIWAKE.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 250.—Phipps, 187.—Larus Rissa, Lin. Syst. 224.

- Kutge-gehef, Marten's Spitzbergen, 82.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS?

G. With a yellow bill: inside of the mouth orange: head, neck, under side of the body, and tail, white: behind each ear is a black spot: the back and coverts pale grey: primaries dusky, with a white spot near the ends: legs dusky: no back toe. LENGTH fourteen inches. EXTENT three feet two.

Is found about Newfoundland. Inhabits Spitzbergen, Greenland,
PLACE.

Iceland, and the north of Europe, the arctic coast of Asia, and Kamtschatka.

457. IVORY.

- Larus eburneus, Phipps's Voy. 187.—Larus candidus, Faun. Groenl. No 67.

- Rathsher, Marten's Spitzb. 77.—La Mouette blanche, De Buffon, viii. 422.— Pl. Enl. 994.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

G. With the bill and legs of a lead-color: whole plumage of a snowy whiteness. LENGTH, to the end of the tail, sixteen inches. EXTENT thirty-seven.

PLACE.

Inhabits Spitzbergen and Greenland: also very frequent in the frozen sea between Asia and America; and off cape Denbigh, a little to the south of Bering's Streights. Keeps usually far at sea; but when it does alight, is very stupid, and easily killed. The young are spotted with black, and their bills are black.

458. COMMON.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 249.—Larus canus. Homaka. Mave. Lappis Straule, Faun. Suec. No 153.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

G. With a yellow bill: head, neck, tail, and all the under side of the body, white: back and coverts of wings light grey: primaries dusky; near their extremities a white spot: legs dull white, tinged with green. LENGTH seventeen inches. EXTENT three feet. WEIGHT twelve ounces and a half.

PLACE.

Inhabits as high as Iceland; and is common about the Russian lakes. Is frequent on the coast of Newfoundland.

459. ARCTIC.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 245.—Phipps, 187.—Le Labbe à longue queue, De Buffon, viii. 445.—Pl. Enl. 762.—Ph. Trans. lxii. 421.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

G. With a dusky bill, much hooked at the end: upper part covered with a thin cere: crown black; back, wings, and tail, dusky: neck, breast, and belly, white: tail cuneiform; two middle feathers near four inches longer than the rest. FEMALE wholly brown; under side lightest. LENGTH twenty-one inches.

PLACE.

Inhabits, in America, Hudson's Bay [*]; all the north of Europe to Spitzbergen; frequent in Greenland. Feeds almost entirely on fish caught by other birds, which it persecutes till they drop their prey, or vomit for fear; when it catches their droppings before it falls into the water. The Dutch call it, from a now exploded notion, that it lives on the dung of fowl, the Stront-jagger. Extends along the arctic coast to Kamtschatka. Ascends the great rivers, the Ob, Jenesei, and Lena, above a hundred leagues inland.

460. BLACK-TOED.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 244.—Catharacta cepphus. Strandhoeg, Brunnich, No 126.—Le Labbe, ou Stercoraire, De Buffon, viii. 441. tab. 34.—Pl. Enl. 991.—Latham iii. —LEV. MUS.

G. With a bill resembling the former: head and neck of a dirty white, marked with dusky spots: back, scapulars, coverts of wings, and tail, black, prettily edged with pale rust: bread and belly white, crossed with numerous dusky and yellowish lines: the sides and vent barred crossways with black and white: tail black, tipt with white; the exterior webs of the outmost, spotted with rust; the two middle, feathers are near an inch longer than the others. These birds vary into lighter and darker colors; but the color of the toes are specific marks: the legs are of a blueish lead-color: the toes and webs have their lower parts of a deep black. WEIGHT eleven ounces. LENGTH fifteen inches. EXTENT thirty-nine.

Inhabits, in America, the coast of Newfoundland and Hudson's Bay:
PLACE.

is hated by the natives, who have a notion that the birds are companions to the detested Eskimaux. I cannot, in Europe, trace it higher than Great Britain and Denmark; yet it has been shot, in the Atlantic ocean, as near to the line as north lat. 8, west long. 22. 12.

- A. SKUA, Br. Zool. ii. No 243.—Catharacta Skua, Brunnich, No 125.—Muller, No 167. Le Goeland brun, De Buffon, viii. 408.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

G. With a strong sharp black bill and cere: head, back, and coverts of the wings, brown and rust-colored: primaries and secondaries dusky; the shafts of the primaries white: on the secondaries a great white spot: breast and belly of a rusty ash: tail brown, white at the base: legs black and scaly: claws black, sharp, strong, and hooked like those of a KITE. LENGTH two feet. EXTENT four and a half. WEIGHT three pounds.

PLACE.

Inhabits Europe very locally; only from Foula and Unst, two of the Schetland isles, to the Feroe isles, Norway, and as far as Iceland. Its manners, such as its great courage, and fierceness in defending its young, in driving away the eagle from its haunts, and, as is firmly asserted by Mr. Schroter, a surgeon in the Feroe isles, its preying on the lesser water fowl, like a rapacious land bird, are fully described in the British Zoology. They abound about Port Egmont, in the Falkland islands, and are therefore stiled by navigators, Port Egmont Hens. They have been observed in many parts of the Pacific ocean, as low as lat. 36. 56 south, to the east [*] of New Zeland; and as high, in the same hemisphere, as lat. 67. 15[†]. The navigators found them in great plenty, in their breeding season, in the latter end of December, about Christmas Sound, in Terra del Fuego, making their nests in the dry grass. They have not been remarked in other parts of the globe, nearer than the Schetlands.

- B. GLAUCOUS, Larus Glaucus, Brunnich, No 148.—Muller, No 169.—Faun. Groenl. No 64.—Latham, iii.

G. With a yellow bill, and orange spot near the end: head and lower part of the body white: back and wings of a fine hoary grey; primaries darkest, and tipt with white: legs of a pale fulvous hue. In SIZE superior to the Herring Gull.

PLACE.

Inhabits Norway, Lapmark, Iceland, Greenland, and Spitzbergen. Is called by the Dutch, Burgermeister, being the master of all other sea fowl. It builds its nest high on the cliffs: preys on dead whales: attends the Walruses, in order to feed on their dung; and, as Frederic Martens asserts, will even destroy and eat the young of the Razor-bills. It also feeds on fish; and does not despise the berries of the Empetrum Nigrum. It is almost continually on wing; and makes a hoarse noise, like the Raven.

- C. SILVERY. Larus argentatus, Brunnich, No 149.—Latham, iii.

G. With a white head and neck, streaked downwards with cinereous lines: back and under part of the body like the former species: lower part of the primaries greyish; upper black; the tips white: bill yellow, with an orange spot. SIZE of the Herring Gull. This and the former seem nearly.

Inhabits Norway.
PLACE.

- D. TARROCK, Br. Zool. ii. No 251.—Larus tridactylus, Faun. Suec. No 157.—La Mouette tachetée, De Buffon, viii. 424.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

G. With a strong, thick, black, bill: with white head, neck, breast, and belly: behind each ear a black spot: on the hind part of the neck a black crescent: back and scapulars blueish grey: ten middle feathers of the tail white, tipt with black; outmost quite white: a protuberance instead of the back toe. SIZE of the former.

Inhabits Europe quite to Iceland and Spitzbergen;
PLACE.

the Baltic and White sea; and again in Kamtschatka.

- E. RED-LEGGED.

G. With blood-red bill and legs: head and neck white, mottled about the former: back and coverts of wings fine grey: lesser coverts mottled: under side of body and the tail white; the last tipt with black. SIZE of the Black-cap Gull.

A bird of this species was brought from Kamtschatka.
PLACE.

Another of the same kind has been shot in Anglesey.

LV. PETREL. Gen. Birds, LXXXIX.

461. FULMAR.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 257.—Procellaria glacialis, Faun. Suec. No 144.—Petrel de l'isle de St. Kilda, Pl. Enl. 59.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

P. With a strong yellow bill: head, neck, tail, and under side of the body, white: back and coverts of wings cinereous: primaries dusky: legs of a pale yellow. Rather larger than the Common Gull.

PLACE.

Abound in the seas of Spitzbergen and Greenland, and common in those between Kamtschatka and America: the latter are darker colored than the former. They are equally abundant in the southern hemisphere. Captain Cook found them among the ice, in his voyage towards the south pole, in lat. 64. 55[*]; in lat. 59, to the south of the isle of New Georgia [†]; and even in the moderate climate of lat. 34. 45, not remote from the Cape of Good Hope [‡]. They keep chiefly in the high seas, and feed on dead whales, or any thing that offers on the surface; but will, with their strong bills, pick the fat out of the backs of living whales, especially of the wounded; whose bloody track they will follow by hundreds, to watch its rising. Their flight resembles running on the top of the water; for which reason the Norwegians call it Hav-hest, or Sea-horse; and Storm-fugl, or Storm-fowl, as being supposed to be a presage of tempests. The Dutch call it Mallmucke, or the Foolish Fly, from their multitudes, and their stupidity. They very seldom. come, to land, unless they chance to lose their way in the mists, which are so frequent on the coast of Greenland during the month of August. They breed on the broken rocks about Disco, and remote from the main land.

They are, by reason of their food, excessively fetid; yet the flesh is used as a food by the Greenlanders, both raw and dressed. The fat is also eaten, and serves to supply their lamps with oil. The prey of these birds being chiefly the blubber of cetaceous fish, it is quickly converted into oil, which serves the Fulmars for a double end; as a sustenance for the young, and a defence against. their assailants; for they spurt it, on being seized, out of their mouths and nostrils, into the faces of the persons who lay hold of them. The Greenlanders take them by darting them in the water.

462. SHEAR-WATER.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 258.—Edw. Av. 359.—Procellaria Puffinus, Lin. Syst. 213.— Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

P. With a dusky bill, more slender than that of the former: head, wings, and whole upper part of the body, of a sooty blackness: lower part, from chin to tail, and the inner coverts of the wings, white: legs weak, compressed; whitish before, dusky behind. LENGTH fifteen inches. EXTENT thirty-one. WEIGHT seventeen ounces.

Inhabits the northern parts of Europe, Iceland, and Greenland.
PLACE.

Consort with the last in Greenland: and, in misty weather, quite cover the sea. It extends, in the Atlantic ocean, to America, and again almost to the Cape of Good Hope [*]; and is also found in the southern hemisphere, having been seen in south lat. 13. 13, in Captain Cook's passage from Easter island to Otaheitè [†]: and again, in numbers, as low as cape Deseada, in south latitude 53[‡].

463. FORK-TAIL.

P. With the whole upper and under parts of a cinerous grey: bill much hooked, and black: lesser coverts of wings dusky; greater, deep grey: exterior webs of primaries dusky; interior, light grey: tail forked, and of a light grey. LENGTH nine inches.

Taken among the ice between Asia and America.
PLACE.

464. STORMY.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 259.—Procellaria pelagica, Stormwaders Fogel, Faun. Suec. No 143.

- Le Petrel, ou l'Oiseau tempete, Pl. Enl. 993.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

P. With a black bill, much hooked, at the end: rump and feathers of the vent, and each side of the tail, white; all the rest black: secondaries tipt with white: tail short: wings very long. LENGTH six inches. EXTENT thirteen.

PLACE.

This species inhabits the north of Europe: is common about Kamtschatka, where it is larger than in other places; but does not extend to the Arctic circle, at lest is unmentioned by the Faunists of that region. Is, with the preceding, found at all distances from land, in all parts of the Atlantic, from Great Britain to the coast of North America [*]: flocks attend the ships the whole way, and usually keep in the wake, where they pick up every thing that drops. They never are off wing; yet seem to settle. They are silent during day; clamorous in the dark. Are hated by the sailors, who call them Witches, imagining they forebode a storm. The Norwegians stile them Sondenvinds Fugl; the Swedes, Stormwaders Fogel; and the inhabitants of Feroe, Strunkvit.

- A. KURIL. Black Petrol, Edw. 89.—Latham, iii.

P. With a strong yellow bill: whole plumage of an unvaried rusty black: legs the same, dashed with red. SIZE of a Raven.

Sent to Doctor Pallas from the Kuril isles.

LVI. MERGANSER. Gen. Birds, XC.

465. GOOSANDER.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 260.—Mergus Merganser, Wrakfagel, Kjorfagel, Skraka, Faun. Suec. No 135.—Le Harle, De Buffon, viii. 267.—Pl. Enl. 951, 953.— Latham, iii.— LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

M. With a red bill: head full of feathers, loose behind, and of a mallard green: lower part of the neck and belly of a fine straw-color: upper part of the back, and scapulars next to it, black: lower part of the back, and the tail, cinereous: primaries dusky; secondaries white, edged with black: coverts on the ridge of the wing black; the others white: legs a full orange. WEIGHT four pounds. LENGTH two feet four. EXTENT three feet two. Head and upper part of the neck of the FEMALE, or DUN DIVER, ferruginous: behind is a pendent crest: throat white: back, coverts of wings, and the tail, cinereous: primaries dusky: breast and middle of the belly white.

Inhabits the province of New York in winter: retires in April,
PLACE.

probably to Hudson's Bay, and other northern countries. It is also found as low as South Carolina [*]. Breeds in every latitude in the Russian empire; but mostly in the north. Is common in Kamtschatka. Extends through northern Europe to Iceland and Greenland [†]. Continues the whole year in the Orknies; but visits South Britain only in severe winters. Swims with its body very deep in the water: dives admirably; and is a great devourer of fish.

466. RED-BREASTED.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 261.—Mergus serrator, Ptacka, Faun. Suec. No 136.—Le Harle huppé, De Buffon, viii. 273.—Pl. Enl. 207.—Faun. Groenl. No 48.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

M. With a crested head; and part of the neck a mallard green: rest: of the neck, and whole belly, white: breast ferruginous, spotted with black: upper part of the back black: exterior scapulars black; interior white: coverts of the wings black and white: primaries dusky: lower part of the back, and sides under the wings, cinereous, barred with small lines of black: tail brown: legs orange. In the FEMALE the head and upper part of the neck are dull ferruginous: throat white: fore part of the neck, and the breast, marbled with deep ash-color: back, scapulars, and tail, cinereous: primaries dusky. WEIGHT of the male two pounds. LENGTH one foot nine. EXTENT two feet seven.

PLACE.

Frequent Newfoundland and Greenland during summer; and appear, in the same season, in Hudson's Bay in great flocks. Is found in Europe, as high as Iceland, where it is called Vatus-ŏnd. In the Russian dominions is gregarious, about the great rivers of Sibiria and lake Baikal.

467. HOODED.

- Round-crested Duck, Catesby, i. 94.—Edw. 360.—Latham, iii.

- Mergus cucullatus, Lin. Syst. 207.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

M. With a large, upright, circular crest, beginning at the base of the bill, and ending at the hind part of the head; flabelliform, edged with black; the rest white; and on each side, above the eyes, streaked with a shorter set of black feathers: forehead, cheeks, neck, back, and tail, black: breast and belly white: sides yellowish rust, crossed by slender dusky lines. Head and neck of the FEMALE dark ash, mottled with black: crest short, and rust-colored: back, wings, and tail, dusky; the wings crossed with a white line: breast and belly white. In SIZE between a Wigeon and a Teal.

PLACE.

This species breeds in some unknown parts of the north. Appears in New York, and other parts of North America, as low as Virginia and Carolina, in November; and frequents fresh waters: retires in March.

468. SMEW.

- Br. Zool. No 262.—La Piette, De Buffon, viii. 275.—Pl. Enl. 449, 450.

- Le Harle couronné, De Buffon, viii. 280.—Pl. Enl. 935, 936.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

M. With a lead-colored bill: horizontal crest, white above, black beneath: eyes included in a large oval spot, black, glossed with green, which extends to the base of the bill: neck, and whole under side of the body, pure white: wings and scapulars parti-colored with black and white: tail deep ash-color: legs blueish grey. LENGTH eighteen inches. EXTENT twenty-six. WEIGHT thirty-four ounces. Head of the FEMALE [*] rust-colored, and slightly crested: around the eyes a spot of the same color and form as in the male: neck grey, darkest behind: in the other marks resembles the male except the legs, which are grey.

This species was sent to Mrs. Blackburn from New York,
PLACE.

I think as a winter bird. In Europe it extends to Iceland: visits Britain in the severe season. In the Russian empire frequents the same places with the GOOSANDER. Each of these retire southward at approach of winter; and are observed returning up the Volga in February, tending towards the north. Migrates, during summer, even as low as Tinos in the Archipelago [†].

- A. MINUTE Lough Diver, Br. Zool. ii. p. 560.—Mergus minutus, Faun. Suec. No 138. —Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

M. With head and hind part of the neck rust-colored; the head slightly crested: back, scapulars, and tail, dusky: fore part of the neck white: breast clouded with grey: on the lesser coverts of the wings a great bed of white; on the primaries and greater coverts two transverse lines of white: legs dusky.

PLACE.

Inhabits the shores of Sweden: found also, during winter, in Great Britain; at which season the whole genus quits Sweden, expelled by the ice.

LVII. DUCK. Gen. Birds, XCI.

469. WHISTLING SWAN.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 264.—Anas Cygnus ferus. Swan, Faun. Suec. No 107.— Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

D. With the lower part of the bill black; upper part, and space between that and the eyes, covered with a naked yellow skin: eye-lids naked and yellow: whole plumage pure white: legs black. LENGTH, to the tip of the tail, four feet ten. EXTENT seven feet three. WEIGHT from thirteen to sixteen pounds.

These birds inhabit the northern world, as high as Iceland,
PLACE.

and as low as the soft climate of Greece, or of Lydia, the modern Anatolia, in Asia Minor: it even descends as low as Egypt [*]. They swarm, during summer, in the great lakes and marshes of the Tartarian and Sibirian desarts; and resort in great numbers to winter about the Caspian and Euxine seas. Those of the eastern parts of Sibiria retire beyond Kamtschatka, either to the coasts of America, or to the isles north of Japan. In Sibiria, they spread far north, but not to the Arctic circle. They arrive in Hudson's Bay about the end of May: breed in great numbers on the shores, in the islands, and in the inland lakes; but all retire to the southern parts of North America in autumn, even as low as Carolina and Louisiana. Mr. Lawson, who was no inaccurate observer, says, that there were two sorts in Carolina: the larger is called, from its note, the Trumpeter. These arrive in great flocks to the fresh rivers in winter; and, in February, retire to the great lakes to breed: the lesser are called Hoopers, and frequent mostly the salt water. The Cygnets are esteemed a delicate dish. The Indians of Louisiana make diadems for their chieftains with the large feathers: the lesser are woven into garments for the women of rank. The young of both sexes make tippets of the unplucked skin. They breed in great multitudes in the lakes of Lapland; and resort towards the more southern parts of Europe, during the severe season. Breed even in the Orkney isles.

HOW TAKEN IN ICELAND.

In Iceland they are an object of chace. In August they lose their feathers to such a degree as not to be able to fly. The natives, at that season, resort in great numbers to the places where they most abound; and come provided with dogs, and active and strong horses, trained to the sport, and capable of passing nimbly over the boggy soil and marshes. The swans will run as fast as a tolerable horse. The greater numbers are taken by the dogs, which are taught to catch them by the neck, which causes them to lose their balance, and become an easy prey. Great use is made of the plumage: the flesh is eaten; and the skin of the legs and feet, taken off entire, looks like shagreen, and is used for purses. The eggs are collected in the spring for food[*].
IN KAMTSCHATKA.

In Kamtschatka, where they abound both in winter and summer, they are also taken with dogs, in the moulting season; or killed with clubs. During winter they are taken in the unfrozen rivers, and form a constant dish at the tables of the natives[†]. This species has several distinctions from the species which we,
SPECIFIC DISTINCTIONS.

in England, call the Tame Swan. In Russia this species more fitly clames the name, it being the kind most commonly tamed in that empire. The Whistling Swan carries its neck quite erect: the other swims with it arched. This is far inferior in size. This has twelve ribs on a side; the MUTE [‡] only eleven. But the most remarkable is the strange figure of the windpipe, which falls into the chest, then turns back like a trumpet, and afterwards makes a second bend to join the lungs. Thus it is enabled to utter a loud and shrill note. The other Swan, on the contrary, is the most silent of birds; it can do nothing more than hiss, which it does on receiving any provocation. The vocal kind emits its loud notes only when flying, or calling: its sound is, whoogh, whoogh, very loud and shrill, but not disagreeable, when heard far above one's head, and modulated by the winds. The natives of Iceland compare it to the notes of a violin: in fact they hear it at the end of their long and gloomy winter, when the return of the Swans announces the return of summer: every note must be therefore melodious which presages the speedy thaw, and the release from their tedious confinement.

It is from this species alone that the antients have given the fable of the Swan being endued with the powers of melody:
VOCAL SWAN OF THE POETS.

embracing the Pythagorean doctrine, they made the body of this bird the mansion of the souls of departed poets: and after that, attributed to the birds the same faculty of harmony which their inmates possessed in a pre-existent state. The vulgar, not distinguishing between sweetness of numbers and melody of voice, thought that real which was only intended figuratively. The MUTE Swan never frequents the Padus; and I am almost equally certain that it never is seen on the Cayster, in Lydia; each of them streams celebrated by the poets, for the great resort of Swans. The Padus was styled Oloriferus, from the numbers which frequented its waters; and there are few of the poets, Greek or Latin, who do not truly make them its inhabitants. I shall give one reference only, out of respect to the extreme beauty of the imagery.

Haud secus Eridani stagnis ripave Caystri

Innatat albus Olor, pronoque immobile corpus

Dat fluvio: & pedibus tacitis emigrat in undas.

Silius Italicus, lib. 14.

470. MUTE SWAN.

- Tame Swan, Br. Zool. ii. No 265.—Anser Cygnus, No 107. β.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

D. With a deep red bill, and black incurvated nail at the end: a triangular naked black skin between the bill and the eyes: at the base of the upper mandible a large black rounded protuberance: legs black: whole plumage of a snowy whiteness. WEIGHT sometimes twenty-five pounds.

PLACE.

The Mute Swan, or that which we call Tame, is found in a wild state in some parts of Russia; but far more plentiful in Sibiria. It arrives, in summer, later from the south, and does not spread so far north[*]. Those which frequent the provinces of Ghilan and Masenderan, on the south of the Caspian sea, grow to a vast size, and are esteemed great delicacies. The Mahometans hold them in high veneration[†].

471. CANADA GOOSE.

- Edw. 151.—Catesby, i. 91.—Anas Canadensis, Lin. Syst. 198.—Phil. Trans. lxii. 412.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

D. With an elevated black bill: head, neck, primaries, and tail, black: from the throat passes, along the cheeks to the hind part of each side of the head, a triangular white spot: bottom of the neck, vent feathers, lower belly, and coverts of the tail, white: breast, upper belly, back, and wings (except primaries) of a dusky brown: legs of a deep lead-color.

PLACE.

Inhabit the northern parts of North America. Immense flocks appear annually in the spring in Hudson's Bay, and pass far to the north to breed; and return southward in the autumn. Numbers also breed about Hudson's Bay, and lay six or seven eggs. The young are easily made tame. M. Fabricius suspects that they are found, during summer, in Greenland [‡]. They proceed, in their southern migration, as low as South Carolina, where they winter in the rice-grounds. The English of Hudson's Bay depend greatly on Geese, of these and other kinds, for their support; and, in favorable years, kill three or four thousand, which they salt and barrel. Their arrival is impatiently attended; it is the harbinger of the spring, and the month named by the Indians the Goose moon. They appear usually at our settlements in numbers, about St. George's day, O. S. and fly northward to nestle in security. They prefer islands to the continent, as further from the haunts of men. Thus Marble Island was found, in August, to swarm with Swans, Geese, and Ducks; the old ones moulting, and the young at that time incapable of flying[*].

The English send out their servants, as well as Indians, to shoot these birds on their passage. It is in vain to pursue them: they therefore form a row of huts made of boughs, at musquet-shot distance from each other, and place them in a line across the vast marshes of the country. Each hovel, or, as they are called, stand, is occupied by only a single person. These attend the flight of the birds, and on their approach mimic their cackle so well, that the Geese will answer, and wheel and come nearer the stand. The sportsman keeps motionless, and on his knees, with his gun cocked, the whole time; and never fires till he has seen the eyes of the Geese. He fires as they are going from him, then picks up another gun that lies by him, and discharges that. The Geese which he has killed, he sets up on sticks as if alive, to decoy others; he also makes artificial birds for the same purpose. In a good day (for they fly in very uncertain and unequal numbers) a single Indian will kill two hundred. Notwithstanding every species of Goose has a different call, yet the Indians are admirable in their imitation of every one.

The vernal flight of the Geese lasts from the middle of April until the middle of May. Their first appearance coincides with the thawing of the swamps, when they are very lean. The autumnal, or the season of their return with their young, is from the middle of August to the middle of October [†]. Those which are taken in this latter season, when the frosts usually begin, are preserved in their feathers, and left to be frozen for the fresh provisions of the winter stock. The feathers constitute an article of commerce, and are sent into England.

472. BEAN GOOSE.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 267.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

D. With a small bill, much compressed near the end; base and nail black; middle of a pale red: head and neck cinereous brown, tinged with rust: breast and belly dirty white, clouded with ash-color: lesser coverts of the wings very light grey: back plain ash-color: scapulars darker, edged with white: primaries and secondaries grey, edged with black: tail edged with white: legs saffron-color: claws white. LENGTH two feet seven. WEIGHT six pounds and a half.

PLACE.

Observed by Mr. Hearne, in Hudson's Bay. Is in Europe a northern bird. Breeds in great numbers in Lewis, one of the Hebrides, and is most destructive to the green corn. Migrates at the latter end of August, in flocks innumerable, into the wolds of Yorkshire, and into Lincolnshire; and among them are some white[*]. They all disappear in the spring. The appearance and disappearance of this kind in Austria is similar[†]. Wild Geese are seen flying over, but very rarely alight in the Orknies.

473. GREY LAG GOOSE.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 266.—Anas Anser. Willgâs, Faun. Suec. No 114.—Wild Goose of all authors.—Latham, iii.

- L'Oye Sauvage, Pl. Enl. 995.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

D. With an elevated bill, flesh-colored, tinged with yellow, and with a white nail: head and neck cinereous, mixed with dirty yellow: neck striated downwards: back and primaries dusky; the last tipt with black; shafts white: secondaries black, edged with white: lesser coverts dusky, edged with white: breast and belly whitish, clouded with ash-color: rump and vent white: middle feathers of the tail dusky, tipt and edged with white; the outmost almost entirely white: legs flesh-colored: claws black. LENGTH two feet nine. EXTENT five feet. WEIGHT sometimes ten pounds.

Inhabits the north of Europe, Asia, and America,
PLACE.

and migrates into Hudson's Bay. Frequents, during winter, South Carolina, and particularly the rice grounds, where it gleans the droppings of the harvest. This species breeds in the fens of Lincolnshire, and never migrates from that county. They are seen, early in the spring, flying over Sweden, to the Lapland moors, and to the eastern and southern parts of Iceland; in which quarters of that island alone they breed[*]. Return in autumn: make a short stay along the shores; but never winter in Sweden [†]. Abound in Russia, Sibiria, and Kamtschatka; but breed chiefly in the north.

474. BLUE-WINGED GOOSE.

- Edw. 152.—Anser Caerulescens, Lin. Syst. 196.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

D. With a red elevated bill: crown yellowish; rest of the head and neck white; the hind part of the last spotted with black; in some the spots are wanting: base of the neck, breast, sides under the wings, and back, of a deep brown: coverts of the wings and tail of a light blueish ash-color: belly and vent white: primaries dusky: scapulars and tail white and grey, disposed in stripes: legs red. In SIZE rather lesser than the common Tame Goose.

Migrates into Hudson's Bay, and re-migrates like the former.
PLACE.

The Indians have a notion, that to avoid the cold, it flies towards the sun, till it singes its pate against that luminary. Few go very far north; but are most numerous about Albany Fort; where, on the contrary, the SNOW GEESE are very scarce.

475. BERING.

D. With a yellow excrescence at the base of the bill, radiated in the middle with blueish black feathers: round the ears a space of greenish white: eyes black, encircled with yellow, and rayed with black: back, fore part of the neck, and belly, white: wings black: hind part of the neck blueish. SIZE of a common Wild Goose.—STELLER'S Descr. [*]

PLACE.

Observed by Mr. Steller, in July, on the isle of Bering. They probably came from America. It is the remark of that great naturalist, during his stay on that island, that Geese of various kinds migrated this way to and from America to Asia, in vast flocks. In the spring they came from the west, in autumn from the east; which proves, that the Water-Fowl of these latitudes prefer, for breeding-places, the Asiatic wastes to those of America.

476. WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 268.—Anas Erythropus Fiaelgas, Faun. Suec. No 116.—Latham, iii.

- Laughing Goose, Edw. 153.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

D. With a pale yellow elevated bill: forehead white: head and neck of a cinereous brown, darkest on the crown: coverts of the wings grey, edged with brown: breast of an ash-color, clouded with a deeper: belly white, marked with large black spots: coverts of the tail and the vent white: tail dusky, edged with white: legs orange.
SIZE.

LENGTH two feet four. EXTENT four feet six. WEIGHT five pounds and a half.

PLACE.

Inhabits, during summer, Hudson's Bay, and the north of Europe. Breeds also in the extreme north of Asia; and in its migration is very frequently scattered over Sibiria. Migrates over only the east of Russia; and is very scarce in the west. Mr. Fabricius suspects that they are found in Greenland [†].

477. SNOW.

- Anser Grandinis. Schnee Gans. Schwenckfelt Siles. 213.—Phil. Trans. lxii. 413.

- Anser Hyperboreus, Pallas Spicil. Zool. fasc. vi. 26.—Latham, iii.

- White Brant, Lawson, 147.

D. With an elevated bill; upper mandible scarlet; lower whitish: forehead yellowish: head, neck, and body, of a snowy whiteness: primaries white at the bottoms, black to the tips: lesser coverts usually cinereous, with dusky tips: legs and feet deep red. The young Geese are blue, and do not attain their proper colors in less than a year. LENGTH two feet eight inches.
SIZE.

EXTENT three feet and a half. WEIGHT between five and six pounds.

This species is common to the north of Asia,
PLACE.

and to North America. They appear in flights about Severn river in Hudson's Bay, in the middle of May, on their way northward; return in the beginning of September with their young, and stay about the settlement a fortnight; and proceed, about the tenth of October, flying very high, southward to pass the winter. They come in flocks of thousands; quite cover the country; rise in clouds, and with an amazing noise. They visit Carolina [*] in vast flocks;
FOOD.

and feed on the roots of sedge and grass, which they tear up like hogs. It used to be a common practice in that country, to burn a piece of a marsh, which enticed the Geese to come there, as they could then more readily get at the roots; which gave the sportsman opportunity of killing as many as he pleased. In Hudson's Bay thousands are annually shot by the Indians for the use of the settlement; and are esteemed excellent meat.

They arrive in the earliest spring,
MIGRATIONS.

before any other species of Water-fowl, in immense flights, first about the river Kolyma. Their course is from the east, tending to the frozen ocean; and spreading to the estuaries of the Jana and Lena before the ice is broken up. Finding the want of subsistence, they bend their journey a little southward, in search of the insects and plants which abound in the inland lakes and moors. In this manner they penetrate as low as Jakut, and very rarely farther, except in very small detachments, which stray towards the Olecma, and sometimes by accident to the junction of the Witim with the Lena. They make very little stay in those parts; but again tend directly to the Arctic coasts of Sibiria, where they breed; but they do not take the same route, keeping more easterly, towards the Jana and Indigirka. It is observable, that they never migrate westward beyond long. 130, a little beyond the mouth of the Lena; neither is their migration by so high a latitude as Kamtschatka, where they are extremely rare[*]; or their flight over that country may be so lofty as to render their course imperceptible. In the beginning of winter they are seen flying at a great height over Silesia; but it does not appear that they continue there, being only on their passage to some other country[†].

The general winter quarters of this species seems to be the temperate and warm part of North America.

STUPIDITY.

They are the most numerous and the most stupid of all the Goose race. They seem to want the instinct of others, by their arriving at the mouths of the Arctic Asiatic rivers before the season in which they can possibly subsist. They are annually guilty of the same mistake, and annually compelled to make a new migration to the south in quest of food, where they pass their time till the northern estuaries are freed from the bonds of ice.

MANNER OF TAKING.

They have so little of the shyness of other Geese, that they are taken in the most ridiculous manner imaginable, about Jakut, and the other parts of Sibiria which they frequent. The inhabitants first place, near the banks of the rivers, a great net, in a strait line, or else form a hovel of skins sewed together. This done, one of the company dresses himself in the skin of a white rein-deer, advances towards the flock of Geese, and then turns back towards the net or the hovel; and his companions go behind the flock, and, by making a noise, drive them forward. The simple birds mistake the man in white for their leader, and follow him within reach of the net, which is suddenly pulled down, and captivates the whole. When he chuses to conduct them to the hovel, they follow in the same manner; he creeps in at a hole left for that purpose, and out at another on the opposite side, which he closes up. The Geese follow him through the first; and as soon as they are got in, he passes round, and secures every one[*]. In that frozen clime, they afford great subsistence to the natives; and the feathers are an article of commerce. Each family will kill thousands in a season. These they pluck and gut; then fling them in heaps into holes dug for that purpose, and cover them with nothing more than the earth. This freezes, and forms over them an arch; and whenever the family has occasion to open one of these magazines, they find their provision sweet and good.

478. BRENT.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 270.—Anas Hrota, Muller, No 115.—Anas Bernicla. Belgis Rotgans. Calmariens Prutgas, Faun. Suec. No 115.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

D. With a short, black, elevated bill: head, neck, and upper part of the breast, black: a white spot marks each side of the neck near its junction with the head: primaries and tail black: belly, scapulars, and coverts of the wings, cinereous, clouded with a deeper: coverts of tail and the vent white: legs black.

Is frequent in Hudson's Bay. Breed in the islands,
PLACE.

and along the coasts; but never fly inland. Feed about high-water mark. Return towards the south in vast flocks in autumn. Probably they winter in Carolina; for Lawson mentions a Grey Brent frequent in that season[*]. During winter, they swarm in Holland and in Ireland: in the first, every eating-house is full of them: in the last, they are taken in flight-time, in nets placed across the rivers; are fattened, and reckoned great delicacies. They appear in small flocks in Hoy Sound, in the Orknies; but do not continue there: on the contrary, they winter in Horra Sound, in Schetland, in flocks of two hundred, and are called Horra Geese [†]. They retire from Europe to breed in the extreme north. A few, after flying over Sweden, stop on the borders of Lapland; but the great bodies of them continue their flight even to the most northern isles of Greenland [‡], and to Spitzbergen. Fly in the shape of a wedge, and with great clamor. Feed on grass, water-plants, berries, and worms. Cannot dive. Barentz found multitudes sitting on their eggs, about the 21st of June 1595, in the great bay called Wibe Janz Water; and, to his amazement, discovered them to be the Rotgansen, which his countrymen, the Dutch, supposed to have been generated from some trees in Scotland, the fruit of which, when ripe, fell into the sea, and were converted into Gossings‖. These birds arrive every year in the east part of Sibiria, in order to breed; but are not seen to the west of the Lena, nor yet in Russia.

479. BERNACLE.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 269.—Anas Erythropus (mas.) W. Both.—Fiaelgâs Faun. Suec. No 116.—Anas Helfingen, Olaffen Iceland, ii. tab. 33.—Latham, iii.

- La Bernache, Pl. Enl. 855.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

D. With white cheeks and forehead: from bill to the eyes runs a dusky line; the rest of the head, neck, and part of the breast, black: belly, vent, and coverts of tail, white: back, scapulars, and coverts of wings, barred with black, grey, and white: tail and legs black. LENGTH two feet one inch. EXTENT four feet five. WEIGHT about five pounds.

These birds are seen, but extremely rarely, in Hudson's Bay.
PLACE.

It is found, and I believe breeds, in the north of Russia and Lapland, in Norway, and in Iceland [*]; but not in Sibiria. They appear on the British shores and marshes, in vast flocks, during winter; but retire in February. Linnaeus unaccountably makes the White-fronted Goose, No 476, the female of this.

480. EIDER.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 271.—Anas Mollissima, Ada, Eider, Gudunge, Faun. Suec. No 117. —Latham, iii.

- Great Black and White Duck, Edw. 98.—Pl. Enl. 208, 209.—LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

D. With a black bill, somewhat elevated: forehead of a velvet black: a broad black bar, glossed with purple, extends from thence beyond each eye: middle of the head, whole neck, upper part of the back, scapulars, and coverts of the wings, white: below the hind part of the head is a stain of pea-green: lower part of the back, tail, breast, and whole under side of the body, black: legs greenish. The FEMALE is almost entirely of a dull rust-color, barred with black: primaries and tail dusky. WEIGHT of the female is about three pounds and a half. The MALE is double the size of the common Tame Duck.

Inhabits the seas near New York, in the spring season;
PLACE.

and breeds on the desert isles of New England, and from thence as far as the extreme coasts of the northern world, in America, Europe, and Asia; but never comes within land. Common in Kamtschatka. The most southern of its breeding-places are the Fern isles, on the coast of Northumberland. Lays seldom more than five eggs; those large, and of a pale green color. These birds afford the most luxurious of down, which forms, in many of the regions, a considerable article of commerce. Most Ducks pluck off a certain down to form its nest: these have the greatest quantity, and the finest and most elastic. It is customary in some places to take away the first eggs, which occasions a second laying, and a second deplumation. In Greenland they lay among the grass; in Sweden among the juniper bushes. Nature hath furnished them with so warm a cloathing, that they brave the severest winter, even of the Arctic regions. In Greenland, they are seen in that season by hundreds, or even thousands, in the sheltered southern bays: their breeding-places are in the most northern. They take their young on their backs instantly to sea, then dive, to shake them off and teach them to shift for themselves. It is said, that the males are five years old before they come to their full color? that they live to a great age; and will at length grow quite grey. They are constant to their breeding-places: a pair has been observed to occupy the same nest twenty years. They dive to great depths for their food, which is shells of all kinds. The Greenlanders kill them with darts; pursue them in their little boats; watch their course (when they dive) by the air-bubbles; and strike them when they arise wearied. The flesh is valued as a food. The skin of this and the next species is the most valuable of all, as a garment placed next to the skin.

481. KING.

- Grey-headed Duck, Edw. 154.—Anas Spectabilis, Faun. Suec. No 112.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

D. With a red bill, extending high up the forehead on each side, in form of a broad bean-shaped plate: head, and part of the hind part of the neck, light grey, bounded by a line of black dots: cheeks and neck, as low as the grey color, pea-green: a narrow black line from the bar of the bill bounds the lower part of the cheeks: throat, neck, and breast, white: back, belly, and tail, black: lesser coverts of the wings, and primaries, dusky brown: secondaries black, glossed with rich purple; coverts above them form a great bed of white: legs dirty red. SIZE near double of the MALLARD. The FEMALE differs greatly in color, being mostly black and brown: the belly dusky: the plate on the bill slightly eminent.

This species is found in Hudson's Bay; and, in winter,
PLACE.

as low as New York. Is as common in Greenland as the Eider. Yields almost as much down, and is as useful to the natives: has the same haunts, and is taken in the same manner. Inhabits the coast of Norway, and even has been killed in the Orknies. Is frequent on the Arctic shores of Sibiria, and extends to Kamtschatka.

482. VELVET.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 272.—Anas Fusca, Swârta, Faun. Suec. No 109.

- La grande Macreuse, Pl. Enl. 956.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

D. With a broad bill, elevated near the base; black in the middle; yellow on the sides; the nail red: behind each eye [*] is a white spot: a bar of the same color crosses each wing: all the plumage besides is of a rich velvet black: legs red. The FEMALE is of a deep brown; but marked, like the male, with white.

Frequents the seas about New York.
PLACE.

Is very common in the great lakes and rivers of the north and east of Sibiria, and on the shores. Extends to Kamtschatka. Is less common in Russia. Lays from eight to ten white eggs. Notwithstanding they are Ducks which at all other times frequent the sea, yet, in the laying season, go far inland, and make their nests: as soon as that task is over, the males fly away; but as soon as the young can fly, they are rejoined by their mates; followed by the brood[†].

483. BLACK.

- Edw. 155.—Ph. Trans. lxii. 417.—Canard du Nord, ou le Marchand, Pl. Enl. 995.—Latham, iii.

- Anas Perspicillata, Lin. Syst. 201.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

D. With a compressed bill, rising into a knob at the base, each side of which is marked with a patch of black; middle white; sides of a deep orange; the edges black; nail red: fore part of the head white: crown and cheeks black: just beneath the hind part of the head, the neck is marked with a large white spot: rest of the plumage of a dull black: legs and toes bright red; webs black. WEIGHT two pounds two ounces. LENGTH twenty-one inches. EXTENT thirty-five. The FEMALE is twenty inches long: of a sooty color: has no white on the hind part of the head; but the cheeks are marked with two dull white spots.

PLACE.

Appears in Hudson's Bay as soon as the rivers are free from ice. Breed along the shores: make their nests with grass, and line them with feathers. Lay from four to six white eggs: hatch in the end of July. Feed on grass. Extends to New York, and even to South Carolina [*].

484. SCOTER.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 273.—Anas Nigra, Faun. Suec. No 110.—Latham; iii.

- La Macreuse, Pl. Enl. 278.—LEV. MUS.

D. With a bill black; of a rich yellow in the middle; on the base a green knob, divided longways with a furrow; no nail: whole plumage black: head and neck glossed with purple: tail cuneiform: legs black. WEIGHT two pounds two ounces. LENGTH twenty-two inches. EXTENT thirty-four.

PLACE.

Sent to Mrs. Blackburn, from New York. Abounds on the great lakes and rivers of the north and east of Sibiria, and on the shores; but is less frequent in Russia. Inhabits Sweden and Norway [†]. Lives much at sea. Is of a very fishy taste.

485. SHOVELER.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 280.—Le Souchet, Pl. Enl. 971.—Anas Clypeata, Faun. Suec. No 119.—Latham, iii.

- Blue-wing Shoveler, Catesby, i. 96. (fem.)—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

D. With a very large black bill, expanding greatly towards the end: head, and greatest part of the neck, of a mallard green; lower part of the neck, breast, and scapulars, white: belly bay: back brown: coverts of wings of a fine sky-blue: primaries dusky: speculum green: outmost feathers of the tail white; rest dusky, edged with white: legs red. Plumage of the FEMALE like that of the common Wild Duck; only the coverts of the wings are of the same colors with those of the Drake. LENGTH twenty-one inches. WEIGHT twenty-two ounces.

Found about New York, and even as low as Carolina,
PLACE.

during winter. Is common in Kamtschatka; and breeds in every latitude of the Russian dominions; but chiefly in the north. Inhabits Sweden and Norway. We are to seek for the Swaddle Bill, an ash-colored Duck of Carolina, with an extraordinary broad bill, said not to be very common there, but to be very good food; we must therefore join it, for the present, to this species.

486. GOLDEN-EYE.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 276.—Anas Clangula, Knipa. Dopping, Faun. Suec. No 722.

- Le Garrot, Pl. Enl. 802.—Ph. Trans. lxii. 417.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

D. With a short broad black bill: large head, black, glossed with green: at each corner of the mouth a great white spot: breast and belly white: back, lesser coverts of the wings, and tail, black: scapulars black and white: greater coverts white: primaries dusky: legs orange. Head of the FEMALE rusty brown: neck grey: breast and belly white: coverts and scapulars dusky and cinereous: primaries and tail black: legs dusky. LENGTH nineteen inches. EXTENT thirty-one. WEIGHT two pounds.

PLACE.

Inhabits from New York to Greenland: in the last is very rare; and arrives in the bay on the breaking up of the ice: disappears on the return of frost. Frequents fresh-water lakes: makes a regular nest of grass, and feathers from its own breast. Lays from seven to ten white eggs. Is expelled Sweden by the frost, except a few which haunt the unfrozen parts of rivers near the cataracts: there they live, diving continually for shells. Extends to Norway.

487. SPIRIT.

- Little Black and White Duck, Edw. 100.—Ph. Trans. lxii. 416.

- Anas Albeola, Lin. Syst. 199.—Latham, iii.

- FEM. Little Brown Duck, Catesby, i. 98.

- Sarcelle de la Louisiane, dite la Religieuse, Pl. Enl. 948.—LEV. MUS.

• With a black bill: crown and fore part of the head of a glossy black, varying with green and purple: throat and upper part of the neck encircled with the same: cheeks and hind part of the head white: lower half of the neck, breast, belly, and scapulars, white: primaries, secondaries, and tertials, dusky; upper ends of the secondaries white; coverts incumbent on them white; on the others dusky: back and tail dusky: legs orange. In the FEMALE the head and upper part of the neck dusky: a large white oblong spot marks the sides of the head, beginning behind each eye: back, tail, primaries, and lesser coverts, dusky: great coverts and secondaries white: breast and belly dirty white: legs orange. SIZE of a Wigeon.

PLACE.

Inhabits North America, from Hudson's Bay to Carolina. Called sometimes the Spirit, as is supposed, from its suddenly appearing again at a distance, after diving. Visits Severn river, in Hudson's Bay, in June: and makes its nest in trees, among the woods near fresh waters.

488. PIED.

D. With the lower part of the bill black, the upper yellow: on the summit of the head is an oblong black spot: forehead, cheeks, rest of the head, and neck, white; the lower part encircled with black: scapulars and coverts of wings white: back, breast, belly, and primaries, black: tail cuneiform, and dusky: legs black. The bill of the supposed FEMALE? resembles that of the male: head and neck mottled with cinereous brown and dirty white: primaries dusky: speculum white: back, breast, and belly, clouded with different shades of ash-color: tail dusky and cuneiform: legs black. SIZE of a common Wild Duck.

Sent from Connecticut, to Mrs. Blackburn.
PLACE.

Possibly the great flocks of pretty Pied Ducks, which whistled as they flew, or as they fed, seen by Mr. Lawson [*] in the western branch of Cape Fear inlet, were of this kind.

489. BUFFEL.

- Buffel's-head Duck, Catesby, i. 95.—Anas bucephala, Lin. Syst. 200.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

D. With a short blue bill: head vastly increased in size by the fullness of the feathers; black, richly glossed with green and purple: neck white all round: upper part of the breast pure white; lower, and belly, clouded with pale brown: back, primaries, and secondaries, black: the coverts on the ridge of the wings mottled, bounding the others, which form a great bed of white: tail cinereous: legs orange.

Is found frequently in the fresh waters of Carolina, during winter.
PLACE.

490. HARLEQUIN.

- Dusky and Spotted Duck, Edw. 99; and the Female, Edw. 157.—Catesby, i. 98.

- Anas Histrionica, Lin. Syst. 204.—Ph. Trans. lxii. 419.—Latham, iii.

- Anas Brimond, Olaffen Iceland. ii. tab. xxxiv.—Pl. Enl. 798.—LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

D. With a small black bill: between the base and the eyes a great white patch: crown black, bounded by a light rusty line: cheeks, chin, and neck, black; beneath each a white spot; below that a short line of white, pointing down the neck: bottom of the neck, on each side, bounded by a transverse line of white; beneath which is another of black: breast, back, scapulars, and part of the belly, of a pleasant slate-color: breast on each side marked with semilunar stripes of white, beginning at the shoulders, and bounded on each side with a stripe of black: wings and tail deep ash: rump, above and below, of a full black▪ legs black. The FEMALE is almost wholly dusky, and is marked at the base of the bill with a white spot, and another behind each ear. SIZE of a Wigeon.

PLACE.

Inhabits from Carolina to Greenland: in the last frequents, during summer, the rapid rivers, and the most shady parts. Nestles on the banks, among the low shrubs. Swims and dives admirably. In winter seeks the open sea. Flies high and swiftly, and is very clamorous. Feeds on shell-fish, spawn, and the larvae of gnats. Is found in Iceland, and as low as Sondmor [*]. Is common from the lake Baikal to Kamtschatka: breeds there, as well as every where else, about the most rocky and rapid torrents.

491. POCHARD.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 284.—Anas Ferina, Faun. Suec. No 127.—Latham, iii.

- Le Millouin, Pl. Enl. 303.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

D. With a lead-colored bill: head and neck bright bay: breast and upper part of the back black: rest of the back, scapulars, and coverts of wings, pale grey, streaked tranversely with lines of black: primaries dusky: belly grey and brown: tail deep grey: legs lead-colored. In the FEMALE the head rusty brown:
FEMALE.

breast rather darker: belly and coverts of wings cinereous: back like that of the male: legs lead-colored. LENGTH nineteen inches. EXTENT two feet and a half. WEIGHT one pound twelve ounces.

Inhabits North America, in winter, as low as Carolina [*]; and,
PLACE.

I believe, is the Red-headed Duck of Lawson. Is found, in Europe, as high as Drontheim. Is met with in the great rivers and lakes in all latitudes of the Russian empire. A fresh-water Duck, and of excellent taste.

492. WHISTLING.

- Black-billed Whistling Duck, Edw. 193[†].—Latham, iii.

- Anas Arborea, Lin. Syst. 207.—Whistlers, Catesby, App. xxxvii.—Lawson Carolina, 149.—LEV. MUS.

D. With a black bill, and crown slightly crested: cheeks brown: hind part of the neck dusky; fore part white, spotted with black: back and wings brown; coverts spotted with black: tail and its coverts black: breast of a dark reddish color, spotted with black: belly white, mixed on the sides with black: legs long, and of a lead-color; hind claw placed high up the leg. Lesser than a Tame Duck. Described from Mr. Edwards.

Inhabits South Carolina and Jamaica. Is, from its voice,
PLACE.

called the Whistling Duck: perches on trees. Placed here merely on the authority of the name given it by Lawson and Catesby. The last says, that it frequents the coasts of Carolina during winter; which makes me doubt, whether Mr. Edwards's bird, a native of Jamaica, is the same: for it may be held as a rule, that the water-fowl of hot climates never retire in winter to colder; and that those of Arctic climates almost generally retire from them into warmer. Clouds of birds annually quit Hudson's Bay, and other severe climates, at approach of winter; stock the different latitudes of North America; and return in spring to encrease and multiply. To the constitutions of the SUMMER DUCK, a very few other water-fowl, and to many land-birds, the warm temperature of the Carolinas is climate sufficiently north. They are driven, by the excessive heat and arid soil of the Antilles and Guiana, to the moist savannas and woods of these provinces, there to discharge the first great command.

493. SUMMER.

- Summer Duck, Catesby, i. 97.—Edw. 101.—Anas Sponsa, Lin. Syst. 207.

- Le beau Canard hupé de la Caroline, Pl: Enl. 980.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

D. With the ridge and nail of the upper mandible black; lower part scarlet: on the head a beautiful crest, hanging half down the neck, and beginning at the base of the bill; upper part shining purple; beneath that a line of white; then succeeds purple; and that again is bounded by white: cheeks purplish and green: throat, and part of the neck, pure white: from the hind part of the neck a bead of purple divides the white, and points towards the throat: rest of the neck and breast ferruginous, spotted with white triangular spots: belly white: feathers of the sides, which hide part of the wings, elegantly marked downwards with incurvated lines of black and white: back deep brown, glossed with copper and green: primaries dusky: secondaries resplendent blue: coverts of the tail, and tail itself, dusky, glossed with green: legs dirty orange. Head of the FEMALE of a deep brown; crested, but not so much as the Drake: back deep brown: cheeks brown: behind each eye a white spot: throat white: neck and breast reddish brown, with white sagittal spots: belly white. LENGTH, from the bill to the tip of the tail, near nineteen inches. EXTENT about thirty.

PLACE.

This most elegant species is found from New York to the Antilles, and also in Mexico. It passes the summer in Carolina; and in a singular manner makes its nest in the holes made by Woodpeckers in the loftiest trees, which grow near the water, especially the deciduous cypress. When the young are hatched, they are conveyed down on the backs of the old ones, to whom the Ducklings adhere closely with their bills. It often nestles on the bodies or boughs of trees which have fallen over the streams which run up the woods. It appears in New York, in the latter end of February or beginning of March, and retires towards the south at approach of winter. They are very delicate eating. The Mexicans call it Yztactzonyayauhqui, or the bird of the various-colored head. It is there migratory. The natives feign that, from the situation of its legs, it cannot stand.

494. MALLARD.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 279.—Anas Boschas. Grās-and, Blānacke, Faun. Suec. No 131.— Ph. Trans. lxii. 419.—Pl. Enl. 776, 777.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS. —BL. MUS.

D. With a bill of a yellowish green: head and neck of a shining changeable green: on the front of the lower part of the neck is a semicircle of white: breast of a purplish red: lower part of the back, and belly, grey, crossed with speckled lines of black: speculum purple: four middle feathers of the tail curled upwards: legs saffron-colored. FEMALE is of a pale reddish brown, spotted with black. LENGTH twenty-three inches. EXTENT thirty-five. WEIGHT about two pounds and a half.

Inhabits the northern parts of North America,
PLACE.

from Hudson's Bay to Carolina [*]: is frequent in Greenland, and continues there the whole year. Arrives in Hudson's Bay in May: retires in October. Is common in all latitudes of the Russian empire: and was observed by Steller in the Aleutian islands. In Sweden retires in winter to the shores of Schonen; but in severe seasons passes over to Denmark and Germany, possibly to England; for this island can hardly supply the vast wintery flocks.

495. ILATHERA.

- Ilathera Duck, Catesby, i. 93.—Anas Baliamensis, Lin. Syst. 199.—Latham, iii.

D. With a large dusky blue bill; on the base of the upper mandible a great triangular orange-colored spot: head, as far as the eyes, hind part of the neck, and back, of a mixed grey, inclining to yellow: fore part and sides of the neck white: belly of the same color, spotted with darker: lesser coverts of the wings, and primaries, dusky; great coverts green, tipt with black: secondaries dull yellow: legs lead-colored. In SIZE somewhat less than the common Tame Duck.

PLACE.

Inhabits the Bahama islands; but is very rare: extends to the Brasils, where the Indians call it Marecu [*]. This species, the Summer Duck, and the Whistling Duck, Edw. 193, perch and roost on trees; and are among the few of this class which do not migrate northward to breed.

496. DUSKY.

D. With a long and narrow dusky bill, tinged with blue: crown dusky: chin white: neck pale brown, streaked downwards with dusky lines: back, and coverts of the wings, deep brown: breast and belly of the same color, edged with dirty yellow: primaries dusky: speculum of a fine blue, bounded above with a black bar: tail cuneiform; dusky, edged with white: legs in one specimen dusky, in another yellow. LENGTH near two feet.

PLACE.

From the province of New York.—BL. MUS.

497. WESTERN.

- Anas Stelleri, PALLAS Spicil. Zool. fasc. v. p. 35. tab. v.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

D. With the head, cheeks, and upper part of the neck, white: between the bill and the eyes a mallard-green spot; another across the hind part of the head: chin and throat of a full black: around the neck a black glossy color: back of the same color: coverts of the wings white: primaries dusky: secondaries black, tipt with white: breast and sides of a light yellowish brown: belly, vent, and tail, black. SIZE of a Wigeon.

Brought by the late navigators from the western side of America;
PLACE.

but had been before discovered by Steller to breed among the inaccessible rocks about Kamtschatka; to flyin flocks, and never to enter the mouths of rivers.

498. SCAUP.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 275.—Anas marila, Faun. Suec. No 111.—Ph. Trans. lxii. 413.— Le Millouinan, Pl. Enl. 1002.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

D. With a broad, flat, and blueish grey bill: irides yellow: head and neck black, glossed with green: breast black: back, coverts of the wings, and scapulars, marked with numbers of transverse lines of black and grey: primaries dusky: secondaries white, tipt with black: belly white: tail, coverts, and vent feathers, black: legs dusky. Male WEIGHS a pound and a half: female two ounces more. LENGTH sixteen inches and a half. EXTENT twenty inches.

Inhabits America, as high as Hudson's Bay: comes there in May;
PLACE.

retires in October. Is found in Iceland, and most part of the north of Europe. Are common on the northern shores of Russia and Sibiria; and are most frequent about the great river Ob: migrate southward: dive much: and feed on shell-fish.

499. BROWN.

D. With a large blueish bill: head and neck of a very pale brown: lower part of the last, and breast, of the same color, edged with rust-color: wings cinereous grey: speculum blue, tipt with white: tail and legs dusky.

Inhabits Newfoundland.

500. PINTAIL.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 282.—Anas acuta, Aler, Ahlfogel, Faun. Suec. No 126.

- Le Canard à longue queue, Pl. Enl. 959.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS. —BL. MUS.

D. With bill black on the middle; blueish on the sides: head and half the neck rusty brown: from the ears, half way of each side of the neck, a white line, bounded by black, points downwards: lower hind part of the neck, back, and sides, marked with white and dusky waved lines: fore part of the neck, breast, and belly, white: coverts of the wings cinereous; lowest tipt with dull orange: secondaries marked with green, black, and white: exterior feathers of the tail ash-colored; middle black, and three inches longer than the rest: legs ash-colored. FEMALE brown, spotted with black. WEIGHT twenty-four ounces. LENGTH two feet four. EXTENT three feet two inches.

PLACE.

Appears about New York in winter: breeds in the north: in Europe, about the White Sea. Migrates southward at approach of the frost. Is seen in Sweden about fourteen days in the spring, on its passage northward: and in autumn repasses the same way to the south. Visit the Orknies in great flocks in the winter. In the Russian empire, extends to Kamtschatka.

501. LONG-TAILED.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 283.—Anas hyemalis. Winter-and, Faun. Suec. No 125.

- Anas Glacialis, Lin. Syst. 203.—Ph. Trans. lxii. 418.—Male, Edw. 280. Female, 156.—Latham, iii.

- Le Canard de Miclon, Pl. Enl. 954.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

D. With bill black, orange in the middle: forehead, sides of the head, and neck, pale brown, dashed with rose-color: beneath each ear a large dusky spot points downwards: hind part of the head and neck, throat, and breast, white: back and belly black: sides and vent feathers white: scapulars long and white: coverts of the wings glossy black: primaries dusky: secondaries dark rusty brown: two middle feathers of the tail black, and four inches longer than the others, which are white: legs red. FEMALE; crown dusky: cheeks white: rest of the head, neck, back, and breast, coverts of the wings, and primaries, deep brown: scapulars and secondaries rusty: belly white: tail and legs like those of the MALE.

Inhabits to the extreme north.
PLACE.

Breeds in Hudson's Bay and Greenland, among the stones and grass: makes its nest, like the Eider, with the down of its own breast; which is equal in value to that of the Eider, if it could be got in equal quantity; but the species is scareer. It lays five eggs: swims and dives admirably: and feeds on shell-fish, which it gets in very deep water. Flies irregularly, sometimes shewing its back, sometimes its belly. Continues in Greenland the whole year, in unfrozen places[*]: but there are seasons so very severe, as at times to force them towards the south. Those which breed between Lapland and the polar circle, are often driven into Sweden, and the neighborhood of Petersburg: those from the coast of the Icy sea, as low as lat. 55; but on the setting in of frost, retire still further south, unless where some open spots remain in the rivers. Visit the fresh-water lakes in the Orknies, in October, and continue there till April. At sun-set they are seen, in great flocks, returning to and from the bays, where they frequently pass the night, and make such a noise as to be heard some miles in frosty weather. Their sound is like Aan-gitche, and is said not to be disagreeable. Steller, who observed them in Kamtschatka [†], says, that their larynx has three openings, covered with a thin (I supose valvular) membrane, which forms the singularity of the voice. La Sarcelle de Feroe, or the Feroe Teal, of M. Brisson [‡], is probably conjectured, by M. Brunnich, to be only a variety of this species: seemingly a female.

502. AMERICAN WIGEON.

- Le Canard Jensen de la Louisiane, Pl. Enl. 955.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

D. With a lead-colored bill, tipt with black: crown and forehead yellowish white: hind part of the head, and whole neck, prettily speckled with black and white: behind each eye is a large black spot, glossed with green: back and scapulars pale rust and black, elegantly disposed in narrow transverse waving lines: coverts of the wings white: primaries, coverts of the tail, and vent, black: tail cuneiform; middle feathers black; the rest cinereous: legs dusky. In SIZE superior to the English WIGEON; with which it seems to agree in colors and marks, except those on the head.

PLACE.

Sent from New York, under the name of the Pheasant Duck: is a rare bird there. Found as low as Louisiana.—BL. MUS.

503. WHITE-FACED.

- White-faced Teal, Catesby, i. 100. Male.—Blue-wing Teal, Catesby, i. 99. Fem.—Anas Discors, Lin. Syst. 205.

- Sarcelle mâle de Cayenne, ditte le Soucrourou, Pl. Enl. 966.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

D. With bill and crown black; base of the bill bounded by black: between the last and the eyes a white stripe, ending on each side of the chin: cheeks, hind part of head, and whole neck, purplish green: breast yellow, spotted elegantly with black: back brown, waved with a lighter color; on the lower part several long, narrow, light brown feathers: coverts of the wings fine caerulean: primaries dusky: speculum green: vent black: tail brown: legs yellow. The FEMALE is almost entirely brown; in parts marked with dusky spots: the blue on the wings duller than that of the DRAKE. In SIZE a little larger than a Teal.

PLACE.

This species is found as high as New York. Arrives in Carolina in great plenty, in August, to feed on the rice; and continues till October, when the rice is got in. In Virginia, where there is no rice, it feeds on wild oats. Is reckoned most delicious meat. Extends as far south as Guiana.

A VARIETY?

D. With crown and upper part of the neck dusky brown: cheeks, under part, and sides of the neck, whitish brown, mottled with darker: back, breast, and belly, marked with great dusky spots, edged with dirty white: coverts of the wings pale sky-blue; lower order white: speculum rich purple, with a white edge: primaries and tail dusky. Size of the last, with the female of which it has great affinity; but in the purple speculum resembles the GADWALL.

Brought from Newfoundland by Sir Joseph Banks.
PLACE.

504. AMERICAN TEAL.

- Ph. Trans. lxii. 419.—Anas circia? Faun. Suec. No 130.—Latham, iii.

- Krik-and Danis, Brunnich, No 130.

D. With head and upper part of the neck of a fine deep bay: from each eye to the hind part of the head is a broad bar of rich changeable green: wants the white line, which the European kind has above each eye, having only one below: lower part of the neck and breast dirty white, beautifully spotted with black: has over each shoulder a lunated bar, another distinction from our species: coverts of wings brown: upper part of the back marked with waved lines of white and black; lower part brown: tail dusky: speculum green: legs dusky. Plumage of the FEMALE of a brownish ash, tinged with red, and spotted with black: wings resemble those of the male.

Inhabits America, as high as Hudson's Bay, and as low as Carolina.
PLACE.

Is found plentifully about Severn river, in the woods and plains near the fresh waters; and has from five to seven young at a time. Disappears in autumn: and is found, during winter, as low as Carolina, and perhaps Jamaica. We seem here to have recovered the SUMMER TEAL of Mr. Willughby [*], to which the American kind has great affinity. He calls it the lest of Ducks: and must be the same with the second kind described by Lawson [†] as frequenting fresh waters; being lesser than the common sort, and always nodding their heads.

A. GREAT GOOSE. With a black bill, tawny at the base: a dusky body; white beneath: scarlet legs. Of a vast SIZE, weighing near twenty-five or thirty Russian pounds.

PLACE.

This species is found in the east of Sibiria, from the Lena to Kamtschatka: and is taken in great numbers, together with the RED-NECKED GOOSE,
TAKEN IN GLADES.

in glades, as we do Woodcocks in England. The Geese in the day-time repair to the corn-fields and meadows: in the evening resort to the lakes, to wash themselves and pass the night. The Sibirians generally fix on a place where there are two or three lakes near each other, and out between each an avenue through the thick birch woods of the country. If there is not the advantage of adjacent lakes, the avenue is made through the woods which border the sides of any which the birds frequent. At the entrance of the glades, on each side, a tall birch-tree is left standing, and all their branches stripped away: from the tops of these naked trees is placed a strong net, which fills the breadth of the avenue: this net is capable of being dropped or raised at pleasure, by means of certain long cords which run along the top; and the ends of which are held by a man who conceals himself in the high grass. The Geese commonly leave the lakes an hour before sun-rise; and, as they do not chuse to fly high at that season, prefer going through the avenues; and with their long extended necks strike into the nets, which are suddenly dropped; and twenty, and often more, of the Geese are taken at a time. All sorts of Ducks, and other water-fowl, are taken in the same manner[*].

- B. CHINESE GOOSE. Anser Cygnoides, Lin. Syst. 194. β.—Swan Goose, Wil. Orn. 360. —Raii. Syn. av. 138.—Brisson, vi. 280.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

D. With a black bill, and a large protuberance at the base, biggest in the males: on the chin is a naked, pendulous, black skin: from the crown to the back a black line runs down the hind part of the neck: the rest of the neck and breast is of a cream-color, often dashed with tawny: belly white: between the base of the bill and the eyes is a white line: the back and wings deep grey: tail of the same color, with whitish tips: legs red: in some the bill is of the same color. In LENGTH often reaches to three feet three.

This species is found wild about lake Baikal; in the east of Sibiria;
PLACE.

and in Kamtschatka. They are very cemmonly kept tame in most parts of the Russian empire. Will produce, with the Common Goose, a breed which preserves an exact medium between both species. As an exception to the remark that a mulish race will not breed, these frequently couple with one another, and with the genuine kind[*]. They are frequent in China: are very stately birds, therefore are dignified with the title Swan Goose.

- C. RED-BREASTED GOOSE. Anser ruficollis, Pallas Spicil. Zool. fasc. vi. 21. tab. iv.— LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

D. With a short black bill; a great patch of white between the base and the eyes, bounded by black: crown, chin, hind part of the head and neck, back, wings, and tail, of an intense black: sides marked with a few white spots: greater coverts tipt with the same color: coverts of the tail white: lower part and sides of the neck of a bright bay, bounded by a narrow line of white: the breast and lower part of the neck divided from the belly and back by a circle of black and another of white: legs black. LENGTH one foot ten inches. EXTENT three feet ten. WEIGHT three pounds Troy.

PLACE.

This most elegant of Geese is found to breed from the mouth of the Ob, along the coasts of the Icy sea, to that of the Lena. The winter quarters of these birds is not certainly known. They are observed in the spring, flying from the Caspian sea, along the Volga, northward, in small flocks; and are seen about Zarizyn, between the sixth and tenth of April. They rest a little time on the banks of the Sarpa, but soon resume their Arctic course[*]. Their winter retreat is probably in Persia. They are highly esteemed for the table, being quite free from any fishy taste.

- D. SHIELDRAKE, Br. Zool. ii. No 278.—Tadorne, Pl. Enl. 53.—Latham, iii.

- Anas Tadorna. Jugas Gotlandis, Faun. Suec. No 113.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

D. With a scarlet bill: on the base of that of the male a large protuberance: head, and part of the neck, of a mallard-green: rest of the neck and belly white: the breast crossed with a large band of orange bay: coverts of wings, and the back, white: scapulars pied: tail white; tips of the outmost feathers black: legs flesh-color. WEIGHT of the male two pounds ten ounces. LENGTH two feet. EXTENT three and a half.

PLACE.

Inhabits northern Europe, as high as Iceland. Visits Sweden and the Orknies in winter: returns in the spring. Continues in England the whole year. Is found in Asia about the Caspian sea, and all the salt lakes of the Tartarian and Sibirian deserts; and extends even to Kamtschatka.

- E. GULAUND.

D. With a narrowed bill: head of a mallard-green: breast and belly white. SIZE between the Goose and Duck kind.

Inhabits the morasses of Iceland. Lays from seven to nine eggs.
PLACE.

Is a scarce species. The account of it was communicated to me by M. Brunnich, from the catalogue of Doctor Biorno Paulsen. The Icelanders call it Gulaund.

- F. MORILLON, Br. Zool. ii. No 277.—Anas Glaueion. Brunnaeke, Faun. Suec. No 123. —Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

D. With dusky rust-colored head: irides gold-colored: neck with a white collar; and beneath that another, broader, of grey: back and coverts of wings dusky, marked with a few white stripes: greater coverts dusky, with a few great white spots: primaries and tail black: secondaries white: breast and belly white: above the thighs black: legs yellow. Rather less than the GOLDEN EYE.

Inhabits as high as Sweden: is found; but rarely, even in Greenland [*]:
PLACE.

or may be supposed to be seen in the intermediate parts. Is frequent in every place in Russia and Sibiria, and even in Kamtschatka.

- G. TUFTED, Br. Zool. ii. No 274.—Anas fuligula, Wigge, Faun. Suec. No 132.— Le Morillon, Pl. Enl. 1001.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

D. With a thick, short, pendent crest: belly and under coverts of the wings pure white: primaries dusky; part of their inner webs white: secondaries white, tipt with black: all the rest of the plumage black; about the head glossed with violet: legs blueish grey. WEIGHT two pounds. LENGTH fifteen inches.

Inhabits Europe, as high as Norway.
PLACE.

Common in all latitudes of the Russian empire; but commonly travels northward to breed. Frequent in Kamtschatka.

- H. Hrafn-ond, Olaffen Iceland, sect. 688.—Muller, No 161.—Latham, iii.

D. With a crested head, black above: under side of the neck, breast, and belly, white: legs saffron-colored.

PLACE.

Inhabits Iceland. Whether a variety of the former? for the Icelanders style that species Hrafas-aund [*].

- I. FALCATED. Anas Falcaria, Pallas Itin. iii. 701.—Latham, iii.

D. With a small dusky bill: feathers above the base of the upper mandible white: middle of the head pale rust: rest of the head silky green, variable, and changing, on the sides of the neck, to resplendent copper: from the head to the hind part of the neck is a crest closely compressed, and ending in an angle: throat and half the fore part of the neck white; which color encircles the neck, and is bounded above by another of variable black and green; the rest of the neck, and the breast, elegantly marked with semicircles of grey and black: the back and wings undulated with the same colors: the speculum of the color of polished steel, edged with white: five last secondaries long and falcated, of a violet-color edged with white: vent white, crossed with a black bar: legs dusky. SIZE of a Wigeon.

PLACE.

Found, but rarely, in Kamtschatka. Frequent in the east of Sibiria, from the Jenesei to the Lena, and beyond lake Baikal. None in the west. Probably winters in China and the Mongalian deserts.

- K. WIGEON, Br. Zool. ii. No 286.—Anas Penelope, Wriand, Faun. Suec. No 124. —Le Canard siffleur, Pl. Enl. 825.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

D. With forehead whitish: head and upper part of the neck of a bright light bay: hind part of the head, and breast, vinaceous: in other respects like the AMERICAN kind. FEMALE colored like a
Falcated Duck I. p. 574. Western Duck No. 497.

Wild Duck. LENGTH twenty inches. EXTENT two feet three. WEIGHT near twenty-three ounces.

Inhabits Europe, perhaps not higher than Sweden.
PLACE.

Is not uncommon about the Caspian sea, and ascends its rivers, but not far up. Is sometimes seen in the great lakes on the east side of the Urallian chain; but not in the rest of Sibiria. Is found in plenty about Aleppo, during winter[*]: and taken in great numbers in the Nile, in nets, just before the waters have quite subsided[†]. These probably retire north to breed. The Germans call this species Pfeiff-ent, or the Fifing Duck, from its acute note. The French, for the same reason, call it le Canard siffleur: and the English, the Whewer. My Bimaculated Duck, Br. Zool. ii. No 287, has been discovered, by Doctor PALLAS, along the Lena, and about lake Baikal; and a description sent by him to the Royal Academy at Stockholm, under the title of Anas Glocitans, or the Clucking Duck; from its singular note.

- L. GADWALL, Br. Zool. ii. No 288.—Anas strepera, Faun. Suec. No 121.—Le Chipeau, Pl. Enl. 958.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

D. With a black flat bill: head and upper part of the neck reddish, spotted with black: breast, upper part of the back, and scapulars, elegantly marked with black and white lines: belly dirty white: coverts on the ridge of the wings reddish brown; the next purplish red, with a border of black: primaries dusky: speculum white: tail cinereous: legs orange. Breast of the female reddish brown, spotted with black: other colors similar, but more dull. Rather less than a WIGEON.

This species does not seem to advance higher in Europe than Sweden.
PLACE.

In the Russian empire extends over most of the latitudes of the European and Sibirian part, except the east of Sibiria, and Kamtschatka.

- M. LAPMARK. Skoaara, Leems Lapmark, 266.—Anas latirostra, Brunnich, No 91.— Le Canard brun? Pl. Enl. 1007.—Latham, iii.

D. With a broad black bill and legs; the last reaching far beyond the tail: head, neck, and upper part of the body, dusky, thick set with small spots: on each side of the base of the bill a great white spot: neck and breast clouded: on the wings an oblique white mark: belly dusky: feathers on the sides ferruginous. SIZE of a Wild Duck.

PLACE.

Inhabits Lapmark, and frequents both sea and fresh-water. Is also found in Denmark.

- N. RED. Anas rutila, Faun. Suec. No 134.—Ferruginous Duck, Br. Zool. ii. No 285. —Latham, iii.

D. With a long pale blue bill, much flatted: head, neck, and upper part of the body, a fine reddish brown: throat, breast, and belly, paler: belly white: legs pale blue: webs black. WEIGHT twenty ounces.

PLACE.

Found, but rarely, in the Swedish rivers. Sent to me from Denmark, by the late Mr. Fleischer. Has been shot in England.

- O. GARGANEY. Br. Zool. ii. No 289.—Anas Querquedula, Faun. Suec. No 128.

- La Sarcelle, Pl. Enl. 946.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS. —BL. MUS.

D. With a white line from the further corner of each eye, pointing to the nape: crown dusky, streaked lengthways: cheeks and neck very pale purple, streaked with white: chin black: breast light brown, marked with semicircular bars of black: speculum green: scapulars long and narrow, hanging over the wings, and striped with white, ash, and black: tail dusky. LENGTH seventeen inches. EXTENT twenty-eight. The FEMALE has an obscure whitish mark over the eyes: rest of the plumage brownish ash, spotted. Wants the speculum.

This elegant species seems not to inhabit Europe higher than Sweden; but is found in all latitudes of the Russian empire,
PLACE.

even to Kamtschatka.

- P. EUROPEAN TEAL, Br. Zool. ii. No 290.—Anas Crecia. Arta. Kraecka, Faun. Suec. No 129.

- La petite Sarcelle, Pl. Enl. 947.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS. —

OUR species in all respects resembles the American, except in having a white line above and beneath each eye, and in wanting the humeral stripe of white, which the latter has.

In Europe it is found as high as Iceland;
PLACE.

and even in that severe climate lays from thirteen to nineteen eggs[*]. The American species appears to be far less prolific. Found in the Russian empire, in the same places with the GARGANEY.

LVIII. PELECAN[*]. Gen. Birds, XCIII.

505. GREAT.

- Pelecanus Onocratolus, Lin. Syst. 215.—Edw. 92.—Ph. Trans. lxii. 419.

- Le Pelican, De Buffon, viii. 282.—Pl. Enl. 87.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

P. With a bill fifteen inches long, flat, dilated near the point, with a hook at the end, and a ridge from that to the base running along the middle; on the midway of the ridge rises a bony process, an inch and seven tenths high, three inches broad at the base, and only two tenths of an inch thick. In some are several lesser processes between this and the point: a vast naked membranaceous pouch extends from the point of the lower mandible, widening gradually, and extending ten inches down the front of the neck: on the hind part of the head is a tuft of very narrow delicate feathers, not very discernible, as they usually lie flat: the rest of the head and neck is covered with most exquisitely fine down, and very thick set: the rest of the plumage white, except the primaries and bastard wings, which are black: legs flesh-color. The largest of web-footed Water-Fowl. Some are superior in SIZE to a SWAN. One was killed off Majorca, which weighed twenty-five pounds. Their extent of wings from eleven to fifteen feet. Notwithstanding their great bulk, they soar to a most surprising height. This is owing to the amazing lightness of the bones, which, all together, do not weigh a pound and a half. Add to this, the quantity of air with which its body is filled, which gives it a wonderful specific lightness.

PLACE.

One of the birds from which this description was taken, was shot at Augusta in South Carolina, a hundred and fifty miles from the sea. It agrees entirely with the Pelecan of the old continent, except in the bony processes on the bill. The other was sent, with other birds, from Hudson's Bay, to the Royal Society. Instead of the bony processes on the bill, was a tuft or fibrous fringe, sufficient to identify the species. This species extends over most parts of the torrid zone, and many parts of the warmer temperate. Is found in Europe on the lower parts of the Danube, and in all parts of the Mediterranean sea, almost all Africa, and Asia Minor. Are seen in incredible numbers about the Black and Caspian seas; and come far up the rivers, and into the inland lakes of the Asiatic Russian empire; but grow scarcer eastward, and are seldom met with so far north as the Sibirian lakes; yet are not unknown about that of Baikal. They are common on the coast of New Holland, where they grow to an enormous size[*]. They feed upon fish; which they take sometimes by plunging from a great height in the air, and seizing, like the GANNET: at other times, they fish in concert, swimming in flocks, and forming a large circle in the great rivers, which they gradually contract, beating the water with their wings and feet, in order to drive the fish into the center; which when they approach, they open their vast mouths, and fill their pouches with their prey, then incline their bills, to empty the bag of the water; after which they swim to shore, and eat their booty in quiet. As the pouch is capable of holding a dozen quarts of water, a guess may be made of the quantity of fishes it can contain. The French very properly call them Grand-gosiers, or Great-throats. It is said that when they make their nests in the dry deserts, they carry the water to their young in their vast pouches, and that the lions and beasts of prey come there to quench their thirst, sparing the young, the cause of this salutary provision. Possibly, on this account, the Egyptians style this bird the Camel of the River; the Persians, Tacab, or the Water-carrier.

506. DUSKY.

- Pelecanus Onocrotalus occidentalis, Lin. Syst. 215.—Edw. 93.

- Le Pelican Brun, De Buffon, viii. 306.—Pl. Enl. 957.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

P. With a red bill and black hook: the pouch extending half way down the neck: between the bill and eyes naked and red: head mottled with ash-color and white: the nape slightly crested: hind part of the neck covered with soft cinereous feathers: back, scapulars, primaries, and coverts, dusky, edged with dirty white: tail deep ash: legs dusky green. In SIZE scarcely equal to a SWAN.

PLACE.

Inhabits, during summer, Hudson's Bay. One was sent to Mrs. Blackburn, shot near New York, I think in the winter. Extends to Louisiana [*]; to Jamaica, the bay of Campechy [†], and as low as Carthagena. They sit on rocks in the sea in a sluggish manner, with their bills resting on their breasts.

507. CHARLES-TOWN.

P. Dusky above: white on the breast and belly, with a pouch, beginning at the chin, and reaching to the breast-bone, capable of containing numbers of gallons of liquids. SIZE of a Canada Goose.

PLACE.

Abound in the bay of Charles-town, where they are continually fishing.—Doctor GARDEN[‡].

508. SHAG.

- Wil. Orn. 330.—Pelecanus Graculus, Faun. Suec. No 146.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.

P. With head and neck black, glossed like silk with green: the back and coverts of wings of the same color, edged with purplish black: belly dusky and dull; the middle cinereous: tail consists of twelve feathers, dusky, glossed with green: legs black: middle claw serrated. LENGTH two feet six. EXTENT three feet eight. WEIGHT four pounds.

Frequent in many parts of Great Britain. Found in Sweden,
PLACE.

Norway, and Iceland.

509. CORVORANT.

- Br. Zool. No 293.—Pelecanus Carvo, Haffs-tjader, Faun. Suec. No 145.— Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

P. With a narrow bill, hooked at the end: a small dilatable pouch under the chin; feathers at its base white, in the male: head and neck of a sooty blackness, sometimes streaked with white: coverts of wings, back, and scapulars, deep green, edged with black, glossed with blue: breast and belly black: on the thighs of the male a tuft of white: tail consists of fourteen feathers, and is rounded. WEIGHT seven pounds. LENGTH three feet four. EXTENT four feet two.

Extends over all parts of the northern hemisphere,
PLACE.

even to Greenland, where it continues all the year. The natives use the jugular pouch as a bladder to float their darts after they are flung. The skins are used in cloathing; the flesh is eaten;
GREENLAND.

but the eggs are so fetid as to be rejected, even by the very Greenlanders. These birds are taken either by darts on the water; by snares dropt down the precipices, and placed before their haunts; or, in winter, they are taken while asleep upon the ice. Are found in all the temperate latitudes of the Russian empire,
RUSSIAN EMPIRE.

and in immense numbers on the shores of the Caspian sea[*]. Reach even to Kamtschatka. I believe this to be the the kind which the Chinese train for fishing. They keep numbers, which sit on the edge of their boats; and, on a signal given, plunge under water, and bring up their prey, which they are unable to swallow, by reason of a ring placed by their masters round their necks[*].

Mrs. Blackburn received this species from New York. There are great flocks in Carolina, especially in March and April, when the herrings run up the creeks; at which time they sit fishing on the logs of wood which have fallen into the water[†].

510. GANNET.

- Br. Zool. ii. No 293.—Pelecanus Bassanus. Nautis, Jaen Von Gent. Faun. Suec. No 147.—Latham, iii. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

P. With a strait dirty white bill, jagged at the edges: beneath the chin a naked black skin, dilatable so as to contain five or six herrings: hind part of the head buff-colored: bastard wings and primaries dusky: all the rest of the plumage pure white: toes black, marked before with a pea-green stripe: feathers of the tail sharp-pointed. WEIGHT seven pounds. LENGTH three feet one inch. EXTENT six feet two.

PLACE.

Inhabits the coast of Newfoundland; where it breeds, and migrates southward as far as South Carolina. The head of the bird which Catesby has engraven, and called the GREATER BOOBY, i. tab. lxxxvi. is of one in its young state. At that period it is deep ash-colored, spotted with white. In Europe it is common on the coast of Norway and Iceland [‡]; but as it never voluntarily flies over land, is not seen in the Baltic. Wanders for food as for as the coast of Lisbon, and Gibraltar, where it has been seen in December, plunging for Sardinae. Straggles as high as Greenland ‖. In northern Asia, it has been once seen by Steller off Bering's isle; but has been frequently met with in the southern hemisphere, in the Pacific ocean; particularly, in numbers about New Zealand and New Holland [*]. Captain Cook also saw them in his passage from England to the Cape of Good Hope [†], and remoter from land than they had been seen elsewhere. Among those observed in the South Sea, is the variety called Sula [‡], with a few black feathers in the tail and among the secondaries. Found not only on the Feroe islands, but on our coasts, one having been brought to me a few years ago, which had fallen down wearied with its flight. A most ample account of the manners of the GANNET is given in the Br. Zool.

- A. CRESTED CORVORANT. SHAG, Br. Zool. ii. No 292.—Latham, iii.

- Pelecanus Cristatus. Top-skarv. Brunnich, No 123.—Faun. Groenl. No 58.—LEV. MUS. —BL. MUS.

P. With a narrow dusky bill, hooked at the end: irides fine green: on each side of the head is a long tuft of dusky feathers reaching beyond the crown: head, neck, and lower part of the back, of a fine and glossy green: the upper part of the back, and coverts of the wings, of the same color, edged with purplish black: belly dusky: tail consists of twelve feathers, dusky tinged with green. LENGTH two feet three. EXTENT three feet six. WEIGHT three pounds three quarters.

Inhabits, in Great Britain, the vast precipices about Holyhead;
PLACE.

and is found in Norway, Iceland ‖, and in the south of Greenland [¶]; but in the latter is scarce. The places which it inhabits are covered with its filthy excrements. The Greenlanders therefore call it Tingmingkpot, or the bird afflicted with a looseness. It differs from the Shag in having a crest, and in being letter. The Norwegians are well acquainted with both species, and distinguish them by different names[*]. I have seen several of the Shags shot among the Hebrides, but not one was crested. On the authority of the northern naturalists, I therefore separate them.

- B. VIOLET CORVORANT. Pelecanus Violaceus, PALLAS MS. List.—Latham, iii.

P. With the body wholly black, glossed with violet color.

PLACE.

Found about Kamtschatka and the isles.

- C. RED-FACED CORVORANT. Ouril of the Kamtschatkans, Descr. de la Kamtschatka, 493.—Latham, iii.

P. With a slender bill; upper mandible black; lower red: from the bill to the eyes is a space covered with a blueish red naked skin: round each eye a white cutaneous circle: head crested: head, neck, and middle of the back, of a deep glossy green: on the fore part of the neck a few white slender feathers: sides of the back and scapulars glossed with purple: wings dusky: belly glossed with green: tail, consisting of twelve feathers only, is dusky: over each thigh is a tuft of white feathers: legs black. LENGTH of one I measured thirty-one inches. Steller compares its size to that of a Goose.

PLACE.

Inhabits the high precipices on the coasts of Kamtschatka. Is very slow in rising; but when on wing, flies most rapidly. Feeds on fish. During night they sit in rows on the cliffs, and often in their sleep fall off, and become the prey of Arctic Foxes; who lie in wait for these birds, which are a favorite food of those animals. They lay in June. Their eggs are green, and of the size of those of a Hen. They are very bad tasted, and are not easily dressed; yet are so acceptable to the Kamtschatkans, that, at the hazard of their necks, they will climb to the most dangerous places in search of them, and often fall and lose their lives. They catch these birds with nets, in which they are entangled in the places where they rest. They are also caught in snares, with a running noose hung to the end of a pole, with which the fowlers creep quietly towards the birds, and fling it round their necks, and draw them up the rock. The rest of the flock are so stupid, that, notwithstanding they see the fate of their companions, they remain, shaking their heads, on the same spot, till they are all taken. The flesh is excessively hard and sinewy. The Kamtschatkans cook it after their fashion, by putting the bird, without plucking or gutting, into a hole filled with fire: and when it is done enough, draw off the skin, and make on it a savory repast.

HAVING gone through the class of birds, let me remark, that there is the greatest probability, that numbers of those of Kamtschatka are common to North America; and that they pass there the seasons of migration; but not having actual proof of their being found on the new continent, I am obliged to place them in these appendages to each genus. The time may come, when it will be found necessary to remove them into the American sections. It is also likely, that numbers may seek a more southern retreat, and stock Japan and China with their periodical flocks. I have done as much as the lights of my days have furnished me with. In some remote age, when the British offspring will have pervaded the whole of their vast continent, or the descendants of the hardy Russians colonized the western parts from their distant Kamtschatka, the road in future time to new conquests: after, perhaps, bloody contests between the progeny of Britons and Russians, about countries to which neither have any right; after the deaths of thousands of clamants, and the extirpation of the poor natives by the sword, and new-imported diseases, a quiet settlement may take place, civilization ensue, and the arts of peace be cultivated: learning, the luxury of the soul, diffuse itself through the nation, and some naturalist arise, who, with spirit and abilities, may explore each boundary of the ocean which separates the Asiatic and American continents; may render certain what I can only suspect; and, by his observations on the feathered tribe, their flights and migrations, give utility to mankind, in naval and oeconomical operations, by auguries which the antients knew well to apply to the benefit of their fellow-creatures. He may, perhaps, smile on the labors of the Arctic Zoologist (if by that time they are not quite obsolete); and, as the animate creation never changes her course, he may find much right; and, if he is endowed with a good heart, will candidly attribute the errors to misinformation, or the common infirmity of human nature.

Notes

*
Fernandez, 49.
↵

†
Barrere, 125.
↵

‡
The same.
↵

*
Worm. Mus. 310.
↵

†
Faun. Suec. No 160.
↵

‡
Worm. Mus. 310.
↵

*
Smith's Hist. Virgin. &c. 2.
↵

*
Kalm, ii. 72.
↵

†
Ph. Trans. lxii. 409.
↵

‡
As quoted by De Buffon.
↵

*
Catesby, App. xxxvi.—Lawson, Hist. Carol. 148.
↵

*
Faun. Greenl. 106.
↵

†
Leems, 242.
↵

‡
Amoen. Acad. iv. 588.
↵

‖
Voy. towards S. Pole, i. 87.
↵

*
Br. Zool. ii. App. No vii.
↵

†
Marcgrave, 209.
↵

‡
Voy. round the World, Engl. ed. 67.
↵

*
Kram. Austr. 346.
↵

†
De Buffon, Ois. vii. 375. 376.
↵

*
Sloane's Hist. Jamaica, ii. 315.
↵

*
Also l'Etoile of De Buffon, vii. 428.
↵

*
Ray's Travels, i. 33.
↵

*
Lawson, 148.
↵

†
Ph. Trans. lxii. 410.
↵

‡
Faun. Suec. No 164.
↵

‖
Amoen. Acad. iv. 588.
↵

*
Amoen, Acad. iv. 588.
↵

*

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
. II. v. 66.

↵

*
Extracts, ii. 146.
↵

†
Amoen. Acad. iv. 588.
↵

*
Pliny, lib. x. c. 23.
↵

†
Shaw's Trav. 428.
↵

‡
Belon Oys. 201.
↵

‖
THOMSON.
↵

*
Amoen. Acad. iv. 589.
↵

*
Des Marchais, iii. 326.
↵

*
Ph. Trans. lxii. 411. where it is called the Eskimaux Curlew.
↵

*
Leems, 249.
↵

†
Brunnich, p. 49.
↵

*
P. 44.
↵

*
Faun. Greenl. No 71.
↵

*
Faun. Groenl. No 72.
↵

*
Leems, 253.
↵

†
Edw. 139.
↵

*
Strom. 235.
↵

*
Faun. Groenl. No 74.
↵

†
Amoen. Acad. iv. 590.
↵

*
Faun. Groenl. No 73.
↵

*
Amoen. Acad. iv. 590.
↵

*
Brunnich, No 180.
↵

†
Nov. Com. Petrop. xix. 471. tab. xix.—The Tringa Ruficollis, PALLAS Iter. iii. 700, is another red-necked species, found about the same salt lakes.
↵

*
Hist. Carol. 140. Catesby, App.
↵

†
Paulsen's List.
↵

*
Brisson, v. 222.
↵

*
Brunnich.
↵

†
Hasselquist, 288.
↵

‡
Extracts, i. 107. ii. 147.
↵

*
Faun. Groenl. No 79.
↵

*
Lawson, 140.—Catesby, App.
↵

*
Sloane.
↵

†
Marcgrave, 199.
↵

*
Sloane.
↵

†
Raii Syn. Av. 193.
↵

*
Hasselquist Itin. 256.
↵

*
Dampier, iii. 85.
↵

†
Feuillèe, Observ. ed. 1725. p. 289.
↵

‡
Leems Lapmark, 252.
↵

*
Le Rale d'Eau, De Buffon, viii. 154.—Pl. Enl. 749.
↵

*
Burnaby's Travels, octavo ed. 42.
↵

*
Gmelin.
↵

*
Syst. Nat. 249.
↵

*
Amoen. Acad. iv. 591.
↵

†
Lawson, 149.
↵

*
See tab. 96. Edw. and my account of that species, Br. Zool. ii. No 224.
↵

*
Olaffen.
↵

†
Doctor PALLAS.
↵

*
Doctor PALLAS.
↵

*
Du Pratz, ii. 81.
↵

†
Voyages, i. 71.
↵

*
Lib. x. c. 48.
↵

*
Seen the 4th of July, in lat. 56. 30, off the western coast of America.—Ellis's Voy. i. 292.
↵

*
Hist. Kamtschatka, Engl. edit. 155.
↵

†
Dampier, i. 531.—Osbeck, i. 109.
↵

*
This account is given by a distinguished officer in our navy, who had visited these islands.
↵

†
Cook's Voy. S. Pole, i. 256.
↵

‡
Descr. de la Kamtschatka, 492.
↵

‖
Cook's Voy. towards the S. Pole, i. 43, 256, 258.
↵

*
Faun. Groenl. p. 82.
↵

*
Doctor PALLAS; to whom it was sent by a Moravian missionary.
↵

†
In the British Zoology, ii. No 230, I made matter of wonder, the manner in which this bird placed its egg on the naked rock, with so secure a balance that it would not roll off. Mr. Aikin referred me to the following passage in HARVEY de Generatione Anim. which most clearly expalins the cause: "In the same island" (the Basi), says he,
una mihi monstratur avis, quae ovum duntaxat singulare, sive unicum, parit, idemque super cujusdam lapidis acuti fastigium collocat (nullo nido, aut conquisitâ strue suppositâ), idque tam firmiter, ut mater abire & redire, salvo ovo, possit. Hoc autem si quis loco dimoveat, nullâ arte postea stabiliri potest; quin inde devolutum praeceps in mare ruat. Locus nempè (ut dixi) caemento albo incrustatur; ovumque, cum nascitur, lentâ & viscosâ madet humiditate, quâ citò concrescente, tanquam ferrumine quodam substrato saxo agglutinatur.

↵

‡
Belon. Obs. 12.
↵

*
Crantz, i. 48.
↵

†
Catesby, App. xxxvi.
↵

*
Crantz, i. 85.
↵

*
MS. List, of Birds of Italy, sent to me by that eminent Ornithologist, M. SCOPOLI, from Pavia.
↵

†
Mr. Hutchins assures me, that the old birds do not vary, as has been imagined.
↵

*
Steller, in Nov. Com. Petrop. iv. 424.
↵

*
Edwards, 147.
↵

*
Worm. Mus. 304.
↵

†
Faun. Suec.
↵

*
Barrera France Equin. 135.
↵

†
194. No 5. tab. i. No 5.
↵

*
Ois. viii. 345.
↵

*
Voyage, i. 23.
↵

*
PALLAS MS. Catalog.
↵

*
Senecae Epist. Ep. xc.
↵

*
Ph. Trans. lxii.
↵

*
Cook's Voy. Hawksworth's Coll. ii. 283.
↵

†
Forster's Voy. i. 109.
↵

*
Cook's Voy. S. Pole, i. 252.
↵

†
Forster's Voy. ii. 534.
↵

‡
Forster, i. 52.
↵

*
Cook's Voy. to S. Pole, 12. 13.
↵

†
Ibid.
↵

‡
Ibid.
↵

*
Kalm, i. 22, 23.
↵

*
The birds like a Duck, with a narrow bill, with sets of teeth, called in Carolina, Fishermen, and described as having a fishy taste, are of this species. See Lawson, 150.
↵

†
Olaffen Iceland—and Faun. Groenl. No 49.
↵

*
Confiding in other writers, I made, in my British Zoology, another species of the female of the Smew, under the name of the Red-headed, No 263. The bird I thought to be the female, and call the Lough Diver, is a distinct kind. Mr. Plymley informs me that he dissected several, and found males and females without any distinction of plumage in either sex.
↵

†
Extracts, ii. 146.—Hasselquist, 269.
↵

*
Catesby, App. xxxvi.—Lawson, 146.—Du Pratz, ii. 78.
↵

*
Olaffen, i. 118.
↵

†
Descr. Kamtschatka, 495.
↵

‡
We change the name of the Tame Swan into MUTE, as the former name is equivocal, and this species emits-no sound.
↵

*
Doctor PALLAS.
↵

†
Extracts, iii. 78.
↵

‡
Faun. Groenl. p. 66.
↵

*
Drage, i. 93.
↵

†
Dobbs's Hudson's Bay, 52.
↵

*
Lister, in Ph. Tr. Abridg. ii. 852. I cannot but suspect, that some of the SNOW GEESE, No 477, may mix with them, as none of this genus vary in color in the wild state.
↵

†
Kramer Anim. Austr. 339.
↵

*
Paulson.
↵

†
Amoen. Acad. iv. 585.
↵

*
See Descr. Kamtschatka, 496, 7.
↵

†
Faun. Groenl. p. 66.
↵

*
Lawson, 147.—Quere, The sort of whitish fowl mentioned by Mr. Lawson, p. 150, which he calls Bull-necks, of the size of a Brant, which come to Carolina after Christmas, and frequent the rivers: are excellent meat; but are very shy, and such good divers, as not to be shot without difficulty?
↵

*
Descr. Kamtsch. 496.
↵

†
Schwenkfelt An. Silesiae, 215.
↵

*
The Kamtschatkans use the same method in taking Geese. Descr. Kamtschatka, 496.
↵

*
Lawson, 147.
↵

†
Reverend Mr. Low.
↵

‡
Faun. Groenl. No 41.
↵

‖
Navigation par la Nord, Amstelredam, 1606, folio, p. 14.—The English fabled the same of the Bernacle. See Gerard's Herbal.
↵

*
Not in Greenland or Spitzbergen, as I once conjectured. See Br. Zool. ii. p. 578.
↵

*
Read eye, in the Br. Zool. instead of ear.
↵

†
Steller, in Nov. Com. Petrop. iv. 421.—Strom. p. 230.
↵

*
Catesby, App.
↵

†
Lawson, 151.
↵

*
Hist. Carolina, 148.
↵

*
Strom. 243.
↵

*
Catesby, App.
↵

†
Probably not the female of Edwards's Duck, 194.
↵

*
Catesby, App.
↵

*
Marcgrave, 214.
↵

*
Faun. Groenl. p. 73.
↵

†
Descr. du Kamtschatka, 498.
↵

‡
vi. 466. tab. xl.—Pl. Enl. 999.
↵

*
Ornith. 378.
↵

†
Hist. Carol. 149.
↵

*
PALLAS's Travels, ii. 325, 326.
↵

*
Doctor PALLAS.
↵

*
Extracts, ii. 20.
↵

*
Faun. Groenl. No
↵

*
Biorne's List.
↵

*
Russell's Aleppo.
↵

†
Hasselquist, 288.
↵

*
Biornc's List.
↵

*
This genus, in the Br. Zool. is called by the more familiar name of Corvorant, there being none of the Pelecan species in Britain.
↵

*
Cook's First Voy. iii. 627.
↵

*
Du Pratz, ii. 79.
↵

†
Dampier's Voy. Campechy, 70.
↵

‡
The same Gentleman informed me, that the SNOWY OWL, No
〈◊〉
is frequent near the shores of South Carolina, among the Palmetto trees.

↵

*
Extracts. i. 164.—ii. 405.
↵

*
Du Halde, i. 316.
↵

†
Lawson, 150.
↵

‡
Olaf. Iceland.
↵

‖
Faun. Groenl. p. 92.
↵

*
Cook's First Voy. ii. 382.—iii. 439, 627.
↵

†
Cook's Voy. towards the South Pole, i. 10, 11.
↵

‡
Wil. Orn. 331.
↵

‖
Olaffen. ii. tab. xxxix.
↵

¶
Faun. Groenl. No 58.
↵

*
Brunnich, No 121, 123.
↵

INDEX.

A.

- AMERICA originally destitute of domestic animals Page 6

- ALBATROSS,

- wandering 506

- its vast migrations 507

- Amulets

- of bills and claws of the Eagle 215

- of the feathers of the Kingfisher 280

- singular, of a species of mushroom ib.

- Ape, Sea, extraordinary animal 181

- Argali, or Wild Sheep 12

- AVOSET,

- American 502

- Terek ib.

- scooping 503

- AUK,

- great 509

- razor-bill ib.

- black-billed 510

- puffin 511

- Labrador 512

- little ib.

- antient ib.

- pygmy 513

- tufted ib.

- Perroquet 514

- crested 515

- dusky ib.

B.

- Badger,

- 71

- sometimes white ib.

- Bear,

- polar page 53

- their skins anciently offered to the church 57

- black ib.

- not carnivorous 58

- brown 61

- carnivorous and granivorous 62

- chace of the Bear by the

- Indians ib.

- Laplanders 65

- Finnish song on the death of 66

- Beaver,

- its wondrous oeconomy 99

- Musk Beaver 106

- forms houses like the Castor Beaver 107

- Beaver. See Otter.

- Bats 184

- Beluga, a species of Porpess 182

- Bison,

- its limits 2, 3

- chace of by the Indians

- Bison or Ox,

- musk 8

- its excellent wool 9

- Boars, wild, their most northern residence 35

- Buck 33

- Buzzard,

- common 207

- honey 224

- moor 225

- Butcher-bird. See Shrike

- Bustard,

- Norton Sound 321

- great ib.

- little ib.

- BUNTING,

- white crowned page 355

- snow ib.

- its migrations 356

- change of colors ib.

- black 359

- Towhee ib.

- rice 360

- singular migration of the males 361

- painted 362

- Louisiane ib.

- black-throated ib.

- Unalaschka ib.

- black-crowned 364

- rusty ib.

- second Unalaschka[*] ib.

- cinereous ib.

- blue 365

- indigo ib.

- golden 366

- common ib.

- yellow 367

- Ortolan ib.

- reed 368

- Birds, their skins used for cloathing 511, 127

- Bimaculated Duck 575

C.

- CAT,

- domestic 52

- wild, none in the Russian empire ib.

- Mountain, Cat a 50

- Castor. See Beaver.

- Camels, their highest latitude 35

- Calumet, account of 197

- CROW,

- Raven 245

- carrion 246

- Magpie 247

- blue 249

- STELLER'S ib.

- Rook page 250

- hooded 251

- Jackdaw ib.

- Nutcracker 252

- Jay ib.

- rock ib.

- Roller

- genus 253

- garrulous ib.

- Cuckoo

- genus 265

- Carolina ib.

- European 266

- Creeper

- genus 285

- European ib.

- Bahama ib.

- CHATTERER, prib 346

- CURLEW,

- Eskimaux 461

- common 462

- Whimbrel ib.

- COOT, common 496

- Corvorant 581

- Cranes,

- America 442, 443

- European 453

D.

- DEER,

- Moose 17

- its chace by the savages 19

- superstitions relative to 20

- its size exaggerated 21

- Rein Deer. See Rein.

- Virginian 28

- Dogs,

- what the original Dog of America 39

- of Kamtschatka, Greenland, &c. ib.

- beasts of draught in many places 40

- no mad Dogs in Greenland 41

- DORMOUSE,

- striped page 126

- English? 128

- DIVER,

- northern 518

- Imber ib.

- speckled 519

- striped ib.

- red-throated 520

- black-throated ib.

- Dunlin 476

- DUCK,

- whistling Swan 541

- mute Swan 543

- Canada Goose 544

- bean Goose 546

- grey-leg Goose ib.

- blue-wing Goose 547

- Bering's Isle Goose 548

- white-fronted Goose ib.

- snow Goose 549

- brent Goose 551

- bernacle Goose 552

- eider Duck 553

- king 554

- velvet 555

- black 556

- scoter ib.

- Shoveler 557

- golden-eye ib.

- spirit 558

- pied 559

- Buffel ib.

- Harlequin 560

- Pochard ib.

- whistling 561

- summer 562

- Mallard 563

- Ilathera 564

- dusky ib.

- western ib.

- scaup 565

- brown ib.

- pintail 566

- long-tail ib.

- American Wigeon 567

- white-faced 568

- American Teal 569

- great Goose 570

- Chinese Goose page 571

- red-breasted Goose ib.

- Shieldrake 572

- Gulaund ib.

- Morillon 573

- tufted ib.

- Hrafn-ond 574

- falcated ib.

- Wigeon ib.

- Gadwall 575

- Lapmark 576

- red ib.

- Garganey ib.

- European Teal 577

- Duck, bimaculated 575

E.

- Elk,

- the same with the Moose 17

- or wild Swan

- Ermine 75

- Echoueries, what 148

- Eagle,

- sea 194

- black 195

- black-cheeked 196

- white-headed ib.

- its singular manner of preying ib.

- white 197

- its feathers much used in the Calumet ib.

- Osprey 199

- how robbed by the white-headed Eagle ib.

- golden 214

- cinereous ib.

- crying 215

- Eider Duck 553

- Eggs of the Auk tribe, Doctor Harvey's curious remarks on 510

F.

- Fisher Weesel 82

- Fox,

- common 45

- its varieties 49, 47

- Arctic page 42

- are migratory 43

- grey and silvery 48

- Fallow Deer 33

- Furs, multitudes imported from America 77, 105

- Furs

- unknown to the antient Romans as luxuries 81

- when first introduced into Rome ib.

- long used in Tartary ib.

- FALCON,

- rough-footed 200

- St. John's ib.

- chocolate-colored 201

- Newfoundland ib.

- sacre 202

- peregrine ib.

- gentil 203

- Goshawk 204

- sometimes white ib.

- red-tailed 205

- Leverian 206

- red-shouldered ib.

- Buzzard 207

- plain 208

- marsh ib.

- ringtail 209

- swallow-tailed 210

- Buzzardet 211

- little ib.

- Pigeon 212

- dubious 213

- dusky ib.

- Iceland 216

- Greenland[*] 220

- Gyrfalcon 221

- collared 222

- Kite 223

- Honey Buzzard 224

- Lunner 225

- Moor Buzzard ib.

- Kestril 226

- Sparrow Hawk ib.

- Hobby 227

- Falconry,

- earliest account of page 219

- very antient in Tartary 220

- great state in which the Chinese emperors hawk 204

- Falcons, manner of taking in Iceland 217

- FINCH,

- Cowpen 371

- golden ib.

- New York Siskin 372

- orange ib.

- red-breasted ib.

- tree 373

- Bahama ib.

- white-throated ib.

- yellow-throated 374

- striped ib.

- ferruginous 375

- fasciated ib.

- grass ib.

- winter 376

- black-faced ib.

- Norton ib.

- crimson-head ib.

- purple 377

- Lapland ib.

- cinereous 378

- greater Red-poll ib.

- lesser Red-poll 379

- Arctic ib.

- Lulean 380

- Twite ib.

- flaming ib.

- brambling 381

- Chaffinch ib.

- Sparrow 382

- Goldfinch 383

- Siskin ib.

- FLYCATCHER,

- tyrant, its courage 384

- Louisiana 385

- fork-tail ib.

- chattering ib.

- crested 386

- lesser crested ib.

- black-headed page 387

- cinereous ib.

- red-eyed ib.

- Cat 388

- Canada ib.

- green 389

- dusky ib.

- golden throat ib.

- striped 390

- dun ib.

- pied 391

- FLAMANT, red 504

- Fulmar 534

- Fieldfare 340

G.

- Goat,

- wild 16

- tame, inhabits far north ib.

- Gyrfalcon 216

- Goshawk 204

- Gentil Falcon 203

- Grakle

- genus 263

- purple ib.

- most destructive to mayz 256

- yet rashly proscribed ib.

- boat-tail 264

- Gambet 476

- Glades in Sibiria for Wild Geese, &c. 570

- GROUS,

- ruffed 301

- singular noise made by 302

- pinnated 305

- sharp-tailed 306

- spotted 307

- white 308

- amazing numbers taken 311

- rock 312

- wood ib.

- spurious 314

- black ib.

- how taken in Sibiria 315

- Ptarmigan ib.

- Rehusak page 316

- hazel 317

- GROSBEAK,

- crossbill 347

- pine 348

- cardinal 349

- pope 350

- red-breasted ib.

- spotted ib.

- fan-tail 351

- yellow-bellied ib.

- dusky ib.

- blue ib.

- purple 352

- grey ib.

- Bullfinch 353

- green ib.

- haw 354

- GOATSUCKER,

- short-winged 434

- long-winged 436

- European 437

- GALLINULE,

- soree 491

- yellow-breasted ib.

- common 492

- Crake ib.

- GREBE,

- horned 497

- pied-bill ib.

- Louisiana 498

- dusky ib.

- great crested ib.

- eared 499

- red-necked ib.

- GUILLEMOT,

- foolish 516

- black ib.

- marbled 517

- GULL,

- black-backed 527

- herring ib.

- Wagel 528

- laughing page 528

- black-headed 529

- Kittiwake ib.

- ivory ib.

- common 530

- Arctic ib.

- black-toed 581

- Skua ib.

- glaucous 532

- silvery 533

- Tarrock ib.

- red-legged ib.

- Gannet 582

H.

- HARE,

- varying 94

- American 95

- Alpine 97

- HOG. See Boar.

- HUDGE-HOG 142

- Hobby 227

- HOOPOE, its filthy nest 284

- HONEYSUCKER,

- genus 286

- red-throated ib.

- its curious manners 277

- ruffed 290

- HERON,

- hooping Crane 442

- brown 443

- great ib.

- red-shouldered Heron 444

- common ib.

- great white 445

- little white ib.

- great Egret 446

- little Egret ib.

- reddish Egret 447

- green ib.

- Louisiane 448

- blue ib.

- yellow-crowned ib.

- ash-colored 449

- streaked ib.

- GARDENEAN 450

- night page 450

- Bittern 451

- rusty-crowned 452

- little 453

- common Crane ib.

- Sibirian Crane 455

- white Stork ib.

- black Stork 456

I.

- IBIS,

- wood 458

- scarlet ib.

- brown 459

- white ib.

- bay 460

- Imber 518

K.

- KINGFISHER,

- belted 279

- European? 280

- Knot 472

- Kamtschatkans

- had no domestic animals before the arrival of the Russians 7

- their chace of the Argali or Wild Sheep 13

- use the Rein Deer in sledges 25

- their chace of the Bear 64

- of the Seal 158

- superstitions about its chace 157

- their chace of the Ursine Seal 170

- their noblest chace of Leonine Seal 175

- Kite, a kind of oracle with the Greeks p. 224

- Kestril 226

L.

- Lemmus 136

- Lynx 50

- bay 51

- Lanner 225

- LARK,

- shore 392

- red 393

- calandra ib.

- sky 394

- wood 395

- tit ib.

- field ib.

- Lapwing 480

M.

- Martin, pine 76

- Minx 87

- Manati 177

- its conjugal affection 180

- MARMOT,

- Quebec 111

- Maryland ib.

- hoary 112

- tail-less ib.

- earless 113

- Bobak 115

- Morse. See Walrus.

- Mouse,

- common 131

- field ib.

- meadow 133

- Musk,

- Tibet 34

- a solitary animal ib.

- MERGANSER,

- Goosander 537

- red-breasted ib.

- hooded 538

- small 539

- minute 540

- Massagetae, cloathed themselves in Seal-skins page 158

N.

- Norway Rat. See Brown.

- NUTHATCH,

- Canada 281

- black-headed ib.

- lest 282

O.

- OPOSSUM,

- singular asylum for its young 73

- very tenacious of life ib.

- OTTER,

- common 86

- minx or lesser 87

- sea 88

- its singular manners 89

- its fur exquisite, and of high value 90

- Ox. See Bison.

- musk 8

- Octher, in the time of Alfred, first mentions the Walrus 146

- OWL,

- Eagle 228

- a bird of ill omen with the savages ib.

- long-eared 229

- short-eared ib.

- red 230

- mottled 231

- Wapacuthu ib.

- sooty 232

- snowy 233, 580

- barred 234

- Hawk ib.

- white 235

- brown 236

- little ib.

- Scandinavian 237

- tawny ib.

- ORIOLE

- genus 255

- red-wing ib.

- white-backed page 256

- Baltimore 257

- its curious nest 258

- bastard ib.

- black 259

- brown-headed ib.

- white-headed 260

- olive ib.

- yellow-throated 261

- Unalaschka ib.

- sharp-tailed ib.

- Oyster-catcher,

- pied 489

- black? INTRODUCTION.

- Ouzel,

- water 332

- ring 344

- rose-colored ib.

P.

- PETREL,

- Fulmar 534

- Sheerwater 535

- fork-tail ib.

- stormy 536

- Kuril ib.

- PELECAN,

- great 578

- dusky 580

- Charlestown ib.

- Shag 581

- Corvorant ib.

- Gannet 582

- crested Corvorant 583

- violet 584

- red-faced ib.

- Panther, brown. See Puma.

- PORCUPINE 109

- its manners 110

- Pekan Weesel 78

- Peregrine Falcon 202

- PARROT,

- Carolina 242

- Illinois 243

- Philtre,

- singular in Lapland 280

- among the Ostiacs ib.

- PARTRIDGE,

- Maryland page 318

- common 319

- Quail 320

- PIGEON,

- passenger 322

- their amazing numbers 323

- Carolina 326

- Canada 327

- white-crowned ib.

- ground 328

- Stork 329

- ring ib.

- PLOVER,

- alwargrim 483

- golden ib.

- noisy 484

- ringed 485

- black-crowned ib.

- sanderling 486

- ruddy ib.

- long-legged 487

- Dottrel ib.

- Alexandrine 488

- PHALAROPE,

- grey 494

- red ib.

- brown 495

- plain ib.

- Purre 475

- Puma 49

- Puffin 511

Q.

- Quickhatch. See Wolverene.

R.

- RAT,

- black 129

- brown 130

- American page 130

- water ib.

- common Mouse 131

- field ib.

- Virginian 132

- Labrador ib.

- Hudson's ib.

- meadow? 133

- hare-tailed ib.

- oeconomic 134

- its wonderful management 135

- red 136

- Lemmus ib.

- Lena 137

- ringed ib.

- Tchelag 138

- Rabbet. See American Hare.

- RACCOON 60

- its great cunning 70

- Rein Deer 22

- its great utility in northern countries 24, &c.

- Roebuck 33

- tail-less ib.

- Ringtail Hawk 209

- ROLLER

- genus 253

- garrulous ib.

- RAIL,

- clapper 490

- Virginian ib.

- Razor-bill 509

- Rice-birds, their wonderful migration 360

- Rice, how introduced into North America 361

S.

- Sable 79

- how taken 80

- Seals,

- common 51

- the flocks of the Arctic regions ib.

- their chace by the Greenlanders ib.

- by the Kamtschatkans 156

- great Seal 159

- rou•• page 160

- Lep••ine 161

- hooded 162

- harp 163

- rubbon 165

- Ursine ib.

- its curious history 167

- Leonine 172

- its history 173

- chace by the Kamtschatkans 175

- Sheep,

- wild 12

- chace of 13

- tame of Iceland ib.

- tame as high as Finmark 14

- Shrew, foetid 139

- Squirrel 116

- Hudson's Bay ib.

- grey ib.

- most destructive to the mayz 117

- Americans once unable to pay their proscription money! 118

- black 119

- flying 120

- hooded flying 121

- Severn river flying 122

- common European ib.

- European flying 124

- Stag 27

- Stoat 75

- Skunk 85

- Sacre 202

- Sparrow Hawk 226

- SKIMMER, Cutwater 522

- Stork,

- white 455

- black 456

- SHRIKE,

- great 238

- black-crowned ib.

- crested 239

- Natka ib.

- red-backed 240

- grey ib.

- lesser grey 241

- Skua 581

- STARE

- genus page 330

- crescent ib.

- Louisiane 331

- common ib.

- water Ouzel 332

- SWALLOW,

- chimney 429

- Martin 430

- sand ib.

- purple swift 431

- swift 432

- aculeated ib.

- Unalaschka. See INTROD.

- SPOON-BILL,

- roseate 440

- European 441

- SNIPE,

- little Woodcock 463

- common Snipe ib.

- Jack 464

- red-breasted ib.

- brown ib.

- nodding 465

- great Godwit ib.

- red G. 466

- common G. ib.

- spotted 467

- Jadreka ib.

- stone 468

- redshank ib.

- yellow-shank ib.

- green-shank 469

- semipalmated ib.

- black ib.

- European Woodcock 470

- great Snipe ib.

- dusky 471

- Finmark ib.

- Sandpiper,

- Hebridal 472

- striated ib.

- knot 473

- spotted ib.

- ash-colored 474

- New York page 474

- common ib.

- green 475

- Purre ib.

- Dunlin 476

- red ib.

- grey 477

- gambet ib.

- armed 478

- Swiss ib.

- little 479

- ruff ib.

- freckled 480

- selninger ib.

- Lapwing ib.

- waved 481

- shore ib.

- wood 482

- uniform ib.

T.

- TODY

- genus 283

- dusky ib.

- TURKY 291

- manners 292

- not a bird of the old continent 296

- THRUSH,

- mimic 333

- its wondrous power of note 334

- ferruginous 335

- red-breasted ib.

- varied 337

- tawny ib.

- red-legged ib.

- little 338

- Unalaschka ib.

- golden-crowned 339

- Hudsonian ib.

- New York ib.

- Labrador 340

- Fieldfare ib.

- missel 341

- Throstle page 342

- red-wing ib.

- Kamtschatkan 343

- rose-colored 344

- ring ib.

- Blackbird 345

- TANAGER,

- summer 369

- Canada ib.

- olive ib.

- grey 370

- bishop ib.

- TITMOUSE,

- Toupet 423

- Virginian ib.

- creeping ib.

- Colemouse 424

- Canada ib.

- Hudson's Bay 425

- great ib.

- Stromian 426

- azure ib.

- blue 427

- marsh ib.

- crested ib.

- long-tailed 428

- bearded ib.

- TERN,

- Noddy 523

- great 524

- lesser ib.

- black 525

- Kamtschatkan ib.

- Caspian 526

- Tyrant Flycatcher, its great spirit 384

V.

- VULTURE,

- carrion 191

- its great utility 192

- Vision 78

W.

- Woodcock,

- American 463

- European 470

- Walrus page 144

- its uses and chace 147, 148

- WEESEL,

- common 75

- Stoat or Ermine ib.

- Pine Martin 76

- Pekan 78

- Vison ib.

- Sable 79

- Fisher 82

- striated 83

- Skunk 85

- Wolf 38

- the Dog of America 39

- Wolverene 66

- WAGTAIL,

- white 396

- yellow ib.

- yellow-headed 397

- Tcshutschi ib.

- WRYNECK 267

- WOODPECKER,

- white-billed 268

- pileated 269

- golden-wing 270

- ferruginous 271

- red-headed ib.

- Carolina 272

- spotted ib.

- Canada, spotted 273

- hairy ib.

- downy 274

- yellow-bellied 275

- yellow-legged ib.

- three-coed ib.

- black 276

- green 277

- grey-headed ib.

- middle spotted 278

- lest spotted ib.

- WARBLER,

- blue-backed 398

- black-headed ib.

- yellow-breast 399

- orange-thighed ib.

- black-throat ib.

- yellow-throat 400

- hooded ib.

- yellow-rump ib.

- red-head 401

- black-poll page 401

- grey-poll 402

- yellow-poll ib.

- white-poll ib.

- golden crowned 403

- gold-wing ib.

- yellow-throat 404

- green ib.

- bloody-side 405

- caerulean ib.

- Worm-eater 406

- yellow-tail ib.

- spotted 407

- Louisiane ib.

- orange-throat 408

- Quebec ib.

- belted ib.

- olive 409

- New York 410

- dusky ib.

- prothonotary ib.

- half-collared ib.

- orange-bellied ib.

- olive-brown 411

- Grasset ib.

- grey-throat ib.

- Guira 412

- Blackburnian ib.

- pine ib.

- yellow page 413

- ruby-crowned ib.

- golden-crested 414

- Wren ib.

- bush 415

- Nightingale 416

- Redstart ib.

- grey Redstart 417

- Redbreast, Robin ib.

- blue-throat ib.

- black-cap 418

- pettychaps ib.

- hedge ib.

- bogrush 419

- Fig-eater ib.

- Grasshopper ib.

- sedge ib.

- Scotch 420

- long-billed ib.

- Wheat-ear ib.

- Stapazina 421

- Whinchat ib.

- white-throat 422

- Awatcha ib.

- Kruka ib.

FINIS.

Notes

*
A wrong repetition of name: the Reader is therefore desired to distinguish by the addition of Second.
↵

*
By inadvertency the word DUSKY is applied to this species, a trivial before given to another Falcon: the Reader is therefore requested to alter this with his pen.
↵

ERRATA AND CORRECTIONS.

VOL. I.

Page IV, line 13, for but, read yet—P. XXVI, l. 31, similiarity, read similarity— P. XXXII, l. 23, Moura, read Mousa—P. XXXVII, l. 2, maen-hirion, read meini-hirion— P. XLII, l. 14, circumgirations, read circumgyrations—P. XLIII, last line, for ‡ Same, p. 7. § Same, p. 8. Torfaeus, &c.; read ‡ Torfaeus Hist. Norveg. ii. p. 96. § The same, p. 97—P. XLVI, l. 11, the last to 1766, read the last period it remained quiescent to 1766. l. 16, overflown, read overflowed—P. LVII, l. 16, amata. Donec; read amata donec. l. 19, vidit, read vident—P. LXII, l. 31, is, read are—P. LXIII, l. 18, as low as that of 60, read and that of 60—P. LXXVI, l. 14, Plearonectes, read Pleuronectes—P. LXXXII, l. 29, insert, after the word places, the mark of reference ‡, and blot it out of line 31—P. LXXXVI, l. 13, 14, small and hard, read hard and small— P. XCI, l. 26, Lapes, read Lepas; l. 28, carinotum, read carinatum. l. 36, see p. LV— P. XCIX, l. 5, dele is—P. CIII, l. 10, Salmon, read Salmo—P. CVI, l. 6, yet is, read which yet is—P. CVII, last line, after baccata, add Pallas Itin. iii. 105. Fl. Ross. 23. tab. X—P. CVIII, note *, read COOK'S Voyage—P. CXIV, l. 22, Virg. those, read Virg. are distinguished those—P. CXVI, l. 23, hieraciodes, read hieracioides—P. CXVIII, l. 30, finally, of those, read finally, those — P. CXX. l. 10, is, read are — P. CXXIII, last line, 261, read 201—P. CXXXII, l. 28, dele either—P. CXLIV, l. 18, shall, read should—P. CLXVI, l. 24, had in the, read had been in the. l. 31, dele from— P. CLXXIV, after No 73, add 74; after No 75, add 76; after No 77, add 78—P. CXCI, l. 1, oetus, read foetus. l. 18, ovaria, read ova, l. 20, northernly, read northern— P. CC, l. penult. for; read,

P. 3, l. 24, Mivera, read Quivera—P. 24, l. 9, Kungus, read Kungur—P. 33, l. 11, is, read are—P. 34. note, for 9, 44 or 45, read 20, read lat. 60 to 20—P. 43, l. 23, latter, read others—P. 50, l. 22, add The Lynx also inhabits the vast forests of the north of Europe and Asia; in the first, as high as Lapland, in the last, in most parts of Sibiria, and even in the north of India, amidst the lofty mountains which bound that country—P. 58, l. 26, carnivorous, read animal—P. 76, l. 16, dele in great plenty— P. 89, l. 10, lat. 44, read 49—P. 90, l. 27, £. 25. read £. 20.—P. 98, l. 15, all round, read in all parts of—P. 99, l. 3, Konyma, read Kowyma—P. 112, l. 23, Hist. Quad. No 265—P. 116, note *, Hist. Quad. 283. α.—P. 142, l. 16, Sweden, in the, read Sweden. In the

VOL. II.

P. 220, l. 26, E DUSKY, read E GREENLAND—P. 223, l. 21, Sea Eagle, read Osprey—P. 244, l. 7, for north, read south—P. 368, l. 5, cychromi, read cychrami —P. 407, l. 18, le, read la—P. 527, l. 18, Non, read Nam: and dele?

OMITTED at p. 285, VOL. II.

L'Oiseau pourpre à bec de grimpereau, De Buffon, v. 526.—Latham, ii. 723.
175. A. PURPLE CREEPER.

CR. wholly of a purple color. Length four inches and a half.

According to Seba, it inhabits Virginia; and is said to sing well.

Information about this book

Title statement

Arctic zoology: ... [pt.2]

Pennant, Thomas, 1726-1798.

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http://ota.ox.ac.uk/id/4957

ID [isbn10]

1106019563

ID [isbn13]

9781106019561

ID [TCP]

K091678.002

ID [BIBNO]

CW3308502765

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0591400102

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— Arctic zoology: ..., Pennant, Thomas, 1726-1798.. 2v.([10],cc,[6],586,[14]p.),plates ; 4⁰. London :: printed by Henry Hughs,. 1784-85.. ['Advertisement' signed: Thomas Pennant.] [With a final leaf of errata.] [A 'Supplement to the Arctic zoology' was published in 1787.] [Reproduction of original from the British Library.] [English Short Title Catalog, ESTCT114528.] [Electronic data. Farmington Hills, Mich. : Thomson Gale, 2003. Page image (PNG). Digitized image of the microfilm version produced in Woodbridge, CT by Research Publications, 1982-2002 (later known as Primary Source Microfilm, an imprint of the Gale Group).]

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