The natural history of British insects: explaining them in their several states, with the periods of their transformations, their food, œconomy, &c. Together with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope. The whole illustrated by coloured figures, ... By E. Donovan. [pt.7]

Table of contents

- [titlepage]

- THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BRITISH INSECTS. PLATE CCXVII. PAPILIO HIPPOTHOE. GREAT COPPER BUTTERFLY. LEPIDOPTERA.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXVIII.

- FIG. I. CIMEX GONYMELAS. BLACK-KNEE FIELD BUG. HEMIPTERA.

- [description]

- FIG. II. CIMEX HAEMORRHOIDALIS. HEMIPTERA. CIMEX.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXIX. PHALAENA PRODROMARIA. OAK-BEAUTY MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXX. PHRYGANEA RHOMBICA. SPRING FLY. NEUROPTERA.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXXI. PHALAENA MYRTILLI. SCARCE BROAD BORDER YELLOW UNDERWING MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXXII.

- FIG. I. CARABUS VIOLACEUS. COLEOPTERA.

- [description]

- FIG. II. CARABUS GEMMATUS. COLEOPTERA. CARABUS.

- [description]

- FIG. III. CARABUS GRANULATUS. COLEOPTERA. CARABUS.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXXIII.

- FIG. I. PHALAENA DERASA. BUFF ARCHES MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

- [description]

- FIG. II. PHALAENA TRAGOPOGINIS. GOAT'S-BEARD MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA. PHALAENA.

- [description]

- FIG. III. PHALAENA LICHENES. LIVER-WORT MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA. PHALAENA.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXXIV. PHALAENA NUPTA. RED UNDERWING MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXXV. SIREX SPECTRUM. BLACK-BODIED TAILED WASP. HYMENOPTERA.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXXVI. VESPA VULGARIS. COMMON WASP. HYMENOPTERA.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXXVII. PHALAENA MONACHA. BLACK ARCHES MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXXVIII. SPHINX CONVOLVULI. BIND-WEED HAWK MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXXIX. THE LARVA AND PUPA OF SPHINX CONVOLVULI, OR BIND WEED HAWK MOTH.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXXX.

- FIG. I. PHALAENA MAURA. OLD LADY MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

- [description]

- FIG. II. PHALAENA LUCIPARA. SCARCE ANGLE SHADES MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA. PHALAENA.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXXXI.

- FIG. I. I. ATTELABUS APIARIUS. COLEOPTERA.

- [description]

- FIG. II. ATTELABUS FORMICARIUS.

- [description]

- FIG. III. III. DERMESTES PELLIO.

- [description]

- FIG IV. IV. DERMESTES SCARABAEOIDES.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXXXII. PHALAENA QUERCIFOLIA. LAPPET MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXXXIII. PHALAENA PRUNARIA. PHOENIX MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

- [description]

- FIG. II. II. PHALAENA DUPLICATA.

- [description]

- FIG. III. PHALAENA VESPERTARIA.

- [description]

- FIG. IV. PHALAENA CHAEROPHYLLATA. GREAT CHIMNEY-SWEEPER.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXXXIV. TENTHREDO LUTEA. YELLOW SAW-FLY. HYMENOPTERA.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXXXV. CHRYSIS CYANEA. HYMENOPTERA.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXXXVI.

- FIG. I. I. PAPILIO CORYDON. CHALK-HILL BLUE BUTTERFLY.

- [description]

- FIG. II. II. PAPILIO LINEA. SMALL SKIPPER BUTTERFLY.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXXXVII. PHALAENA BETULARIA. PEPPERED MOTH.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXXXVIII.

- FIG. I. I. PAPILIO HYALE. CLOUDED YELLOW BUTTERFLY. LEPIDOPTERA.

- [description]

- FIG. II. PAPILIO EDUSA. CLOUDED ORANGE BUTTERFLY. LEPIDOPTERA. PAPILIO.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXXXIX.

- FIG. I. PHALAENA TREPIDA? SWALLOW PROMINENT MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

- [description]

- FIG. II. PHALAENA COMPRESSA. LEPIDOPTERA. BOMBYX.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXL. MELOE TECTA. COLEOPTERA.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXLI. SPHINX POPULI. POPLAR HAWK MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXLII. PAPILIO CINXIA. PLANTAIN FRITILLARY. LEPIDOPTERA.

- [description]

- FIG. II. PAPILIO LUCINA. DUKE OF BURGUNDY FRITILLARY.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXLIII.

- FIG. I. I. COCCINELLA 14 GUTTATA.

- [description]

- FIG. II. II. COCCINELLA ANNULATA.

- [description]

- FIG. III. III. COCCINELLA CASSIDOIDES.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXLIV. PAPILIO CAMILLA. WHITE ADMIRABLE.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXLV. CIMEX FLAVO-MARGINATUS.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXLVI.

- FIG. I. PHALAENA PARTHENIAS. LEPIDOPTERA.

- [description]

- FIG. II. PHALAENA DUBITATA. TISSUE MOTH.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXLVII. PAPILIO PAPHIA. SILVER STRIPE FRITILLARY BUTTERFLY. LEPIDOPTERA.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXLVIII.

- FIG. I. II. PHALAENA ATOMARIA. DARK HEATH MOTH.

- [description]

- FIG. III. PHALAENA CLATHRATA. PALE HEATH MOTH.

- [description]

- PLATE CCXLIX.

- FIG. I. I. CURCULIO RUFUS.

- [description]

- FIG. II. II. CURCULIO ALNI. COLEOPTERA.

- [description]

- FIG. III. CURCULIO TENUIROSTRIS.

- [description]

- PLATE CCL. PAPILIO BETULAE. BROWN HAIR STREAK BUTTERFLY. LEPIDOPTERA.

- [description]

- PLATE CCLI.

- FIG. I. PHALAENA SUBERARIA. WAVED UMBER MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

- [description]

- FIG. II. PHALENA LACERTINARIA.

- [description]

- FIG. III. PHALAENA MACULATA.

- [description]

- PLATE CCLII.

- FIG. I. I. CIMEX VITTATUS.

- [description]

- FIG. II. II. CIMEX POPULI.

- [description]

- LINNAEAN INDEX TO VOL VII.

- ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO VOL. VII.

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BRITISH INSECTS; EXPLAINING THEM IN THEIR SEVERAL STATES, WITH THE PERIODS OF THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS, THEIR FOOD, OECONOMY, &c.

TOGETHER WITH THE HISTORY OF SUCH MINUTE INSECTS AS REQUIRE INVESTIGATION BY THE MICROSCOPE.

THE WHOLE ILLUSTRATED BY COLOURED FIGURES, DESIGNED AND EXECUTED FROM LIVING SPECIMENS.

BY E. DONOVAN.

VOL. VII.

LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, And for F. and C. RIVINGTON, No 62, ST. PAUL'S CHURCH-YARD.

MDCCXCVIII.

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BRITISH INSECTS.
PLATE CCXVII. PAPILIO HIPPOTHOE. GREAT COPPER BUTTERFLY. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae clubbed. Wings erect when at rest. Fly by day.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings intire, margin white. Underside ash colour, with numerous black eye-shaped spots.

- PAPILIO HIPPOTHOE alis integris: margine albo, subtus cinereis: punctis ocellaribus numerosis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 793. 254.

- Fab. Spec. Ins.—Ent. Syst. 2. T. 3. p. 1. 309. 172.

- Degeer Ins. 2. tab. 2.

- Roes. Ins. 3. tab. 37. fig. 6. 7.

- Esp. pap. tab. 38. fig. 1.

- Ernst, Ins. Europ. 1. tab. 44. fig. 92. 93.

Papilio Hippothoe is the largest and rarest of that kind of Butterflies called Coppers, by English collectors of Insects. We have not heard that it has been taken in this country for some years past: our specimens were met with in Scotland.

The female is larger than the male; it has also a greater number of black spots on the wings.

PLATE CCXVIII.

FIG. I. CIMEX GONYMELAS. BLACK-KNEE FIELD BUG. HEMIPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Rostrum inflected. Antennae longer than the thorax. Back flat. Thorax margined.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Brown. Abdomen red. Antennae annulated with black. Knees of the same colour.

We consider this as a nondescript Insect. It was taken at Darent Wood, Kent, early in May.

FIG. II. CIMEX HAEMORRHOIDALIS. HEMIPTERA. CIMEX.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Greenish. Spines of the Thorax obtuse. Breast-piece terminate in a long spine. Antennae black.

- CIMEX HAEMORRHOIDALIS: thorace obtuse, spinoso subvirescens, antennis nigris, sterno porrecto. Linn. Syst. Nat.— Fn. Sv.—Fab. Ent. Syst. 4. p. 98. 76.

This Insect was found at the same time and place as the preceding species. It is the most elegantly coloured creature of its tribe we have hitherto found. Cimex Luridus is more beautiful in the larva, but not in the winged state.

PLATE CCXIX. PHALAENA PRODROMARIA. OAK-BEAUTY MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae setaceous. Wings in general deflexed, when at rest. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Antennae feathered. Wings white, speckled with numerous black spots. Two irregular, and nearly transverse bars of dark brown, on the upper wings.

- PHALAENA PRODROMARIA, pectinicornis alis albis nigro punctatis: fasciis duabus latis fuscis. Fab. Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. 1. 159. 105.

- Phalaena Prodromaria. Wien. Verz. 99. 1.

The larva of this Moth, like others of the geometrae, raises itself when walking, into the form of an arch or loop: it is of an obscure grey and brown colour, faintly mottled: the head is red. This larva is seldom taken, and when taken, is reared to the fly state with the utmost difficulty. It seems a local species; for we have never heard that it has been found, except on the Oak trees [*] in Richmond Park. It feeds on the highest branches of the trees, but descends into the earth to become a pupa. It appears in the fly state in March.

The male Insect is considerably smaller than the female. Its horns, or antennae, are also larger, and more feathered. This is a scarce Insect. It is found in Germany; and a variety of it has been received from North America.

Notes

*
It feeds also on Lime trees.
↵

PLATE CCXX. PHRYGANEA RHOMBICA. SPRING FLY. NEUROPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Mouth furnished with four palpi. Antennae longer than the Thorax. First Wings lay horizontally on the body. Under Wings folded, and concealed beneath.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings greyish brown. First pair marked with rhombic whitish spots.

- PHRYGANEA RHOMBICA alis griseis: macula laterali rhombica alba.

- Linn. Syst. Nat.—Fab. Ent. Syst. T. 4. p. 77. 13.

- Roes. Ins. 2. Aqu. 2. tab. 16.

- Schaeff. Icon. tab. 99. fig. 5. 6.

The Phryganea undergo their transformations in the water: in the larva state they are taken by the fishermen for bait; and, in some parts of Holland, are found so abundant, that they are used as a cheap manure for the land. In the larva state, they generally form a sort of covering, or tube, for their defenceless bodies. It is open only at one end, at which its head and fore legs are protruded, to take its prey. Some species form these coverings of weeds and small shells, gravel, sand, &c. That of our present species, is composed of little pieces of the stalks of grass, cut into an even form, and laid transversely on each other. It attaches this tube to the roots of some aquatic plants, and undergoes its transformations in it. In the annexed plate, we have represented the larva taken from the tube, and the pupa having the tube opened to exhibit its situation therein.

The Fly is very common about ponds, rivers, and marshy places.

PLATE CCXXI. PHALAENA MYRTILLI. SCARCE BROAD BORDER YELLOW UNDERWING MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the base. Wings in general deflexed when at rest. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Thorax crested. Wings deflexed, brown, spotted with white. Anterior wings yellow, with a deep black border.

- PHALAENA MYRTILLI cristata alis deflexis ferrugineis albo maculatis: posticis luteis, fascia lata submarginali nigra. Lin. Syst. Nat.—Fab. Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. 2. 126. 379.

A small Insect, but of singular beauty; it feeds on the whortle berry and sloe.

This species has been taken by Mr. Crow, of Faversham. The only specimen we ever met with, was found in the caterpillar state, in Kent, in the month of May. The Fly came forth in June.

PLATE CCXXII.

FIG. I. CARABUS VIOLACEUS. COLEOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae setaceous. Thorax somewhat heart shaped, margined. Elytra margined also.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Apterous, black. Margin of the Thorax and Wing cases, glossy violet. Edges smooth.

- CARABUS VIOLACEUS apterus niger thorace elytrorumque marginibus violaceis, elytris laevibus.—Fab. Ent. Syst. 1. 19. 125.

- Carabus Violaceus. Paykull Monogr. 12. 4.

- Frisch Ins. 13. tab. 23.

The larva of some Carabi live in the ground, others in decayed wood. They prey on the smaller kinds of Insects. Fabricius describes one hundred and ninety-five species; a considerable number of these are natives of Europe. Carabus Violaceus is found in fields.

FIG. II. CARABUS GEMMATUS. COLEOPTERA. CARABUS.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Apterous, black. Wing cases marked with striae; and three rows of indented double spots, bronzed.

- CARABUS GEMMATUS apterus niger elytris striatis: punctis aeneis bilobis excavatis triplice serie.—Fab. Ent. Syst. 1. 19. 127.

- Carabus striatus.—Degeer Ins. 4. 90. 5. tab. 3. fig. 1.

- Carabus gemmatus.—Paykull Monogr. 15. 6.

This species has commonly been mistaken for Carabus hortensis: the difference, however, between the two Insects, is considerable. The colour of the Beetle is black; but when not damaged, is entirely covered with a rich bronze, partaking of a green and golden hue on the wing cases, and a fine purple on the thorax: the underside is plain black.

FIG. III. CARABUS GRANULATUS. COLEOPTERA. CARABUS.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Apterous, black, bronzed. Wing cases striated; three rows of elevated, or convexed-oblong spots, with an intermediate elevated line on each.

- CARABUS GRANULATUS apterus nigricans elytris aeneis striatis interiectis punctis elevatis longitudinalibus.—Lin. Syst. Nat.—Fab. Ent. Syst. 1. 130. 28.

- Carabus granulatus.—Paykull Monogr. 19. 9.

- Degeer Ins. 4. 88. 2.

- Sulz. Hist. Ins. tab. 7. fig. 2.

- Schaeff. Icon. tab. 18. fig. 6. & tab. 15. 6. fig. 1.

Some authors say, this species is very common in the fields near London. It is often found in Battersea meadows; and we have not found it elsewhere.

PLATE CCXXIII.

FIG. I. PHALAENA DERASA. BUFF ARCHES MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the base. Wings in general deflexed when at rest. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Crested. Wings deflexed. Anterior pair buff colour, with small arched markings.

- NOCTUA DERASA: cristata, alis deflexis, anticis supra decorticatis.

- Fab. Syst. Ent. 609 80.—Spec. Ins. 2. 229. 103.—

- Ent. Syst. 3. p. 2. 85. 250.

- Phalaena derasa. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 851. 158.

- Phalaena pyritoides. Naturf. 2. tab. 1. fig. 7. (mas).

- Borkhausen, enr. Schmett. 4. T. n. 281. p. 657.

- Die Himbeereule. Der Wischflügel. Panz. Faun. Ins. Germ.

A rare species, is found in the Fly state early in August.

The larva of this phalaena is unknown to us, and has neither been figured or described in any of the entomological works recently published. The notes of Harris are not altogether satisfactory; he mentions the time of its changing from the caterpillar to the pupa, but has given no figure or description of either. The entomologists of Germany, where the phalaena is not scarce, seem unacquainted with its metamorphosis. Fabricius, the latest writer on the subject, has not described it.

FIG. II. PHALAENA TRAGOPOGINIS. GOAT'S-BEARD MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA. PHALAENA.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Anterior wings flark brown, with three black points or spots in the centre, posterior pair livid.

- NOCTUA TRAGOGINIS: crista, alis deflexis, anticis fuscis, punctis nigris tribus approximatis, posticis lividus. Fab. Syst. Ent. 615. 107.—Spec. Ins. 2. 237.—Ent. Syst. 3. p. 2. 112. 336.

- Phalaena Tragopoginis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 2. 855. 177.—Fn. Sv. 1189.

- Phalaena antennis filiformibus, alis deflexis fuscis nitidis, punctis tribus centralibus nigris, capite flavo. Degeer Ins. Vers. Germ. 2. 1. 303. 10. tab. 7. fig. 15.

Found on the Goat's beard, Spinach, and Docks.—Our specimen was taken in June.

FIG. III. PHALAENA LICHENES. LIVER-WORT MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA. PHALAENA.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Thorax crested. Anterior wings green, with black marks. Posterior pair brown. Underside brown.

- NOCTUA LICHENES: cristata, alis deflexis: anticis viridibus, maculis variis atris, subtus fuscis. Fab. Syst. Ent. 614. 102.—Spec. Ins. 2. 235. 127.—Ent. Syst. 3. p. 2. p. 104. 312.

- Noctua glandifera. Wien. Verz. 70. 2.

We have found this species against walls on which the Lichen fusco-ater was growing. The larva is supposed to feed on plants of that genus. One specimen was found in October, another early in the spring, from which we conclude there must be two broods of them in the year.

PLATE CCXXIV. PHALAENA NUPTA. RED UNDERWING MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the base. Wings in general deflexed when at rest. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Thorax crested. Anterior wings greyish, varied with brown. Posterior pair red, with two broad black waves across. Abdomen hoary above, white beneath.

- PHALAENA NUPTA cristata alis planis cinerascentibus: posticis rubris; fasciis nigris, abdomine cano subtus albo. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 841. 119.

- Wilks pap. 33. tab. 1. a. 1.

- Roes. Ins. 1. phal. 2. tab. 15.

The larva of the Red Underwing Moth seeds on the willow: it is found in that state in June and July. The Fly appears in August, after having remained in the pupa state about twenty-one days.

Collectors of English Insects enumerate near twenty species of Phalaena under the trivial distinctions of yellow underwing, copper underwing, orange underwing, pink underwing, &c. &c. Among these the most conspicuous both for beauty and magnitude, are the red underwing, and crimson underwing. The first is by no means uncommon in the winged state. The latter is very rare, or at least a local species: it is found in the larva state on the tops of the highest oaks in Richmond Park, and was formerly found in similar situations in Burnt Wood, Essex. We are not informed that it has been taken in any other part of this kingdom.

These two species have been confounded with a third sort that is found in some parts of Europe, but does not, we have every reason to conclude, inhabit this country. This is the Noctua Pacta of Linnaeus and Fabricius. Linnaeus himself, in the first editions of the Systema Natura, considered the Red Underwing Moth, figured by Roesel, tab. 15, as the Phalaena Pacta, and adds it in his Synonyms; but it appears corrected in the later editions [*].

After that time, Harris, in his Aurelian, and other works, called the Red Underwing Phalaena Pacta, and the Crimson Underwing Phalaena Nupta. And Dr. Berkenhout, following Harris, or inattentive to the express language of the author he translated, has made the same error in his Synopsis of the Natural History of Great Britain [†]. Indeed, it may be doubted, whether any later English work on Insects has detected the error; for, examining a little tract of Mr. Matthew Martin, of the Bath Society, published in 1785, we find the Red Underwing called therein Phalaena Pacta.

To place our remarks in a clear point of view, we need only quote the descriptions of Linnaeus:—"NOCTUA PACTA Cristata alis grisescentibus subundatis: posticis rubris; fasciis du•b•s nigris. Abdomine supra rubro." And again in the general description: "Abdomen supra roseum." Without adverting to the other characteristic marks, this proves that the Linnaean species of Pacta cannot be the same with that of the authors before quoted, because in their species the upper part of the abdomen is hoary, inclining to brown, and not red [*]. Their Phalaena Pacta can be no other than the Phalaena Nupta of Linnaeus and Fabricius; the precise species represented in our plate; of which Linnaeus and Fabricius say: "Habitat in Europae Sallce Vitellina;" and of the Phalaena Pacta and Sponsa, "Habitat in Europae Quercu." The first lives on willows, the two others on oaks.

We close our remarks with observing, that the above quoted English authors have been no less mistaken as to Phalaena Nupta, which they have made the Crimson Underwing Moth. We have before expressed our doubt whether Phalaena Pacta has ever been found in this country;—we add, that the Insect, known to English collectors by the trivial name of Crimson Underwing, is the Phalaena Sponsa of Linnaeus and Fabricius [†], and consequently not connected in the least with Phalaena Nupta.

The readers of the works of Harris, Berkenhout, &c. are requested to read

- For Phalaena Nupta, Phalaena Sponsa, Crimson Underwing Moth.

- For Phalaena Pacta, Phalaena Nupta, Willow Red Underwing Moth.

And finally, remove Phalaena Pacta from the list of British species, till it is proved to be a native of this country.

Notes

*
Corrected after 1759.
↵

†
Not corrected in the last edition.
↵

*
Berkenhout says the abdomen is reddish above; but by this he only encreases the mistake; for his species agrees in every other respect with the Willow Moth, on which plant he also says it is
•
ound. Page 140. Vol. 1.

↵

†
Vide Entomologia Systematica. Vol. 111. p. 2. p. 53. 147.
↵

PLATE CCXXV. SIREX SPECTRUM. BLACK-BODIED TAILED WASP. HYMENOPTERA.

Wings four, membraneous in general. Tail of the females armed with a sting.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Mouth armed with strong jaws. Palpi two, truncated. Antennae filiform, containing upwards of twenty-four articulations. Sting projected, strong, and serrated.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Abdomen black. Thorax rather hairy, a yellow stripe on each side, next the base of the wing.

- SIREX SPECTRUM: abdomine atro, thorace villoso, litura ante alas lutea. Fab. Syst. Ent. 3. 26.—Spec. Ins. 1. p. 419. 109. 6.

- Sirex spectrum. Lin. Syst. Nat. 2. 929. 3.—Fn. Sv. 1574.—Degeer. Ins. 1. tab. 36. fig. 6.—Schaeff. Icon. tab. 4. fig. 9. 10.

This species bears much resemblance to some Insects of the Ichneumon genus. We have found it among the leaves of the Horse-radish in June.

All the sirices are rare in England. Sirex spectrum is an active and vigorous creature, and which cannot be taken without danger of its stinging. The sting is small, and fine as a needle, but formed of such hard or horny substance, that it will pierce the finger to the bone.

PLATE CCXXVI. VESPA VULGARIS. COMMON WASP. HYMENOPTERA.

Wings 4, membranous in general. Tail of the female armed with a sting.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Mouth armed with jaws. The sting sharp-pointed and concealed within the abdomen. Body smooth, without hair. The upper wings folded.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. A yellow line on each side of the thorax: four yellow spots on the scutellum, a black belt, and two black spots on each segment of the abdomen.

- VESPA VULGARIS: thorace utrinque lineola interrupta, Scutello qua quadrimaculato, abdominis incisuris punctis nigris distinctis. Fab. Syst. Ent. 364. 9.—Spec. Ins. 1. 460. 9.—Lin. Syst. Nat. 2. 949. 4.—Fn. Sv. 1671.

- Vespa nigra luteaque, antennis totis nigris. Degeer Ins. 2. 2. 111. tab. 26. fig. 7.

- Vespa thorace lineolis trium parium differentium flauves centium.

- Geoff. Ins. 2. 369. 2.

- Schaeff. Elem. tab. 130.

- — Icon. tab. 35. fig. 4.

- Reaum Ins. 6. tab. 12. fig. 7. 8.

Most kinds of Wasps live in societies; and, like the bees, construct combs, in which they deposit their eggs, and rear their young. Some species are solitary, and each individual forms a nest for itself.

The common Wasp lives in societies: they collect the juices of fruits, insects, &c. and make honey, but it is inferior to that of bees. The metamorphosis of the wasps and bees are similar.

PLATE CCXXVII. PHALAENA MONACHA. BLACK ARCHES MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the base. Wings in general deflexed when at rest. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings deflexed, white, with black arches. Abdomen red.

- PHALAENA MONACHA: alis deflexis albis atro undatis, abdominis incisuris sanguineis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 2. 821. 43.—

- Fn. Sv. 1130.—Fab. Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. 1. 446. 119.

- Wien. Verz. 52. 5.

- Wilks pap. 19. tab. 3. a. 4.

- Schaeff. Icon. tab. 68. fig. 2, 3.

We have in few instances been able to present a species of Phalaena, with all its metamorphosis, more deserving attention than the Black Arches Moth. It is uncommonly rare in the winged state, and its larva and pupa is, we presume, unknown to the English Entomologists at this time. We imagine Harris met with, and bred this Insect, though he has not figured it: he says it fed on the Oak, that it changed into chrysalis June 9th, and appeared in the winged state July 9th, which is very near the time of our specimen changing.

The larva is rather a general feeder; for though Harris mentions only Oak, we found that it would not refuse the leaves of fruit-trees, such as Apples, Pears, &c.; it seeds also on the Willow and Sallow. The female is larger than the male, and has antennae like bristles.

PLATE CCXXVIII. SPHINX CONVOLVULI. BIND-WEED HAWK MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae thickest in the middle. Wings, when at rest, deflexed. Fly slow, morning and evening only.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings entire, clouded. Posterior pair marked with zigzag transverse bands. Abdomen belted with alternate marks of red, black and white.

- SPHINX CONVOLVULI: alis integris nebulosis: posticis subfasciatis, abdomine cingulis rubris atris albisque. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 798. 6.—Fab. Ent. Syst. I. 2. p. 1. 374. 54.

- Geoff. In. 2. 86. 9.

- Roes. Phal. 1. tab. 7.

- Sepp. Ins. 3. 19. tab. 4.

- Merian. Europ. 39. tab. 75. fig. 2.

- Cramer Ins. 19. tab. 225. fig. D.

- Welks pap. 10. tab. 1. 6. 2.

- Esp. Ins. 2. tab. 5.

- Drury Ins. 1. tab. 25. fig. 4.

This is the largest of the Hawk Moths that inhabits Great-Britain, except Sphinx ligustri and Sphinx Atropos. It is rarely taken in this country; the curious in English Insects have them from Germany, where they are more common than with us.

A beautiful variety of this Insect is found in North-America: the wings are more richly varied with different shades of bright browns than the European kind; the posterior wings are of a fine rose-colour. It has all the characteristic marks of Sphinx Convolvuli, or we should hesitate to admit it as the same species. We received it from Mr. Abbot, in whose folio work it is also figured; he found it on the Wild Vine. Mr. Drury had the same variety sent to him from St. Christopher's.

PLATE CCXXIX. THE LARVA AND PUPA OF SPHINX CONVOLVULI, OR BIND WEED HAWK MOTH.

After much research, we have not been so fortunate as to meet with the Larva of this rare Insect; nor can we learn that it has been taken by any Collector of English Insects for many years. In the winged state one Specimen was said to be taken in the fields near Hoxton about two years ago.

To perfect the History of this species, we have copied the Figures of the Caterpillar and Pupa, from No 7, Der Nacht-Voegel, &c. &c. of Roesel's Insecten Bellustigung, Vol. I.

Our readers will observe that the Fly produced from the Caterpillars represented by Roesel is nearly one-third larger than the specimens supposed to be bred in England; the Caterpillars must therefore be larger in the same proportion in the specimens found in Germany.—The Caterpillars are of two colours, one green with stripes of yellow and spots of black; The other dull brown with ochre coloured stripes, and sides of the same. The Caterpillar figured by Abbot has a rose-coloured band on the side.

PLATE CCXXX.

FIG. I. PHALAENA MAURA. OLD LADY MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the base. Wings in general deflexed when at rest. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Thorax crested, Wings incumbent, exterior margins dentated, ash-colour, varied with large spaces of black. On the underside a deep whitish border.

- NOCTUA MAURA cristata, alis incumbentibus dentatis, cinereo nigroque variis, subtus margine albo. Fab. Syst. Ent. 604. 61.—Spec. Ins. 2. 224. 81.—Ent. Syst. 3. p. 2. 63. 174.

- Phalaena maura spirilinguis cristata, alis depressis dentatis, fasciis duabus nigris, inferioribus nigris, fascia alba.

- Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 843. 124.

- Phalaena Lemur Naturf. 6. tab. 5. fig. 1.

- Shaeff. Icon. tab. 1. fig. 5. 6.

This grave Moth appears in the month of August: it frequents old houses in evenings.—From its dingy appearance it is usually called the Old Lady.

FIG. II. PHALAENA LUCIPARA. SCARCE ANGLE SHADES MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA. PHALAENA.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Crested. Wings deflexed, greyish, with angular dark marks. An angular light coloured space on the exterior part of the Wing, and a pale band across the middle of each.

- NOCTUA LUCIPARA cristata, alis deflexis cinereo nitidis, fascia media lata fusca. Fab. Spe. Ins. 2. 233. 121.—

- Ent. Syst. 3. p. 2. p. 99. 244.

- Phalaena lucipara spirilinguis cristata, alis purpurascentibus lucidis, fascia nigra, stigmate postico flavo. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 857. 187.—Fn. Sv. 1201.

The common Angle-shades Moth, (Phalaena Meticulosa) is figured in a former part of this Work. Phalaena Lucipara is an Insect nearly allied to it, but is far more scarce; we have only met with the Specimen figured in the annexed Plate.—The Larva is supposed to feed on the internal substance of Willows. The Fly has also been observed among those trees.

PLATE CCXXXI.

FIG. I. I. ATTELABUS APIARIUS. COLEOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae thickest towards the apex. Head protruded, broad, tapering towards the thorax. Four joints in each foot.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Bright blue: rather hairy. Wing cases red, with three bars of blue: the third, at the termination of the apex.

- ATTELABUS APIARIUS: Lin. Syst. Nat. 2. 620. 10.

- CLERUS APIARIUS: subnudus cyaneus elytris rubris: fasciis tribus coerulescentibus: tertia terminali.—Geoff. Ins. 1. 304. 1. tab. 5. fig. 4.—Fab. Ent. Syst. 1. 209. 14.

- Degeer. Ins. 5. 157. 1. tab. 5. fig. 3.

- Sulz. Ins. tab. 4. fig. 6.

A very local species: we learn that it has been found near Manchester.

FIG. II. ATTELABUS FORMICARIUS.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Black. Thorax red. Wing cases, with two bars of white: base red.

- ATTELABUS FORMICARIUS: Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 620. 8.

- Clerus formicarius. Fab. Ent. Syst. 1. p. 207. 27. 5.

- — niger thorace ruso, elytris fascia duplici alba basique rubris.

- Degeer. Ins. 5. 160. 3. t. 5. f. 8.

Only a few species of this genus have been discovered in this country; and neither of those are very common. We apprehend Attelabus Formicarius is rare, having only met with one specimen of it. It was found in May, on a sand-bank, near Coome Wood, Surry.

FIG. III. III. DERMESTES PELLIO.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae terminated in a perfoliated club: the three extreme articulations thicker than the rest. Thorax convex: scarcely margined. Head bent in; and almost concealed under the thorax.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Black. A white spot on each wing-case.

- DERMESTES PELLIO: niger elytris puncto albo. Lin. Syst. Nat. 2. 563.—Fn. Sv. 411.

- DERMESTES PELLIO. Fab. Ent. Syst. 1. p. 228. 5.

- Oliv. Ins. 2. 9. 11. 10. tab. 2. fig. 11.

- Schaeff. Icon. tab. 42. fig. 4.

A very common and destructive creature. It insinuates itself into all kinds of fur, or the dried skins of animals; and in the state of larva, injures them considerably. The larvae of this tribe of Insects are numerous where they are suffered to breed: they enter into and destroy furniture, cloathing, and even food. Some species are found upon the careases of animals; while others, more tenacious of life, penetrate harder substances, and resist the camphor, verdigrease, musk, arsenic, and other drying or corroding substances, that prevent the depredations of most Insects. One or two species are in particular much to be dreaded by Collectors of Natural Curiosities: they perforate the cabinet, or case, and when the larva is hatched, effect their destruction. In collections of animals, birds, insects, and plants, they do great mischief.

FIG IV. IV. DERMESTES SCARABAEOIDES.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Ovated. Black. Two red spots on the wing-cases.

- DERMESTES SCARABAEOIDES. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 563. 17.— Fn. Sv. 428.

- SPHAERIDIUM SCARABAEOIDES: ovatum atrum elytris maculis duabus ferrugineis. Fab. Ent. Syst. 1. 77. 6. 1.

Found in dung. Fabricius separates this species from the Dermestides, and places it in a new genus Sphaeridium.

PLATE CCXXXII. PHALAENA QUERCIFOLIA. LAPPET MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the base. Wings, in general, deflexed when at rest. Fly by night.

Bombyx—Alis reversis.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings reversed, scalloped, red brown, with transverse waved lines.

- PHALAENA QUERCIFOLIA: alis reversis dentatis ferrugineis, ore tibiisque nigris. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 812. 18.

- Fn. Sv. 1110.

- BOMBYX QUERCIFOLIA. Fab. Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. 1. 420. 42.

- Roes. Ins. 1. Phal. 2. tab. 41.

- Schaeff. Icon. tab. 71. fig. 45.

- Merian Europ. tab. 1. fig. 3.

- Reaum. Ins. 2. tab. 23.

- Sulz. Ins. tab. 16. fig. 93.

- Albin. Ins. 1. tab. 16.

Phalaena Quercifolia is a rare and interesting Insect, and is the largest of the English bombyces, if we follow the arrangement of the Entomologia Systematica of Fabricius, and remove the Linnaean Bombyx Cossus [*] to a new genus [†].

The trivial name Lappet Moth has been given to this species by some early Collectors of English Insects, because they observed, when the creature was at rest, and the wings expanded in a natural position, the anterior part of the second pair lapped over the first, instead of the first pair laying on the second, as in many other species of Phalaena. This appearance is very striking, but not peculiar to Phalaena Quercifolia. Bombyces, with similar reversed wings, are numerous, and several of them natives of this country; as Phal. Quercus, and Potatoria.

In a former volume we have given The Pine Lappet Moth; an Insect that is extremely uncommon in Great-Britain; that, with the present species, are the only two British Phalaena called Lappet Moths; another Insect, closely allied to P. Quercifolia, and supposed to be the Phal. Populifolia, is said to be an English Insect, but on what authority, we are not informed. The very different appearances of the larva of Phal. Quercifolia in different stages of its growth, may possibly have caused some mistake; for in one skin they are brown, with whitish marks; in another greyish, with dark brown marks; and when of a full size, are more inclined to brown and grey in some specimens than in others. Notwithstanding, however, the variation of colours, in all its changes, we find that the two oval blue marks on the second and third segment of the body are constant, and sufficient to determine the species. The larva of Bombyx Populifolia is very similar to that of B. Quercifolia, when young, if we may judge by the only figure of it extant, but the mark across the second segment is narrow and black; that on the third segment broader, with two semi-lunated red spots.—Vide Kleeman's Beytraege, &c. Vol. 3. tab. 14.

The larva of P. Quercifolia we have taken in Darent Wood, Kent, on the grass; it feeds also on Willow, Blackthorn, and Whitethorn. At the end of April, or not later than May, it forms a large and loose spinning interwoven with its hairs, of black, reddish, and grey colours. The pupa is black, but appears perfectly white, being covered with a fine white pollen, or powder; each segment is encircled by a belt, of a red colour. In July and August it is found in the Fly state.

Notes

*
Goat Moth.
↵

†
Cossus ligniperda.—Fab.
↵

PLATE CCXXXIII. PHALAENA PRUNARIA. PHOENIX MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the base. Wings in general deflexed when at rest. Fly in the night.

Geometra. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Antennae like a bristle. First pair of wings brown and grey, with two broad pale waved marks across. Second pair, with waves on the posterior part.

- PHALAENA PRUNARIA: seticornis alis griseo fuscis: fasciis duabus pallidis repandis: postica semiterminali. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 869. 250.—Fn. Sv. 1267.—Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. p. 2. p. 178. 175.

- Wien. Verz. 113. 19.

- Clerk. Phal. tab. 7. fig. 3.

- Ammiral Ins. tab. 23. fig. 1. 4.

Fabricius describes the larva of this rare Moth:—It is ash-coloured, with a black collar or mark on the neck: feet reddish brown, and the back spotted with the same colour.

The trivial English name, Phoenix Moth, has been given to this Insect from a circumstance little known, and scarcely deserving notice, except as it proves the impropriety of naming Insects from local circumstances, when any other can be well applied. A small part of a wood near London had been cut down, and a quantity of charcoal made on the spot. This place had been often visited by Aurelians, but the Phalaena Prunaria had never been discovered there, nor indeed was then known as a British Insect. On the following year, when the ground was cleared, and the underwood grown up, this Moth was found, it continued to be taken constantly in the months of June and July for many years, in this place, and then totally disappeared. The late Mr. Bentley, known as a collector of English Insects, discovered a breeding-place of this Moth on Epping Forest, and commonly found three or four specimens every season. We are not certain that it has been found in any other part of the kingdom. It feeds on the thorn, plumb and currant.

FIG. II. II. PHALAENA DUPLICATA.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. First wings grey, with three transverse waved lines.

- PHALAENA DUPLICATA: seticornis, alis griseis, fasciis duabus trilineatis fuscis. Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. p. 2. p. 193. 234.

- PHALAENA PLAGIATA: seticornis, alis anticis canis: fasciis tribus trilineatis nigricantibus repandis. Linn. Syst. Nat.— Fn. Sv. p. 334. n. 1271.

- Phal. Plagiata. Das doppelte Band. Berlin. Mag. 4. B. p. 522. n. 38.

- Schaeff. Icon. tab. 12. fig. 1. 2.

- Clerk. Icon. tab. 6. fig. 1.

- Rossi Faun. Etr. T. 2. p. 194. n. 1170.

Found in June. It is rare, and we believe has not been met with in the state of larva in this country. Foreign authors say the larva is brown, variegated with red, and has a yellow line on each side. Kleemann has not figured the larva with the Moth in his Supplement of the rare Insects found in Germany.

FIG. III. PHALAENA VESPERTARIA.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Antennae feathered. Wings yellowish: two dark waved streaks across the first pair; one on the second pair: the space between the streaks and margins of the wings, dark.

- PHALAENA VESPERTARIA pectinicornis alis flavescentibus: strigis duabus; posteriore limbum obscurum disterminante.

- Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 864. 224.

- Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. p. 2. 149. 74.

- Phalaena parallelaria. Wien. Verz. 104. 15.

Found in Hornsey-Wood in July, and also in Norwood.

FIG. IV. PHALAENA CHAEROPHYLLATA. GREAT CHIMNEY-SWEEPER.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Antennae like a bristle. Wings black erect: first pair white at the tips.

- PHALAENA CHAEROPHYLLATA seticornis atra alis erectis: anticis apice albis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 866. 237.—Fab. Ent. Syst. I. 3. p. 2. 184. 200.

- Wien. Verz. 116. 1.

Appears in the Winged state late in July. Is produced from a reen capillar, which feeds on Cherophyllum Silvestre, or wild cicely.

PLATE CCXXXIV. TENTHREDO LUTEA. YELLOW SAW-FLY. HYMENOPTERA.

Wings four, generally membraneous. Tail of the females armed with a sting.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Without proboscis. Mouth armed with jaws. Sting composed of two laminae, dentated, like a saw, and almost concealed within the abdomen. Two tubercles on the scutellum.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Antennae clubbed, yellow. Abdomen yellow, except the second segment, which is black.

- TENTHREDO LUTEA: antennis clavatis luteis, abdominis segmentis plerisque flavis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 921. 3.—Fn. Sv. 1534.

- Fab. Ent. Syst. I. 2. p. 105. 138. 3.

- Roes. Ins. 2. Vesp. tab. 13.

- Schaeff. Icon. tab. 103. fig. 2. 3.

- Degeer Ins. 2. 2. 223. 7. tab. 33. fig. 8. 16.

Very uncommon in this country. The larva has been found on the Willow, but unless taken when ready to become a pupa, it is impossible to rear it to the winged state. We are little acquainted with the peculiar habits of these Insects, and cannot therefore feed them in a proper manner.

Most of the Tenthredines enshroud themselves in a net-work covering, and remain in the earth till the Fly burst forth; others fasten the web against the branches of trees, or on the trunk near the earth. The habits of Tenthredo lutea are very similar to those of T. Vitellinae; the winged Insect appears in June.

PLATE CCXXXV. CHRYSIS CYANEA. HYMENOPTERA.

Wings four: generally membraneous. Tail of the females armed with a sting.

GENERIC CHARACTER. No proboscis. Armed with jaws. Antennae filiform.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Very glossy blue green. End of the abdomen furnished with three teeth.

- CHRYSIS CYANEA: glabra nitens thorace abdominisque coeruleis, ano tridentato. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 948. 5.—Fn. Sv. 1667.

- Fab. Ent. Syst. 2. 147. p. 243. 20.

- Vespa coerulea nitens. Geoff. Ins. 2. 484. 23.—Schaeff. Icon. tab. 81. fig. 5.

The natural size of this Insect is given at Fig. I. in the annexed plate. It is far inferior in beauty to either Chrysis ignita or bidentata, figured in the early part of this work; but as the genus is very limited, we have a given figure of this species. It is very abundant on all k•nds of fruit-trees in the summer.

PLATE CCXXXVI.

FIG. I. I. PAPILIO CORYDON. CHALK-HILL BLUE BUTTERFLY.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae clubbed. Wings erect when at rest. Fly by day.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings entire, above silvery or pale blue, with a black margin. Beneath grey, with eye-shaped spots.

- HESPERIA CORYDON: alis integris coeruleo argenteis: margine nigro, subtus cinereis: punctis ocellaribus, posticis macula centrali alba. Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. p. 1. p. 298. 133.

- PAPILIO CORYDON. Wien. Verz. 184. 10.

- PAPILIO CORYDON. Esp. pap. tab. 33. fig. 4.

- PAPILIO TIPHYS. Esp. pap. tab. 51. fig. 4.

Found on the chalk-hills between Dartford and Rochester; particularly on a long range of hillocks leading from Dartford to the wood of Darent. Hence the Butterfly has been called the Chalk-hill blue. We believe it has not been found in any other part near London. The larva is unknown, it appears in the winged state, the first and second week in July.

FIG. II. II. PAPILIO LINEA. SMALL SKIPPER BUTTERFLY.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings entire, brown, divaricated, margin black.—An oblique black mark on the anterior wings.

- HESPERIA LINEA: alis integerrimis divaricatis fulvis: margine nigro. Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. p. 1. 326.

- PAPILIO LINEA. Wien. Verz. 159. 5.

- PAPILIO THAUMAS. Esp. pap. tab. 36. fig. 2. 3.

- PAPILIO SYLVESTRIS. Pod. Mus.

A very generally diffused species, but not common; it is similar to the Papilio Sylvanus of Linnaeus, or Hesperia Sylvanus of Fabricius, which is found in the greatest abundance in the skirts of woods in summer. Its metamorphose is unknown.

PLATE CCXXXVII. PHALAENA BETULARIA. PEPPERED MOTH.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the base. Wings in general deflexed when at rest. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Antennae feathered. Wings entirely white, speckled with black; a black bar across the thorax.

- PHALAENA BETULARIA: pectinicornis, alis omnibus albis, thorace fascia nigra, antennis apice setaceis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 862. 217. Fn. Sv. 1287.

- Fab. Spec. Ins. 2. 252. 56.

- PHALAENA antennis pectinatis, alis horizontalibus albis nigro punctatis maculatisque, thorace fasciato. Degeer. Ins. Verz. Germ. 2. 1. 250. 1 tab. 5. fig. 18.

- Ammiral. Ins. tab. 21.

- Schaeff. Icon. tab. 88. fig. 4. 5.

- Albin. Ins. tab. 91, 92.

- Kleman. Ins. 1. tab. 39. fig. 6.

Found on the Lime, Willow, and Elm in the state of Larva, changes to the Pupa in September; and the Moth appears in May. The Larva of this creature differ very much in their shades of colour; they are generally blackish or dark olive with a few obscure red spots.

PLATE CCXXXVIII.

FIG. I. I. PAPILIO HYALE. CLOUDED YELLOW BUTTERFLY. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae clubbed. Wings erect when at rest. Fly by day.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings rounded, yellow: an orange spot on the posterior wings: beneath, a large silver spot, with a small contiguous spot of the same.

- PAPILIO HYALE: alis rotundatis flavis: posticis macula fulva; subtus puncto sesquialtero argentes. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 764. 100.

Though we cannot but admire the Linnaean definitions, for their perspicuity in general; we must in some instances blame him for that inattention which has betrayed succeeding naturalists into errors, and even absurdities. The force of this remark, however harsh it may appear, will apply in a particular degree to the specific definition and quoted Synonyms of Papilio Hyale, and consequently to two other similar species involved in the same error.

Linnaeus gave the description of Papilio Hyale, as above quoted in the Systema Natura, from an insect in his own cabinet, and quotes, in the Synonyms, the Butterfly figured by Roesel, Vol. 3. tab. 46. fig. 4. 5. The works of that author being known in every part of Europe, the entomologists of that time received the figure as that of the true Hyale; and relying on the accuracy of the Linnaean references, the mistake has been overlooked to the present period. Fabricius, who is the latest systematic writer on this science, quotes the figures in Roesel, as Linnaeus had himself in the first instance; and he also refers to figures of the same insect in the works of Cramer and Schaeffer. An error of such specious appearance could only be detected by a reference to the specimen in the Linnaean Cabinet, at this time in the possession of Dr. Smith, and by this it appears that every author has mistaken the species of Linnaeus, and that Linnaeus was himself mistaken in supposing the insect described was the same as that figured by Roesel, and to which he refers: that the Linnaean Papilio Hyale is what later authors have considered Papilio Palaeno, and that the true Papilio Palaeno is not a British species.

These errors are so complicated that we must examine the characters assigned to each species with the utmost attention, and we shall then find his descriptions correct, but the synonyms erroneous. Papilio Hyale is described with yellow wings; the colour of the wings in the supposed Hyale is not of that kind which Linnaeus would have called yellow, (flavis,) but fulvis, being of a deep orange colour, much inclining to red. Either of these expressions will certainly admit of great latitude, but we must not therefore confound one with the other. The two silver spots are not constant, though it forms a part of the specific character; we have seen in both the clouded yellow and clouded orange butterflies, sometimes only one spot, though in general it has two. On the whole, the Linnaean description of Papilio Hyale seems to agree with the fictitious P. Palaeno of our collections, and the specimen in the Linnaean cabinet places it beyond conjecture.

Fabricius has not attended to the errors of former authors on this subject; even in his last work, Syst. Ent. he adds to the specific description of his P. Hyale, Mas margine alarum nigro immaculato, foemina maculato[*], by this it is evident he alludes to the clouded orange, for it is not so in the Linnaean insect; the broad bar of black being constantly spotted in both sexes. We have also observed that the rare variety with white wings is only the female; that which is yellow is the male: the same is observed also of Papilio Rhamni, or Brimstone Butterfly; and as the males of all insects are more abundant than the females, and the males of P. Hyale are rare, the variety, or sex with white wings must be extremely so. These have been taken in a clover field in the month of August, in company with the clouded orange.

It may be proper to close this description with a few observations on the true Papilio Palaeno, as the subject before us has hitherto passed under that name. Linnaeus says, alis integerrimis flavis apice nigris margineque fulvis: posticis subtus puncto argenteo; this does not agree with, or at least express the Insect generally called Palaeno, and the specimen in the Linnaean cabinet proves it to be a different species; the P. Palaeno has no yellow spots on the black margins of the wings, and the spot in the center of the anterior pair is small and shaped like a shuttle; its native place is unknown. A variety of the pale clouded yellow is found in America, and by mistake is sometimes placed in cabinets as a British species.

FIG. II. PAPILIO EDUSA. CLOUDED ORANGE BUTTERFLY. LEPIDOPTERA. PAPILIO.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings entire, fulvous, or orange, with a black spot and margin of the same colour. On the under side greenish; a black spot on the anterior wings; silver on the posterior wings.

- PAPILIO EDUSA: alis integerrimis fulvis: puncto margineque nigris, subtus virescentibus: anticis puncto nigro, posticis argenteo. Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. p. 2. 206. 643.

If our observations on the preceding species are satisfactory and conclusive, the Insect before us must be a distinct species, and not the true P. Hyale, for which it has ever been received. This involves another interesting consideration, for Linnaeus must have been acquainted with this species, as he refers to figures of it in several Authors. It is probable he considered it as a variety, for it does not appear under another name in any part of his Writings.

Fabricus has described a new species of butterfly, under the name Edusa, in his last work Ent. Syst. which seems to agree with our insect, and we are confirmed in our opinion by Mr. Jones of Chelsea, who assisted Fabricius with considerable information, and assures us it is certainly the P. Edusa of that author.

In a former part of this work we have given the male of this insect as P. Hyale: the annexed figure represents the female, having large yellow spots in the black border of the wings. Both this and the preceding species are figured by Esper, in the Papiliones de l'Europe; and by Schaeffer, in the Icones Rabisbon, &c.

Notes

*
The wings in the males have a broad black bar on the exterior margin; in the female the bars are spotted.
↵

PLATE CCXXXIX.

FIG. I. PHALAENA TREPIDA? SWALLOW PROMINENT MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the base. Wings in general deflexed when at rest. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings deflexed; a prominence on the back. Anterior wings pale in the middle; brown next the margin; streaked. A spot in the center of the wing.

- BOMBYX TREPIDA: alis deflexis dorso unidentatis: puncto medio ocellari strigaque postica maculari fuscis. Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. p. 1. 449. 130.

- Bombyx tremula. Wien. Verz. 49. 4.

The Swallow Prominent Moth is scarce, the larva is supposed to live under the bark of willows, but it is more certain that the Moth is seldom found, except among those trees. In the day-time it has been seen against the trunk of trees, in the manner represented in the Plate.

We quote the authority of Fabricius with diffidence; his character is ambiguous; and can only be defined by the very general description he has added to it.

FIG. II. PHALAENA COMPRESSA. LEPIDOPTERA. BOMBYX.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings compressed; white, with a large brown mark continued across the anterior Wings; grey in the middle, with several lunar white marks.

- BOMBYX COMPRESSA: alis compresso adscendentibus niveis: macula communi fusca, centrali grisea: lunula alba.

- Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. p. 2. 455. 149.

- Phalaena spinula. Wien. Verz. 64. 6.

- Panz. Faun. Germ. 1. tab. 6.

Not very uncommon in the month of June; it is called the Goose-egg Moth.

PLATE CCXL. MELOE TECTA. COLEOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae moniliform, extreme articulation oblong. Thorax roundish. Elytra soft and flexible. Head inflected and gibbous.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Black. Wing-cases nearly the length of the Abdomen. Antennae thickest in the middle.

- MELOE TECTA: atra, elytris abdomine haud brevioribus, antennis medio crassissimis. Panz. Faun. Ins. Germ.

- Der Maywurmkäfer mit ungewöhalich langen Flügeldecken.— Panz. Ibid.

This is a rare Insect, and has not been described by Linnaeus or Fabricius. It bears a distant resemblance to Meloe Proscarabaeus; but the singular structure of the Antennae will alone prove it a distinct species. The Antennae in Meloe Proscarabaeus are moniliform, or composed of several bead-like articulations, nearly of the same size: those of this new species are thickest in the middle; and in one point of view the fourth, fifth, and sixth articulations appear remarkably large and globular: in another, they seem writhed or distorted, and very concave; the other joints are as in the former species.—The whole Insect has a shining blue gloss: Meloe Proscarabaeus is coal black. It is smaller, and the Wing-cases nearly cover the Abdomen. In Meloe Proscarabaeus the wing-cases are only one-third the length of the Abdomen.

In some Cabinets, this Insect is arranged with a new specific name autumnalis; but as we find it is not a non-descript, we prefer that, under which it has been already described. In this we not only avoid the confusion arising from a change of names, but reject one merely local for another expressive of its specific character.

Our Specimens were found on Epping Forest, in July.

PLATE CCXLI. SPHINX POPULI. POPLAR HAWK MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae thickest in the middle. Wings, when at rest deflexed. Fly slow, morning and evening only.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings reversed, dentated, grey: a white central spot on the anterior Wings. Posterior Wings red at the base.

- SPHINX POPULI: Alis dentatis reversis griseis: anticis puncto albo, posticis basi ferrugineis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 797. 2.—Fn. Sv. 1084.

- Roes. Ins. 3. tab. 30.

- Schaeff. Icon. tab. 100.

- Degeer. Ins. 1. tab. 8. fig. 5.

- Sepp. Ins. 3. 3. tab. 1.

- Albin. Ins. tab. 38. fig. C.

- Wilks pap. 11. tab. B. C.

This beautiful Insect is very common in this country, and not less so in every other part of Europe: it feeds on the poplar and willow in the larva state, and frequents those trees in the winged state also. About the month of September, the Larva or Caterpillars are full grown, and change to the Pupa: the Sphinx appears in May.

PLATE CCXLII. PAPILIO CINXIA. PLANTAIN FRITILLARY. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae clubbed at the end. Wings erect, when at rest. Fly by day.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings dentated, brown, with black marks: beneath fulvous, with three whitish bands across the lower Wings, marked with black spots.

- PAPILIO CINXIA: Alis dentatis fulvis nigro maculatis: posticis subtus fasciis tribus albidis nigro maculatis. Linn. Syst. 2. 784. 205.—Sv. 1063.

- Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. p. 2. 250. 779.

- Roes. Ins. 4. tab. 13. fig. 4. 5.

- Geoff. Ins. 2. 45. 12.

- Wilks pap. 58. tab. 3. a 8.

- Esp. pap. 1. tab. 16. fig. 2.

- Schaeff. Icon. tab. 204. fig. 1, 2.

- β. Papilio Delia, alis dentatis fulvo nigroque variis: posticis supra punctis quatuor ocellaribus, subtus albis: fascii• duabus fulvis; posteriore nigro punctata. Linn. Fab.

- Papilio Delia. Wien. Verz. 179. 6.

The Larva are black, beset with spines and tufts of the same colour: the sides are marked with a double row of white spots, the feet red. It is found on the long plantain in April. The Flies appear in May. This is the rarest of the British Fritillary Butterflies, if we except Papilio Lathonia, the Queen of Spain Butterfly.

FIG. II. PAPILIO LUCINA. DUKE OF BURGUNDY FRITILLARY.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings indented, dark brown with bright yellowish-brown spots. Two rows of white spots on the underside of the posterior wings.

- PAPILIO LUCINA: Alis dentatis fuscis testaceo maculatis: subtus fasciis duabus macularum albidarum. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 784. 203.—Fn. Sv. 1001.

- Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. p. 1. 250. 778.

- Raj. Ins. 122. 12.

- Schaeff. Icon. tab. 172. fig. 1. 2.

- Petiv. Gazoph. tab. 16. fig. 10.

This pretty Insect is found in the winged state in May; the Larva is unknown.—Taken in Hornsey wood.

PLATE CCXLIII.

FIG. I. I. COCCINELLA 14 GUTTATA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae subclavated, truncated. Palpi club-formed, extreme articulation heart-shaped. Body hemispherical. Thorax and elytra margined.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Red, with fourteen white spots.

- COCCINELLA 14 GUTTATA: coleoptris rubris, punctis albis quatuordecim. Linn. Faun. Suec. 492. Syst. Nat. p. 583. n. 34. Fab. Ent. Syst. 1. p. 284. n. 85.

This species is rather of a brown than red colour, as described by Linnaeus. It is probably an uncommon Insect. The smallest figure 1 is the natural size.

FIG. II. II. COCCINELLA ANNULATA.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Red. An oblong black ring across the wing-cases.

- COCCINELLA ANNULATA: coleoptris rubris, macula subannulari nigra. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 579. n. 5. Fab. Ent. Syst. 1. p. 268. n. 14.

Not a very common species.

FIG. III. III. COCCINELLA CASSIDOIDES.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Black with a red lunular mark, and a round spot of the same colour, on each of the wing-cases. Margin prominent.

- COCCINELLA CASSOIDES: elytris nigris, lunulâ punctoque rubris, margine prominulo. Marsham MS.

This is a nondescript Insect. It was found in May.

PLATE CCXLIV. PAPILIO CAMILLA. WHITE ADMIRABLE.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae clubbed at the end. Wings erect, when at rest. Fly by day.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings dentated. Above, uniform dark brown, with a white band, and spots. Inner angle of the posterior wings red.

- PAPILIO CAMILLA: alis dentatis fuscis subconcoloribus albo fasciatis maculatisque, angulo ani rubro. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 781. 187. Roes. 3. tab. 33. fig. 3. 4.

The White Admirable Butterfly feeds upon the common honey suckle or woodbine, and is found in the winged state in the months of June and July, in the skirts of woods; its habit is much the same as that of P. Atalanta, Red Admirable, but it is by no means so common.

This species has hitherto been deemed the Papilio Camilla of Linnaeus, though it differs in a slight degree from the descriptions and figures of authors who describe only German or Swedish specimens of it. In the late editions of the Systema Naturae, P. Camilla is described with P. Sibilla, a Papilio nearly allied to it, but which Linnaeus considered as a distinct species; his description of Camilla expressly saying "angulo ani rubro."—The angulis ani, of P. Sibilla [*], not being of a red colour, removes it from the English species.

Fabricius is of a different opinion, and in dissenting from his authority it is incumbent to state our objections. In the Species insectorum of that author, the P. Camilla with the Linnaean specific character, is made a variety β of Sibilla. The synonyms of the two insects are ambiguous, and the references not more satisfactory. Among others he refers for P. Sibilla, to Drury's Ins. 2. tab. 16. fig. 1, 2.—to Roesel Ins. 3. tab. 70. fig. 1, 2, 3,—and to Schaeffer 152 [†]. fig. 1, 2. The two last are perhaps the same species: the first is unquestionably different. For P. Camilla he refers to Roesel tab. 33. fig. 3, and this agrees with our specimen, except in the colours of the upper surface being somewhat paler; so that we may conclude our English Insect is not only the P. Camilla of Linnaeus but also the β Camilla of Fabricius.

The ultimate opinion of Fabricius is however different, for in the Entomologia Systematica since published, Camilla and Sibilla stands a dictinct species; and Camilla is thus described, "alis dentatis atris cocruleo micantibus: fascia utrinque maculari alba, posticis fubtus basi argentea immaculata." Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 781. 187. habitat in Austria. Thus P. Camilla will no longer agree with our insect, nor with that figured by Roesel, plate 33. fig 3. But if we refer to the Systema Naturae of Linnaeus, we discover another error, for instead of the above quoted specific character, Linnaeus only says, "Alis dentatis fuscis subconcoloribus albo fasciatis maculatisque, angulo ani rubro." p. 781. 187. and this is clearly our insect.— From this the whole of the Fabrician account is obviously a complicated error of description and synonyms, and without attempting to investigate it further, we shall speak of both species as they appear to us.

We consider the Common English Admirable, as the true P. Camilla; and that Sibilla, and not Camilla is the Austrian species, as we have received it from that country; it is much darker in the upper surface, and has a row of shining blue spots all round the wings: the base of the posterior wings, beneath silvery and without spots, as Fabricius describes his Camilla. Our insect on the contrary has no row of blue spots on the upper surface, but a red spot at the inner angle of the posterior wings; the base of the lower wings are also silvery beneath, but has black spots upon it. They differ in many other respects: these alone determine them to be two species, and ours to be the Camilla of Linnaeus.

We have inspected the drawings of Mr. Jones, from which Fabricius describes most of his Papiliones, and are confirmed in our opinion.

Notes

*
Roesel's figure, vol. 3. tab. 70. has an obscure red band entirely across the posterior wings.—Schaeffer's figure has no trace of red on that part.
↵

†
Erratum.—Designed for 153—for 152 is the German variety of Papilio Iris, Purple Emperor Butterfly.
↵

PLATE CCXLV. CIMEX FLAVO-MARGINATUS.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Rostrum inflected. Antennae longer than the thorax, wings folded crosswise, thorax margined. Feet formed for running.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Black, longitudinal line on the thorax. Scutellum, exterior margin of the elytra, and spot in the apex yellow.

- CIMEX FLAVO-MARGINATUS niger, thoracis lateribus lineaque dorsali, scutello elytrorumque margine apiceque macula flavis.

A nondescript species: it was found on a thistle.

The line at fig. 1 denotes the natural size.

PLATE CCXLVI.

FIG. I. PHALAENA PARTHENIAS. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the base. Wings in general deflexed when at rest. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings deflexed. First pair with greyish waved bars across. Second pair orange-red, having a large triangular black spot at the interior edge.

- PHALAENA PARTHENIAS: Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 835. 94. Fn. Sv. 1160.

- BOMBYX VIDUA, alis deflexis fuscis: anticis cinereo subfasciatis, posticis macula baseos fasciaque rufis. Fab. Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. 1. 468, 190.

This species was described by Linnaeus as Phalaena Parthenias; Fabricius alters it to Vidua. It is not figured by any author unless the Ph. Geom. Glauco fasciata Gözii, figured in Kleman. T. 1. tab. 40. fig. 4, 5, be the same insect.

Found on the white Poplar. (Populi Alba). It is a rare Insect and has been taken in Hornsey Wood in May.

FIG. II. PHALAENA DUBITATA. TISSUE MOTH.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Antennae setaceous, wings waved with brown grey and black. The nerves of the wings spotted with white.

- PHALAENA DUBITATA, seticornis alis obscuris fusco cinereoque undatis: nervis albo punctatis. Fab. Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. 2. 168. 141.

- Phalaena dubitata. Wien. Verz. 109. 3.

The Tissue Moth is rarely met with near London. Our specimen was taken near Bath.

PLATE CCXLVII. PAPILIO PAPHIA. SILVER STRIPE FRITILLARY BUTTERFLY. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae clubbed at the ends. Wings erect, when at rest. Fly by day.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings dentated fulvous, spotted with black, under-side striped with silver.

- PAPILIO PAPHIA: Alis dentatis fulvis nigro maculatis, subtus fasciis argenteis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 786, 209. Fn. Sv. 1064.

- Geoffr. Ins. 2. 42. 8.

- Roes. Ins. 1 pap. 1 tab. 7.

- Schaeff. Icon. tab. 27. fig. 3. 4.

- Wilks pap. 57. tab. 2, a. 7.

Papilio Paphia is an elegant species of the British Papiliones. In size, colour, and general appearance of the upper side it is very similar to Papilio Agala; in the underside, it is extremely different. Both of these Butterflies are remarkable for that pecular shining appearance of polished silver with which a few other of the european Fritillary Butterflies are ornamented; but in Papilio Agala, this silver is disposed in distinct splashes or spots, while in Papilio Paphia it appears in transverse streaks. These streaks are finely softened into the red and olive green of the wings, and produce altogether a singular and charming effect. It is from the latter circumstance the early English collectors termed this the silver-wash Fritillary.

The Caterpillar of this butterfly is found on the grass in May. It is of a plain yellowish brown, with several longitudinal stripes of dark brown; it is also thickly beset with barbed spines, a quarter of an inch in length, and has in particular two of a remarkable form on the first annulation next the head. It remains in the chrysalis twenty or twenty one days; and appears in the winged state early in June.

PLATE CCXLVIII.

FIG. I. II. PHALAENA ATOMARIA. DARK HEATH MOTH.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the base. Wings in general deflexed when at rest. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Antennae feathered. Wings entirely yellowish; with bands of brown, and the whole thickly sprinkled with atoms of the same colour.

- PHALAENA ATOMARIA: pectinicornis; alis omnibus lutescentibus fasciis atomisque fuscis. Linn. Faun. Suec. 1245.— Syst. Nat. p. 862. n. 214.

- Phalaena isoselata. Scop. carn. 558. female.

- Phalaena pennata. Scop. carn. 569. male.

The Dark Heath Moth is considered as the Phalaena Atomaria of Linnaeus, in the Faun. Suec. and Systema Naturae. Fabricius adopts the Linnaean character, though in the Synonyms it is confounded with another Geometrae, the Hirtaria of some entomologists. He refers to the Phalaena issoselata and Phalaena pennata of Scopoli, which are evidently the two sexes of the Dark Heath Moth; but the Insect figured in Plate XXXIV. Kleman's Ins. is very distinct, and is the P. Hirtaria before alluded to. We cannot but observe how closely the Linnaean description will apply in this instance, to two Insects which at first sight appear so extremely different.

This species is very common on heaths in May. The male is much darker in colour than the female, and has curious pectinated and ciliated antennae, as Scopoli observes. The female has been mistaken for a distinct species.

FIG. III. PHALAENA CLATHRATA. PALE HEATH MOTH.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Antennae setaceous. Wings entirely yellowish, with transverse and longitudinal dark lines intersecting each other.

- PHALAENA CLATHRATA: seticornis alis omnibus flavescentibus: lineis nigris decussatis. Lyn. Syst. Nat. 2. 867. 238. —Fn. Sv. 1275.—Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. p. 2. p. 183. 194.

- Schaeff. Icon. tab. 216. fig. 2. 3.

- Scop. Carn. 536.

- Sulz. Hist. Ins. tab. 23. fig. 2.

This is a rare insect, except in Kent, where Dr. Latham informs us it is more common than the preceding species. Both sexes are very similar to the female Dark Heath Moth. The larva is unknown, but is supposed to feed on the Erica, being always found on these plants in the winged state. These insects have been called Heath Moths because they live in heaths, chalk-pits, and other barren places.—The Moths appear in June.

PLATE CCXLIX.

FIG. I. I. CURCULIO RUFUS.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae subclavated, seated in the snout or proboscis, which is prominent.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Snout long. Feet formed for leaping, entirely red, except the eyes, which are black.

- CURCULIO RUFUS: longirostris pedibus saltatoriis, totus rufis, oculis nigris solis exceptis. Marsh. MS.

- Geoff. Ins. 1. 286. 19. 2.

Probably a new species; it differs from the Curculio Quercus of the Faun Suec, and Curculio viminalis of Ent. Syst. in having the abdomen red, and being rather larger.

FIG. II. II. CURCULIO ALNI. COLEOPTERA.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Snout long. Feet formed for leaping. Elytra livid red, with two obscure spots.

- CURCULIO ALNI: longirostris, pedibus saltatoriis elytris lividis, maculis duabus obscuris. Faun. Suec 608.—Fab. Ent. Syst. I. 445. 216.

Feeds on the leaves of the Alder.

The smallest insect at Fig. 2. represents the natural size.

FIG. III. CURCULIO TENUIROSTRIS.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Snout long, thighs dentated, black, a short transverse white stripe on the elytra. Antennae red.

- Curculio tenuirostris: longirostris, femoribus dentatis niger, elytris albo subfasciatis, antennis rufis. Fab. Ent. Syst. 1. p. 2. 443. 204.

Described by Fabricius from the cabinet of Sir Joseph Banks, Bart, without a reference to any figure. His general description is, Minor. C. Cerasorum. Caput nigrum rostro tenui, atro, glabro. Antennae rufae clava cinerea. Thorax niger pilis brevissimis cinereis. Scutellum cinereum. Elytra nigra fasciis plurimis, undatis pallidioribus.

PLATE CCL. PAPILIO BETULAE. BROWN HAIR STREAK BUTTERFLY. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae clubbed. Wings erect when at rest. Fly by day.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings furnished with small tails. Above, brown: beneath yellowish, with two white stripes on the posterior wings.

- Papilio Betulae: alis subcaudatis fuscis subtus luteis: posticis strigis duabus albis. Lyn. Syst. Nat. 2. 220.—Fn. Sv. 1070.

- Hesperia Betulae. Fab. Ent. Syst.

- Geoff. Ins. 2. 58. 27.

- Albin. Ins. tab. 5. fig. 7.

- Ernst. Pap. Eur•p. 1. tab. 35. fig. 7.

- Husnag Ins. tab 12. fig. 1.

- Pet•v. Gazeph. tab. 11. fig. 11.

The male of this species is distinguished by a large fulvous mark or spot on the anterior wings. The larva is very remarkable, being broad and flat. It is found in the months of May and June on the Alder and Sloe. Changes to Chrysalis the first week in July. The Flies appear in August.

PLATE CCLI.

FIG. I. PHALAENA SUBERARIA. WAVED UMBER MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the base. Wings in general deflexed when at rest. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Antennae pectinated, yellowish. A dark ferruginous dash across the superior wings, and a band of the same on the inferior pair. The whole of the upper surface streaked with numerous irregular transverse lines.

- PHALAENA SUBERARIA: pectinicornis lutescens, alis superioribus litura, inferioribus fascia fusco ferrugineis, omnibus strigosis. Marsham MS.

The Waved Umber Moth is found on the Oak in May. It is described only in the MS. of T. Marsham, Esq.

FIG. II. PHALENA LACERTINARIA.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Antennae feathered. Wings much indentated, yellowish brown. Two dark lines across the anterior wings, and a light spot in the middle. Posterior wings without any marks.

- PHALAENA LACERTINARIA, pectinicornis alis erosis lutescentibus: strigis duabus punctoque medio fuscis, posticis immaculatis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 2. 860. 204.

- Fab. Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. 2. 135.

- Schaef. Icon. tab. 66. fig. 2. 3.

- Degeer. Ins. 1. tab. 10. fig. 7. 8.

- Reaum. Ins. 2. tab. 22. fig. 4—6.

Found on the Oak in May and June.

FIG. III. PHALAENA MACULATA.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Wings yellow spotted with black.

- PHALAENA MACULATA: seticornis alis flavis nigro maculatis. Fab. Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. 2. 197. 244.

- Phalaena Macularia. Lynn. Syst. Nat. 2. 862. 213.

Extremely common about the hedges in the vicinity of London during the months of June and July.

PLATE CCLII.

FIG. I. I. CIMEX VITTATUS.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Rostrum inflected. Antennae longer than the thorax. Wings folded crosswise. Back flat. Thorax margined. Feet formed for running.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Black. Anterior and posterior part of the thorax yellow: scutellum yellow. Base of the antennae, and elytra red; the latter with a longitudinal whitish stripe: and bent in at the apex.

- CIMEX VITTATUS: thorace anterius posteriusque scutelloque flavis, antennarum basi elytrisque rufis: vitta apiceque inflexo albis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 2166. n. 631?

Taken on the Rose. Fig. I. I. natural size, and magnified.

FIG. II. II. CIMEX POPULI.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Oblong. Whitish, clouded and sprinkled with brown. Antennae setaceous.

- CIMEX POPULI: oblongus albo fuscoque nebulosus antennis setaceis. Linn. Faun. Suec. 963.

Very common against the trunks of trees, the Poplar in particular.

LINNAEAN INDEX TO VOL VII.

COLEOPTERA.

- Dermestes Pellio Plate 231. Fig. 3.

- — Scaraboeides Plate ib. Fig. 4.

- Coccinella Annulata Plate 243. Fig. 2. 2.

- — 14 guttata Plate ib. Fig. 1.

- — Cassidoides Plate ib. Fig. 3.

- Curculio Rufus Plate 249. Fig. 1.

- — Alni Plate ib. Fig. 2.

- — Tenuirostris Plate ib. Fig. 3.

- Attelabus Apiarius Plate 231. Fig. 1.

- — Formicarius Plate ib. Fig. 2.

- Carabus Violaceus Plate 222. Fig. 1.

- — Gemmatus Plate ib. Fig. 2.

- — Granulatus Plate ib. Fig. 3.

- Meloe Tecta Plate 240.

HEMIPTERA.

- Cimex Gonymelas Plate 218. Fig. 1.

- — Haemorrhoidalis Plate ib. Fig. 2.

- — Vittatus Plate 252. Fig. 1.

- — Populi Plate ib. Fig. 2.

- — Flavo marginatus Plate 245.

LEPIDOPTERA.

- Papilio Hyale Plate 238. Fig. 1.

- — Edusa Plate ib. Fig. 2.

- — Camilla Plate 244.

- — Paphia Plate 247.

- — Cinxia Plate 242. Fig. 1.

- — Lucina Plate ib. Fig. 2.

- — Betulae Plate 250.

- — Hippothoe? Plate 217.

- — Corydon Plate 236. Fig. 1. 2.

- Sphinx Convolvuli Plate 228.

- — Larva et Pupa Plate 229.

- — Populi Plate 241.

- Phalaena Monacha Plate 227.

- — Vidua Plate 246. Fig. 1.

- — Compressa Plate 239. Fig. 2.

- — Trepida Plate ib. Fig. 1.

- — Nupta Plate 224.

- — Maura Plate 230. Fig. 1.

- — Lucipara Plate ib. Fig. 2.

- — Derasa Plate 223. Fig. 1.

- — Lichenes Plate ib. Fig. 3.

- — Tragopoginis Plate ib. Fig. 2.

- — Myrtilli Plate 221.

- — Prodomaria Plate 219.

- — Betularia Plate 237.

- — Prunaria Plate 233. Fig. 1.

- — Duplicata Plate ib. Fig. 2.

- — Vespertaria Plate ib. Fig. 3.

- — Chaerophyllata Plate ib. Fig. 4.

- — Dubitata Plate 246. Fig. 2.

- — Atomaria Plate 248. Fig. 1. 2.

- — Clathrata Plate ib. Fig. 3.

- — Suberaria Plate 251. Fig. 1.

- — Lacertinaria Plate ib. Fig. 2.

- — Maculata Plate ib. Fig. 3.

NEUROPTERA.

- Phryganea Rhombica Plate 220.

HYMENOPTERA.

- Tenthredo Lutea Plate 234.

- Sirex Spectrum Plate 223.

- Chrysis Cyanea Plate 235.

- Vespa Vulgaris Plate 226.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO VOL. VII.

- Alni, Curculio Plate 249 Fig. 2.

- Annulata, Coccinella Plate 243 Fig. 2. 2.

- Apiarius, Attelabus Plate 231 Fig. 1.

- Atomaria, Phalaena Plate 248 Fig. 1. 2.

- Betularia, Phalaena Plate 237

- Betulae, Papilio Plate 250

- Camilla, Papilio Plate 244

- Cassidoides, Coccinella Plate 243 Fig. 3.

- Chaerophyllata, Phalaena Plate 233 Fig. 4.

- Cinxia, Papilio Plate 242 Fig. 1.

- Clathrata, Phalaena Plate 248 Fig. 3.

- Compressa, Phalaena Plate 239 Fig. 2.

- Convolvuli, Sphinx Plate 228

- — Pupa, ditto Plate 229

- Corydon, Papilio Plate 236 Fig. 1. 2.

- Cyanea, Chrysis Plate 235

- Derasa, Phalaena Plate 223 Fig. 1.

- Dubitata, Phalaena Plate 246 Fig. 2.

- Duplicata, Phalaena Plate 233 Fig. 2.

- Edusa, Papilio Plate 238 Fig. 2.

- Flavo-marginatus, Cimex Plate 245

- Formicarius, Attelabus Plate 231 Fig. 2.

- Gemmatus, Carabus Plate 222 Fig. 2.

- Gonymelas, Cimex Plate 218 Fig. 2.

- Granulatus, Carabus Plate 222 Fig. 3.

- Haemorrhoidalis, Cimex Plate 218 Fig. 2.

- Hippothoe? Papilio Plate 217

- Hyale, Papilio Plate 238 Fig. 1.

- Lacertinaria, Phalaena Plate 251 Fig. 2.

- Lichenes, Phalaena Plate 223 Fig. 3.

- Lucina, Papilio Plate 242

- Lucipara, Phalaena Plate 230 Fig. 2.

- Lutea, Tenthredo Plate 234

- Maculata, Phalaena Plate 251 Fig. 3.

- Maura, Phalaena Plate 230 Fig. 1.

- Myrtilla, Phalaena Plate 221

- Nupta, Phalaena Plate 224

- Paphia, Papilio Plate 247

- Pellio, Dermestes Plate 231 Fig. 3.

- Populi, Sphinx Plate 241

- Populi, Cimex Plate 252 Fig. 2. 2.

- Prodromaria, Phalaena Plate 219

- Prunaria, Phalaena Plate 233 Fig. 1.

- 14-guttata, Coccinella Plate 243 Fig. 1. 1.

- Rhombica, Phryganea Plate 220

- Rusus, Curculio Plate 249 Fig. 1.

- Scaraboeides, Dermestes Plate 231 Fig. 4.

- Spectrum, Sirex Plate 223

- Suberaria, Phalaena Plate 251 Fig. 1.

- Tecta, Meloe Plate 240

- Tenuirostris, Curculio Plate 249 Fig. 3.

- Tragopoginis, Phalaena Plate 223 Fig. 2.

- Trepida, Phalaena Plate 239 Fig. 1.

- Vespertaria, Phalaena Plate 233 Fig. 3.

- Vidua, Phalaena Plate 246 Fig. 1.

- Violaceus, Carabus Plate 222 Fig. 1.

- Vittatus, Cimex Plate 252 Fig. 1. 1.

- Vulgaris, Vespa Plate 226

Information about this book

Title statement

The natural history of British insects: explaining them in their several states, with the periods of their transformations, their food, œconomy, &c. Together with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope. The whole illustrated by coloured figures, ... By E. Donovan. [pt.7]

Donovan, E. (Edward), 1768-1837.

Publication

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ID [ota]

http://ota.ox.ac.uk/id/4807

ID [isbn10]

1106018060

ID [isbn13]

9781106018069

ID [TCP]

K078024.007

ID [BIBNO]

CW3308361119

ID [ECMS]

0622600707

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Distributed by the University of Oxford under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License

Source

— The natural history of British insects: explaining them in their several states, with the periods of their transformations, their food, œconomy, &c. Together with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope. The whole illustrated by coloured figures, ... By E. Donovan., Donovan, E. (Edward), 1768-1837.. 10v.,plates ; 8⁰. London :: printed for the author, and for F. and C. Rivington,. 1792-1801.. [Published in monthly numbers.] [A further six volumes were published 1806-13.] [Vol. 8 is "printed by D. Bye and H. Law" ; vols.9, 10 are "printed by Bye and Law".] [Reproduction of original from the British Library.] [English Short Title Catalog, ESTCT96891.] [Electronic data. Farmington Hills, Mich. : Thomson Gale, 2003. Page image (PNG). Digitized image of the microfilm version produced in Woodbridge, CT by Research Publications, 1982-2002 (later known as Primary Source Microfilm, an imprint of the Gale Group).]

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