Chronology; or, the historian's vade-mecum: Wherein every remarkable occurrence in English history, ... are alphabetically recorded, and the dates affixed; ... By the Rev. Dr. John Trusler. ... In two volumes. ... [pt.1]

Table of contents

- [titlepage]

- [dedication]

- PREFACE.

- ADVERTISEMENT.

- KINGS of ENGLAND since the HEPTARCHY.

THE HISTORIAN's VADE-MECUM.

- ABBOTS, The, of Reading, Glastenbury, and St. John's, Colchester, hanged and quartered for denying the King's supremacy, Nov. 1539.

- Abbotsbury abbey, Dorsetshire, built, 1026.

- Aberconway castle, Carnarvonshire, built, 1284.

- Abercorn, Scots earldom of, created 1606. (name Hamilton.)

- Aberdeen, Scots earldom of, created 1682. (name Gordon.)

- Aberdeen, University of, founded, 1477; King's College founded, 1500; Marechal College founded, by George Earl of Marechal, 1593.

- Abergavenny, barony of, created 1295. (name Nevil.)

- Aberystwith castle, built in Henry the First's reign; burnt, 1142.

- Abingdon abbey, built by Ethelwold, bishop of Sherborn, 958.

- Abingdom, Berks, incorporated in the reign of Philip and Mary.

- Abingdon, Earldom of, created 1682. (name Bertie.)

- Aborigines, or people of Latium, a kingdom of Italy, founded 1330 before Christ. See Latium.

- Aboyne, Scots earldom, created 1660. (name Gordon.).

- Abraham called, which began the 430 years of sojourning, 1921; entertained three angels, 1897; offered up his son Isaac, then 25 years old, 1871; died 1821 before Christ, aged 175.

- Absalom rebelled against his father David, but defeated and killed by Joab, 1023 before Christ.

- Abstinents, a sect, who abstained from wine, flesh, and marriage, and taught that the Holy Ghost was created, arose under Tatien, 170.

- Academies, The principal in Europe, were founded as follow:

- Berlin, Royal Society, founded by Frederic I. King of Prussia, 1700. A literary society was incorporated with it, 1744.

- Bologna, Italy, for physic, mathematics, 1690; arts and sciences, 1714.

- Brest, miltary, 1682.

- Caen, Normandy, of belles lettres, 1705.

- Copenhagen, of polite arts, 1753.

- Cortona, Etruscan, for antiquities, 1726.

- Dublin, of arts, 1750.

- Erfurt, Thuringia, of sciences, 1755.

- Florence, of belles lettres, by Latini, 1272, De la Crusca, 1582.

- Germany, naturae curiosi, 1652.

- Haerlem, Holland, of sciences, 1760.

- Lisbon, royal historical, by John V. 1722.

- London, royal, of arts, Dec. 10, 1768. See Society.

- Lyons, of sciences and belles lettres, 1700; the royal societies of physic, mathematics, and arts, were united to it, 1758.

- Madrid, for painting, sculpture, and architecture, 1753.

- Mantua, of the Vigilanti, for sciences, 1704.

- Marseilles, for belles lettres, history, and criticism, 1726.

- Milan, for sciences, 1719.

- Nismes, royal, 1682.

- Padua, of the Ricovrati, for poetry, about 1610.

- Academies.

- Paris, of the Sorbonne, for divinity, by Robert Sorbonne, 1256; of St. Luke, for painting 1391, (see Rome below); of Verona, at first for music, 1543; for French, eloquence, and poetry, by Louis XIII. 1635; royal, of inscriptions and belles lettres, by Louis XIV. 1663; of painting and sculpture, by ditto, 1664; of architecture, by ditto, 1671; royal, of surgery, 1731; of agriculture, 1761.

- Parma, of the Innominati, 1550; of Cremona, 1560, which was renewed under the name of Desuniti, 1607.

- Perousa, of the Insensati, 1561; of Filirgiti, or lovers of industry, 1574. From this academy, the city of Forli has sent forth many eminent men; it was much improved, 1652.

- Petersburgh, of sciences, by Peter I. 1724.

- Pome, of the Umoristi, for Italian comic poetry, 1611; of the Fantascici, 1625; of the Infecondi, 1653; the French school, for painting, by Louis XIV. 1665; it was united with St. Luke's, at Paris, 1675, from whence pupils are occasionally sent to it. English, erected May 6, 1752.

- Stockholm, royal, of sciences, 1750; of belles lettres, 1753.

- Toulon, military, 1682.

- Warsaw, Poland, of languages, history, and chronology, 1753.

- See Society.

- Acapulco ship, a Spanish galleon, worth 313,000 l. taken in the South Seas by Anson, and brought home, June 14, 1744.

- Accidents, Dreadful.

- The amphitheatre at Fidena fell in and killed 50,000 people, 26. The ruins are now seen at Castel Giubileo.

- At Bedford, on the day of the assizes, 18 persons were killed, and many hurt, by the fall of a staircase, 1438.

- At the assizes at Oxford, the high sheriff and 300 persons caught the gaol distemper and died, 1577.

- Accidents.

- The town of Pleurs in Italy was buried by a slice of the Alps falling, and all the inhabitants, near 2200, perished, 1618. A town in the same neighbourhood was buried in the like manner in the 13th century.

- A magazine of powder blew up at Gravelins, in Flanders, and killed upwards of 3000 people, May 29, 1654.

- A fire happened in a barn at Burwell, Cambridgeshire, at a puppet-shew, when 150 persons lost their lives, 1724.

- The roof of the church at Fearn, in Scotland, fell in during service and killed 60 persons, Oct 19, 1742.

- The Lord Mayor, one alderman, two judges, the greatest part of the jury, and a number of spectators, caught the gaol distemper at the Old Bailey, London, and died, May 1750.

- At the fireworks exhibited at Paris, in honour of the Dauphin's marriage, the passages being stopped up occasioned such a crowd, that the people, seized with a panic, trampled upon one another till they lay in heaps; a scaffold erected over the river also broke down, and hundreds were drowned: near 1000 persons lost their lives, April 21, 1770.

- A grocer having stowed some gunpowder under a room at Chester, where a puppet-show was exhibited, the powder took fire by accident, while the room was full; 40 persons were killed, and near 70 wounded, Nov. 5, 1772.

- The London East Indiaman run down by the Russel man of war, when she sunk, and 110 persons perished, Dec. 28, 1778.

- See Amsterdam, Cadiz, Vespers.

- Achaia, formerly Greece and Epirus, now belonging to the Turks, peopled by Achaeus 1080 before Christ.

- Acra, or Ptolemais, the seat of the kings of Jerusalem, taken by the Crusaders, 1191.

- Acts of the apostles written in 63.

- Adamites, The, were a sect established by Prodicus, 130, who taught, that original sin being washed away by baptism, man ought to go naked, as a proof of innocence; his disciples, therefore, of both sexes, prayed naked, and gave themselves up to the grossest brutality. The Adamites, or Multipliers, were another sect that rose under Tanchelin at Antwerp, 1124: he taught his followers to go naked, like Adam and Eve, and from the words ‘encrease and multiply,’ condemned virginity, and recommended the free use of the sex.

- Admiral, Lord high, held by commission, since Nov. 1709.

- Admiralty court, instituted 1347; incorporated 1772.

- Adria, the famous city that gave its name to the gulph, is now a pitiful half-drowned village.

- Adrian, the emperor, visited Britain 117, and built a strong rampart 80 miles long, between Tyne and the Frith of Solway, 138.

- Adultery punished in the Heptarchy, by whipping the offender naked through the streets, if the husband desired it; by cutting off the nose and ears, 1031. An act passed for making this and incest capital for the first offence, and fornication capital for the second, May 14, 1650.

- Advent first appointed to be observed by Pope Felix III. 487.

- Aediles first created at Rome 971 before Christ. See Rome.

- Affirmation, Quaker's, accepted by act of parliament as an oath, it being one of their principles not to swear, Feb. 13, 1702.

- African company first charter granted, 1673; completed, 1695. See Slave-trade.

- Aganoclites, fanatics, that never prayed but while dancing, arose 701.

- Agaric, The styptic power of, discovered by Brossard, a Frenchman, 1750.

- Agathocles, king of Sicily, massacred the wives and children of his soldiers for having put two of his sons to death, 307 before Christ.

- Age of the world. The 1st is reckoned from the creation to the flood, or from the time of Adam to that of Noah; the 2d, from Noah to Abraham; the 3d, from Abraham to Moses; the 4th, from Moses to Solomon; the 5th, from Solomon to Cyrus; the 6th, from Cyrus to Christ. See Era, Epoch, Time.

- Agrarian law, introduced at Rome 486 before Christ.

- Agriculture, invented by Triptolemy, about 1600 before Christ. Macrobius says, it was taught the Aborigines by Saturn. See Saturn.

- Ailesbury, Earldom of, created 1776. (name Brudenell.)

- Aineguilla, in New Spain, mines discovered there, 1770.

- Air-guns invented, 1656.

- Air-pump, invented by Othoguerike, a German, 1672.

- Aix-la-Chapelle built by Charlemagne, 795.

- Albemarle, Earldom of, created 1696. (name Keppel.)

- Albigines were a sect of reformers, about Albigeois in Languedoc, in the 12th century, that opposed the discipline and ceremonies of the church of Rome.

- Alcantara, Bridge of, over the Tagus, built by the emperor Trajan about 98.

- Aldborough of Upper Ormond, Irish earldom, created 1777. (name Stratford.)

- Aldermen first appointed, 882.

- Alderney. See Jersey.

- Alexander III. Pope, compelled Henry II. king of England, and the king of France, to hold his stirrups while he mounted his horse, 1182. He instituted the ceremony of marrying the sea at Venice.

- Alexandria in Egypt, built by Alexander in 17 days; the walls were six miles in circuit, 335; taken by Caesar, 46 before Christ; taken by Diocletian, 296; by the Persians, 615; by the Saracens, 640.

- Alf helm murdered, by order of Edric, 1009.

- Alfred, fourth son of Ethelwolf, born 849 at Wantage, Berks; succeeded his brother, Ethelred I. on the throne of England, 872; took London from the Danes, besieged Rochester, and drove them to their ships, 882; he divided England into counties and hundreds, built the university of Oxford, took a survey of England, and formed a body of laws, which, though now lost, is generally esteemed the origin of Common Law. He was thrice married: by his first queen he had two sons and a daughter, by his second, two sons and five daughters, and by his third, two sons and two daughters. He died 900, and was succeeded by his second son, Edward the Elder. See Knighthood.

- Alfred, son of Ethelred II. his eyes were put out, 600 of his train murdered at Guildford by earl Godwin's vassals, and he led to a monastery at Ely, 1036, where he died soon after.

- Algebra first known in Europe, 1494; letters in Algebraic calculation, made use of by Fran. Vieta, 1590.

- Algiers was formerly the country Numidia, as united under Massinissa and Jugurtha. It beame a Roman province 44 before Christ; afterwards it became independent, till the inhabitants invited Barbarossa, the pirate, to assist them against the Spaniards who, however, seized it, 1516. Some time after it became the property of the Turks. See Jugurtha.

- Allen, Irish viscount, Title of, created 1717. (name Allen.)

- Allington castle, Kent, built about 1154.

- All-Saints, Festival of, instituted, 835.

- All-Souls, Festival of, established, 998.

- All-Souls college, Oxford, founded by Chichely, archbishop of Canterbury, 1437. (40 fellows.) See Codrington.

- Allum brought to perfection, 1609, and here established.

- Alnewick abbey, Northumberland, founded 1147.

- Alphabet, The Ionic, consisting of 24 letters, adopted by the Athenians 399 before Christ. Before this, the Attic alphabet, consisting of 16 letters, was in use.

- Alps. See Accidents.

- Alresford, Hampshire, totally destroyed by fire, 1660; twice since.

- Altamont, Irish earldom of, created 1771. (name Browne.)

- Altars, instituted by Pope Sixtus I. about 117; first christian one erected in Britain, 634; first consecrated by pope Sylvester, 1334.

- Amazons, The, made an irruption into Attica, about 1209 before Christ; a queen of, visited Alexander the Great and cohabited with him 13 days, in hopes of having issue by him, but she died soon after her return home, about 330 before Christ.

- Ambassadors first protected here by law, March 1709.

- Amberley castle, Sussex, built, 1374.

- Ambersbury nunnery, Wilts, built 976.

- America first discovered by Columbus, 1492; South America completely, by Vesp. Americanus, a Florentine, 1497; North America, by John Cabot, a Venetian, 1497; settled in James the First's reign; pacquet-boats first established there between Old and New Spain, with the liberty of trading, 1764; free trade opened between Old and New Spain, by the Streights of Magellan, 1774; several viceroys appointed in Spanish America, 1776; thirteen colonies united and declared themselves independent of the English crown, July 4, 1776.

- Amherst of Holmesdale, Barony of, created 1776. (name Amherst.)

- Amicable Society, Serjeants Inn, chartered, 1706.

- Amphitheatre at Rome, planned by Augustus, and built by Vespasian.

- Amsterdam opera house burnt, 7 persons lost, 1772.

- Anabaptist meeting-house, The first, established in London, 1640.

- Anabaptists first appeared under Storck and Muntzer in Germany, 1525; appeared in England, 1549. They reject infant baptism, and baptize by immersion at years of discretion. See Independents, Muncer. Four Dutchmen burnt for heresy 1538; some imprisoned for a plot against Oliver Cromwell, 1657; an insurrection of them under Venner, Jan. 6, 1661.

- Analy, Irish barony, created 1766. (name Gore.)

- Ananias, and his wife Sapphira, struck dead, 33.

- Anathema, The first, brought into the church, 387.

- Anatomy restored by Jacobus Carpensis, 1550; of plants made known by Grew, 1680.

- Ancaster, Dukedom of, created 1715. (name Bertie.)

- Anchorets, Order of, instituted, 1255.

- Anchors of ships invented, 578.

- Andronicus Livius, the Latin comic poet, his first piece was represented 240 before Christ. This is the epoch of Latin poetry.

- Anglesey, the Mona of the Romans, reduced by Julius Agricola, 76.

- Angria the pirate, and his family, seized, 1750. He had built a fort on the coast of Malabar.

- Ann, daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, by a daughter of the duke of Norfolk, a arried to Henry VIII. Nov. 1532; crowned, June 1, 1533; tried by order of the king on a charge of incest with her brother, and, though not guilty, convicted and beheaded, May 14, 1536, aged 29.

- Ann of Cleves, Henry VIIIth's fourth wife, died at Chelsea, July 15, 1557.

- Ann, queen, second daughter of James II. by Anne Hyde, born Feb. 6, 1665; married to the prince of Denmark, 1683; lost her son George duke of Gloucester by a fever, July 29, 1700, aged 11; succeeded her brother-in-law, William III. on the throne, March 8, 1702; settled the first fruits and tenths on the poor clergy, 1704; crowned, April 23 following; died, August 1, 1714, of a fever and lethargy, aged 49, and was succeeded by her second cousin, George I. elector of Hanover.

- Annandale, Scots marquisate of, created 1701. (name Johnston.)

- Annunciation of the Virgin Mary, five years before the vulgar date of the Christian aera. Day first observed, 350.

- Anointing, first used at the coronation of Alfred, 872. Edgar was the first anointed king in Scotland, 1097.

- Anthems first introduced, 386.

- Antigallican privateer's prize detained at Cadiz, 1757.

- Antigua settled by the English, 1666; an attempt was made to settle it 34 years before.

- Antinomians, The, teach that the law is of no use under the gospel dispensation, and say, that good works do not further, nor evil works hinder, salvation; that a child of God cannot sin, &c.

- Antioch, in Syria, built by Seleucus after the battle of Ipsus, 300 before Christ; 100,000 people of, killed by the Jews in one day, 145 before Christ.

- Antiochus, son of the illustrious Antiochus, massacred 80,000 of the people of Jerusalem for revolting, 170; put Eleazer and the seven brothers, known by the name of the Maccabees, to death, 168; died in the greatest torments, 164 before Christ.

- Antiochus, son of Seleucus, fell sick, the cause of which his physician discovered to be a violent passion for his mother-in-law, on which Seleucus resigned his wife and part of his kingdom to his son, 204 before Christ.

- Antrim, Irish ealdom of, created 1620. (name Macdonnel.)

- Antwerp, a rising of the Protestants there, 1571.

- Apocalypse excluded from the sacred canon, by the churches to which it is addressed, in the council of Laodicea, about 360; received again by that of Trent, 1545.

- Apocrypha, History of, ends 135 before Christ.

- Apollo, Temple of, founded, 434 before Christ.

- Apothecaries exempted from civil offices, 1712.

- Apparitors first instituted, about 1234.

- Appeals first made from England to the Pope, 1138; forbidden, 1532.

- Appian way from Rome to Capua, made by Appius, 312 before Christ.

- App•e-trees, Two kinds of, brought from Syria and Africa into Italy, 9 before Christ.

- Apricots and Artichokes brought into England, 1578.

- Aqaitaine annexed to the crown of France, 1370; title of Duke of, claimed by the crown of England ever since it was conquered by Henry V. 1418.

- Arabians made no figure in history till 622; when they took the name of Saracens; which see.

- Arbuthnot, Scots viscount, title of, created 1641. (name Arbuthnot.)

- Archangel, The passage to, discovered by the English, 1553, but not traded to till about 1569.

- Archdeacon, The first appointed in England, was by Lanfranc, Abp. of Canterbury, about 1075.

- Archer of Umberslade, Barony of, created 1747. (name Archer.)

- Archery introduced by the Saxons, in the time of Vortigern; dropt immediately after the conquest, but revived by the Crusaders, they having felt the effects of it from the Saracens, who, probably, derived it from the Parthians. See Bow, Yew-trees. 'Tis singular, that all the statutes for the encouragement of archery, are since the invention of gunpowder and fire-arms.

- Ardchattan priory, Scotland, founded 1230.

- Arden, Irish barony, created 1770. (name Perceval)

- Areopagus, The famous senate of, established at Athens in the reign of Cecrops, 1509 before Christ. See Athens, Cecrops.

- Argonautic expedition. See Ilium.

- Argos, The kingdom of, began under Inachus, 1856 before Christ, i. e. 1080 years before the first Olympiad.

- Argyle, Marquis of, beheaded in Scotland, for rebelling against England, May 27, 1661.

- Argyle, Earl of, invaded Scotland with about 2500 men, May, 1685; defeated and executed at Edinburgh June 30 following.

- Argyle, Scots dukedom of, created 1701. (name Campbell.)

- Arians arose from their leader Arius, who died 336. They disbelieve the Trinity, deny the divinity of Christ, and reject the Athanasian creed. The doctrine of, the ruling religion in the west, 493; exploded in Spain, 589.

- Aristodemus, king of the Messenians, killed his own daughter to save his country, about 715 before Christ, and about six years after killed himself upon her grave.

- Arithmetic, first brought into Europe from Arabia, 991; decimal, invented by Regiomontanus.

- Armada, the Spanish; 130 ships, with 50,000 men, destined to invade England, arrived in the channel, July, 1588, but was broken by a storm.

- Armagh, founded by St. Patrick, 472; constituted an Archbishoprick, together with Dublin, Cashel, and Tuam, by Cardinal Papyro, 1142.

- Armenia, part of the Median empire till 224 before Christ; now subject to the Turks and Persians.

- Arminianism, taught by Vorstius, the disciple of Arminius, 1611. The Arminians or Remonstrants teach, that difference in sentiment neither hinders nor procures salvation. They contend for universal redemption; declaring salvation possible to all, on a compliance with that condition on which the whole of salvation depends. They in general espouse the doctrines of the church of England.

- Arms. See Musquets, Guns, Swords.

- Arms, French, first quartered with the English, 1358.

- Arms, coats of, came into vogue in the reign of Richard I. and hereditary in families about 1192. They took their rise from the knights painting their banners with different figures, to distinguish them in the crusades. See Heraldry.

- Army, first standing one in modern times, established by Charles VII. of France, 1445. Introduced here by Charles I. 1638; declared illegal, together with royal guards, 1679. See Troops, Yeomen.

- Arran, Irish earldom of, created 1762. (name Gore.)

- Arras, taken by the French from the Spaniards, Aug. 1654.

- Array, First commission of, to raise a militia, issued, 1422.

- Arfacidae, assassins, near Tyre, cut off by the Tartars, 1257.

- Arthur, Henry the Seventh's eldest son, born Sept. 20, 1486; married to Gatharine, the king of Spain's fourth daughter, Nov. 12, 1501; died April 2, 1502.

- Artichokes. See Apricots.

- Articles of religion, 42 published by the clergy without consent of parliament, 1552; the 42 reduced to 39, Jan. 1563; received the authority of parliament, 1571; royal declaration prefixed to them, first published, 1628; 104 drawn up by archbishop Usher for Ireland, 1615; established and received, 1634.

- Artificers and manufacturers prohibited from leaving England, 1736.

- Artillery first brought into the field by Bart. Coglione. See Guns.

- Artillery Company instituted for weekly military exercises, 1610.

- Arundel of Wardour, barony of, created 1605. (name Arundel.)

- Arundel castle, Sussex, built by the Saxons; town chartered by queen Elizabeth.

- Arundel, Earldom of, held by prescription; of course the oldest in the realm.

- Arundelian tables, containing the chronology of ancient history, from 1582 to 355 before Christ, said to have been sculptured 264 before Christ; found in the isle of Paros, about 1610; purchased by Lord Arundel, and given to the university of Oxford.

- Ascension day established about 68.

- Ascue, Ann, burnt for heresy (denying the real presence) 1546. She was first racked at the Tower, in the presence of the Lord Chancellor, who, throwing off his gown, drew the rack himself so severely, that he almost tore her body asunder.

- Ashbrook, Irish viscount, title of, created 1751. (name Flower.)

- Ashburnham, Earldom of, created 1730. (name Ashburnham.)

- Ashby-de-la-Zouch castle, Leicester, built long before 1399; demolished 1648.

- Ashdown church built, 1020.

- Ash-Wednesday, Fast of, instituted by pope Felix III. 487.

- Asparagus first introduced into England, 1602.

- Assassination plot, for killing king William in his way from Richmond, discovered, Feb. 1696.

- Assassinations were countenanced in France and Scotland, during the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries, and not abolished till near the close of the 17th. See Rem. Occur. anno 1407, 1414, and Murder.

- Assize, Judges of. See Circuits.

- Assurance-office, charter granted to the London and the Royal, 1716. See Insurance.

- Assyria, Kingdom of, began under Ninus, called Assur, 2084 before Christ, lasted about 1264 years, ended with Sardanapalus. Out of its ruins were formed the Assyrians of Babylon, those of Nineveh, and the kingdom of the Medes. Conquered by the Turks, 1637.

- Aston, Scots barony of, created 1628. (name Aston.)

- Astronomy, first studied by the Moors, and brought into Europe, 1201; modern, taken up by Copernicus. Books of astronomy and geometry all destroyed, as infected with magic, 5 Edward VI. 1552.

- Athelstan made king of Kent, by his father Ethelwolf, 848; died about 853.

- Athelstan, the natural son and successor of Edward the Elder, crowned king of England at Kingston, 925; but opposed by one of Edward's sons, by his second queen; invaded Scotland, and brought Constantine to subjection, 936; reduced the Welch, 939; and Exeter and Scilly, 940; died at Glocester, 941, and was succeeded by his brother, Edmund I. son of Edward, by his last queen.

- Athens, one of the twelve cities in Attica, founded by the Cecrops, 1571; kingdom of, ended in Codrus, on which they were governed by Archons, Medon being the first, 1070; governed by annual archons, of which Creons was the first, 684; city taken by Xerxes, 480; fell into the hands of the Romans 87 before Christ The Venetians got possession of it, 1204; the Turks, 1687.

- Athlone, Irish earldom of, created 1691. (name Ginkell.)

- Athole, Scots dukedom of, created 1703. (name Murray.)

- Attila, with his Huns, of which he was king, 434; ravaged the Roman empire, 447; died 454.

- Attraction, the idea of, first given by Kepler, 1605.

- Aubern, Wilts, burnt (72 houses), Sept. 12, 1760.

- Auction, A duty on goods sold by, laid on, 1777.

- Audley of Heleigh, Barony of, created 1296. (name Thicknesse.)

- Audley, Lord, beheaded for sodomy, and assisting his footman to ravish his lady, 1631.

- Augmentation office established, 1704.

- Augustin, St. sent by pope Gregory to convert the Britons, landed in the isle of Thanet, 597; soon after made the first archbishop of Canterbury; died 604.

- Augustine's, St. monastery, Canterbury, founded 605.

- Augustine friars first appeared in England, about 1250; established by pope Alexander IV. 1256; their church granted to German Lutherans, 1551.

- Augustines; their order completed, 1256.

- Aurelian, Roman emperor, murdered by Mucanor his general, 275.

- Aurora frigate lost in her passage to India, 1771. The crew perished.

- Aurora Borealis, first seen, 1715; Electricity of, discovered by Wideburg at Jena, 1769.

- Austria was the Belgic Gaul of the Romans; conquered afterwards by the Avarians, in about 600.

- Austrian family, present one, began in Germany, 1273.

- Avignon. See Pope.

- Aylesford, Earldom of, created 1714. (name Finch.)

- Aylmer of Balrath, Irish barony of, created 1718. (name Aylmer.)

- Aylnmouth castle, Northumberland, built by Ida, first king of Northumberland.

- Aylsbury, Berks, incorporated, 1554.

- Aysgarth bridge, Yorkshire, built 1539.

- Azores, The islands of, first seen, 1449.

B.

- BABEL, Tower of, began to be built 2247 before Christ, which continued building 40 years; when God confounded the builders language, and dispersed them into different nations. Thence arose the difference of languages, the dispersion of the people, and the forming of empires. From Japhet, the eldest son of Noah, sprung the inhabitants of the north of Europe and Asia, as well as those of the west. From Shem, came the people of the east, as also those of Israel; and from Ham, descended the Canaanites, Philistines, Egyptians, and the ancient possessors of Africa. See Nimrod.

- Babington, and 13 others, hanged for conspiring to assassinate queen Elizabeth, 1586.

- Babylon, Kingdom of, founded by Nimrod 2640; revolted from Darius, but was recovered two years after, by a stratagem of Zopyrus, 512 before Christ. See Cyrus.

- Baden, Congress at, 1714.

- Baeotian war commenced 3•9, ended 366 before Christ.

- Bagdad built by the Caliph Almansur, 762.

- Bagot, of Bagot's Bromley, Barony of, created 1780. (name Bagot.)

- Bahama Islands not known to the English till 1667; seized from pirates and settled, 1718.

- Baize, The manufactory of, brought over from Flanders and settled at Colchester, with peculiar parliamentary privileges, 12 Charles II. 1660.

- Balambangan ceded to the English, 1762.

- Balbeck built in 14; destroyed by an earthquake, Dec. 5, 1759.

- Balcarras, Scots earldom of, created 1651. (name Lindsay.)

- Baliol College, Oxford, founded by John Baliol, 1262. (12 fellows.)

- Ballenden, Scots barony, created 1661. (name Ballenden.)

- Balmerino. See Kilmarnock.

- Balshazzar saw the hand writing on the wall, 538 before Christ.

- Bamborough castle, Northumberland, built by Ina, 559.

- Banbury, Oxfordshire, chartered by queen Mary; anew by James I.

- Band, Lawyers, first introduced by Judge Finch, under James I. The clergyman's came into use only with the Puritans, on the fall of episcopacy, under Cromwell.

- Banff, Scots barony of, created 1642. (name Ogilvie.)

- Bangor, of Castleward, Irish visc. created 1780. (name Ward.)

- Bangor bishoprick founded, and cathedral built, about 516; deanery erected about 116•.

- Bank stock, three per cent. ann. created 1726; three per cent. consol. ditto. 1731; three per cent. red. ditto, 1746; three per cent. ann. payable at the South-Sea house, 1751; three and a half per cent. ann. ditto, 1758; long ann. ditto, 1761; four per cent. cons. ditto, 1762.

- Banks first established by the Lombard Jews in Italy. The name is derived from Banco, bench, benches being erected in the market-place for the exchange of money, &c. The first public bank was at Venice, about 1550; bank of England established, 1693; their notes, at 20 per cent. discount, 1696; house built, 1732. Old Scotch bank created, 1695; royal ditto, 1727. See Paper Credit.

- Banqueting-house, Whitehall, now the chapel, built 1607.

- Banquo, a Scotch general, invited by Macbeth to a banquet, and there murdered by him, 1050. See Macbeth.

- Banns. See Marriage.

- Bantam, Eight ambassadors of, arrived in England, 1682.

- Baptism practised in the Christian church, by immersion, till about 100; sponsors first instituted in a time of persecution, 130. See Godfathers.

- Barbadoes, first English settlement in the West Indies, 1625; almost totally destroyed by a hurricane, Oct. 10, 11, 1780.

- Barbary merchants. See Turkey company.

- Barbers, the first profession brought to Rome from Sicily, 299 before Christ; barbers and surgeons in London made one company, 1540; separated again, 1744. Their poll, by way of sign, is a corruption from a head or poll exhibited at their doors. See Rem. Occur. 1422.

- Barcelona is said to have been built by Hamilcar; (see Hamilcar), reduced by Louis XIV. of France, 1714.

- Bards, Welch, whose province was to celebrate the praises of heroes in songs, at entertainments; were reformed and regulated by Gryffyth ap Conan, king of Wales, 1078. See Minstrels, Tale-tellers, Harpers.

- Barebone parliament, so called from the name of a principal member of that parliament, made up by Cromwell.

- Bark, Jesuits, its virtues discovered by some Indians, 1500; brought to France by cardinal Lugo, a Jesuit, 1650.

- Barling abbey, Lincolnshire, built 1132.

- Barnabites, Foundation of, in France, by a bull of Clement VII. 1533.

- Barnewall, of Kingston, Irish viscount, title of, created 1646. (name Barnewall.)

- Barnstable, Archdeaconry of, erected before 1143.

- Barnwell castle, Northamptonshire, built 1132.

- Barometers, invented by Toricelli, a Florentine, 1626.

- Baron, Title of, called by the Saxons, Thane, first given in England by patent, to Richard II. 1388.

- Baronets first created, 1611; ditto of Scotland, May 28, 1625; the revival of their ribbon, 1775.

- Barons attended parliament in complete armour in Henry III.'s reign.

- Barricades, Day of, in French history is, when the Duke of Guise's entrance was opposed by Henry III. 1558. See Guise.

- Barrington of Ardglass, Irish viscount, title of, created 1720. (name Barrington.)

- Barristers first appointed by Edward I. in parliament, 1291. See Inns of Court.

- Barrymore, Irish earldom of, created 1627. (name Barry.)

- Bartholomew monastery, near Smithfield, built, 1100.

- Bartholomew, St. Island of, taken from the French, 1746; restored to them, 1763; retaken, 1781.

- Bartholomew fair, London, restrained, 1750; abolished, 1755.

- Barton, a Scotchman, having obtained a letter of marque against the Scots, turned pirate, and committed depredations on the English; but lord Surrey's sons sailed out, fought him, and slew him, 1513.

- Basingwerk monastery, of the Cistertian order, Flintshire, founded about 1131.

- Batchelors at 25 taxed, 1695; 12 l. 10s. for a duke; a common person, 1s.

- Bateman, Irish viscount, Title of, created 1725. (name Bateman)

- Bathurst of Batlesden, earldom of, created 1772. (name Bathurst.)

- Bath, once a Roman colony; springs of, discovered 871 before Christ; its bishopric founded, 905; archdeaconry erected, 1106; deanry ditto, 1135; being dissolved, it was added to Wells, 1545, (See Wells); city chartered by queen Elizabeth, burnt, 1116; again, 1137.

- Bath, W. Pulteney, Earl of, struck out of the list of privy counsellors, July 1, 1731; died 1764, aged 80.

- Bath, Order of the, instituted at the coronation of Henry IV. re-established, 1725.

- Battering ram, testudo, and other military instruments, invented by Artemones, 441 before Christ.

- Battersey-bridge built, 1772.

- Battle, Trial by. See Combat.

- Battle abbey, Sussex, founded where Harold was slain by William I. 1066.

- BATTLES before CHRIST.

- Battle of Actium, in Epirus, an engagement at sea; which rendered Augustus master of the Roman empire, Sept. 2, 31. See Olympiads.

- —Arbela, when Alexander conquered Persia, 331.

- —Cannae, when Hannibal defeated the Romans, killed 40,000, of whom 2,700 were knights, and took 3,0 0 prisoners, 216.

- —Chaeronea, 338.

- —Eurymedon, 470.

- —Ipsus, in which Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lysimachus, and Cassander, were united against Antigonus, 301.

- —Irsus, when Darius was beaten, and lost 100,000 men, 333.

- —Leuctra, when the Thebans beat the Lacedemonians, and got the dominion of Greece, 373.

- Battle of Mantinea, when Epaminondas was slain, 363.

- —Marathon, when the Athenians conquered the Barbarians, 490.

- —Pharsalia, when Julius Caesar defeated Pompey, 47.

- —Philippi, when Brutus and Cassius were defeated by Octavius Caesar, and M. Antony, which terminated the R•an republic, 41.

- —River Granicus, when Alexander beat the Persians, 334.

- —Salamis, which delivered Greece from the incursion of the Medes, 480.

- BATTLES after CHRIST.

- Battle of Agincourt, between the French and English, when Henry V. conquered; 10,000 of the French were killed, and 14,000 taken prisoners. The English loft only 40, October 25, 1415. The French had four times as many men as the English. Seven princes and 8000 French gentlemen fell in the conflict: the Duke of Orleans was taken prisoner, and confined in England till 1440, when he was ransomed for 120,000 crowns.

- —Alban's, St. the first battle between the houses of York and Lancaster, in which the former was superior, and, without losing any men, slew above 5000 of their enemies, May 22, 1455. The king of England was wounded and taken.

- —Alban's, St. between the Yorkists, under the earl of Warwick, and the Lancastrians under queen Margaret, when the queen conquered, and 2500 of the Yorkists were slain, Feb. 2, 1461.

- —Albany, America, Near, when Gen. Burgoyne and 3500 men, surrendered prisoners to the American General Gates, Oct. 15, 1777.

- —Alcazar, where Sebastian, king of Portugal, was killed, 1577.

- —Alderton-moor, Yorkshire, when the royalists routed the parliament forces, June 29, 1643.

- —Almanza, in Spain, when the confederates were defeated by the French and Spaniards, April 25, 1707.

- —Alnwick, when the earl of Northumberland, by wounding the king of Scots in the eye, acquired the name of Piercy, 1092; again; 1174.

- Battle of Anjou, where the duke of Clarence, and 1500 English, were slain by the earl of Buchan, 1421.

- —Argentaria, in Alsace, between the Alemanni, German barbarians, and the Romans under the emperor Gratian, when the former were beaten, with the loss of 35,000 men out of 40,000, May 378.

- —Arques, near Dieppe, Sept. 22, 1598.

- —Ascalon, Judea, when Richard I. defeated Saladin's army of 300,000 men, 1191.

- —Ashdown, between Canute and Edmund, when Edmund conquered, 1016.

- —Aughrim, in Ireland, between the French and English, when the enemy lost 7000, the English only 600 killed, and 960 wounded, July 12, 1691.

- —Banbury, between the rebels and royalists, when the first were victorious, July 26, 1469.

- —Bannockburn, between 30,000 Scots and 200,000 English, when the English were routed, with the loss of 50,000 slain and 30,000 prisoners, June 25, 1314.

- —Barham-moor, between the royalists and parliament, when the former were beaten, March 29, 1643.

- —Barnet, between the earl of Warwick and Edward IV. when the earl was slain, and his army defeated: about 3000 of the vanquished fell, and 1500 of the conquerors, April 14, 1471.

- —Near Barnet, Easter-day, between the houses of York and Lancaster, 1468.

- —Beaugé, between the French under the Dauphin, and the English, when the English were defeated, duke of Clarence was killed, April 3, and the 1421. See Clarence.

- —Belgrade, between the Germans and the Turks, when the latter were beaten, with the loss of 40,000 men, 1456; between the Hungarians and the Turks, when prince Eugene defeated the Turks, July 16, 1717.

- —Benburg, in Ireland, 1646.

- —Bergen, between the French and English, under prince Ferdinand, when the former were defeated with the loss of about 2000 men, April 13, 1759.

- Battle of Berwick, when the Scots were defeated, Nov. 1378.

- —Blackheath, between the rebels and royalists, when the first were beaten, June 22, 1497. See Flammoc.

- —Blackwater in Ireland, 1597.

- —Blenheim, between the English and the French, when the latter were defeated, with the loss of near 2•,000 killed, and 13,000 prisoners; the victor •st only 5000, and 8000 wounded and take •risoners, August 3, 1704.

- —Bioreheath, between the earl of Sarum and lord Audley, when Sarum conquered, Sept. 23, 1459.

- —Boston, in America, between the rebels and the royalists, when the former were routed, June 1•, 1775.

- —Bosworth, between Richard III. and the earl of Richmond, when Richard III. fell, Aug. 22, 1485. Richard lost 1200 men out of 13,000, Richmond 100 out of 5000.

- —Bothwell-bridge, between the royalists under the duke of Monmouth, and rebel Scots, when the latter were routed, 700 of whom were killed, and 1200 taken prisoners, June 22, 1679.

- —Bovines, near Lisle, between the king of France, with 50,000 men, and the emperor Otho, allied with England, with near 200,000 men, when France was victorious, July 25, 1214.

- —Boyne, between king William and king James, when the latter was defeated, with the loss of 1500 men: king William lost about 500, July 1, 1690.

- —Bradockdown, between the parliament forces and royalists, when the former were defeated, 1643.

- —Breeches, in Italy, 1735.

- —Bunker's-hill. See Boston.

- —Camden, S. Carolina, between 2000 royalists, under Earl Cornwallis, and 6000 rebels, under Gen. Gates, when the latter were beaten, with the loss of about 300 royalists; 1000 rebels killed and 1500 taken prisoners, Aug. 16, 1780.

- Battle of Cerisoles in Piedmont, between the French and Imperialists, when the latter were beaten, and 10,000 slain, April 11, 1544.

- —Chalgravefield, Bucks, when Hampden was slain, June 1643.

- —Cherington, between the royalists and the parliament forces, when the latter, under Sir William Waller, were victorious, spring, 1644.

- —Chesterfield, when Baliol king of Scots was taken prisoner, with all the records, regalia, &c. and brought to London, 1296.

- —Chrysopolis, between Constantine and Licinius, when the latter was defeated, with the slaughter of 25,000 men, 323.

- —Cibalis, between Constantine and Licinius, when the latter was defeated with the loss of 20,000 men, Oct. 8, 314.

- —Courtras, France, between the French under the Comte d'Artois, and the Flemings, rebels, when 20,000 French lost their lives, 1302; again, Oct. 20, 1586.

- —Crecy, between England and France, when the latter was defeated with the loss of near 36,000 men. Many of the principal nobility of France were slain in this action, as were the kings of Bohemia and Majorca: the Bohemian motto was Ich dien, I serve; which the prince of Wales, who was instrumental in this victory, immediately adopted in memorial of it. Very few English were lost, August 26, 1346.

- —Crevant, in Burgundy, between France and England, when the latter was victorious; 3000 Scots in the service of France were slain, June, 1423.

- —Cropredy-bridge, between the royalists and the parliament forces, under Sir William Waller, when the latter were defeated, autumn, 1644.

- —Culloden, under the duke of Cumberland, between the royalists and rebels, when the latter were defeated; this put an end to the rebellion; April 16, 1746.

- —Danes-moor, near Banbury, between the royalists and rebels, where the former were defeated, and 5000 Welch were slain; and for which the earl of Pembroke and his brothers were beheaded, July 26, 1469.

- Battle of Donavert, when Marlborough defeated the French and Bavarians, July 2, 1704.

- —St. Denis, in France, where Montmorency routed the Calvinists, 1567; another in 1678.

- —Dettingen, between England, under George II. and France, when the former was successful; the French lost, killed, wounded, and prisoners, about 5000 men; the English, &c. about 3000. June 26, 1743.

- —Dumblain, between the royalists, under the duke of Argyle, and the rebels under the earl of Mar, November 12, 1715.

- —Dunbar, between Edward I. and the Scots, when the former subdued Scotland; the Scots lost 20,000 men, April 27, 1296.

- —Dunbar, between Cromwell and the Scots, when the former was victorious, and killed 3000, and took 9000 men, though the Scots were double the number, Sept. 3, 1650.

- —Dunes, between England and Spain, when the Spaniards were totally defeated, Aug. 1658.

- —Dreux, in France, 1562.

- —Durham, between England and Scotland, when the English were headed by queen Philippa, and David, king of Scots, was taken prisoner, and lost 20,000 men, Oct. 17, 1346. David was released, after 10 years captivity, for 100,000 marks.

- —Echeren, Near, between the confederates and French, June 16, 1703.

- —Edgehill, between the royalists and the parliament forces, when 5000 were slain on both sides, Oct. 23, 1642.

- —Erne-river, between the English and Scots, when the latter lost above 12,000 men, the former scarcely 30, August 11, 1332.

- —Evesham, between the royalists, under prince Edward, and the rebel barons under the earl of Leicester, when the former were victorious, and the earl was slain, August 4, 1265.

- Battle of Falkirk, when 40,000 Scots were slain, July 22, 1298; again, between the rebels under the pretender, and the I•yalists under general Hawley, when the latter were defeated, Jan. 17, 1746.

- —Fife, when Cromwell beat the Scots, and took 1200 prisoners, July 1651.

- —Floudon, between the English and the Scots, when the latter were defeated, and the king of Scots, and most of the Scots nobility were slain, Sept. 9, 1513.

- —Fontenoy, between the English under the duke of Cumberland, and the French, when the former were defeated, with the loss of about 12,000 men on each side, April 30, 1745.

- —Glasgow, 1568.

- —Glenlivat, Scotland, between the king's party and the popish rebels, when the former were defeated, Oct. 3, 1594.

- —Glensheil, in Scotland, June 10, 1719.

- —Gravelines, 1558.

- —Graebenstein, between the allied army, under prince Ferdinand, and the French, when the latter were defeated, with the loss of 2550 men, including 162 officers; the allies lost only 300 men, June 24, 1762.

- —Greville, when the English lost 900 men, and were defeated, April 1423.

- —Guilford, America, between the royalists under Lord Cornwallis, and the rebels, when the latter were defeated, March 15, 1781.

- —Guostalla, where the king of Sardinia defeated the Imperialists; 15000 were killed, Aug. 19, 1734.

- —Hadrianople, between the emperors Constantine and Licinius, when the former, with 12 horsemen, beat 150,000 men, July 3, 323; at ditto, between the Goths and Romans, under the emperor Valens, when the latter were beaten, and Valens killed, Aug. 9, 378.

- —Halidon-hill, near Berwick, between the English, under Edward III. and the Scots under Douglas the regent, when the latter were defeated with the loss of near 30,000 men, whereas the English lost only one knight, one esquire, and thirteen private men, July 19, 1333.

- Battle, near Hambildon, 1. 02.

- —Harlaw, in Scotland, 1410.

- —Hastings, between the Normans, under William the Conqueror, and the English under Harold, when Harold was slain, and the kingdom of England became the reward of the conqueror, Oct. 14, 1066. William had three horses killed under him, and lost near 15,000 men; the English lost more.

- —Herrings, when the French were defeated, Feb. 12, 1429.

- —Hexham, between the houses of York and Lancaster, when the latter were defeated, May 13, 1464.

- —Hockstet, when the duke of Bavaria was defeated, Sept. 20, 1703.

- —Homeldon, on the borders of England, between the Scots, under Douglas, and the English under the Percys, when the former were totally routed, 1402.

- —Hopton-heath, near Stafford, between the royalists and parliament, when the latter conquered, March 19, 1643.

- —Horncastle, between the parliament forces and royalists, when the former were victorious, 1643.

- —Immae, near Antioch, between Elagabalus and the emperor Macrinus, when the latter conquered, and became emperor, June 7, 218.

- —Islip-bridge, near Oxford, where Cromwell defeated the royalists, April 24, 1645.

- —Jarnac, in France, where the duke of Anjou defeated the Calvinists, March 13, 1569.

- —Killicranky, Scotland, when king James's adherents were defeated, May 26, 1689.

- —Kilrush, in Ireland, 1642.

- —Knocknoness, in Ireland, Nov. 1647.

- —Knocktow, Ireland, 1491.

- —Laffield, between the confederate army, under the duke of Cumberland, and the French, under marshal Saxe, when the latter conquered; the French lost 10,000, the confederates only 6000, July 20, 1747.

- Battle of Landen, where William was defeated by the French, with great slaughter, July 19, 1693.

- —Langside, Scotland, between Mary queen of Scots and the regent, when the latter was victorious, and Mary's fate determined, May 13, 1568.

- —Lansdown, between the parliament forces and the royalists, the latter beaten, July 5, 1643.

- —Largs, in Scotland, the Norwegians finally defeated, 1263.

- —Leipsic, when the king of Sweden defeated the Imperialists under Count Tilly, who lost 9000 men, the Swedes only 3500, 1631.

- —Lens, Flanders, between the French under Condé, and the Spaniards, when the latter were routed, with the loss of 3000 killed, and 6000 prisoners, Aug. 20, 1648.

- —Lewes, between the barons under the earl of Leicester, and the royalists under the king, when the former were victorious, and the king was taken prisoner, May 14, 1264.

- —Lincoln, in which Stephen was taken prisoner, Feb. 2, 1141; again, when the Dauphin of France, who was invited to the crown by the barons, was defeated by the royalists, May 19, 1217.

- —Liorens, between the Spaniards and French, in which the former sustained a considerable loss, 1645.

- —Liscarrol, in Ireland, 1642.

- —Long Island, America, between the king's forces and the rebels, when the former were victorious, at the expence of 55 killed, and 245 wounded; the rebels had 2200 killed and wounded, and 1100 taken prisoners, August 27, 1776.

- —Lutzen, in which Gustavus, king of Sweden, was killed, and when the Swedes beat the Imperialists, who lost 10,000 men, Nov. 6, 1633.

- —Luzara, in Italy, between the Imperialists and the French and Spaniards, August 15, 1702.

- —Lyons, between the emperor Severus, and Niger and Albinus, when the two latter were slain, and Severus placed on the throne, 193; 150,000 Romans were engaged in this battle.

- Battle of Maidstone, where the rovalists were defeated by the parliament's forces, May 31, 1648.

- —Malplaquet, between the allied army, under the duke of Marlborough, and the French, under Bousslers, when the former were victorious, but at the loss of 20,000 men, Sept. 11, 1709.

- —Margentheim, between the duke of Bavaria and Mareschal Turenne, 1645.

- —Marignan, between the French under Francis I. and the Swifs, when the latter were beaten, with the loss of 10,000 men, 1313.

- —Marston-moor, between the parliament's forces, under Cromwell, and the royalists, under prince Rupert, when the former were victorious, July 2, 1644.

- —Minden, between the allies, under prince Ferdinand, and the French, under Contades, when the latter were defeated, with the loss of 7000 men; the allies lost only 2000, August 1, 1759.

- —Mohatz in Hungary, when 300,000 Turks defeated the Hungarians, killed their king, and destroyed 20,000 men, August 29, 1326.

- —Moncontour, in France, Oct. 3, 1569.

- —Mortimer's-cross, between the Yorkists, under Edward duke of York, and the Lancastrians, under the earl of Pembroke, when the latter were defeated, with the loss of near 4000 men, 1461.

- —Muldorf, in Bavaria, between the two rival emperors of Germany, Lewis V. and Frederic III. when Frederic was defeated and taken prisoner; 80,000 horse, and a proportionable number of foot, fell on both sides, Sept. 25, 1322.

- —Mulhausen, between the Imperialists, under Charles V. and the Protestants, under the Elector of Saxony, when the latter was beaten, taken prisoner, and lost 1200 men, the Imperialists only 50, 1547.

- —Mursa, in Hungary, between Constantius and Maxentius, when the former was beaten, with the loss of 24,000 men; Constantius lost 30,000, Sept. 28, 351.

- —Musseborough, Near, between the English and Scots, when the latter were defeated, with the loss of 13,000 slain; the English lost only 60, Dec. 10, 1547.

- Battle of Narva, by Charles XII. of Sweden, over the Muscovites, Dec. 11, 1700.

- —Naseby, when Charles I. was defeated by the parliament's forces under general Fairfax, and lost all his papers, artillery, arms, and 5000 men, June 14, 1645.

- —Newark, when the royalists conquered the parliament, and seized 3000 arms, March 22, 1644.

- —Newbury, between the parliament's forces and the royalists, Sept 20, 1643. The former conquered.

- —Newbury, between the parliament's forces and the royalists, when the latter were worsted, Oct. 27, 1644.

- —Newcastle, where Charles I.'s army was defeated by the Scots, 1640.

- —Newport, when the English and Dutch defeated the Spaniards, and flew 9000 men, 1600.

- —Newtown Butlers, in Ireland, 1689.

- —Nicopolis, between the Tor• and the Germans with these, 〈…〉, with the loss of 30,000 men; the Turks lost 60,000, 1420.

- —Nisbet, when 10,000 Scots were slain, 1402.

- —Normandy, when the English were defeated, and lost 1500 men, April 1430.

- —Northampton, between York and Lancaster, when the king was defeated by the duke of York, and made prisoner, with the loss of 10,000 men, July 19, 1460.

- —Otterburn, between the English, under Hotspur, and the Scots, under the earl of Douglas, when slain, the former was taken prisoner, and the latter July 31, 1388. This battle was called Chevy-chace.

- —Oudenard, between the allies, under the duke of marlborough, and the French, under the duke of Burgundy, when the latter were routed, with the loss of 12,000 men, the allies lost only about •000, June 30, 1708.

- —Ourigues, Spain, when five Saracen princes were defeated by Alphonsus I. earl of Portugal, who took Lisbon, and was proclaimed the first king of Portugal, 1139. Thence the present arms of Portugal, viz. five moors heads.

- Battle of Parma, between France and Germany, when the Imperial commander Merci was killed, with 10,000 men, June 29, 1734.

- —Patay, under Joan of Arc, when the English were defeated, April, 1429.

- —Pavia in Italy, between the Imperialists, and the French under Francis I. when the French were beaten (10,000 men killed on both sides), and Francis taken prisoner, Feb. 24, 1525.

- —Penalva, in Spain, between the Spaniards and allies, 1710.

- —Pentland-hill, Scotland, where 500 presbyterians were slain, Nov. 27, 1666.

- —Perth, between the royalists under the earl of Montrose, and the Covenanters, under lord Elcho, when the former obtained a complete victory, 1645.

- —Peterwarden, between the Hungarians and the Turks, when the Turks were defeated, August 5, 1714.

- —Philips-Norton, between the king's troops, who were defeated, and the duke of Monmouth, June 21, 1685.

- —Pinkey, near Edinburgh, between England, under the protector, and the Scots, when the latter were defeated, with the loss of 10,000 men, the English lost only 200, Sept 10, 1547.

- —Plains of Abraham at Quebec, when it was taken by Wolfe, Sept. 13, 1759.

- —Poictiers, between the English, under the prince of Wales, with 8000 men, and the French, under king John, with 80,000, when the latter were routed, and the king taken prisoner, Sept. 19, 1356. The French lost 6000 men, the English scarce any.

- —Pontorson, when the English defeated the French, 1427.

- —Prague, when the Elector Palatine was defeated, and obliged to fly to Holland for shelter, 1620.

- —Preston, between the parliament's forces and the royalists, when the latter were routed, Aug. 17, 1648.

- Battle of Preston-pans, between the royalists under Sir John Cope, and the rebels, under the Pretender, when the latter were victorious, Sept. 21, 1745.

- —Pultawa, when Charles XII. was totally defeated by the Czar, June 27, 1709.

- —Quebec, Near, April 28, 1760.

- —Quintin, St. when the duke of Savoy, governor of the Low Countries, defeated France, under Montmorency, August 10, 1557.

- —Raab, in Hungary, where the French defeated the Turks, 1664.

- —Ramilies, between the allies under the duke of Marlborough, and the French, when the latter were defeated, with the loss of 14,000 men; the allies lost only 3000, Whitsunday, 1706.

- —Rathmines, in Ireland, 1649.

- —Rosbach, November 5, 1757.

- —Rosbach, between the French, under Charles V. and the rebellious Flemings, under Barnevelle, when the Flemings were quelled, with the loss of 40,000 men; the French did not lose 50, 1382.

- —Ross, in Ireland, March, 1643.

- —Round-away-down, between the parliament and the royalists, July 13, and Sept. 8, 1643. The royalists conquered.

- —Routon-heath, where Charles I. was defeated, Sept. 26, 1645.

- —Salcado, between the Castilians and Moors, when 45,000 of the latter were slain, and only 20 Castilians, 1340.

- —Saragossa, between the allies and the Spaniards, when king Philip was defeated, Aug. 20, 1710.

- —Sedan, in France, where the earl of Soissons defeated the French army under Marshal Chatillon, but was slain, June, 1641.

- —Sedgemoor, when the duke of Monmouth was totally defeated by the king's troops, July 6, 1685.

- —Selby, when the royalists met with a great defeat from the parliament's forces, April 11, 1644.

- —Sfravenstat, when the Poles totally defeated the Russians, Feb. 12, 1706.

- —Shatton, Cornwall, between the royalists and parliament, when the latter were defeated, May 16, 16 3.

- Battle of Shrewsbury, when the nobles were defeated, and young Hotspur slain, July 21, 1403.

- —Solway Mo•s, where the Scots were defeated, Nov. 24, 1542.

- —Spurs, or Guinegate, between the English, under Henry VIII. and the French, when the latter were beaten, August 16, 1513. The Gens-d'armes of France having made more use of their spurs than their swords, it was called the battle of spurs.

- —Stamford, when Harold defeated the Danes, 1066; again, between the ro•s and rebels, when the latter were defeated, with the loss of 10,000 men, March, 1470.

- —Standard, The, at Northallerton, Aug. 22, 1138.

- —Steinkirk, where king William was defeated with great loss, July 24, 1692.

- —Stoke, near Newark, where Lambert Simnel, the impostor, was taken prisoner, and 4000 of his party slain, June 6, 1487.

- —Strasburg, between the German Barbarians, and the Romans under Julian, when the former were beaten, with the loss of 6000 men, August, 357.

- —Tangier, between the English and Moors, which lasted 11 days, Nov. 1679.

- —Taunton, between the royalists and parliamentary forces, when the former lost 1900 prisoners, and 2000 horses, June 10, 1645.

- —Tewksbury, when Henry's queen was defeated, his son taken prisoner, and 3000 men slain, by Edward. The queen was sent to the Tower, but afterwards ransomed by her father, and the prince murdered in the presence of Edward, May 4, 1471.

- —Tirlemont, when Marlborough defeated the French, July 18, 1705.

- —Torgau, November 3, 1760.

- —Touton, between the Yorkists, under Edward IV. and the Lancastrians, under the duke of Somerset, when the latter were defeated, Sunday, March 29, 1461; 36,776 fell on both sides.

- Battle of Turin, where the French were totally defeated by prince Eugene, Sept. 7, 1706.

- —Tyber, Banks of the, between Constantine and Maxentius, when the latter was defeated, 312. See Constantine, Maxentius.

- —Verneuil, between the French and English, when the latter conquered, with the loss of 1600 men. The French lost 4000, Aug. 27, 1424.

- —Villa Viciosa, when the allies defeated Philip of Spain, Dec. 12, 1710.

- —Wakefield, between the Yorkists, under the duke of York, and the Lancastriàns, under queen Margaret, when the former were defeated with the loss of the duke of York, and near 3000 men, Dec. 24, 1460. See Salisbury.

- —Wakefield, between the royalists and parliamentary forces, when 1500 men and 27 colours were taken, and the royalists defeated, May 21, 1643.

- —Warburg, when prince Ferdinand defeated the French, 1760.

- —Wigan, Lancashire, where the earl of Derby, for the king, was defeated by Lilburn, Aug. 25, 1651.

- —Winnedale, between the allies, under Webb, and the French, when the latter were defeated, with the loss of 6000 men; the allies lost only 912, Sept. 28, 1708.

- —Worcester, between the royalists, under Charles II. and the parliamentary forces, under Cromwell, when the former were defeated, Sept. 3, 1651.

- —Zeuta, Hungary, between the Germans, under prince Eugene, and the Turks, when the latter were beaten, with the loss of the Grand Vizir, 27 Bassas, and 20,000 men slain; the Germans did not lose 2000, Sept. 11, 1697.

- See Xantippus.

- Bastwick, Dr. John, his ears cut off in the pillory, with Prynne and Burton, for a libel against the bishops, 1637.

- Bavaria became an electorate, 1258; surrendered to the Imperialists Nov. 10, 1704.

- Bayonets first used by the French, 1693.

- Beards were never more worn in England than in the 10th century; after the conquest they grew out of fashion; in the reigns of Edward VI. and Mary, they were much in fashion again. See Rem. Occur. anno 1521.

- Beaufort, Dukedom of, created 1682. (name Somerset.)

- Beaulieu, Barony of, created 1762. (name Montagu.)

- Beaumaris, Anglesey, chartered by Edward I. castle built, 1295.

- Becket, Thomas, born 1117, made chancellor to Henry II. 1155; made archbishop of Canterbury, 1162; quarrelled with the king, 1163; impeached for contempt at court, 1164; retired to France that year; reconciled to the king, July 22, 1170; murdered in the church at Canterbury, Dec. 29, 1171; canonized by Alexander the Third, 1172; his bones enshrined in gold set with jewels, 1220; afterwards taken up, burnt, and thrown into the air in Henry VIIIth's time.

- Bective, Irish earldom of, created 1766. (name Taylor.)

- Bedford, Dukedom of, created, 1694. (name Russel.)

- Bedford priory built, 1000; bridge built, 1224.

- Beechift priory, Derbyshire, founded, 1183.

- Beeston castle, Cheshire, built between 1180 and 1232.

- Beer, none in England, till about 1524, though a drink called ale seems to have been sold as early as 728; an excise on it first granted, 1644.

- Begging friars established at Paris, 1587.

- Beguines, nuns, who may marry, their order established, 1208.

- Beheading noblemen first used in England, 1074.

- Belfast-bridge built, 1682.

- Belgae, The, were settled where Switzerland and Franche Comté are now situated. See England.

- Belgrade taken by the Turks, 1690; by the Imperialists, 1717.

- Behlaven, Scots barony of, created 1647. (name Hamilton.)

- Bellamont, Irish earldom of, created 1767. (name Coote.)

- Belleisle taken from the French, June 7, 1761.

- Belles Lettres, or polite learning, revived in Europe by Brunetto Latini, who founded the academy at Florence for that purpose, 1272.

- Bellisle, Irish viscount, Title of, created 1468. (name Gore.)

- Bellmen first appointed in London, 1556. They were to ring their bells at night, and cry, ‘Take care of your fire and candle, be charitable to the poor, and pray for the dead.’

- Bells invented by Paulinus, bishop of Nola, in Campania, about 400; first introduced into churches, as a defence against thunder and lightning, about 900; first hung up in England at Croyland abbey, Lincolnshire, 945; used to be baptized in churches, 1030.

- Belmore of Castlecoole, Irish barony, created, 1780, (name Corry.)

- Belvedere, Irish earldom of, created 1756. (name Rochfort.)

- Bencoolen taken and settled, 1682.

- Benefices. See Patronage.

- Bennet-college, Cambridge, founded by Henry of Monmouth, duke of Lancaster, 1351. (12 fellows.)

- Bergen-op-Zoom, taken by the French, Sept. 16, 1747.

- Berkeley, Earldom of, created 1679. (name Berkeley.)

- Berkeley of Stratton, Barony of, created 1658. (name Berkeley.)

- Berkeley castle, Gloucestershire, began to be built by Henry I. 1108; finished by Henry II.

- Berkley, judge, arrested on his seat in the court of King's Bench, and sent to prison for giving his opinion in favour of ship-money, Feb. 10, 1640; fined 10,000 l. 1643.

- Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, incorporated, 1618.

- Berlin, a carriage of that name, invented, 1509.

- Bermuda islands discovered, 1609; settled, 1612; almost destroyed by a hurricane, Oct. 11, 1780

- Bernard-castle, Durham, built, 1270.

- Berners, Barony of, created 1455. (name Wilson.)

- Berry Pomeroy castle, Devon, built, 1070.

- Berwick, Duke of, killed before Phillipsburg, June 12, 1734.

- Berwick burnt, 1173; again, by John, 1216; taken from the Scots, and annexed to England, 1333; taken by the Scots, 1354; by the English, Jan. 13, 1356; by the Scots, 1378; by the English, 1378; by the Scots, 1384; by the English, 1385; surrendered to Cromwell, Oct. 1648; secured by general Monk, Oct. 29, 1659. The bridge was built by queen Elizabeth.

- Bessborough, Irish earldom of, created 1739. (name Ponsonby.)

- Bethlemites, their order established, 1250.

- Beverley cathedral, Yorkshire, built, 711; town chartered by queen Elizabeth.

- Beverston castle, Gloucestershire, built, 1076.

- Bewdley, in Worcestershire, chartered, 1707.

- Beyham abbey, Sussex, of the Praemonstratensian order, built about 1200.

- Bible, history of, ceases 340 years before Christ; septuagint translation made by 72 interpreters, 284; translated into Saxon, by order of Athelstan; translated into French before 1356; the vulgate edition was the first printed, 1462; English translation, said to be made by Trevise of Cornwall, in Richard II.'s time, first allowed, and permitted in every family, 1539; read in churches, 1549; not translated into Welch till 1567; the present one finished, Sept. 1611; no Irish translation till 1685. See Vulgate, Theodotion.

- Bigamy, Statute against, passed, 5 Edward I. 1276.

- Bildewas abbey, in Shropshire, built 1135.

- Bill of rights passed, 1 William and Mary, 1689.

- Billing, Little priory, Northamptonshire, built 1076.

- Billingsgate, built 370 before Christ; was the old port of London, 979; made a free fish-market, 1699; great fire at, Jan. 13, 1715.

- Bills of exchange invented by the Jews, to remove their property from places where they were persecuted, about 1160; act passed to prevent sending money from England any other way, 4 Richard II. 1381; act passed for regulating the payment of them, 1698. See Paper Credit.

- Bindon abbey, Dorsetshire, built, 1172.

- Bingham priory, Norfolk, built, 1206.

- Birds nests, destroying them forbidden, Deut. xxii. 6.

- Birkhedde priory, Cheshire, founded about 1189.

- Birth of children taxed, 1695; of a duke, 30 l. a common person, 2 s.

- Bishops, translations of them first instituted by Pope Anterus, 235.

- Were appointed by the people, 400.

- Made barons, 1072.

- Their precedency settled, 1075.

- Deprived of the privilege of sitting as judges in capital offences, 1388.

- The first that suffered death in England by the sentence of the civil power, 1405.

- Six new ones instituted, 1530.

- Elected by the king's Congé d'Elire, 1535.

- Held their sees during pleasure, 1547.

- Form of consecration ordained, 1549.

- Seven deprived for being married, 1554.

- Several burnt for not changing their religion, 1555.

- Fifteen consecrated at Lambeth, 1559.

- Expelled Scotland, 1639.

- Twelve impeached, and committed for protesting against any law passed in the House of Lords, during the time the populace prevented their attending parliament, 1641.

- Their whole order abolished by parliament, Oct. 9, 1646.

- Nine restored, and eight new ones consecrated, Oct. 25, 1660.

- Regained their seats in the House of Peers, Nov. 30, 1661.

- Seven committed to the Tower, for not ordering the king's declaration for liberty of conscience to be read throughout their dioceses, 1688; they were tried and acquitted.

- Six suspended for not taking the oaths to king William, 1689; deprived 1690.

- See Episcopacy.

- Bishop's Aukland palace, Durham, rebuilt, 1665.

- Bithynia, a kingdom of Asia, conquered by Croesus king of Lydia, 560; by Alexander, 332; bequeathed to the Romans 40 before Christ. From its ruins rose the Othman Turks, who made Prusa the seat of their empire, before they possessed. Constantinople, 1327.

- Black act passed, 1722.

- Blackfriars-bridge began, 1760; opened, Nov. 19, 1766; finished, 1770; cost 152, 840 l.

- Blackrent, Ireland, established, 1412.

- Blackwell-hall purchased by the city of London, 1397; factors incorporated, 1516.

- Blandford burnt down, June 4, 1731. (300 houses.)

- Blaney of Monaghan, Irish barony of, created 1621. (name Blaney.)

- Blankets first made in England, 1340.

- Blantyre, Scots barony of, created 1606. (name Stewart.)

- Blantyre priory, near the Clyde, Scotland, founded before 12•6.

- Bliburgh priory, in Suffolk, founded about the time of Henry I.

- Blister piasters first made of Canthrides, by Aretaeus, 60 before Christ.

- Blood, a disbanded officer of the Protector, who had been attainted, meditating revenge on the duke of Ormond, lord lieutenant of Ireland, seized him at night in his coach, and tied him on a horse, with a design to hang him at Tyburn, had not the duke's servants rescued him, Dec. 6, 1670; attempted to steal the crown out of the Tower, May 9, 1671. This man, when taken, was not only pardoned, but was pensioned with 500 l. a year.

- Blood, circulation of, through the lungs, first made public by Michael Servetus, a French physician, 1553. Cisalpinus published an account of the general circulation, of which he had some confused ideas, and improved it afterwards by experiments, 1569; but it was fully confirmed by Harvey, 1628.

- Blue, Prussian, discovered at Berlin, 1704.

- Boadicea, queen of the Iceni, at the head of the Britains, attacked the Romans, burnt London, massacred 70,000 of its inhabitants, but soon after being defeated by Suetonius, poisoned herself, 59.

- Boats, Flat-bottomed, used by William I. at the Isle of Ely.

- Bodleian library Oxford, founded 1598, by Sir Thomas Bodley, who died 1612, aged 68.

- Boggewein's voyage performed, 1721.

- Boh, a fierce Gothic general, the son of Odin, the mention of whose name spread a panic among his enemies. Hence the use of the word to frighten children. See Woden.

- Bohemia, Christianity introduced there by Methodius, a Greek prelate, 890; kingdom of, began 1086; order of Crosiers founded, 1234; Elizabeth, queen of, visited England, May 17, 1661; died there the February following, and was buried at Westminster. See Hungary.

- Boleyn. See Ann.

- Bolingbroke, viscount, title of, created 1711. (name St. John.)

- Bolton priory, in Craven, Yorkshire, founded, 1120.

- Bolton castle, in Yorkshire, where Mary queen of Scots was confined in 1568, built 1297, after 18 years labour.

- Bolton, Dukedom of, created 1689. (name Powlet.)

- Bombay, given by the Portugueze to Charles the Second with Tangiers in Africa, and 300,000 l. as a portion with the Infanta in marriage, 1662. Granted to the India Company by William III. 1688. See Tangiers.

- Bombs, invented at Venlo, 1588; mortars some time after.

- Bones, art of softening them by a digester, found out by Papin, 1688.

- Bonner, bishop of London, born about 1512; deprived and committed for denying the real presence, May 30, 1549; enlarged and restored on the accession of queen Mary, 1553; employed in persecuting the Protestants, 1555; slighted by queen Elizabeth, and despised by all men, 1558; died in the Marshalsea, Sept. 5, 1569.

- Book-keeping, Italian, introduced here by Peele, 1569, from a system of algebra published by Burgo at Venice.

- Books, the first supposed to be written in Job's time; 30,300 burnt by order of Leo, 761; a very large estate given for one on Cosmography, by king Alfred; were sold from 10 l. to 30 l. a-piece, about 1400: the first printed one was the vulgate edition of the bible, 1462; the second was, Cicero de Officiis, 1466. To their scarcity, from the seventh to the eleventh century, was chiefly owing the universal ignorance during that period; for after the Saracens had conquered Egypt, in the seventh century, the communication with that country was broken off, and the papyrias no longer in use, so that recourse was had to paper, and that being very dear, books became of great value. See Literature, Paper, Dedications, Gotham.

- Borough English, Custom of, an ancient tenure (by which younger sons inherit family estates) which still subsists in Kent, and some other places; supposed to have been universal in England before the conquest, and to have originated from very early times, among the Tartars, when, elder sons emigrating, the youngest (being less capable of providing for themselves) remained with their fathers, and were taken care of by them.

- Borthwick, Scots barony of, created before 1430. (name Borthwick.)

- Boston, barony of, created 1761. (name Irby.)

- Boston, New England, several killed by the 29th regiment, March 5, 1770; custom-house removed by parliament, June, 1774.

- Botany, the study of, revived at Thuringe, by Fucks, 1565.

- Bothal castle, Northumberland, standing in Henry the Second's reign.

- Bothwell, Earl, supposed to have murdered lord Darnly, Mary, queen of Scot's husband, 1567, but tried and acquitted; recommended by the nobility to queen Mary, as a fit husband, April 24, following; seized the queen near Edinburgh, and carried her to Dunbar the same month, where, it is said, he ravished her; he, however, obtained a pardon, and a divorce from his wife; married to Mary, May 15, following. Soon after he retired to the Orkneys, where he subsisted some time by piracy; then fled to Denmark, where he was thrown into prison, lost his senses, and died miserably, 1596.

- Botolph's priory, Colchester, founded about 1109.

- Bottle conjuror imposed on the credulous at the Haymarket playhouse, March 1749.

- Boulogne, France, besieged, and taken by Henry VIII. Sept 14, 1544; sold to France for 400,000 crowns, March 24, 1550.

- Bounties, a new principle in commerce, first granted on the exportation of corn, 1688.

- Bourbon family settled on the throne of Spain, at the peace of Utrecht, 1713.

- Bourbon island, settled by the French from Madagascar, 1672.

- Bourke of Mayo, Irish viscount, title of, created 1627. (name Bourke.)

- Bow, The, is of such antiquity, that it is alluded to in God's covenant with Noah.

- Bowes castle, Yorkshire, built out of the ruins of a Roman fortress.

- Bows and arrows introduced by William I. 1066; were in use with stone cannon balls, so late as 1640. See Archery, Yew-trees.

- Boxgrave priory, Sussex, founded in Henry the First's time.

- Boyle of Marston, Barony of, created 1711. (name Boyle.)

- Boyne, Irish viscount, title of, created 1717. (name Hamilton.)

- Brackenthwaite, in Cumberland, great mischief done there by a water-spout, Sept. 9, 1760.

- Bradenstoke priory, Wilts, built, 1076.

- Bradsole abbey, in Kent, founded, 1191.

- Bramber castle, Sussex, built, and the church standing before the conquest.

- Branding, or burning in the hand, was done on the left thumb originally; but queen Elizabeth ordered it to be on the cheek. William III. afterwards ordered it on the thumb again, because the criminal became more abandened by being more exposed.

- Brandon, Irish earldom, title of, created 1758. (name Agar.)

- Brandon, Dukedom of, created 1711. (name Hamilton.)

- Brazen-nose college, Oxford, founded by the bishop of Lincoln, &c. 1511. (20 follows.)

- Brazil, discovered by Pinzon, a Portuguese, 1500; settled by the Portuguese, 1549; diamond mines discovered, 1770.

- Bread introduced from Egypt, where it was taught by Ceres (see Ceres); rist aslize of, made, 1251; first made of yeast by the English about 1650.

- Breadalbane, Scotch earldom of, created 1671. (name Campbell.)

- Brecknock castle built, 1089; priory built, 1100.

- Breeches introduced here instead of Trunk hose, 1654.

- Brehan law, or fines for murder, &c. abolished in Ireland, 1604.

- Bremen and Verden, vested in George II. by the emperor, 1732.

- Brest, Marine hospital of, burnt, when fifty galley slaves and many sick perished, Dec. 1, 1776.

- Bretagne annexed to France by Charles VIIIth's marrying the heiress of that duchy, 1491.

- Bribing parliaments first introduced here, 1554. The emperor sent 400,000 l. for this purpose; lord chief justice Thorpe hanged for bribery under Edward III. bribery at elections prohibited, 1•96, 8 William III. See Shoreham.

- Bricks. See Building.

- Bridewell, the palace of king John; rebuilt, 1•22.

- Bridge-town, Barbadoes, burnt, 1668; again, May 14, 1766.

- Bridgewater, Dukedom of, created 1720. (name Ege•∣ton.)

- Bridgewater castle and bridge, Somersetshire, built in king John's reign.

- Bridgnorth, Shropshire, and its castle, built by queen Ethelfleda, in the Heptarchy.

- Bridle and bit in use so early as the time of David. See psalm vi. v. 10.

- Brigantes. See England.

- Brigentines, an order of nuns, established, 1370.

- Brighthelmstone, burnt by the French, 1514; blockhouse, founded by Henry VIII. about 1539.

- Brinburn priory, Northumberland, founded in Henry the First's reign.

- Bristol, Earldom of, created 1714. (name Hervey.)

- Bristol, the suburbs of Redcliffe made part of it, 1247; city chartered by the 47 Edward III. and made a distinct county; bishopric taken out of Salisbury, founded, and the deanry erected, 1542; divided into 12 wards, 1581; the city attempted to be fired, 1777.

- Britain first discovered to be an island, about 90; wrested from the Roman empire by Carausius, 289; recovered by Constantius, 296; Cadwaladr was the last king of Britain; he died at Rome, 688. See England, Julius Caesar, Lear.

- British herring-fishery instituted, 1750. See Herrings.

- Brittany annexed to the crown of France, 1150.

- Broad pieces called in and coined into guineas, 1732.

- Brodie castle, Arran isle, Scotland, founded before 1306.

- Bromholme priory, Norfolk, built, 1113.

- Bromley college, Kent, founded by Warner, bishop of Rochester; erected in Charles the Second's time.

- Brosely burning-well, Shropshire, broke out, 1711.

- Brothels formerly allowed in London, under the regalation of the bishop of Winton, as necessary evils, 8 Henry H. 1162; they were situated on the bank side, Southwark; suppressed, 1545; to lerated in France, 1280; Pope Sixtus erected one at Rome, and the Roman prostitutes paid him a weekly tax, which amounted to 20,000 ducats a year, 1471.

- Broughham castle, Westmoreland, built by the Normans.

- Brownists, or Independents; which see.

- Brownlow, of Belton, Barony of, created 1776. (Cust.)

- Bruce landed in Ireland with an army, May 25, 1315; soon after crowned at Dundalk; slain, 1318.

- Brudenell of Deane, Barony of, created 1780. (name Bru•enell.)

- Brunswick, Princess of, married, Jan. 16, 1764.

- Bryonne, An interview at, between the kings of France and Spain, when they determined to extirpate the heretics, July, 1565.

- Buccleugh, Scots dukedom of, created 1673. (name Scot.)

- Buchan, Scots earldom of, created 1469. (name Erskine.)

- Buckfastre abbey, Devon, built before the conquest.

- Buckingham castle built, 918.

- Buckingham, duke of, beheaded at Sarum, for taking arms against Richard III. Nov. 2, 1483.

- Buckingham, Edward duke of, beheaded for aspiring to the crown, May 13, 1521.

- Buckingham, Duke of, impeached for extorting 10,000 l. from the East-India company, 1626; paid his addresses to the queen of France, 1627; killed at Portsmouth by one Felton, a disappointed officer, who did it, as he declared, to rid his country of an enemy, Aug. 3, 1628, aged 35.

- Buckingham-house settled on the queen in the room of Somerset-house, May 1775.

- Buckinghamshire, Earldom of, created 1746. (name Hobart.)

- Buckland priory, Devon, built, 1266.

- Buckle. See Shoe.

- Buckler, round silver one taken out of the Rhone in France, 1665.

- Buda taken from the Hungarians by the Turks, who annexed Hungary to the Ottoman empire, about 1540; retaken from the Turks by the Imperialists, 1686.

- Buenos Ayres founded, 1535, by Pedro de Mendoza; rebuilt, 1580. See Rio de la Plata.

- Bugden palace, Hunts, built, 1480.

- Building with stone brought into England by Bennet, a monk, 670; with brick, first introduced by the Romans into their provinces; first in England, about 886; introduced here generally by the earl of Arundel, 1600, London being then almost built with wood, and a very ugly city: the increase of buildings in London, and within a mile, prohibited, 1607. See Rem. Occur. anno 1580.

- Bulgarians defeated by Basilius, emperor of the east, who made 15,000 of them prisoners, and caused their eyes to be put out, except one man in a hundred, to whom he left one eye, to serve as leaders to the rest, July 29, 1014.

- Bulkeley of Cashel, Irish viscount, title of, created 1643. (name Bulkeley.)

- Bull, the first, baited at Stamford, 1209.

- Bull-sights in Spain succeeded the ancient tournaments, 1560. See Tilts.

- Bungay, Suffolk, totally burnt, March 1, 1689.

- Burdet, Thomas, beheaded at Tyburn, 1477, for angrily wishing the horns of a favourite buck, which Edward IV. had killed while hunting in Burdet's park, were in the belly of the person who advised the king to it.

- Burgh castle, Staffordshire, built by the Romans.

- Burgundy, Duke of, murdered by the Dauphin, for which he was disinherited the crown, 1419. See Orleans, Duke of, Rem. Occur. anno 1407, 1414.

- Burgundy, The dukedom of, erected, 890.

- Burial places first consecrated by Pope Calixtus I. about 210; the first Christian one in Britain, 596. See Church-yard.

- Burials taxed, 1695; 50 l. for a duke, for a common person, 4s.

- Burnham priory, Bucks, built, 1266.

- Burning. See Heresy, Branding.

- Burning of the dead in practice so early as 1225 before Christ.

- Burrough chapel, Somerset, standing in Alfred's reign.

- Burton-abbey, Staffordshire, founded 1004.

- Bury-castle, Suffolk, built by Canute.

- Burying in woollen enacted, 1678.

- Bute, Scots earldom of, created 1703. (name Stewart.)

- Butley priory, Suffolk, built, 1171.

- Byland-abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1134.

- Byron of Rochdale, barony of, created 1643. (name Byron.)

- Byron, commodore, sailed from the Downs to go round the world, June 21, 1764; returned, May 9, 1766.

- Bysham monastery, Berks, built, 1338.

- Byzantium founded by Byzas. See Constantinople.

C.

- CABAL, a name given to the cabinet council, from the initials of their names, 1670.

- Cabinet councils first constituted, April 25, 1670. See Cabal.

- Cade, Jack, the head of a rebellious party, killed by Alexander Iden, sheriff of Kent, 1451.

- Cadiz, formerly Gade•, built by the Phoenician• 1000 before Christ; taken by lord Howard and the earl of Essex, 1596; the new bridge, during the time it was consecrating, fell, and 200 persons were killed, Feb. 1779.

- Cadogan of Oakley, Barony of, created 1718. (〈◊〉 Cadogan.)

- Caerlaveroc castle, Scotland, rebuilt, 1638.

- Caernarvon castle began erecting about 1283.

- Cahier, Irish barony of, created 1583. (name Butler)

- Cainites, disciples of Valentin, appeared, 189; a sect that held Cain, Cora, the people of Sodom, and the traitor Judas, to be among the number of the blessed.

- Caithness, Scots earldom of, created 1556. (name Sinclair.)

- Calais besieged, and taken by Edward III. August 4, 1347; ceded by treaty to England, May 8, 1360; taken by the French, Dec. 1557.

- Calcutta, In the black hole at, 123 persons perished, out of 146 who were confined in that dungeon, by order of the nabob. They were suffocated. May 19, 1755.

- Calder priory, Cumberland, built, 1134.

- 〈…〉, 1699.

- 〈◊〉. See Style.

- 〈…〉, among the Romans, standing alone, was the 〈◊〉 day of every month, but if pridie, i. e. the day before, be added to it, it means the last day of the foregoing morth. Thus pridie Calend. Septemb. is August 31. If any number be placed with it, it means that day in the former month, which arrives, so many days as that number specifies, before the month named; thus the tenth calends of October is the 20th day of September; for, reckoning backwards from October, September 20 makes the 10th day before October. In March, May, July, and October, the Calends begin at the 16th day, but in other months at the 14th, which Calends bear the name of the following month, being numbered backward from the 1st day of the said following months. See Ideas, Nones.

- California discovered by Cortez, and taken possession of by Sir Francis Drake, 1578.

- Califs, Empire of the, who were eastern sovereigns, lost in that of the Turks.

- Callico first imported by the East India Company, 1631; none printed here till 1676.

- Calshot castle, Hampshire, built by Henry VIII.

- Cambray, Famous league of, when almost all Europe took arms against the republic of Venice, 1•08.

- Cambricks and lawns esteemed a great luxury in dress, 1580.

- Cambridge, once a city called Granta, built by Carausius; university chartered, 531; founded, 915; the town burnt by the Danes, 1010; its castle built, 1067; chancellor's court established by queen Elizabeth; refused a degree to a papist, recommended by the king, Feb. 1687.

- Camden, Barony of, created 1765. (name Pratt.)

- Camelford, Cornwall, chartered by queen Mary.

- Camera Obscura, Effect of the, first observed by Baptist Porta, a Neapolitan, who died 1515.

- Cameron, Dr. Archibald, hanged for taking part in the rebellion of 1745, 1753.

- Campania. See Naples.

- Campden, Glocestershire, incorporated by James I.

- Campeachy-bay settled by the English logwood cutters, 1662.

- Campus Maii, or Martii, was a confederate assembly of the people, in the reign of Edward the Confessor, every May day, to defend the country against all enemies. This custom was derived from the ancient Gauls.

- Canada discovered, 1499; settled by the French, 1534; Quebec built by Sam. Champlain, 1608; conquered by the English, 1759; and ceded to them, 1763. See America.

- Canary islands discovered by a Norman, 1405; conquered by the Spaniards, 1491.

- Candia, the ancient Crete, once subject to Greece, sold to the Venetians, 1194, who held it till taken by the Turks, after 22 years siege, 1669.

- Candlelight first introduced into churches, 274, from a custom of the first Christians assembling, during the times of persecution, at nights, in dark and obscure places.

- Candles of tallow, so great a luxury, that splinters of wood were burnt, 1298.

- Canicular year, The Egyptian, began, which consisted of 1460 years, and took its rise from Sirius, the dog star, rising with the sun at Heliopolis, July 20, four o'clock, 1325 before Christ.

- Canning, Elizabeth, amused the town, 1753. See Impostors.

- Cannon. See Guns.

- Canon law, which had its origin from the Roman canon law, in the time of Constantine the Great, first introduced into England, 1147; methodized by Gratian, an Italian monk, about 1151; pope Gregory's decretals published about 1230; the Clementine constitutions authenticated, 1317; the present canons promulgated, 1635.

- Canonization, that of St. Uldariens, the first made by papal authority, 993.

- Canterbury made a bishopric, 598; St. Augustine's abbey built, 605; archdeaconry erected, 798; governed by a praefect, 780; a portreve, 956; provost, 1011; by two bailiffs, in Henry the Third's reign; by a mayor, 1448; city built, 912 before Christ; the cathedral burnt by the Danes, 1011; rebuilt and finished, 1038; castle built about 1066; cathedral burnt again by accident, 1067; rebuilt, 1080; burnt again, Sept. 5, 1174; rebuilt, after ten years labour, 1184; archbishop's great hall, built about 1210; west gate of the city built about 1387; bishopric made superior to York, 1073; deanry erected, 1542. See Augustine.

- Canute, son and successor of Swenon, king of Denmark, and the first Danish king in England, invaded this country, 1015; fought several battles with Edmund II. and was chosen king by the clergy at Southampton, 1016; on the death of Edmund, he took the crown, 1017; made an alliance with Normandy, and married Emma, Ethelred's widow, 1018; made a voyage to Denmark, attacked Norway, and took possession of that crown, 1028; made Malcolm, king of Scots, do homage to him for Cumberland, 1031; died at Shaftesbury, 1036; was buried at Winton, left three sons, and was succeeded by his second son Harold; his eldest son succeeded to the crown of Sweden and Norway, and his youngest, Hardicanute, to that of Denmark.

- Cape Breton settled by the English, 1591.

- Cape de Verd isles first seen by the Portugueze, 1449; taken by the English, 1661.

- Capua. See Naples.

- Capuchins, Order of, erected, 1528.

- Carbery, Irish barony of, created 1715. (name Evans.)

- Cardiff, Barony of, created 1776. (name Stuart.)

- Cardigan castle built, 1160.

- Cardinals were originally the parish priests at Rome; title began to be used, 308; college of, founded by pope Paschal I. 817; did not elect the popes till 1160; wore the red hat (to remind them, that they ought to shed their blood, 〈◊〉 required, for religion), and were declared princes of the church, 1222; the cardinals set fire to the conclave, and separated, and a vacancy in the papal chair for two years, 1314; Cardinal Caraffa was hanged, by order of Plus IV. 1560; as was Cardinal Poli, under Leo X.; title of Eminence first given them by pope Urban VIII. about 1644. See Conclave.

- Cards. See Piquet.

- Carew castle, Pembrokeshire, belonged to the princes of South Wales.

- Carew, Sir Alexander, beheaded on Tower-hill, for plotting to surrender Plymouth to the king, Dec. 23, 1645.

- Carhampton of Castlehaven, Irish viscount, created 1780. (name Luttrell.)

- Caribbee islands discovered, 1595.

- Carillon, first made at Aloste in Flanders, 1487.

- Carisbrook-castle, founded about 532, rebuilt about 1610.

- Carlisle castle founded, 1092, by William II. who rebuilt the city; bishopric founded out of York and Durham, and archdeaconry erected, 1133; priory founded, and cathedral built, by Henry I.; deanry founded, 1542.

- Carlisle, Earldom of, created 1661. (name Howard.)

- Carlow, Irish viscount, Title of, created 1776. (name Dawson.)

- Carmarthen chartered by James I.

- Carmelites pretend to great antiquity; their order confirmed, 1226.

- Carmelites bare-footed, their order began, 1540; confirmed, 1580.

- Carmes, The, established in France, 1254.

- Carolina discovered by Ponce de Leon, a Spaniard, 1512; settled by the English from Virginia, 1622; claimed by Charles II. who granted a charter, 1664; surrendered to the crown, 1728. See America, Charlestown.

- Caroline, queen to George II. died of a mortification in her bowels, November 20, 1737, aged 54; Caroline, princess, her daughter, died, December, 1757.

- Carp first brought into England, by Leonard Mascall, 1514.

- Carrick, Irish earldom of, created 1748. (name Butler.)

- Carteret, Captain, set sail with Wallis, to go round the world, July 26, 1766; returned, February 20, 1769.

- Carthage, founded by the Tyrians, 1259; built by queen Dido, about 869; destroyed 104 before Christ. See Tripoli.

- Carthagena, Spain, or New Carthage, built by Asdrubal, the Carthaginian general, about 239 before Christ.

- Carthaginian war with the Romans, ceased 160 before Christ. See Xantippus.

- Carthusians, Order of, instituted by St. Bruno, 1086.

- Cartmel monastery, Lancashire, founded, 1188.

- Carving, in marble, invented 772 before Christ.

- Carysfort, Irish barony of, created 1752. (name Proby.)

- Cashel. See Armagh.

- Cassia. See Purgatives.

- Cassilis, Scots earldom of, created 1509. (name Kennedy.)

- Castile, King of, murdered by his own brother, 1367, who seated himself on his throne; Henry IV. deposed, and his brother crowned, 1465.

- Castleacre monastery, Yorkshire, founded, 1085.

- Castleacre priory, built, Norfolk, 1090.

- Castle-rising castle, Norfolk, built, 1204.

- Castle R•hin, in the Isle of Man, built about 960.

- Castles, 1100 built in England by the nobles, by the permission of king Stephen, 1140, &c. to 1154.

- Castlehaven, Earl of, beheaded, for inviting people to commit rapes upon his wife, 1631.

- Castletown castle, Isle of Man, built, 960.

- Catalans, a number of discharged soldiers settled in Greece and became a people, 1302.

- Cataline's conspiracy to murder the consuls, 66; killed 62 before Christ.

- Catalonia, Kingdom of, conquered by the Goths under Ataulph, 414; by the Saracens, 714; taken from the Moors by Lewis, son of Charlemagne, 800; united to Spain, 1492. See Spain.

- Catechism, short one, drawn up by Poynet, bishop of Winton, and published, 1552.

- Cathcart, Scots barony of, created 1436. (name Cathcart.)

- Catherine, St. an order of nuns erected, 1373.

- Catherine, queen to Henry V. died early in 1437. See Tudor.

- Catherine, Henry the VIIIth's first wife, died at Kimbolton, Jan. 1536, aged 60. See Arthur, Henry VIII.

- Catherine Howard, Henry the VIIIth's fourth wise, beheaded for adultery, with lady Rochford, her confidante, 1542.

- Catherine Par, Henry the VIIIth's fifth wife, died 1548.

- Catherine, Charles the IId's wife, died, Dec. 21, 1705.

- Catherine of Medicis, queen of Henry II. of France, born at Florence, 1519; married, 1533; died, 1589.

- Catherine-hall, Cambridge, founded by R. Woodlarke, 1475. (8 fellows.)

- Catherine-hill chapel, Surrey, built before 1230.

- Catherlough, Irish earldom of, created 1763. (name Knight.)

- Catholics, the Romish Christians first so called, 38.

- Catholic king, The title of, first taken by Ferdinand of Arragon, 1492.

- Catiline conspiracy, 62; war, 63 before Christ.

- Cauliflowers first planted in England, 1603.

- Cavan, Irish earldom of, created 1647. (name Lambart.)

- Ceaulin, succeeded his father, Kenric, as fifth king of Britain; crowned king of the West Saxons, 560; abdicated his crown, and died in banishment, 592, leaving Ethelbert, king of Kent, his successor in the monarchy.

- Celestines, an order of nuns, established, 1274.

- Censors first erected at Rome, 433 before Christ.

- Ceodwalla, king of the West Saxons, subdued the kingdom of Sussex, and annexed it to his dominions, 686.

- Ceolred, son of Ethelred, 12th king, succeeded his cousin, Kenred, as 14th king of Britain, 708; killed in battle, 716; buried at Litchfield, left no child, and succeeded by Ethelbald.

- Cerdic, a Saxon chieftain, with his son Kenric, and a lange body of men, arrived in Britain, 495; defeated and killed Nazanleod, a British prince, with 5000 men, 508; succeeded Ella as third king of Britain, 514; besieged Bath, 520; crowned king of the West Saxons at Winton, where he re•ed, 531; di•d 534, and was succeeded in Wessex and the monarchy, by his eldest son, Kenric.

- Ceremonies in religious worship said to be institute•, first by Enos, son of Seth, who died 2864 before Christ, aged 905.

- Ceremonies, the master of, Office of, first appointed for the more solemn reception of ambassadors, 1603. Sir Luke Lewkenor was the first.

- Cerinthians, who denied Christ's divinity, began to dogmatize, 99.

- Cesaria burlt, after twelve years labour, by August•s Caesar, 7 before Christ.

- Ceylon discovered, 1506; taken by the Dutch from the Portugueze, 1656.

- Chain, The gold, worn round the necks of judges, a very ancient ornament; it was worn by the judges in Egypt many years before Christ, probably to remind criminals of their danger.

- Chain-shot, invented by admiral De Wit, 1666.

- Chalcedon, Afia, built by the Thracians, 676 before Christ.

- Chambre, John à, executed for stirring up the people to rebel, rather than pay a tax the parliament imposed, 1488.

- Champion of England, The office of, first introduced, at the coronation of Richard II. 1377. It has continued in the Dymock family ever since.

- Chancery, Court of, established, 605; present one, by William I. The first person qualified for chancellor, by education, was Sir Thomas More, 1530, the office before being rather that of a secretary of state than the president of a court of justice; first reference to a master in, owing to the ignorance of the chancellor, Sir Christopher Hatton, about 1588.

- Chandos, Dakedom of, created 1719. (name Brydges.)

- Chanting adopted by the church of Rome, about 620; brought into England by Austin the monk.

- Chantries, 2374, suppressed in England, 1548.

- Charing-cross, London, erected as it now stands, 1678.

- Chariots, The custom of fighting in, we find in Exodus, 1500 before Christ.

- Charities. Charitable corporation office established, 1708.

- For delivering married women at home, instituted, 1757.

- Dispensary for the relief of the infant poor, ditto, 1769.

- General ditto, for the poor, 1770.

- Medical Society, ditto, 1773.

- Westminster dispensary, ditto, June 6, 1774.

- Misericordia, ditto, 1774.

- Dispensary for inoculation, ditto, 1775.

- Maritime school, ditto, 1777.

- See Hospitals, Societies.

- Charity schools instituted to prevent the seduction of the infant poor to popish seminaries, March 25, 1688.

- Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, king of France, by succession, 768; crowned king of Italy, 774; subdued Saxony, 785; was emperor of the west, by conquest, 800; died also, first emperor of Germany, 813, aged 70. His race ended in the death of Louis V. 987. This king ordered near 5000 of the heads of the Saxons to be struck off, on their submission to him, in revenge for having lost 10,000 men in a battle against them just before, 782.

- Charlemount, Irish earldom of, created 1764. (name Caulfield.)

- Charles V. king of Spain, 1517; elected emperor of Germany, 1519; died in a monastery, 1558, aged 57. See Tunis.

- Charles I. second son and successor of James I. born 1600; arrived at Madrid to marry the Infanta, March 7, 1623; succeeded his father on the throne, March 27, 1625; married Henrietta, daughter of France, about the same time; crowned, Feb. 2, 1626; crowned at Edinburgh, Summer, 1633: went to Scotland, August, 1641; returned, November 25, following; went to the House of Commons, and there demanded a surrender of five of their members (Hollis, Sir Arthur Hazlerig, Hamden, Pym, and Strode) whom he accused of high treason, for opposing him, 1642; apprehensive of danger from the enraged multitude, he retired to York immediately after; raised his standard first at Nottingham, August 25, following, and waged war with his parliament; quitted his broken army at Oxford, travelled in disguise of a servant, and put himself into the hands of the Scotch at Newark, May 5, 1646, who confined him, and sold him to the parliament for 400,000 l. August 8, following; the parliament kept him in custody at Holmsby, from whence he was carried off by force, to the independent army at Newmarket, by one Joyce, a cornet, June 3, 1647; brought to Hampton Court soon after, from whence he escaped, and fled to the Isle of Wight, November following, where he was made a close prisoner in Carisbrook castle, July 29, 1648; soon after he was set at liberty at Newport; seized again, and confined in Hurst castle, December 1, following; removed to Windsor, December 23; to St. James's house, January 19, 1649; tried the next day; condemned the 27th; beheaded at Whitehall the 30th, aged 48, and buried in St. George's chapel, Windsor. An interregnum followed this reign, till the restoration of Charles II. 1660. See Cromwell, Oliver.

- Charles II. son of Charles I. born, May 29, 1630; made a general, 1645; retired to Paris, 1646; escaped from St. James's, April 23, 1648; on his father's death, took the title of King at the Hague; proclaimed king by the Scots, 1649; treated with the Scots commissioners at Breda, March 1650; sailed for Scotland, June 23, following; crowned at Scone, January 1, 1651; entered England with 18,000 men, August 6; gave Cromwell battle at Worcester, and was defeated, September 3; escaped in a peasant's habit, travelled about in disguise, took ship at Shoreham, and arrived in Normandy, October 22, following; had a pension of 6000 livres a month settled on him by the king of Spain, 1657; applied to the English Parliament, April 14, 1060, who agreed with his terms, and restored him; he was proclaimed king, May 8; arrived at Dover the 26th; and at Whitehall on his birth day, the 29th, 1660; ten of the Regicides were hanged, October 10, following; crowned, April 23, 1661; married Catherine, Infanta of Portugal, May 21, 1662; got Sir John Coventry maimed, which gave rise to the Coventry act, January, 1671; shut up the Exchequer for want of money the same year; received from France a pension of 100,000 l. a year, 1674; accepted the city freedom, December 18, 1674; took away the charter of the city, 1683; died, Feb. 6, 1685, aged 54, of an apoplexy, and was succeeded by his brother, James. See Theists.

- Charles-town, Boston, burnt by the royalists, June 17, 1775.

- Charles-town, South Carolina, taken, May 12, 1780.

- Charter-house built, 1371; founded by Thomas Sutton, esq. 1611.

- Charters to incorporate towns introduced into Italy about 1100. This practice became soon after general throughout Europe.

- Chastity, a remarkable instance of it. The abbess of Coldingham cut off her nose and lip, and prevailed on the nuns to follow her example, 886.

- Chatham, Earldom of, created 1766. (name Pitt.)

- Chatham dock begun by queen Elizabeth; chest established, for the relief of wounded and decayed seamen, 1588.

- Cheapside cross demolished, May 2, 1643.

- Chedworth, Ba•y of, created 1741. (name How.)

- Chelmsford made a market town by king John.

- Chelsea college founded by James I. for theological disputations, 1609; but converted by Charles II. to its present purpose, and completed, 1690.

- Chelsea water-works incorporated, 1722.

- Cheltenham mineral spring discovered, 1740.

- Chemistry and distilling introduced into Europe by the Spanish Moors, 1150; they learnt it of the Africans, and these of the Egyptians.

- Cherburg forts destroyed by the English, August 8, 1758.

- Cherokee chiefs, seven brought to England, 1730; three ditto, May, 1762; three more, 1766.

- Cherries, pears, and grapes, introduced into England, 1550.

- Chertsey abbey founded, 664.

- Chess, The game of, invented, 608 before Christ.

- Chester, once a Roman colony; cathedral founded, 660; St. John's church founded, 689; castle built, or repaired by William the First's nephew; water tower built, 1322; earldom of, annexed to the crown, 1237; erected into a principality, 1398; bishopric and deanry founded, 1541; annexed to the province of York, 1542; act passed to enable the city and county to send members to parliament, 1543; deprived of its privileges, Sept. 17, 1659; the custom of the Dutton family riding in procession, with the fidlers of the county at Chester fair, took its rise in the reign of Richard I.

- Chesterfield, Earldom of, created 1628. (name Stanhope.)

- Chetwynd of Dearhaven, Irish viscount, title of, created 1717. (name Chetwynd.)

- Chiaro-obscuro, Art of painting in, first used, 1500.

- Chichester built by Cissa; bishopric, founded in the Isle of Selsey, 681; removed to Chichester, 1071. cathedral built, and deanry, precentorship, chancellorship, and treasurership, erected, 1115; archdeaconry erected, 1120; city burnt, 1186.

- Children, the custom of the Chinese exposing them on the river Canton, is exactly in the same manner as Moses was exposed on the banks of the Nile, and is a custom of great antiquity in Egypt; forbidden to be sold by English parents to the Irish, 1015.

- Chilham castle, Kent, the seat of king Lucius, 182.

- Chimnies were not known 1200; tax granted, 1662; 2 s. each, 1689.

- China, Dresden, invented by Botticher, a German, 1702.

- China, Monarchy of, commenced, 2637 before Christ; but its history does not extend above the Greek Olympiads.

- The first dynasty, when prince Yu reigned, 2207 before Christ; before this time the Chinese chronology is imperfect.

- By some, Fohi is supposed to be the founder of the empire, and its first sovereign, 2247 before Christ.

- Literature there revived, and the art of printing invented, 206 before Christ.

- The first history of China was published by Sematsian, 97 before Christ.

- The country conquered by the Eastern Tartars, when the emperor and his family killed themselves, 1644.

- An attempt to establish Christianity there by the Jesuits, 1692; the missionaries expelled, 1724.

- See Children.

- Chios. See Scio.

- Chipping-Sudbury, Glocestershire, chartered, 1681; disfranchised, 1688.

- Chippingham, Wiltshire, chartered by queen Mary.

- Chisbury fort, Wilts, built by Cissa, 547.

- Chivalry, A court of, held for a trial by combat, between Lord Rea and David Ramsay, 1623, though it did not end in an actual engagement: it was always after the lie direct given; another, 1631. See Knighthood, Combats, Tilts, Justs, Constable.

- Chocolate first brought from Mexico, by the Spaniards, 1520.

- Cholmondeley, Earldom of, created 1706. (name Cholmondeley.)

- Chorusses invented at Athens, 508 before Christ.

- Christ. See Jesus.

- Christ-college, Cambridge, founded by Henry the VIIth's mother, 1505. (15 fellows.)

- Christ-church college, Oxford, founded by Henry the VIII. 1532. (101 fellows.)

- Christian, Name of, first given to the disciples of Christ at Antioch, 40.

- Christianity carried into Spain, 36; supposed to be first established in Britain, 60; by public authority, 181; began in France, 496; established among the Russians, 989.

- Christmas established about 68.

- Christmas-day ordered to be converted into a fast, 1644.

- Churches, Consecration of, instituted, 153; scripture texts first printed on the walls of, by order of Pope Leo I. 461; dedication of, introduced, 483; first Christian one built at Babingley, Norfolk, 638; the Latin and Greek churches united about 1004; fifty new ones ordered by parliament, 1710.

- Church-music introduced into worship about 350; the choral service first introduced into England, in the cathedral of Canterbury, before 677.

- Church-service changed through England, from the use of St. Paul to that of Sarum, being composed by Osmond, second bishop of Sarum, under William I. 1415; ordered to be performed in English, 1559.

- Churchwardens and overseers first appointed, 1127.

- Church-yards first consecrated, about 217. See Burial.

- Cicisbei, the appointment of one, first introduced at Genoa.

- Cimbri, The war with, 113 before Christ. At a battle between the Cimbri and Teutones, and the Romans; 80,000 of the latter, with their allies, were killed, and 7•,000 slaves, 107 before Christ.

- Cinque ports, The, vested in barons, 1078, for the better security of the coast; first received their privileges, 1216. They were originally five; Winchelsea and Rye have since been added.

- Circuits, The six justiciary, established, 1176.

- Circumcision instituted, 1897 before Christ, when Abraham was 99, and Ishmael 13 years old; the feast of, first observed among Christians under pope Felix III. 487.

- Circus, the great one at Rome, which contained 150,000 persons, built 605 before Christ.

- Cirencester-abbey founded, 1117.

- Cissa, king of Sussex, succeeded his father Ella, 514; died, 590.

- Cistercians, or Bernardines, The order of, took its rise, 1075.

- Cities first incorporated, 1201.

- Clanbrassil, Irish earldom of, created 1756. (name Hamilton)

- Cla•ricarde, Irish earldom of, created 1543. (name De Burgh.)

- Clanwilliam, Irish earldom, created 1766. (name Meade.)

- Clarehall, Cambridge, founded by R. Badew, 1326. (17 fellows.)

- Clarence, Duke of, regent of France, son to Henry IV. slain at the battle of Beaugé, April 3, 1421.

- Clarence, Duke of, brother to Edward IV. condemned for arraigning public justice, and put to death privately, by being drowned, at his own desire, in a butt of Malmsey in the Tower, 1478, aged 27.

- Clarenden, Earldom of, created 1776. (name Villiers.)

- Clarendon, The parliament of, in which Henry II. checked the power of the pope and clergy, 1164.

- Clarendon printing-house, Oxford, founded 1711.

- Clares, an order of nuns, instituted, 1212.

- Claudius Caesar, with an army, landed in Britain, August 43.

- Cleaveland, Archdeaconry of, erected about 1170.

- Clement's Inn, London, established, 1478. See Inns of Court.

- Clerbury castle, Shropshire, built by H. Mortimore, in Henry the •Id's time.

- Clergy, stiled Clerks, the judges originally being clergymen, and their clerks and inferior officers of the same order; compelled to a vow of celibacy by Gregory VII. about 1073; bishop Newton says, in 105; abridged of their power by the statutes of Clarendon, 1164; again, 1275; ordered to take up arms, under an apprehension of an invasion from France, 1368. See Gown and Cassock, Band, Laity, Freeholders, Rem. Occur. annis 1508, 1665.

- Clergy (which in old French signified Science), Benefit of, an institution to exempt ecclesiastics from secular punishment, took place 1351; first statute that took it away, 4 Henry VII.; generally taken away, by the 23d Henry VIII.

- Clerkenwell monastery, St. John's, built, 1098; destroyed by fire, 1381.

- Clermont, Irish earldom, created 1777. (name Fortescue.)

- Cleve-abbey, Somersetshire, founded, 1198.

- Clifden of Gowran, Irish viscount, created 1780. (name Agar.)

- Clifton of Leighton, Barony of, created 1608. (name Bligh.)

- Clifford, Farony of, created 1299. (name Southwell.)

- Clifford of Chudleigh, barony of, created 1672. (name Clifford.)

- Clithero castle, Lancashire, built about 1178.

- Clive of Plassey, Irish barony of, created 1762. (name Clive.)

- Cloak, The, a dress of great antiquity; was much in fashion in James the First's reign.

- Clocks, called water-clocks, first used in Rome, 158 before Christ; clocks and dials set up in churches, 613; clocks made to strike by the Arabians, about 801, and by the Italians, about 1300; a striking clock in Westminster, 1288; but none in England that went tolerably, till that dated 1540, maker's name N. O. now at Hampton-court palace; clocks, with pendulums, &c. invented by one Fromantil, a Dutchman, about 1662; repeating clocks and watches invented by one Barlow, 1676. Till about 1631, neither clocks nor watches were very general. See Watches.

- Clonmore, Irish barony, created 1776. (name Howard.)

- Cloth manufacture first established by Edward I.; cloth, coarse, first made at Kendal, 1390.

- Clover brought to England by Richard Weston of Sutton-place, Guildford.

- Clun-castle, Salop, built, 1140.

- Clunokvaur-abbey, Caernarvonshire, built, 1616.

- Coaches first used in England, 1155. In the hard winter, 1757, the nobility of France, as they could not ride on horseback, were drawn about in casks. An act passed to prevent men from riding in coaches, as effeminate, 43 Elizabeth, 1601; began to ply in the streets of London, 1626; glass ones first brought from Brussels to Paris, 1660; act for licensing hackney coaches, passed, 1693. See Wheels.

- Coalheavers hanged for rioting, July, 1768.

- Coal-mines discovered in the neighbourhood of Newcastle, about 1300.

- Coalmeter's office, Westminster, erected, 1746; ditto, in London, 1767.

- Coals first used in London in the reign of Edward I. when the smoke was supposed to corrupt the air so much, that he forbad the use of them by proclamation, 1273; first brought from Newcastle to London, 1381; the consumption in London was 600,000 chaldrons in 1773.

- Coats. See Dress.

- Cocceius, John of Bremen, founder of the Cocceians, who held a visible reign of Christ in this world, after a general conversion of Jews and Pagans to Christianity; died 1699, aged 66.

- Cockermouth-castle, built in William the Ist's reign.

- Cockersand-abbey, Lancashire, built, 1200.

- Cock-fighting, instituted after a victory over the Persians by the Romans, 476 before Christ; introduced at Athens, as a lesson of valour to youth, but it was afterwards abused there, as at present.

- Cock-lane ghost, Affair of, 1762. See Impostors.

- Cocklepark Tower, Northumberland, standing in Edward the First's reign.

- Codex of Justinian, published 529.

- Coffee, introduced into Arabia Felix, 1454; became known at Constantinople, and coffee-houses opened, 1554; brought to Marseilles, 1644; the art of roasting and making it introduced at London by a Greek servant, and the first coffee-house opened in George-yard, Lombard-street, 1652; a duty of 4 d. per gallon laid on all that was made and sold, 1660; its culture first encouraged in the plantations, 1732. See coffee-houses.

- Coffee-houses, ordered to be shut up by proclamation, they being thought encouragers of sedition, November, 1775. See Coffee.

- Coif (the serjeant's) was originally an iron skull-cap, worn by knights under their helmets: Blackstone says, it was introduced before 1259, to hide the tonsure of such renegado clerks, as chose to remain as advocates in the secular courts, notwithstanding their prohibition by canon.

- Coin first used in Britain, 25 before Christ; of gold and silver, in Scotland, 211; the first sterling coined, 1216. Before this time rents were paid in kind, and there was little trade; money was found only in the coffers of the barons. Milling the coin introduced, 1662; copper coin first made current here, 1672; a re-coinage of all the light gold, and ordered to pass by weight, 1773. See Gold, Guineas, Money.

- C•s first punished, 1107.

- Coining, The die at present used for, invented by •er, 1617; received into England, 1620. See Coin.

- Co•chester, once a Roman colony, built 125 before Christ; castle built, 921; archdeaconry crected before 1132. See Baize.

- Cold Norton priory, Oxfordshire, built, 1160.

- Coleman, secretary to the duke of York, executed, 1678.

- Col•raine, Irish barony of, created 1762. (name Hanger.)

- Collars of SS. the fashion of wearing them introduced, 14•7.

- College, Stephen, the Protestant joiner, hanged at Oxford, Aug. 18, 1681, charged with a design to seize and imprison the king.

- College of Physicians, London, incorporated by Henry VIII; ditto, at Edinburgh, 1682.

- Colossus of Rhodes, thrown down by an earthquake, 224 before Christ; it weighed 713,000lb.

- Columba, St. the first on record that had the gift of second sight, left Ireland to preach the gospel to the Picts, 565.

- Columbus, Christopher, the navigator, made his first voyage, 1492; died, 1526.

- Colvile, Scots barony of, created 1609. (name Colvile.)

- Combats, Judicial, first appointed by the Burgundi, in Gaul, about 500; though Livy describes a duel in Spain to determine a dispute between two brothers, in the time of Scipio (See Scipio); the first decision by, in England, 1096, being brought in by William I. It is law at present, but has been discontinued since 1638. See Chivalry, Duelling, Rem. Occur. annis 1202, 1446.

- Combe-abbey, Warwickshire, built, 1150.

- Combermere-abbey, Cheshire, built, 1134.

- Comedy, the first acted at Athens on a scaffold by Susarion and Dolon, 562 before Christ; those of Terence, first acted, 154 before Christ; the first regular one performed in England, 1551.

- Comets appeared in 1104, 1107, 1110, 1256, 1315, 1337, 1371, 1401, 1577, 1618, 1647, 1652, 1661, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, two 1680, 1682, 1744, 1769, 1770. The first was discovered and described by Nicephorus; the true orbits of comets demonstrated by Doetsel, 1680.

- Commandments, The, given to Moses, 1494 before Christ.

- Commissioners of sewers first appointed, and for Lyndsay, 1423.

- Commode, or lady's tower, a head-dress introduced, 1687.

- Common law, The origin of, generally esteemed to arise from Alfred's body of laws now lost. See Alfred.

- Common-pleas, Court of, established by William I. settled in Westminster-hall, 1215. See Courts of Justice.

- Common-prayer, published in English, with authority of parliament, 1548.

- Companies, the twelve, first formed in London, in Richard the Ist's reign; Skinners incorporated, 1327; Gunsmiths, 1327; Mercers, 1393; Haberdashers, 1407; Grocers, 1429; Vintners, 1437; Drapers, 1439; Ironmongers 1464; MerchantTaylors, 1460; Clothworkers, 148; Fishmongers, 1536; Salters, 15•8.

- Compass, Seaman's, invented by Murphy, a Dutchman, 1229; first exhibited it Venice, 1260; improved by Giora of Napres, 1302; its declination discovered by Hartman, 1538.

- Conceptionists, an order of •uns, established, 1488.

- Concerts, public one, in London, took their rise from a musical club, at the house of one Britton, a small ceal man in Clerkenwell. Handel and Pepusch used to play there.

- Conclave, for the election of popes, established at the council of Lyons, 1274.

- Concordia, New Holland, discovered by the Dutch, 1618

- Concubines allowed to the clergy, 1206; denied Christian burial, 1225.

- Conference at Hampton Court, between the episcopals and dissenters, to effect an union, Jan. 14, 1604; at the Savoy, between the bishops and presbyterian ministers, March 25, 1661.

- Confirmation took place in the time of Tertullian.

- Confession, Auricular, introduced, 1204.

- Congo, Kingdom of, discovered by Diego Cam, 1484.

- Congregationalists, the same as independents; which see.

- Conjunction of the sun and moon, and all the planets in Libra, Sept. 1186; of Saturn and Jupiter, 1394.

- Conic sections, The first idea of, given by Appollonius.

- Coningsburg castle, Yorkshire, flourished in 489.

- Connecticut colony established by charter, 1662.

- Conscience, Courts of; the first appointed was that in London, 1517.

- Consecration of bishops, the form ordained, 1549.

- Conservators of public liberties chosen in England from the barons, to circumscribe the king's power, 1215. Conservators of the peace first appointed to determine trespasses and felonies, 1344. This was the first institution of Justices.

- Conspiracies; of the Norman barons to shake off the royal authority of William I. 1074.

- Of prince Robert, and others, against his father, William I. 1076.

- Of the Norman barons against William II. 1086.

- Of Mortimer, and others, against Henry II. 1155.

- Against Thomas à Becket, in which Becket fell, 1170.

- Of young Henry, and his brothers, against their father, Henry II. in order to obtain his crown, 1173.

- Of the barons against the ministry of Henry III. 1233.

- Of the barons against Gaveston, the king's favourite, whom they murdered, 1312.

- Of the barons against the Spensers, the king's favourites, whom they got banished, 1321.

- Of the queen, and others, against Edward II. when the king fell a sacrifice, 1325.

- Of the queen, &c. against the earl of Kent, who fell, 1329.

- Against the king of Castile, 1367.

- Of the barons against the earl of Suffolk, 1386.

- Of the duke of Glocester, &c. against the ministers of Richard II. who were impeached and executed, 1388.

- Of Glocester against Richard II. 1397.

- Of the duke of Lancaster against Richard II. whom he deposed, 1399.

- Of the earl of Northumberland against Henry IV. in which Northumberland fell, 1403.

- In France against the duke of Burgundy, 1415.

- Of the duke of York against Henry VI. 1452.

- Of the earl of Warwick against Edward IV. when Warwick fell, 1466.

- Of the queen, &c. against the duke of Clarence, who fell, 1477.

- Of the duke of Glocester against Edward V. and his brother, who were murdered, 1483.

- Against Richard III. 1483.

- Of the earl of Richmond against Richard III. 1485.

- Of Simnel against Henry VII. 1487.

- In favour of Warbeck against Henry VII. 1493.

- Of the disciples of Wishart against cardinal Beaton, in Scotland, whom they murdered, 1547.

- Against the duke of Somerset, who fell, 1549.

- Of Lady Jane Grey against queen Mary, 1553.

- Of queen Elizabeth against Mary, queen of Scots, 1559.

- In France, against the duke of Guise and cardinal Lorrain, for which 1200 suffered death, 1560.

- Of Mary, queen of Scots, &c. against the Protestants, 1565.

- Of lord Darnley, &c. against Rizzio, 1566.

- Of Mary, queen of Scots, &c. against lord Darnley, 1567.

- Of the Scots against their queen, 1567.

- Of the duke of Norfolk against queen Elizabeth, 1509, 〈◊〉 1751.

- Against the Huguenets, in France, 1572.

- Di• conspiraci• 〈…〉 Elizabeth, 1584.

- Parry's against Elizabeth, for which he suffered, 1584.

- Wo•'s against James VI, of Scotland, when he attempted to put the young king into the hands of Elizabeth, 1•85.

- Bab•'s against queen Elizabeth, 1586, for w•ch 14 were •anged.

- An•her, against ditto, 1594, for which several suffered.

- Gun owder against James 〈◊〉 1604.

- Roger Moore's, in Ireland, 1641.

- Royalists against Cromwell, 1648.

- Duke of Monmouth's to assessnate Charles II. 1683.

- One in Ireland discovered, June 1, 1663.

- That of the Fanatics in the North, discovered, Jan. 5, 1664, for which about 〈◊〉 I were executed.

- Of Sir George Berkeley, and others, to assassinate William III. 1696.

- Layer's against 〈◊〉 I. 1722

- For further particulars •er to the names of the parties. See Ren•ellio, Catili•.

- Constable, Lord high, the 〈◊〉 hereditary till 1521; since which it has been discontinued, except at coronations. His office was to regulate all matters of chivalry, tilts, and sects of arms on horseback. The name derived from Connetable, or Comte de l'Etable, an officer in Spain, sim•ar to master of the herse, established in the 7th century.

- Constantinople, founded by the Argives, 658 before Christ; besieged and destroyed, 193; received its present name from Constantine the Great, who removed there the seat of the eastern empire, 324; the city was before ca•ed Byzantium, from Byzas the founder; suffered greatly by fire, pestilence, famine, and a• earthquake, that overturned its wall and 17 towers, Sept. 27, 416; had first an emperor, 1268; taken from the Greeks by Mahomet II. who slew the emperor and 60,000 inhabitants, this put an end to the eastern empire, which began with the reign of Arcadius, 395, and continued 1055 years, 1453. The emperors of Constantinople are the successors of Bajazet. See Bithynia, Ottoman Empire, Porte.

- Consuls first made at Rome, 507 before Christ; abolished, 470.

- Continence. See Polygamy.

- Conventicies, act passed against them, 1661.

- Conveyance, the oldest we have any account of is, that of the cave of Machpelah, for a burying place, from the sons of •eth to Abraham, Genesis 23d.

- Convocation, The houses of, have been suffered to do no business, since 1716. This was dropped to cramp the power of the clergy. Controversy, with the lower house of, 1721. See Rem. Occur. anno 1665.

- Conyngham of Mount Charles, Irish earldom, created 1780. (name Conyngham.)

- Cook, captain, with Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander, sailed July 30, 1768, to go round the world; returned, August, 1771; again, to explore the southern hemisphere, with Mr. Forster, &c. July 13, 1772; returned July 29, 1775; killed by some savages on another voyage, 1779; ship returned, 1780.

- Copenhagen burnt, 1728; 77 streets were destroyed.

- Copes instituted, 256.

- Copper money first used in Scotland and Ireland, 1340; in France, 1581; the first legal in England, 1609.

- Copyholds. There are none in Wales, and few or no manerial rights; there are none also in Ireland. See Villenage.

- Copy-right. See Literary Property.

- Corah, Dathan, and Abiram, swallowed up by the earth, for rebelling against Moses, 1489 before Christ

- Cordeliers, their order erected, 1206.

- Cordova, the first Roman colony established in Spain, founded by Marcellus; the residence of the Moorish princes, 759; mosque built, 800; kingdom of destroyed, 1014. See Marcellus, Vol. II.

- Corfe-castle, Dorsetshire, built after 941, before 1066; town incorporated by Elizabeth.

- Corinth formed into a state, 1184; destroyed by the Romans, 146 before Christ.

- Corinthian order. See Callimachus, Vol. 2.

- Cork, Ireland, built, 1170; its first charter granted, 1242.

- Cork, Irish earldom of, created 1620. (name Boyle.)

- Corn, first permission to export it, 1437.

- Cornish language, The, (something like the Welch, understood in Bretagne) generally spoken in Cornwall, 1698; totally lost, 1772.

- Cornwall, Archdeaconry of, created before 1098.

- Cornwallis, earldom of, created 1753. (name Cornwallis.)

- Coronation. The first person crowned by the hands of a bishop was Leo, emperor of the East, 457; it being supposed that the bishop thus expressed the suffrage of the Deity. Coronation oath first taken by Ethelred II. 979; that now used, 1377; altered, 1689. First coronation sermon, 1041. See Scotland.

- Coroners were officers of the realm so early as 925.

- Coronets; viscounts first received them from Henry VIII; barons from Charles II.

- Corporations invented and introduced by Numa, among the Romans.

- Corpus Christi college, Oxford, founded by the bishop of Winton, 1516 (20 fellows.) For that at Cambridge, see Bennet.

- Corsica dependent on Genoa till 1730; became free, 1733; elected Theodore king, 173•; ceded to France by Genoa, 1770. Sold to Germany for about 150,000 l. 1781. See Theodore.

- Corsned, Trial by, a species of purgation; being a bit of bread, consecrated with a form of exorcism, which the supposed criminal was to eat, taking the sacrament at the same time, and praying that it might destroy him if guilty. Godwin earl of Kent, abjuring the death of the king's mother, appealed to his corsned, which stuck in his throat and killed him. See Godwin. Hence the vulgar phrases, ‘I'll take my sacrament upon it,’ ‘May this morsel be my last,’ and the like.

- Cottonian library settled for public benefit, 1701.

- Council, solemn one at Jerusalem, when the first controversy was discussed, 48; of Antioch, 269; at Arles, when Caecilian was acquitted, 314; at Rome, when Monothelitism was condemned, 649. Eastern general ones: 1st, of Nice, against Arius, when the Nicene creed was composed, 325; 2d, of Constantinople, 381; 3d, of Ephesus, 431; 4th, of Chalcedon, 451; 5th, of Constantinople, 553; 6th of ditto, 600. Western general: 1st, Lateran, 1122; 2d, ditto, 1139; 3d, ditto, 1175; 4th, ditto, 1215; 5th, ditto, 1517: 1st of Lyons, 1255; 2d, ditto, 1274; of Vienna, 1311; of Pisa, 1409; of Constance, 1414; of Basil, 1431; of Florence, 1439; of Trent, 1545.

- Count Palatine, a title first given to university prosessors, by Charles IV emperor of Germany.

- Counties first sent members to parliament, 1258; before this the knights met only in their own counties.

- County-courts established, 896.

- Courcy of Kinsale, Irish barony, created before 1583, (name De Courcy.)

- Courcy. See De Courcy.

- Courtenay, Viscount, title of, created 1762. (name Courtenay.)

- Courtown, Irish earldom of, created 1762. (name Stopford.)

- Courts of Justice, the four in England, took their rise from a court established in the palace of William the Conqueror.

- Covent-Garden begun by the earl of Bedford, 1633.

- Coventry, earldom of, created 1697. (name Coventry.)

- Coventry bishopric founded, 656; abbey founded, 1043; lady Godiva rode naked through the town, 1057.

- Coventry act passed, 1670; to prevent malicious maiming or wounding, so called from a like attempt on Sir John Coventry. See Charles II.

- Coverham-abbey, Yorkshire, built in the end of the 12th century.

- Cowes-castle, Isle of Wight, built, 1540.

- Cowling-castle, Kent, built about 1401.

- Cowper, Earldom of, created 1717. (name Cowper.)

- Cranborn priory, Dorsetshire, founded, 980.

- Cranston, Scots barony of, created 1611. (name Cranston)

- Craven, of Hamstead-Marshal, barony of, created 1665. (name Craven.)

- Crawford, Scots earldom of, created 1368. (name Crawford.)

- Crayons, art of fixing them, discovered by Loriot, of Paris, 1748.

- Creak priory, Norfolk, built, 1206.

- Creation of the world, Oct. 13, 4004 before Christ.

- Credit, public, so low, that debentures and government bills were at 50 per cent. discount, 1669. See Paper Credit.

- Crediton, Devon, an archbishopric till about 1050; burnt (460 houses) 1743; again (39 houses) May 1, 1773.

- Creed, the Lord's prayer, and Commandments, translated into the Saxon language by order of Alfred, 761.

- Crete inhabited originally by the Idaei, Dactyli and Curetes: It was little known till the reign of Minos, 1432; was a branch of the Roman empire, 62 before Christ; taken by the Saracens, 812; became the property of the Venetians, 1204, and from them was taken by the Turks, 1669.

- Crickaith-castle, Caernarvonshire, built, 1200.

- Crisp, Edward, esq. of Bury, cut and mangled, 1729.

- Croisade, or holy war, between the Christians and Mahometans, 1095; which in the end cost the lives of 200,000,000 of men, without the acquisition even of Jerusalem to the church: it was occasioned by Peter the Hermit, and others, stirring up all ranks of people to relieve the Christians in the Holy Land, under a notion that the world would soon be at an end, and of our Lord's return upon earth. A second croisade undertaken by Louis VII. of France, 1145; a third, under Richard I. of England, 1190; a fourth, under Philip II. of France, 1204; a fifth, under Louis IX. of France, against Egypt, 1248; the last, under Louis IX. against Tunis, where Louis lost his life, 1270. See Millennium, Rem. Occur. anno 1189.

- Cromwell, Oliver, born at Huntingdon, April 25, 1599; made a colonel, 1643; made Lord Lieutenant, and went over to Ireland with his army, July, 1649, which he almost subdued; returned, May, 1650; made general of the army, June 21 following, having taken near 7000 prisoners at the battle of Worcester; he sold them for slaves to the Americans; made protector for life, December 12, 1653; was near being killed, by falling from a coach-box, October, 1654; elected king, but refused the title, May 8, 1657; died of the gout in his stomach at Whitehall, September 3, 1658; leaving his son Richard his successor; his carcase hung up at Tyburn, Dec. 2, 1660.

- Cromwell, Richard, proclaimed protector on the death of his father, September 3, 1658; deposed, April 22, 1659; died in England, July 13, 1712, aged 85. See Charles II.

- Cronstadt built by Peter I. 1704.

- Crook, Japhet, his ears cut off in the pillory for forgery, 1731.

- Cross, The sign of, first used by Christians, as a mark of distinction, about 110; that of our Saviour found on Mount Calvary, 326.

- Crossed friars, their order founded, 1169.

- Crown, the first Roman that wore one was Tarquin I. 616 before Christ; first used in England, 872; the triple one, or Tiara, first worn by pope Urban V. 1364; before, the popes wore only one with two circles. Hormisdas was the first pope that put a crown to it at all, about 553; Boniface VIII. added the second, 1303.

- Crownpoint taken by the English, 1759.

- Croxton-abbey, Staffordshire, built, 1180.

- Croyland-abbey, Lincolnshire, founded by Ethelbald, king of Mercia, 718; destroyed by the Danes, 867; rebuilt, 945.

- Cry, Irish, which alarmed all England, 1688. It took its rise from this: Some Irish soldiers having broke into a countryman's house, a neighbour ran off for London, crying, as he went, that the Irish had risen, were firing of houses, and destroying men, women, and children; this, at a time when a revolution was taking place, occasioned such an alarm, that it soon spread over the whole kingdom, and every one took up arms, dreading an invasion of the Irish.

- Cuba, Island of, discovered, 1494; settled, 1511.

- Cucumbers. See Melons.

- Cullen, Irish viscount, title of, created 1642. (name Cockaine.)

- Cummer-abbey, Merionethshire, built, 1200.

- Cup, Sacramental, restored to the laity by parliament, 1547.

- Curfew bell established, 1068, which, to prevent fires, obliged people to put out their fire and candle at eight in the evening, when the bell rung; abolished, 1100.

- Curls, Artificial, called heart-breakers, used by the ladies in Charles II.'s reign.

- Currant-trees first brought into England from Zante, 1533.

- Custom becomes law, where it can be traced back to 1189.

- Custom-house, London, first built, 1559; present one, 1718.

- Customs on exports and imports first collected in England, about 979; first granted, 1274; farmed for many years for 20,000 l. till 1590; farmed for 390,00 l. 1666; amounted to 557,752 l. 1688; to 1,260,000 l. in 1743, and are now 2,000,000 l.

- Cutters, weavers who cut their masters looms, hanged for rioting, December, 1769.

- Cyprus was subject to the Greeks, from 716 till 1191, when it was taken by Richard I. of England; taken by the Venetians, 1473, and from them by the Turks, 1571.

- Cyrene, a part of Africa, now the Desart of Barca.

D

- DACRE, Barony of, created 1297. (name Barret.)

- Dacre-castle, Cumberland, built before 925.

- Daicles was the first person crowned at the Olympic games, 752 before Christ.

- Dalhousie, Scotch earldom of, created 1633. (name Bruce.)

- Damien. See Louis XV.

- Dancing to time invented by the Curetes, who danced in their armour, 1534 before Christ.

- Danegelt, a land tax, first established by Ethelred II. 1002; abolished by Stephen, 1136.

- Danes, their first descent upon England, at Portland, 787; their second, in Northumberland, 794, when they were repelled, and perished by shipwreck. They landed on Shepy island, 832; again, in Cornwall, and were defeated by Egbert, 836; again, at Charmouth, Dorsetshire, from 35 ships, and stood their ground, 837; defeated Ethelwolf, 840; landed at the mouth of the Thames, from 350 vessels, and took Canterbury and London, 851; subdued by Eghelwolf at Okeley, in Surrey, 853; invaded Northumberland, and seized York, 867; defeated Ethelred, and his brother Alfred, at Basing and Merton, 871: surprized Warham castle, and took Exeter, 876; took Chippenham, 877; 120 of their ships wrecked at Swanwich, Dorsetshire, 877; 1205 of them killed by Odun, earl of Devon, 878; Alfred entered into treaty with them, 882; their fleet totally destroyed at Apuldore, by Alfred, 894; invaded Anglesey, 900; submitted to Edward the Elder, 921; invaded Dorsetshire, 982; landed again in Essex, 991, and were bribed to quit the kingdom; their fleet defeated, 992; fresh invasions by them near Bristel, and in Kent, and had 24,000l. given them to depart, 998; numbers of them massacred, by order of Ethelred II. November 13, 16002; continued their ravages, and defeated the English at Ipswich, 1010; took Canterbury, and put nine out of ten of the inhabitants to death, 1011; settled in Scotland, 1020; expelled England, 1041; landed again at Sandwich, 1047, and carried off great plunder to Flanders; joined the Northumbrians, burnt York. and slew 3000 Normans, 1069; invaded England again, but, bribed by William I. quitted it, 1074.

- Dangerfield, whipped, and his eye struck out for a libel, 1685.

- Daniel sent captive to Babylon, 606; interpreted Nebuchadnezzar's dream, 603; cast into the den of lions, 538; from a vision, predicted the Persian empire under Alexander, 534 before Christ.

- Danish fleet wrecked at Swanwich, Dorset, when 120 ships were lost, 877.

- Dantzick taken by the Swedes in 1734; by the Prussians, 1773.

- Darkness at Rome at noon day, 291; ditto at London, so as not to read, Jan. 12, 1769.

- Darlington-castle, Devon, built, 1123.

- Darlington, Earldom of, created 1754. (name Vane.)

- Darnley, Lord, great grandson of Henry VII. both 1547; married Mary, queen of Scots, 1563, and took the title of king Henry; headed the assassins of David Rizzio, 1566; murdered, by being blown up, February 10, 1567. See Mary, queen of Scots.

- Darnley, Irish earldom of, created 1725. (name Bligh.)

- Dantford priory, Kent, founded, 1372.

- Dartmouth burnt by the French, 1355.

- Dartmouth, Earldom of, created 1770. (name Dawson.)

- David succeeded Saul on the throne of Israel, 1055; committed adultery with Bathsheba, 1035; reproved by Nathan, 1034; married Bathsheba, 1033; died 1015 before Christ, aged 70.

- Dauphin of France, Lewis, poisoned, Dec. 24, 1415; John, his brother, that succeeded him, poisoned, April 16, 1416.

- Dauphiny, ceded by the Dauphin of Vienna, 1343; anneved to the crown of France, on condition the king's eldest son should be stiled Dauphin, 1349.

- Davington nunnery, Kent, built, 1153.

- Davis's Streights discovered, 1585.

- Deal-castle, built by Henry VIII.

- Dearth, 1094; so great in England and France, that a quarter of wheat was sold for almost 20 s. as much as 6 l. now, which was followed by a pestilential fever that carried off multitudes of people, 1193, 1194, 1195; another, 1222; another, with a murrain, 1251; another, when wheat sold for 40 s. a quarter, as much as 8 l. now, 1315; wheat sold for 3 l. a bushel, and the poor forced to eat horse-flesh and dogs, 1316; another great one, owing to the rains, with a murrain, 1335; two others, 1348, and 1353; again, when bread was made in many places of fern roots and ivy berries, 1438. See Rem. Occur. annis 1315, 1348, 1353.

- Death, Sudden, confidered in France as a mark of infamy and proof of damnation, 1280.

- Debenham, Suffolk, burnt, (38 houses) March, 1744.

- Debts in France were recoverable by an ordinance issued 1134, which authorised the creditor to seize the effects of a debtor, without any warrant, and pay himself: but this was corrected by a law, 1351.

- De Courcy, the privilege of standing covered before the kings of England, at their first audience, granted to that family, by John, for John de Courcy's consenting to combat with the champion of France, 1203.

- Decemviri, creation of, 450 before Christ.

- Dedications to Books, contrived, to get money, about 1600; nine or ten dedications were then customary to one book.

- Defender of the faith. See Henry VIII.

- Degrees, Academical, first introduced in the university of Paris, from whence other European universities borrowed their customs, before 1215. See Doctor.

- Delawar, Earldom of, created 1761. (name West.)

- Deloraine, Scots earldom of, created 1706. (name Scott.)

- Delphos, Temple of, burnt 548 before Christ.

- Deluge, general, threatened in the year of the world, 1536; began Sunday, December 7, in the year of the world, 1656, i. e. 2348 before Christ, Noah being then about 600 years old. The ark rested upon Mount Ararat. Wednesday, May 6, 2347 before Christ: the tops of the mountains appeared, Sunday, July 19. Noah removed the covering of the ark, Oct. 23; left it, Friday, Dec. 18, having been in it 377 days.

- Deluge of Ogyges, from which Attica lay waste above 200 years, till the coming of Cecrops out of Egypt, 1796 before Christ; Deluge of Decucalion in Thessaly, about 1896 before Christ; an inundation only, so called from its happening in the reign of Deucalion king of Lyconia.

- Demerary and Issequibo in South America, taken from the Dutch by Sir George Rodney, March 14, 1781.

- De Montant of Haverden, Irish barony, created 1776. (Maude.)

- Denbigh-castle built, 1280; abbey built, 1330.

- Denbigh, Earldom of, created 1622. (name Fielding.)

- Denmark, Christian, king of, visited England, 1523; a succeeding king ditto, 1605; the same again, 1614; Christian VII. ditto, August, 1768.

- Denmark, Matilda, queen of, sister to George III. of England, died at Zell, May 10, 1775, aged 23.

- Denmark, Prince George of, husband to queen Anne, visited England, 1669; died of an asthma and dropsy, Oct. 28, 1708, aged 55. See queen Anne.

- Denmark, the ancient kingdom of the Goths, its first king reigned, 714; embraced Christianity, 940. and bishops first appointed; united with the crown of Norway, 1412, and with Sweden, 1497; separated from Sweden, when Gustavus Vasa was elected king, 1528; Lutheranism made a rapid progress about the same time; crown of, made hereditary, and absolute, 1660; revolution of, January 17, 1772; elephant, order of, instituted about 1478. See Norway, Copenhagen.

- Derby, Earldom of, created 1485. (name Stanley.)

- Derby, James, earl of, beheaded at Bolton, for opposing Cromwell, October 15, 1651.

- Derby, chartered by Charles I.

- Derwentwater, earl of, and lord Kenmuir, beheaded on Tower-hill, Feb. 24, 1716, for taking part in the rebellion of 1715.

- Desart, Irish viscount, title of, created 1780. (name Cuffe.)

- Desmond, Thomas, earl of, beheaded in Ireland, 1463.

- Desmond, Irish earldom of, created 1622. (name Fielding.)

- Deucalion. See Deluge.

- De Vesei of Abbeyleix, Irish viscount, created 1•76. (Vesey.)

- Devizes-castle built, 1136.

- Devonshire, dukedom of, created 1694. (name Caven•h.)

- Dials. See Sun-dial, Clocks.

- Diamond, the first, cut by De Berguen, of Bruge•, 1489.

- Diana, Temple of, at Ephesus, burnt by the Amazons, about 1182; again, by Erostratus, in order to perpetuate his name, 356 before Christ; again, by the Goths, in their third naval invasion, about 256.

- Dice invented by Palamedes about the time of the Trojan war.

- Dictator, the first, at Rome, 497 before Christ.

- Dieppe, laid in ashes by the English, July 14, 1694.

- Digby, Sir Everard, born 1581; hanged with other conspirators in the powder plot, Jan. 30, 1606.

- Digby, Barony of, created 1765. (name Digby)

- Dinevor, Barony of, created 1780. (name Talbot.)

- Dionfield, Derbyshire, chartered, 1670.

- Dionisius, St. priory, Hants, built by Henry I. about 1124. It was a priory of black canons.

- Dispensations first granted by the pope, 1200.

- Dispensing power of the crown exerted by James II. 1686; re-assumed, to lay an embargo on corn, 1767.

- Dissenters first separated from the church of England, 1571; bill for relief of, passed the House of Commons, May 8, 1772, but rejected by the Lords.

- Distaff, the art of spinning with it at the small wheel, first taught to English woman by Bonavisa, an Italian, 1505.

- Distilling. See Chemistry.

- Divorce, there was no such thing in the republic of Rome for 250 years; the first was 229 before Christ, at which time the women were so debauched, that 3000 prosecutions were on the roll for adultery. A bill was presented by the Lord Chancellor to the House of Lords, to make divorces and separations more easy, 1539, but was dropped.

- Doctor, The degree of, first given in England, 1207; in music, first given in our universities, 1463.

- Doddington Indiaman wrecked, 250 leagues east of the Cape, July 17, 1755; 247 perished.

- Dolwyddelan-castle, Caernarvonshire, built, 500.

- Domingo, St. discovered by Columbus, 1492.

- Dominica discovered by Columbus, Nov. 3, 1493.

- Dominicans, their order founded by St. Dominick, a Spaniard, 1215.

- Dan, The title of, first taken by the kings of Spain in the middle of the 8th century.

- Donatists, who admitted of no church but the African, arose under Donatus, 311; afterwards united themselves with the Arians, and continued above 300 years.

- Doncaster, earldom of, created 1662. (name Scot.)

- Donegall, Irish earldom of, created 1647. (name Chichester.)

- Doneraile, Irish barony of, created 1776. (name Sentleger.)

- Doomesday book, which contained a survey of the kingdom, began 1080; finished, 1086.

- Dorchester, Oxfordshire, chartered by Charles I.; burnt August, 1613.

- Dorchester cathedral first built, 636.

- Dorislaus, Dr. agent for the parliament at the Hague, murdered by 12 English cavaliers, royalists, May 3, 1649.

- Dormer of Wenge, Barony of, created 1615. (name Dormer.)

- Dorset, Archdeaconry of, separated from Sarum, 1542.

- Dorset, Dukedom of, created 170. (name Sackville.)

- Dort, Sea broke in at, drowned 100,000 people, April 17, 1446; Synod of, began Nov. 3, 1618; ended April 19, 1619.

- Douglas, Earl, stabbed by James II. of Scotland, Feb. 22, 1452.

- Dover-castle, built by Julius Caesar; the tower of, built, 47; old church dedicated, 156; town chartered by Edward the Confessor; priory built, 1130; pier built, 1539.

- Dover, Dukedom of, created 1708. (name Douglas.)

- Dower, or the wife's thirds, a Danish custom, given by Suenon, the father of our Canute the Great, out of gratitude to the Danish ladies, who sold their jewels to ransom him when taken prisoner by the Vandals.

- Downe, Irish viscount, title of, created 1680. (name Dawney.)

- Drachm, The Roman, was equal to about 8 d. English.

- Drake, Sir Francis, set sail for his voyage round the world, 1577; died Jan. 28, 1595, aged 50.

- Drastics. See Purgatives.

- Dress. Particoloured coats were worn here in Henry I.'s reign; cloth of gold and silver worn, 1376; none permitted to wear silks or furs in Scotland but persons of rank, 1429. See Ruffs, Breeches, Perukes, Hats, Shoes, Band, Rem. Occur. annis 1376, 1467, 1558.

- Drogheda, Irish earldom of, created 1661. (name Moor.)

- Droitwich, Worcestershire, chartered by James I.

- Dronfield, Derbyshire, chartered, 1670.

- Druids, An order of men among the Britons, so called for their veneration for the Oak Dryis. Their religion sprung from that of the Antedeluvians, without either altar or sacrifice, and continued for a space of 2000 years. They acted as priests and magistrates. One of them was occasionally investest with the supreme authority. They were cruelly burnt and destroyed in the Isle of Anglesey, in defence of their country's right, by Suetonius Paulinus, the Roman governor, 60.

- Drunkenness punished with 5 s. fine, or the stocks, 1605.

- Dublin city, wall built, about 838; stormed by Dermod, 1171; its first charter granted, 1173; castle built, 1220; mayor of, first made from a provost, 1407; its university founded, 1591; students admitted, January, 1594; mayor honoured with the title of lord, 1665; parliament house begun, 1729; finished, 1739; cost 40,000l. See Armagh, Hospital, Academies.

- Ducat, a piece of money so called, took its name from the dukes in Spain, having a power to coin in the 6th century.

- Ducie, Barony of, created 1763. (name Morton.)

- Dudley, Edmund, and Epsom, ministers to Henry VII. fell a sacrifice to popular resentment in the reign of Henry VIII and were beheaded, Aug. 28, 1510.

- Dudley, lord Guildford, son of Dudley Duke of Northumberland, married lady Jane Grey, grandaughter of Henry VII. by her mother's side, 1553; condemned and beheaded with her, after queen Mary's accession, for espousing his wife's claim to the crown, Feb. 12, 1554. See Grey, Northumberland.

- Dudley, Barony of, created 1307. (name Smith.)

- Dudley and Ward, Viscount, title of, created 1763. (name Ward.)

- Dudley-castle, Staffordshire, built about 700; priory founded for Cluniac monks, 1161.

- Duelling and knight-errantry took their rise from judicial combats; forbidden in France, in civil matters, 1305; appointed in France, in order to have the judgment of God in particular cases, as whether one gentleman had been familiar with the other's wife, 1454; punished in France, 1663; introduced into England, 1587. See Chivalry, Combats.

- Duke, Title of, first given in England to Edward, son of Edward III. March 17, 1336; quite extinct, 1572.

- Dulwich-college, founded by Alleyn the player, 1619.

- Dumfries, Scots earldom of, created 1633. (name Macdoual.)

- Dunbar, built 1187 before Christ.

- Dunblain, Scots viscount, title of, created 1673. (name Osborne.)

- Dundonald, Scots earldom of, created 1669. (name Cochran.)

- Dungannon, Irish viscount, title of, created 1766. (name Trevor.)

- Dunkirk taken by the English, June 24, 1658; sold to the French for 219,000l. October 17, 1662; delivered up to England, to be demolished, July 7, 1712; the bason, &c. destroyed under the inspection of English engineers, 1763 and 1764.

- Dunmore, Scots earldom of, created 1686. (name Murray.)

- Dunmow priory, in Essex, built, 1110

- Dunnington-castle, Berks, built before Edward II.

- Dunoon-castle, Scotland, possessed by the English, 1334.

- Dunstable priory founded, 1132.

- Dunstaffage-castle, Scotland, built before 1307.

- Dunstanborough-castle, Northumberland, the seat of one of Henry the II.'s sons; priory founded, 1280.

- Durham bishopric first founded, 635; removed from Lindisfarne to Durham 1000; monastery built, 1073; first cathedral founded, and archdeaconry erected, 995; present cathedral began building, 1093; finished, 1242; deanry founded, 1541; made a county palatine, 1552; town incorporated, 1576; act passed to enable the city and county to send members to parliament, 1672.

- Dying woollen cloth, Art of, brought from the Low Countries by Brewer, in James II.'s reign.

- Dynasty, or family reign of the shepherd kings; the 17th began, 1827; the 18th, 1724; the 19th, 1376, which lasted 194 years; the 21st Egyptian of the Tanites began, 1003; the 22d of the Bubastites began, 874; 23d, 825, 24th, 781; 25th, Ethiopian, 737; 26th, of the Saites, 693 before Christ. See China.

- Dysert, Scots earldom of, created 1646. (name Talmash.)

E.

- EARL MARSHAL, the first, 1383, in the person of Thomas lord Mowbray, created duke of Norfolk, in 1397; given to the Howards, 1483.

- Earl, The dignity of, first given in England to Alfred, afterwards king of England.

- Earth, proved to be flatted towards the poles, 1737.

- Earthen vessels, the art of making them invented by Epimetheus, 1715 before Christ; earthen ware invented in Italy, 1310.

- Earthquake, one in Asia that overturned 12 cities, 17.

- One that swallowed up Nicomedia and several neighbouring cities, 120.

- One in Macedonia that swallowed up 150 cities, 357.

- Terrible one, with an inundation round the Mediterranean; 50,000 persons were drowned at Alexandria, July 1, 365.

- One from the month of September to that of November, which swallowed up several cities in Europe, 394.

- One swallowed up several villages in the neighbourhood of Cybyra, 417.

- One swallowed up several cities in Palestine, 419.

- One at Constantinople, attended with fire, pestilence, and famine, that overthrew its walls and 17 towers, Sept. 17, 446.

- One that almost destroyed the city of Antioch, Sept. 14, 458.

- One at Constantinople, that lasted 40 days, and overturned several edifices, 480.

- One at Antioch, that destroyed that and several other cities, 526.

- Another at Antioch, that swallowed up 4800 inhabitants, 528.

- One at Constantinople, 552.

- One at Rome and Constantinople, that overthrew many houses, 557.

- Earthquakes.

- One that shook France, Germany, and Italy, and threw down St. Paul's at Rome, April 801.

- One throughout all England, followed by a great scarcity of fruit and a late harvest, 1090.

- One in Shropshire, 1110.

- One in December, 1116.

- One in September, 1120.

- One, just as king Henry was about to embark for Normandy, when flames of fire burst out of certain riffs of the earth with great violence, Aug. 2, 1134.

- One that swallowed up the city of Catania, and more than 15,000 souls, 1137.

- One that overthrew the church of Lincoln, and others, 1185.

- A dreadful one, Feb. 14, 1428.

- One in Somersetshire, 1249.

- One at St. Albans, 1250.

- General one, that threw down St. Michael's on the hill, without Glastonbury, 1274.

- The greatest ever known in England, Nov. 14, 1328.

- Several churches thrown down by one, May 21, 1382.

- A very dreadful one, accompanied with thunder and lightning, Sept. 28, 1426.

- Another, 1661.

- The city of Catania destroyed by one, and an eruption of Etna, with the loss of 60,000 inhabitants, 1682.

- In many parts of England, 1683.

- One in 1692.

- One felt in England, France, and Germany; 100,000 perished by it in Sicily, and the chief town in Jamaica was destroyed, Sept. 1693.

- One at China, when near 400,000 persons were lost, 1699.

- One at Rome, 1703.

- One at China, 1718.

- One at Naples, March 20, 1732, when 2000 persons were destroyed.

- One in the beginning of this century, that lay waste the whole country of Peru in a quarter of an hour, 300 leagues long and 90 wide.

- One that swallowed Lima and Callao in Peru, Oct. 28, 1746.

- Two in London, Feb. 8, and March 8, 1750.

- One that destroyed 4000 persons at Philippoli in Romania, Feb. 1750.

- One that destroyed 2000 houses, &c. in the island of Metylene, in the Archipelago, May 27, 1755.

- One that destroyed Lisbon and 70,000 inhabitants, Nov. 1, 1755.

- One in the Azores, July, 1757.

- One in Tripoli, 1759.

- A terrible one in Syria, Oct. 30, 1760.

- Dreadful one at Constantinople, that buried 880 persons, May 22, 1766.

- At Martinico, August, 1767, where 1600 persons lost their lives.

- At Altdorf, Switzerland, September 10, 1774;

- At Gualtimala, that buried the city, July 6, 1774.

- A dreadful one at Smyrna, when numbers lost their lives, July 3, 1778.

- See Rem. Occur. anno 1179.

- Easby-abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1152.

- Easter established about 68; the cycle or time of keeping Easter first calculated for 532 years, by Victorius, 463.

- East-India house erected, 1726. See Indies.

- East-Loo, Cornwall, incorporated, 1587.

- East-Retford, Nottinghamshire, chartered anew by James I.

- Easter Island discovered, 1722.

- Eastland Company, who trade to Norway, Sweden, &c. erected, 1585.

- Ebion, the head of the Ebionites, appeared, 79. He denied the divinity of Christ, and the virginity of his mother.

- Eclipse, the first of the moon upon record, 40 min. after 8 in the evening, March 19, 720 before Christ. The first observer of their revolutions was Calippus of Athens, who flourished 336 before Christ.

- Edda, The, was the religious code of the Runic mythology.

- Edels, New-Holland, Land of, discovered by the Dutch, 1619.

- Edgar Atheling, son of Edward, the only son of Edmund •. nephew to Edward the Confessor, and after him, only heir to the crown of England, but deprived of it by the usurper Harold II. On the death of Harold, he resigned the crown to William I. He married a princess of Scotland, and died after 1120, aged 70. From this Edgar is lineally descended George III. See George III. William I. Henry I.

- Edgar, brother and successor of Edwy, began his reign, 959; obliged by Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury, not to wear his crown for seven years, for carrying off Editha, a nun, and ravishing her; stabbed Athelwold, and married his wife, Elfrida; destroyed the wolves, with which the country was over-run, by demanding of the Welch a yearly tribute of wolves heads, 971; obliged eight of his tributary princes in Wales to row him in a barge on the river Dee, 973; crowned at Axminster, 973; he was a bigot to monkery, built 47 monasteries, and left two sons and a daughter; died 975, aged 32; buried at Glastonbury, and was succeeded by his son, Edward the martyr.

- Edgecumbe, Viscount, title of, created 1781. (name Edgecombe.)

- Edinburgh-castle, supposed to be built by Edwin king of Northumberland, in the 9th century; city taken by the English, 1296; built, 1544; university founded, 1580.

- Edmund I. brother and successor of Athelstan, began to reign, 941, aged 18; killed by a ruffian, whom he struck at an entertainment, 948; buried at Glastenbury, and succeeded by his brother, Edred, his own children being too young.

- Edmund II. stiled Ironside, on account of his strength, son of Ethelred II. married the widow of Sigefert, a Danish nobleman, who was put to death in 1015; succeeded his father on the throne, 1016, aged 27, but was opposed by Canute, who was crowned by the other party. After many battles, it was a•eed to divide the kingdom between them; but E•nund was soon after murdered at Oxford by two of his chamberlains, 1017, and Canute, king of Denmark, succeeded, Edmund's son being then abroad. See Edgar Atheling, Ethelred II.

- Edred succeeded his brother, Edmund I. on the throne, 948; died of a Quinsey, 955; buried at Winton, and was succeeded by his nephew, Edwy, son to Edmund I.

- Edward the Elder, second son of Alfred, succeeded his father on the throne, 900; he encouraged learning, founded the university of Cambridge, and enlarged his dominions in Wales and Scotland by conquest; died at Faringdon, 925; buried at Winton, and was succeeded by his natural son Athelstan. He left 15 children, sons and daughters; one daughter married Charles king of France, another Otho, emperor of Germany; another, Louis, king of Provence; another, Gormon III. king of Denmark.

- Edward the Martyr, eldest son of Edgar, by a first marriage, succeeded to his father's crown, 975, aged 15; stabbed by order of his step-mother, Elfrida, who opposed his succession in favour of her own son, Ethelred, 979; buried at Shaftesbury, and was succeeded by his brother-in-law, Ethelred II. Elfrida's son.

- Edward the Confessor, youngest and 7th son of Ethelred II. by his second wife Emma, succeeded his half-brother Hardicanute on the throne, 1041; married Editha, daughter of earl Godwin, 1043; supported Malcolm, heir to the crown of Scotland, against Macbeth the usurper, 1054 (see Macbeth). He caused the Saxon laws to be revised and amended, and introduced the French language and customs into England. He was the first who touched for the king's evil, 1058; verbally nominated William I. to be his successor; died January 5, 1066, aged 65; buried in Westminster-abbey, and succeeded by Harold II. son of Godwin. See Edgar Atheling.

- Edward I. eldest son of Henry III. born June 16, 1239; married Eleanor, princess of Castile, 1255; taken prisoner by the rebel army, 1264; released on ignominious terms, 1265; obtained a complete victory over the barons at Eversham, August 4, following; wounded in the holy land by an assassin, 1271; succeeded to his father's crown, November 16, 1272; landed in England, July 25, 1274; crowned at Westminster, August 19, following; went and did homage to the king of France, for the duchy of Guienne, 1279; subdued Wales, 1283; went to France, summer, 1286; returned, August, 1289; buried his queen, 1291; subdued Scotland and sent king Baliol to the Tower, 1296; married Margaret, sister to the king of France, Sept. 12, 1299; died of a flux at Burgh in Cumberland, July 7, 1307; was buried at Westminster, and succeeded by his fourth son Edward II.

- Edward II. fourth son of Edward I. born at Caernarvon, Wales, April 25, 1284; he was the first prince of Wales; succeeded his father, July 7, 1307; went to France, and married Isabella, the king's daughter, 1308; by mal-administration he brought on a civil war, owing to his favourites the Spensers (see Spensers); obliged by the barons to vest the government of the kingdom in 12 persons, March 16, 1308; went to Bulloign on a pilgrimage, December 13, 1313; resigned the dominion of Guienne to his son, then aged 13, 1325; dethroned by his queen, January 13, 1327; and was succeeded by his son, Edward III. murdered at Berkeley-castle, at the instance of Mortimer, the queen's paramour, by running a red hot iron up his fundament, September 21, following, and buried in St. Peter's, Glocester.

- Edward III. eldest son of Edward II. born at Windsor, November 15, 1312; succeeded his father, January 13, 1327; crowned February 1, following; being a minor, the queen dowager and Mortimer governed 'till 1330; and by their intrigues the earl of Kent was falsely accused and condemned (see Kent); but the king afterwards confined his mother, and put Mortimer to death (see Mortimer); he next reduced Scotland, and took the king prisoner; married Philippa, daughter of the earl of Hainault, January 24, 1328; did homage for Guienne to the king of France at Amiens, 1337; took the title of king of France; was acknowledged so by the Flemings, and the old French historians allow his title to be good; quartered the arms of France, the fleurs de lys, which anciently were spears, and added the motto, Dieu et mon droit, 1339 (See Motto); challenged the French king to single combat, 1340; chosen emperor of Germany, which he refused, August, 1348; fought in single combat with a Frenchman at Calais, and conquered, January 1, 1349; instituted the order of the Garter, the same year; defeated the French at Poictiers, and took the king and his son prisoners, 1356; buried his mother, Isabella, 1358; the king of France imprisoned in Hereford castle, 1359 (see Edward the black prince); Edward embarked with 100,000 men for Calais, Oct. 28 following; raised the siege of Paris, April 1360, when a storm near Chartres destroyed 1000 men and 6000 horses; king of France ransomed for 3,000,000 of crowns, July following; the kings of France, England, Scotland, and Cyprus, entertained by Sir Henry Picard, lord mayor of London, at his own house, Jan. 4, 1365; Edward died of a cingle at Richmond, June 21, 1377; buried at Westminster, and was succeeded by his grandson, Richard II. son to Edward the black prince.

- Edward the black prince (so called from his black hair and his armour), son of Edward III. born June 15, 1330; married his cousin, Joanna, countess dowager of Holland, daughter of the earl of Kent, who was beheaded, 1361; made prince of Aquitaine, 1362; brought the king of France prisoner to England, from the battle of Poictiers, 1336, who was ransomed for 3,000,000 of crowns; but as his son, one of his hostages, would not continue in England, the king returned a prisoner, and died in London; made an expedition into Castile, 1367; died 1376.

- Edward IV. a descendant of the duke of Clarence, Edward III.'s second son, and fifth cousin of Henry VI. who was descended from the duke of Lancaster, Edward III.'s third son, born Sept 1442; elected king when Henry VI. was deposed, Mar. •, 1461: crowned, June 29, following; privately married lady Elizabeth Gray, widow of Sir John Gray, of Grafton, Bucks, 1464; the valour of this prince was, unfortunately for the times, turned against his own subjects; he was taken prisoner by the Earl of Warwick, March, 1470, but escaped soon after; expelled the kingdom, 1470, and Henry VI. restored to his crown, after six years imprisonment; Edward returned, as duke of York, March 25, 1471; beat the earl of Warwick at Barnet (see Battle of Barnet); was restored, and king Henry VI. sent to the Tower; died April 9, 1483, at Westminster, and was succeeded by his son, Edward V. This king understood and loved trade so well, that he carried it on to his own private use; he used also to preside in the court of King's Bench, and has done so three days together. See Edward son of Henry VI. Battle of Tewksbury.

- Edward, son of Henry VI. murdered by Clarence and Glocester, in presence of Edward IV. May 21, 1471, aged 18. See Battle of Tewksbury.

- Edward V. son of Edward IV. born 1470; succeeded his father, April 9, 1483, Richard duke of Glocester, protector; conveyed to the Tower, May, 1483; deposed, June 20 following, and, with his brother, the duke of York, smothered in the To•er soon after, by order of his uncle, Richard III. who succeeded him. See Inundation

- Edward VI. son of Henry VIII. by Jane Seymour, his third queen, born October 12, 1537; succeeded his father, January 28, 1547, his uncle the duke of Somerset, protector; crowned, Sunday, Feb. 20 following; settled the crown on lady Jane Grey, May, 1553; died of a consumption at Greenwich, July 6, following, and was succeeded by his sister, Mary. See Somerset, Gray, lady Jane.

- Edwin, king of Northumberland, the first Christian king, succeeded R•dwald as eighth monarch of Britain, 624; killed in battle, 633, aged 46; buried at Whitby, Yorkshire, and was succeeded by Oswald, his nephew, king of Northumberland.

- Edwy, son to Edmund I. succeeded his uncle, Edred, 955, aged 17; resigned part of his kingdom, Northumberland and Mercia, to his brother, Edgar; died of grief, 959; buried at Winton, and was succeeded by Edgar.

- Edystone light-house, built in 1690; blown down, 1703; burnt, 1759; rebuilt, 1760; burnt again, 1770; rebuilt, 1774.

- Essingham, Earldom of, created 173d. (name Howard.)

- Egbert, son of Woden, the father of the English monarchy, began his reign as king of Wesse•, 800; conquered Mercia, 819; and every other of the seven kingdoms, and became sovereign of all England, south of the Humber, and called it England, 827; drove the Danes out of Britain, 836; died 838, and was succeeded by his son, Ethelwolf.

- Egfrid, succeeded his father Offa, as 17th king of Britain, 798; died the same year, after reigning six months; buried at St. Alban's, and was succeeded by Kenulf, 13th king of Mercia.

- Eglington, Scots earldom of, created 1503. (name Montgomery.)

- Eglington, Lord, attempting to take away a man's gun for poaching in his manor, was shot by him, 1769.

- Egmont, Irish earldom of, created 1733. (name Perceval.)

- Egmont, Count, beheaded at Brussels, 1568, which so enraged the Netherlanders, so that nothing could appease them, till they had shaken off the Spanish yoke.

- Egremont-castle, Cumberland, built, 1070.

- Egremont, Earldom of, created 1749. (name Wyndham.)

- Egypt, The kingdom of, began under Misraim, the son of Ham, the second son of Noah, 2188 before Christ, and lasted 1663 years; reduced to a province, 31; conquered by the Turks, 1517.

- Eldon, Norfolk, burnt (50 houses) June 4, 1752.

- Eleanor, the divorced wife of Louis king of France, married Henry II. 1152; died 1204.

- Eleanor, queen of Edward I. died on her journey to Scotland, at Herby, Lincolnshire, 1290, and was buried at Westminster,

- Eleanor, queen of Henry III. died in a monastery at Ambresbury, about 1292.

- Elections. See Bribery.

- Electricity, First idea of, given by two globes of brimstone, by Ottoguericke, 1467; electric shock discovered at Leyden by Cuneus, 1746; that it would fire spirits first known, 1756.

- Elegiac verse invented by Callinus of Ephesus, who flourished about 776 before Christ.

- Eleusinian mysteries, first introduced at Athens, by Eumolpus, 1356 before Christ; extinguished soon after 364.

- Elgin, Scots earldom of, created 1633. (name Bruce.)

- Elibank, Scots barony of, created 1643. (name Murray.)

- Elizabeth, queen of Henry VII. died in childbed, 1503.

- Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII. by his second queen, Ann Bulleyn, born, September 7, 1533, and created princess of Wales soon after; declared illegitimate, 1536; restored by parliament to her right of succession, 1544; that right set aside in favour of lady Jane Grey, 1553; imprisoned in the Tower, by queen Mary, 1554; ditto at Woodstock, 1554; released at the intercession of king Philip, April 9, 1555; succeeded her half-sister, Mary, on the throne, November 17, 1558; crowned at Westminster, January 15, 1559; succoured the Protestants in France, 1568; invited them to England, which gave birth to sundry manufactures, 1569; excommunicated by the pope for her zeal in the protestant cause, which caused a rising of the papists, who were soon suppressed; agreed to marry the duke of Anjou, brother to Charles IX. of France, but receded, 1581; a conspiracy formed to assassinate her, by one Ballard, &c. which failed, 1586; died melancholy at Richmond, March 24, 1603; buried at Westminster, and was succeeded by her third cousin, James VI. of Scotland. See Mary queen of Scots, Conspiracies.

- Elizabeth, sister to George III. born 1740, died 1759.

- Ell, The ancient (from ulna or arm) which is the modern yard, established by Henry I. from the length of his own arm.

- Ella, a Saxon general, invited by Hengist, and his successor in the monarchy, came over from Germany, landed at Whitering in Sussex, and established the kingdom of South Saxony, 477; and was thus first king of Sussex; became second king of Britain, 480; died, 514, and was succeeded in the monarchy by Cerdic.

- Elphinston, Scots barony of, created 1509. (name Elphinston.)

- Eli•neur, in Denmark, built two years after Christ.

- Ely, Irish earldom of, created 1771. (name Loftus.)

- Esy cathedral built, 506; monastery destroyed by the Danes, 870; rebuilt, 1109; bishopric taken out of Lincoln, and founded, 1008; archdeaconry erected about 1125; deanry erected, 1541.

- Emanuel college, Cambridge, founded by Sir Waltor Mildmay, 1584. (14 fellows.)

- Embden East India Company established, 1750.

- Ember weeks established by Pope Urban I. about 222.

- Emma died in prison, 1052. See Ethelred II. Canute.

- Epsom. See Dudley.

- England, originally inhabited by the Britons, a branch of the ancient Gauls or Celtae; the western part, in the time of the Romans, was inhabited by the Belgae; the northern, by the Brigantes; South Wales by the Silures, and Norfolk and Suffolk by the Iceni.

- Invaded by Julius Caesar, 54 before Christ; subdued by Clandius 44, and completely so by Agricola, in 85.

- The Romans kept possession till 410.

- Conquered by the Saxons, 455, who were invited over by the ancient in habitants, and who divided it into seven kingdoms, called the Heptarchy. See Heptarchy.

- Ravaged by the Picts and Scots, 448. See Scots.

- Erected into a kingdom by Egbert, by a union of all the kingdoms of the heptarchy, near 400 years after the arrival of the Saxons, 827.

- Conquered by the Danes, 877; recovered by Alfred, 880.

- Divided into counties and hundreds, 886.

- Invaded by the Scots, who were defeated by Athelstan, 921.

- Invaded by the Welch, 984; by Sweyn, king of Denmark, 1003; again by Sweyn, and almost subdued by him, 1013.

- Invaded and defeated by the Irish, 1069; Irish landed, and were defeated, 1070.

- Invaded by Malcolm of Scotland, who burnt several churches, &c. 1071; again, 1091; again, 1093, when Malcolm and his son were killed at Alnwick.

- England.

- Invaded by Robert, duke of Normandy, 1101, by David of Scotland, 1136; again by the Welch, with success, 1136; by the Scots, 1183.

- Put under an interdict by the pope, for John's opposing his nomination to the see of Canterbury, 1206; interdict taken off, on John's submission, 1214.

- All in arms, 1215.

- Underwent a reformation in government, 1258.

- Invaded by the French, 1416.

- Invaded by Henry, duke of Richmond, August 7, 1485.

- Put under an interdict on Henry VIIIth's shaking off the pope's supremacy, 1535.

- See Egbert, Britain, Danes, Rebellion, War.

- English monarchy began in 449. See Egbert.

- Engraving on copper invented by Maso of Florence, 1460; with the hammer invented, 1592; in mezzotinto by Siegen, and perfected by the prince Robert Paletin, 1648; to represent wash invented by Barabbé, a Frenchman, 1761; crayon engraving invented at Paris by Bonnet, 1769.

- Funiskillin, Irish viscount, title of, created 1776. (name Cole.)

- Enoch, the father of Methuselah, translated to heaven, 987 of the world, aged 365; i. e. 3017 before Christ.

- Enos. See Ceremonies.

- Entailing estates introduced by statute, 1307.

- Entertainment, Places of, about London, first licenced, 1752.

- Ephesus. See Diana.

- Epiphany, Feast of, introduced, 813.

- Epirus, Kingdom of, first known in history by the great warlike atchievements of Pyrrhus, about 950 before Christ; a second Pytrhus was renowned for his wars against the Romans, 280 before Christ. (See Pyrrhus.) Epirus became a republic, 240, but was subdued by the Romans 167 before Christ. It was finally conquered by Mahomet II. 1466, and is now part of the Ottoman empire.

- Episcopacy introduced before 100; abolished in Scotland, 1638; ditto in England, 1645; restored in England, 1660; ditto in Scotland, 1661, which continued to the reign of William III.

- Epsom mineral spring, the first of the purging kind in England, discovered, about 1630.

- Era, or fixed period, from whence certain people or nations counted their years: that of Nabonassar, 747 before Christ; Philippic, or death of Alexander, 324 before Christ; of contracts, or Seleucidae, 312 before Christ; Christian, 4; of Dioclesian, or era of martyrs, 284; of Hegira, or slight of Mahomet, 622; Persian, or of Yezdegird, 632; era of Christ began to be introduced into history, 784. See Age, Hegira, Nabonassar, Jesus, Time, Seleucus.

- Ercombert, youngest son of Eadbald, by Emma, began his reign in Kent, 640; died, 665.

- Erne, Irish viscount, created 1780. (name Creighton.)

- Errol, Scots enrldom of, created 1452. (name Hay.)

- Esau, son of Isaac and Rebecca, born 1836 before Christ, Rebecca having been barren 20 years See Jacob.

- Esher Place, Surrey, built, 1414.

- Eskdale chapel, Penance at, performed on Ascension Eve annually, in commemoration of the murder of a monk, 1159.

- Esquire, or gentleman, The addition of, to a man's name was rare before 1413.

- Esse•, Hongary, abandoned by the Turks, 1687.

- Essex, Arendeaconry of, erected before 1142.

- Essex, Devereux, Earl of, struck by queen Elizabeth for his insorent behaviour in council, 1598; sent to Ireland, 1599, to subdue O'Neale's rebellion, but returning without the queen's leave, he was confined and degraded, 1600; and beheaded for stirring up the people to arms, Feb. 25, 1601.

- Essex, Thomas, Cromwell, created earl of, 1540; condemned for high treason, without a trial, and beheaded, July 28, the same year.

- Essex, Earldom of, created 1661. (name Capel.)

- Essex, Earl of, and lord Russel, committed to the Tower, for engaging in Monmouth's conspiracy, where lord Essex cut his own throat, June 21, 1683. See Russel.

- Estates; act passed for entailing them, 1307. See Tail.

- Etching invented by Carpi, and Italian, 1496; with aquafortis found out, 1535.

- Ethelbald I. king of Mercia, succeeded Ceolred as 15th king of Britain, 716; killed by his subject, near Tamworth, and buried at Repton, Derbyshire, 757; and was succeeded by his nephew, Offa.

- Ethelbald II. son and successor of Ethelwolf, married his mother-in-law, the princess of France; began to reign, in Wessex, 857; reigned two years and a half, and died, 860; buried at Sarum, and was succeeded by his brother, Ethelbert II. See Ethelwolf.

- Ethelbert II. succeeded his father Ethelwolf in Kent, 857, and his brother, in Wessex, 860; died, 866, and was succeeded, in the whole kingdom, by his brother, Ethelred. See Ethelwolf.

- Ethelbert, fifth king of Kent, succeeded Ceaulin as fixth king of Britain, 592; married Berta, daughter of Chilperic, king of France, 594, by whom he was prevailed on to turn Christian, and permit St. Augustine to settle at Canterbury; he had a second wife, who married his son after his death; died, 616, and was succeeded by Redwald, king of the East Angles.

- Ethelred, succeeded his brother, Wulfer, as 12th king of Britain, 674; his queen, Ostrid, murdered by some Mercian nobles, 697; resigned his crown, 704; turned monk, and died abbot of Bradney, 716: and was succeeded by his nephew, Kenred.

- Ethelred I. succeeded his brothers, Ethelbald and Ethelbert, 866; died of a wound received in battle against the Danes, 872; left two sons and a daughter, and was succeeded by his brother, Alfred.

- Ethelred II succeeded his brother, Edward the Martyr, and was anointed king by Dunstan, at Kingston upon Thames, aged 12, 979; married Emma, sister to Richard II. duke of Normandy, 1001; (hence the connexion with the Norman family, that afterwards seated William the Conqueror on this throne:) sled from Suenon, king of Denmark, who invaded England, into Normandy, 1013, when Suenon was proclaimed king; and soon after dying, his son Canute was proclaimed, March, 1014; but was soon after obliged to fly to Denmark; on this Ethelred, being invited back, returned; Canute also returned, and obliged his son, retire to the north, 1015; died April 23, 1016; was buried in St. Paul's, and succeeded by his son, Edmund Ironside.

- Ethelwolf, bishop of Winton, succeeded his father, Egbert, as king, 838; died 857, and left his kingdom divided between his two eldest sons, Ethelbald, and Ethelbert II. This prince established the annual tribute to the pope, called Peter-pence, for the support of the English college at Rome.

- Eton-college founded by Henry VI. 1441; rebuilt, 1569.

- Etruria, The country of, now Tuscany. See Tuscany.

- Etruscans. See Tuscany.

- Eunuchs are mentioned, Deut. xxiii. 1. and are of high antiquity both in Asia and Egypt. The first was made by order of Semiramis. See Semiramis.

- Eustatia, St. Island of, taken from the Dutch, Feb. 1781.

- Eutychians, heretics, arose 447, under Eutyches of Constantinople. They denied that Christ's body was truly human.

- Evesham-abbey, Worcestershire, built, 701; abbots Tower built, about 1520; town chartered by James I.

- Ewelm palace, Oxfordshire, built, 1424.

- Exchange, Bills of. See Bills.

- Exchange, Royal, first finished at the expence of Sir Thomas Gresham, 1569; called Royal, by queen Elizabeth, January 29, 1571; rebuilt and opened, September 28, 1669.

- Exchequer Chamber, Court of, erected by Edward III. 1359; improved by Elizabeth, 1584.

- Exchequer, Court of, instituted on the model of the Transmarine Exchequer in Normandy, 1074; Exchequer stopped payment from Jan. 2, 1673, to May following. See Courts of Juslice.

- Excise-office formed, 1643.

- Excise scheme defeated, April II, 1733.

- Exeter-castle built, about 680; city taken by Sweyn, king of Denmark, and destroyed, 1003; bishopric composed of those of Devonshire and Cornwall, 1046; cathedral built, 1060; city rebelled, 1067, and was by William the Conqueror subdued; incorporated by John; precentorship created, about 1080; archdeaconry before 1083; treasurership; about 1133; deanry and chancellorship, 1223; cathed•al begun, 1130; finished, 1485.

- Exeter-college, Oxford, founded by the bishop of Exeter, 1316. (25 fellows.)

- Exeter, Duke of, degraded from his title, and put to death for conspiring against Henry IV. 1400.

- Exeter, Marquis of, lord Montague, and Sir Nicholas Carew, beheaded (for conspiring against Henry VIII.) Dec. 21, 1538.

- Exeter, Earldom of, created 1605. (name Cecil.)

- Expedition, Grand secret, designed to make a descent on the coast of France, but after it had sailed, so much time was wasted in councils of war, that France got intelligence of it, and it returned, without executing its purpose, Sept. 1757.

- Explanation, Irish act of, passed 1665.

- Eye, Suffolk, incorporated by king John.

- Eynsham-abbey, Oxfordshire, built, 1005.

- Eyre, Justices in, the office instituted by Henry II. 1184; the last instance of their holding a court in any of the forests, is believed to have been during the reign of Charles II.

- any of Eyrecourt, Irish barony, created 1768. (name Eyre.)

F.

- FABII, 300 Romans of that name killed by the Veientes, 477 before Christ.

- Fairfax of Emley, Irish viscount, title of, created 1628. (name Fairfax.)

- Fairfax of Cameron, Scots barony, created 1627, (name Fairfax.)

- Fairs and markets first instituted in England by Alfred, about 886. The first fairs took their rise from wakes, when the number of people then assembled, brought together a variety of traders annually on those days. From these holidays they were called feriae, or fairs. See Wakes.

- Falconry, the amusement of the great in the 11th century.

- Falkland, Scots viscount, title of, created 1620. (name Carey.)

- Falkland's Isles first discovered by Vespucci, 1502; settled by the French, at the expence of Bougainvilie, Feb. 1764.

- Falmouth, viscount, title of, created 1720. (name Boscawen.)

- Famine; the beginning of that which lasted seven years, 1708 before Christ: an extraordinary one at Rome, when many persons threw themselves into the Tiber, 440 before Christ; so dreadful a one in Italy, that parents were reduced to the cruel necessity of eating their own children, 450; one in 976; another, 1005; another, 1087; another, 1193; another, 1251; another, 1315; another, 1318; another, 1335; another, 1348; another, 1389; another, 1438. See Rem. Occur. annis 1315, 1348, 1353.

- Fans, muffs, masks, and false hair, first devised by the harlots in Italy, and brought into England from France, 1572.

- Farley-castle, Somersetshire, built before 1342.

- Farnham-castle, Surrey, built by Henry, king Stephen's brother.

- Farnham, Irish viscount, created 1780. (name Maxwell.)

- Fasts established, 138.

- Fauconberg, earldom of, created 1756. (name Bellasise.)

- Faux, Guy, &c. executed for a plot, called the gunpowder plot, intended to blow up King, Lords, and Commons, while sitting in the parliament-house, January 31, 1606.

- Fencing-schools in London prohibited, as introductory to duels, 1285.

- Fenwick, Sir John, beheaded early in 1697, for conspiring against the life of William III.

- Ferrar, bishop of St. David's, burnt at Carmarthen for his religion, 1555.

- Ferrers, Earldom of, created 1711. (name Shirley.)

- Ferrers of Chartley, Barony of, created 1298. (name Townshend.)

- Ferrers, Earl of, hanged at Tyburn for shooting his servant, 1760. See Dacres, Stourton.

- Feudal law introduced, 1070. This was dividing the kingdom into baronies, giving them to certain persons, and requiring those persons to furnish the king with money, and a stated number of soldiers. It was discountenanced in France by Louis XI. about 1470; restored and limited by Henry VII. 1495; abolished by statute 12 Charles II. 1662. See Villenage.

- Feversham, of some note, 811; abbey built, 1147; Davington nunnery founded, 1153; town first chartered by Henry III.; Maison Dieux, founded by Henry III.; school erected, 1582; Mr. Arden murdered, 1550; running at old wives Lees, established, 1628.

- Fez, Kingdom of, anciently Mauritania. See Mozocco.

- Fife, Irish earldom of, created 1759. (name Duff)

- Figures, in arithmetic, introduced into Europe by the Saracens, from Arabia, 991; till then letters were used.

- Fines originated from the mercenary disposition of the courts, all punishments anciently, before the use of money, being corporal.

- Finlater, Scots earldom of, created 1637. (name Ogilvie.)

- Fire. Vide Prometheus.

- Fire engines to draw water invented, 1663; those to extinguish fire invented by Heyden, a Dutchman, 1699.

- Fire-ships first introduced in the English navy, 1588.

- Fires, Great, in London; one that burnt down 13,200 houses, &c. Sept. 2, 1666; it was supposed to be set on fire by the papists. The monument was erected in memory of it.

- At Battle-bridge, August 12, 1749

- In St. Catherine's, 1673, 1681, and 1743.

- In Cornhill, 1743, 1759, and 1765.

- In Gray's Inn, Feb. 7, 1680.

- In Inner Temple, 1717.

- At Limehouse, Dec. 1716.

- In Lincoln's Inn square, June 27, 1752.

- At Rotherhithe, June 1, 1765.

- In Southwark, 600 houses, 1676.

- In the Temple, Jan. 26, 1679.

- In Thames-street, Jan. 24, 1715.

- In Threadneedle-street, May, 1772.

- At Wapping, 1682.

- First-fruits and tenths, a tax paid by the clergy, granted by the queen for the augmentation of small livings, Feb. 7, 1704; office established, 1543.

- Fish brought to London by land carriage, 1761.

- Fisher, bishop of Rochester, born 1458; beheaded, (for denying the king's supremacy) June 22, 1535.

- Fishery, Herring, incorporated, Oct. 11, 1750.

- Fitzgerald, with five of his uncles, Irish rebels, executed at Tyburn, Feb. 3, 1537.

- Fitzharris hanged for a libel against the king, 1681.

- Fitzwilliam, Irish earldom of, created 1716. (name Fitzwilliam.)

- Fitzwilliam, viscount, title of, created 1629. (name Fitzwilliam.)

- Fitzwilliam, Barony of, created 1746. (name Fitzwilliam.)

- Five-mile act passed, October 31, 1665. This act obliged non-conformist teachers, who refused to take the non-resistance oath, not to come within five miles of any corporation where they had preached, since the act of oblivion, unless they were travelling, under the penalty of 50 l.

- Flag. See Salute.

- Flagellants, who taught whipping necessary to salvation, arose 1260.

- Flammoc, a Cornish lawyer, headed an insurrection, because they would not pay a tax; marched to London, was defeated in a battle at Blackheath, and executed, 1497.

- Flanders. See Low Countries.

- Fleet-market opened, September 50, 1737.

- Fleets, East and West India, taken by the combined fleets of France and Spain, August 9, 1780.

- Flint-castle built, and the town chartered by Edward I. 1275.

- Florence, the order of St. Stephen instituted, 1561.

- Florida discovered, 1512; ceded to the British crown, 1763. See America, Rem. Occur. anno 1597.

- Flowers, art of preserving them in sand, discovered by Boeler of Strasburg, 1633.

- Flute, The, invented by Hyagnis of Phrygia, 1506 before Christ.

- Fluxions, or differential method, first published by Leibnitz, 1684.

- Foley, of Kidderminster, Barony of, created 1776. (name Foley.)

- Fonts instituted, 167.

- Food, Animal, permitted by God, 2357 before Christ.

- Fools, Festival of, held in the cathedral at Paris, January 1, and continued for 240 years, when all forts of absurdities and indecencies were committed by the ecclesiastics, during the •lebration of the mass, 1198; it originated at Constantinople, at the Greek church, about 990.

- Forbes, Scots barony, created before 1421. (name Forbes.)

- Forbisher's Streights discovered, 1578.

- Ford-abbey, Devonshire, built, 1142.

- Forest, New, made, 1081, by William I. who for that purpose destroyed 36 parishes, and depopulated the country 30 miles round.

- Forgery, made capital, 1734.

- Fornication. See Adultery.

- Forrest, John, burnt in Smithfield, for denying the supremacy, May 22, 1538, aged 42.

- Fort St. David, India, bought by the East-India Company, 1686.

- Fortescue, of Castle Hill, Barony of, created 1746. (name Fortescue.)

- Fortescue. of Credan, Irish barony, created 1746. (name Aland.)

- Fortification, First treatise on, published by Albert Durer, 1527.

- Fortrose, Irish viscount, title of, created 1766. (name Macken•ie.)

- Fotheringhay-castle, Northamptonshire, built, 1408.

- Fountain's-abbey, Yorkshire, founded, 1204.

- Fowey, Cornwall, made a borough, 13 of Eliz.

- Framingham-castle, Suffolk, erected in the time of the Sax•ns.

- France, the country of the ancient Gauls; a colony of the Bei•e, from Germany, were permitted to settle i• it, 200 before Christ.

- Conqu•red by the Romans, 25 before Christ.

- The Goths, Vandals, Alans, and Suevi, and afterwards the Burgundi divided it amongst them, from 400 to 486.

- The Franks, from whom the French are derived, occupled part of Brabant, 130 years before the reign of Clovis.

- This is the only state in Europe that can boast a perpetual succession from the conquerors of the Western empire.

- Its first king was Pharamond, who began to reign in 418; Clovis was the first Christian king, 481.

- It was peopled by the natives of Germany, who crossed the Rhine to invade the Gauls.

- The assemblies called the States General first met, 1302, and continued to 1614.

- The English crown lost all its possessions in France, between 1341 and 1359.

- Scotch guards were ever about the king, from the reign of St. Louis, to that of Henry II. It continued through 41 reigns of France from Charlemagne.

- King of, taken prisoner by the English, 1356. See Edward the black prince.

- The taillon tax established, 1549.

- The French began to date from the birth of Christ, 1618; before they reckoned from the creation.

- Queen, Mother of, visited England, 1638.

- Law's banking scheme, something like the South Sea bubble in England, took place, 1716; destroyed, 1720.

- Francis I. taken prisoner by the Imperialists, and carried into Spain, August, 1525 (See Battle of Pavia); killed at a tilting match, 1559.

- Orders; of the Crosiers instituted, 1211; the Star, by king John, 1352; St. Michael, by Louis XI. 1469; Holy Ghost, by Henry III. 1579; Mount Carmel, by Henry IV. 1607; St. Louis, by Louis XIV. 1693.

- See Gaul, Bretagne, Most Christian King, Louis XV. Paris, Debts, Charlemagne, Catholic, Franks, Sixteen.

- Francis, St. founded the Franciscan friars, 1215; died 1227, aged 46.

- Franking of Letters first claimed, 1660; commenced, 1734. Before the year 1764, when the act passed to alter the mode of franking, the franked letters amounted annually to 170,700 l.

- Franks, The, arose from a confederacy of the inhabitants of the Lower Rhine and Weser, about 240.

- Freeholds. See Villenage.

- Free Masons, Society of, took its rise from a set of foreigners, who called themselves Free Masons, from none being acquainted with the secrets of their order, but such as they admitted free among them. Their principal secret was constructing of roofs, like that of King's College chapel, Cambridge, which they built. They are said to have introduced the art of building with stone in England, about 670; others say, the institution is as early as the building of Solomon's temple.

- Frithestoke priory, Devon, built, 1222.

- Frost, so great, that the Danube was quite frozen over, 558; Mediterranean so frozen, that carriages were used on the Adriatic sea, 859; again, 1234; one of 15 weeks, 1407; the Baltic was frozen over, 1426; again, 1459, so that people travelled on the ice from Denmark to Lubec, Wismar, Rostock, and Stralsund; great one in England, from Nov. 24, to February 10, 1434; one Christmas, 1683; again, 1709; again, 1739 for nine weeks.

- Fryth, John, Rev. burnt for heresy in Smithfield, July 4, 1533.

- Fulham-bridge built, 1727.

- Fulling, The art of, invented by Nicias, in the Time of the Romans.

- Furness-abbey, Lancashire, founded, 1127.

- Funds, a Florentine institution of, 1344, first settled and adopted at the Revolution, 1689. See National Debt, Bank Stock.

- Furniture was very heavy, and could not be readily moved, 1216.

G.

- GAGE of Firle, Barony of, created 1780. (name Gage.)

- Gainsborough, earldom of, created 1682. (name Noel.)

- Galleys, first used with three rowers to each oar, 786 before Christ. They came from Corinth.

- Galloway, Scots earldom of, created 1623. (name Stewart.)

- Galway college, Ireland, founded by Edward VI. 1551.

- Galway, Irish viscount, title of, created 17•7. (name Moncton.)

- Game, first act for preserving it passed, 1496; present one, 1753. The game laws are peculiar to the northern parts of Europe; they were never thought of by the Greeks or Romans. They were first occasioned by falconry, and therefore the heron is deemed game, it being the noblest bird the falcon could fly at. In Charles I.'s time, no person shot flying, it was reckoned unfair: what is now called poaching was the gentleman's recreation. See Birds-nests.

- Gaming, Excessive, introduced into England by the Saxons; the loser was often a slave to the winner, and sold like other merchandize. The Turks never play for money.

- Gamut invented by Gui L'Aretin, 1025, and the six notes, ut, re, &c. fixed by one Meurs, of Paris, from the first syllables of the several lines of a Latin hymn to St. John, 1133. See Music.

- Gardening, The aera of, in queen Elizabeth's time.

- Gardens, vide Remarkable Occurrences, 1509.

- Garnet, Tho. a Jesuit, hanged at Tyburn for refusing to take the oath of allegiance, June 25, 1608.

- Garter, Order of, instituted, April 23, 1340; altered, 1552. Some say it owes its origin to Richard I. its splendor to Edward III. The duke of Richmond was the first knight that wore the ribbon over his shoulder, the Duchess of Portsmouth his mother, having thus put it on, and introduced him to his father, Charles II. who was so pleased with the conceit, that he commanded the knights to wear it so in future, April, 1681; before it was worn round the neck, as old pictures shew.

- Garter king at arms, created by Henry V.

- Gate, Custom of, attending at the Prince's. See Porte.

- Gateshide monastery, Durham, founded before 653.

- Gauging contrived, 1570.

- Gaul, Ancient, comprehended all modern France, Alsace and Lorraine, Savoy, Switzerland, the four Electorates of the Rhine, Liege, Luxemburgh, Hainault, Flanders, and Brabant; successfully invaded by the Barbarians, 407.

- Gaunt, John of, third son of Edward III. married the daughter of the king of Castile, and took the title of king, 1371. His children by Catherine, before marriage, were made legitimate by act of parliament.

- Gauze, a manufacture known to, and of great value among, the Romans, 14.

- Gavelkind. See Tainistry.

- Gaveston, the favourite of Edward II. put to death by the barons, July 1, 1312.

- Gazettes, so called from a small Italian piece of money, Gazetta, given to read them; introduced in Venice, 1600; in France, 1631; in Leipsig, 1715; in Amsterdam, 1732; at the Hague, 1735; at Cologne, 1756; courier of the Lower Rhine, 1764; the English gazette first published at Oxford, Nov. 7, 1665. See Newspapers.

- Gelding cattle not in use in Scotland till after 1378.

- Genesis, The book of, contains a period of 2369 years, ending with the death of Joseph.

- Geneva, its republic founded, 1535.

- Genevieve, Congregation of, commenced, 1618.

- Genoa formerly inhabited by the Ligurians; its republic founded, about 63 before Christ; the present one, 950; the first duke of, chosen, 1337; republic restored to its liberties by Doria, Sept. 12, 1528; an attempt to seize it by conspiracy, under Fiesco, which would have succeeded, had not Fiesco been accidentally killed, 1547; bank failed, 1750. See Doria.

- Gentleman. See Esquire.

- Geofrey, third son of Henry II. killed in a tournament at Paris, 1183.

- Geofrey, bishop of Norwich, put to death, 1210.

- George I. second cousin of queen Anne. The succession settled on his mother 1700; created duke of Cambridge, &c. October 5, 1706; ascended the throne, August 1, 1714; landed at Greenwich, Sept. 18, following; quarrelled with the prince of Wales for his resenting the king's nomination of the duke of Newcastle's standing sponsor for the prince's son, Nov. 1718; reconciled to the prince, June, 1720; died at Osnaburg, Sunday, June 11, 1727, of a paralytic disorder, aged 67; and was succeeded by his son George II. See Hanover, princess Sophia of.

- George II son of George I. by Sophia, daughter of the duke of Zell, succeeded to the crown, June 15, 1727; quarrelled with the prince of Wales for concealing the princess's pregnancy from him, 1737; reconciled to him, 1742; died suddenly, Oct. 25, 1760, at Kensington, aged 77; buried, Nov. 11, at Westminster, and was succeeded by his grandson George III. See Caroline.

- George III. son of Frederic prince of Wales, born June 4, 1738; succeeded his grandfather, Geo. II. October 26, 1760; made the judges independent, March, 1761; married Charlotte, daughter of the duke of Mecklenburgh, Sept. 8, 1761; crowned, September 22, following. The present family being descended from James I.'s daughter, who was married to the king of Bohemia, and James I. being the direct lineal descendant of Malcolm king of Scots, by Margaret, the sister of Edgar Atheling, and Edgar Atheling being lineally descended from the immediate heir of Egbert king of the West Saxons, though excluded from the throne by the usurper Harold II. it follows, that George III. is truly descended from the ancient Saxon kings. See Hanover, princess Sophia of, Henry I. Edgar Atheling.

- Georgia, Colony of, established by charter, 1732; settled, 1733; expedition against St. Augusti•e, 1740.

- Germain, Lord George Suckville, tried for disobedience of orders under prince Ferdinand, August 15, 17•0, and found guilty.

- Germany, from Germann, or warlike man, being anciently divided into several independent state, made no figure in history till 25 before Christ, when the people withstood the power of the Romans, and expelled them in 290.

- The greatest part conquered by the Huns from China, 432, but not totally subdued till Charlemagne became master of the whole, 802. He was the first emperor, and added the second head to the eagle for his arms, to denote that the empires of Rome and Germany were in him united.

- It was called Allemania, from Alleman, i. e. in German, 'Every Man,' denoting that all nations were welcome there.

- Dukes being at this time made governors of those provinces they claimed a right to; hence came most of the sovereign princes of Germany.

- Lewis I. Charlemagne's son, was the first king that made this empire independent, 814.

- It continued united to the crown of France, till 841.

- Charles III. was the first that added the year of our Lord to the year of his reign, 879.

- Conrade I. was the first elected emperor, 912.

- The electors, according to some, reduced to seven, 999.

- To bring in their sons successors, the emperors, in their life-time. positically got them elected king of the Romans, which was a part of the sovereignty; the first emperor so elected, 1054.

- The elective power originated by the emperors getting their last will, wherein they nominated their successors, confirmed before their deaths by the princes and great men.

- The emperor Philip murdered, 1208.

- Nine electors first appointed to choose an emperor, 1258.

- Lewis V. made the empire independent on the Holy See, August 8, 1338.

- Golden Ball, relating to the election of the emperors, established by Charles IV. of Germany, 1357.

- To get his son elected king of the Romans, Charles IV. gave each elector 100,000 ducats, and was forced to mortgage several cities to raise the money, 1376; the descendants of the mortgagees continue still in the possession of them.

- Charles V. born, 1500; visited England, 1522; resigned his crown to his brother, 1556, and turned monk, 1558.

- A reformation took place in the empire, 16•8.

- The peace of Carlowitz, when the bounds of the German and eastern empires were settled, 1689.

- Orders. Of St. Anthony, in Hainolt, founded, 1382; of St. Hubert, in Juliers, 1473; of St. Michael, 1618.

- See Maximilian, Pope, Hanover, Academies, Vienna, Henry IV. Rem. Occur. anno 996.

- Gervis-abbey, Yorkshire, founded, 1145.

- Ghent founded by Julius Caesar.

- Gibraltar taken by Sir George Rooke, July 24, 1704; besieged by the Spaniards, February 27, 1727; again, May, 1731; again, 1781; nearly destroyed by a storm, February 3, 1766.

- Gilding with leaf gold invented, 1273.

- Gillingwood, Yorkshire, burnt down, December 11, 1750.

- Gin act passed, July 24, 1737.

- Gipsies, or Egyptians, called in France Bohemiens, in Italy Zingani, a peculiar race of people; made their appearance first in Germany, about 1517; banished from France, 1560; from Spain, 1591, and all parts of Europe; the first statute that passed against them here was in 1530.

- Gladiators, the combats of them abolished, in the reign of Honorius, 404.

- Glandore, Irish earldom, created 1776. (name Crosbie.)

- Glasgow university founded, 1450; cathedral founded, 1136; castle, great tower of, built, 1426; theatre burnt, May 6, 1780.

- Glasgow, Scots earldom of, created 1703. (name Boyle.)

- Glass, Art of making, brought to England from France, 674; cast plate, blown plate, art of, discovered by chance, 1164; first made here into bottles, &c. 1557; first plate-glass manufactory at Lambeth, introduced from Venice by the duke of Buckingham, 1674; made from minium and flint by Zisher, at Wittemberg, 1758; an additional duty laid on 1777. See Windows.

- Glass, Painting on, in use long before the reformation.

- Glastenbury church, the first Christian church in Britain, built, as supposed, by Joseph of Arimathea, about 60; rebuilt, 1120; town chartered, 1705.

- Gleaston-castle, Lancashire, built, 1340.

- Glencairn, Scots earldom of, created 1488. (name Cunninghame)

- Gleraw•ey, Irish viscount, title of, created 1766. (name Anne•ly.)

- Glocester, once a Roman colony, built by Arviragus, 47; abbey sounded, 700; burnt, 1102; again, 1122; city incorporated by Henry III.; made a bishopric and city, 1541; last charter granted, 1672.

- Glocester, Duke of, uncle to Richard II. smothered at Calais between two featherbeds, Feb. 28, 1397.

- Glocester, Humphry, duke of, third son to Henry IV. and uncle to Henry VI. imprisoned and murdered by the queen's party, Feb. 28, 1447.

- Glocester, Richard, duke of, brother to Edward IV. murdered Edward, prince of Wales, 14•1; put the duke of Clarence •o death, Feb. 18, 1478; made protector of England, 1483; ordered his two nephews, Edward V. and his brother, to be murdered; and elected king, June 20, following. See Richard III.

- Glocester, duke of, son to queen Anne, died of a fever, July 29, 1700, aged 11.

- Gloria Patri added to the Psalms, by pope Damasus, about 366.

- Gloves, embroidered and perfumed, introduced here by Edward Earl of Oxford in Elizabeth's reign.

- Gnostics, a philosophising sect of Christians, that ridiculed the history of Moses, &c. arose in the 2d century, flourished in the 3d, and were suppressed in the 4th or 5th. The Manichaeans were a branch of this sect.

- Godfathers and godmothers forbidden to marry, 721. See Baptism.

- Godmanchester, Hants, chartered by James I.

- Godolphin, of Helston, Barony of, created 1735. (name Godolphin.)

- Godstow nunnery, Oxfordshire, first consecrated, 1138.

- Godwin, Earl, invaded England, 1052, and murdered Alfred; choaked at table with the king, in protesting his innocence, 1053. See Corsned.

- Gold first coined in England, 1257; act for weighing gold coin took place, June 15, 1774. See Sovereign, Money, Coin.

- Golden Angel, Order of, founded before 486; restored, 1191.

- Good-Hope, Cape of, discovered by the Portugueze, 1487; first doubled, by Vasea-di-Gama, 1497; ditto by the English, 1591; taken by the Dutch from the Portugueze, 1033.

- Goodwin sands, formed by the •ea overslowing 4000 acres of earl Goodwin's in Kent, 11•0.

- Gordian knot, The, a knot of the thongs in the waggon of Gordius, who was elected king of Ph•∣gia, from driving a waggon, and which he afterward• deposited in the temple of Jupiter. Wh•∣ever loosed this knot, whose end, were not discoverable, the oracle declared should be emperor of Persia. Alexander the Great cut away the knot •ll he found the ends, and thus, in a military 〈◊〉, interpreted the oracle, 330 before Christ.

- Gordon, Scots dukedom of, created 1634. (name Gordon.)

- Goree island taken by the English, 1663; retaken by the Dutch, 1665; subdued by the French, 1677; taken by the English, 1758; restored to the Frenc•, 1763.

- Gosford of Market-hill, Irish barony, created 1776. (Aches•n.)

- Gospel, person ordered to stand, when read, by pope Anastasi•s, 399.

- Gotham, History of the wise men of, was, in the reign of Henry VIII. accounted a book of wit, and alluded to certain sports and customs, by which the people of Gotham in Lincolnshire held their lands. The histories of Reynard the Fox, Tom Thumb, &c. were then in great estimation.

- Goths, The, who inhabited all the country from the Baltic to the Euxine seas; first mentioned as invading the Romans, 250; waged war with them, 3•6; from which time may be derived the fall of the Roman empire.

- The whole nation, a million in number, through fear of the Huns, removed with the leave of the emperor Valens, to the waste lands in Thrace, 376.

- Rebelled against the Romans, 377, and were quelled; being afterwards attacked by Valen•, Goths. the Roman army was cut to pieces, and the emperor killed. See Hadrianople, battle of.

- The Gothic Youths massacred, 378.

- The Goths capitulated with, and submitted to, the Romans, Oct. 3, 382.

- Embraced Christianity, 400.

- Pillaged Rome, and massacred the inhabitants, 410.

- Slew 300,000 inhabitants of Milan, 539.

- See Huns, Milan, Rome, empire of.

- Gower, earldom of, created 1746. (name Gower)

- Gown and Cassock, present one, not worn before the reign of Charles II.

- Gowrie, Earl of, beheaded for conspiring against James VI. of Scotland, 1584; the earl, his son, and Alexander Ruthven, his brother, conspired against the life of James VI. of Scotland, at Perth, and had nearly effected their design, but were slain in the attempt, August 5, 1600.

- Grace Dieu nunnery, Leicester, built, 1151.

- Grafton, Dukedom of, created 1675. (name Fitzroy.)

- Graham of Belford, Earldom of, created 1722. (name Graham.)

- Graham, Sir David, beheaded for conspiring against James VI. of Scotland, Jan. 1593.

- Grammarians, first regular ones, flourished 276 before Christ.

- Granada, Kingdom of, conquered by the Moors, 715; the last Moorish prince was Abouabdoulah, who was conquered by the Castilians, 1492.

- Granard, Irish earldom of, created 1684. (name Forbes.)

- Grand Cairo built by the Saracens, 969.

- Grandier burnt at Loudon, France, for witchcraft, 1634.

- Grandison, Irish earldom of, created 1767. (name Mason.)

- Grange, The laird of, governor of Edinburgh, hanged with others, 1573.

- Grantham, Barony of, created 1761. (name Robinson.)

- Granville, Earldom of, created 1714. (name Carteret.)

- Grapes. See Cherries, Vines.

- Gravesend, chartered by queen Elizabeth; burnt 1727.

- Gravity, The laws of, discovered by Galileo.

- Gray, Scots barony, created 1347. (name Gray.)

- Gray's-Inn, London, built, 1687. See Inns of Court.

- Grecian monarchy, commenced by Alexander the Great's victory over Darius, the last Persian monarch, 329 before Christ; empire began under Nicephorus, emperor of the East, 811; ended, 1453.

- Greek marks of accent first used by Aristophanes Byzantius, about 200 before Christ; study of Greek introduced here by William Groceyn, 1491.

- Greeks, The, descended from Hellen, son of Deacalion and Pyrrha. See Deucalion.

- Green-castle, Caernarvonshire, built, 1138.

- Green, Saxon, Colour of, discovered by Barth, 1744.

- Greenland was discovered in the reign of James I. Company established, 1694.

- Greenwich, Barony of, created 1767. (name Townshend.)

- Greenwich hospital endowed, 1694; burnt Jan. 2, 1779.

- Gregg executed, 1708.

- Grenades taken by the French, 1779; suffered greatly in a storm, Oct. 10, 1780.

- Gresham college, founded by Sir Thomas Gresham, 1581, who died 1579; taken down, 1770.

- Grey Friars, their order founded, 1222.

- Grey, Lady Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Richard Wideville, and the dowager duchess of Bedford, on the death of Sir John Grey, married Edward IV. 1464; consented to marry Richard III. 1484.

- Grey, Lady Jane, great grand-daughter of Hen. VII. and second cousin to Elizabeth; married to lord Guilford Dudley, 1553; proclaimed queen of England on the death of Edward VI. July 9, the same year; but resigned the crown to Mary, ten days after; beheaded for high treason, in the Tower, February 12, 1554, aged 17. See Dudley, Lord.

- Grey, Marquisate of, created 1740. (name York.)

- Griffin, prince of Wales, who had been taken and confined in the Tower, attempting to escape by the window, fell, and broke his neck, 1244.

- Grimston, Irish viscount, title of, created 1719. (name Grimston.)

- Grister, the Austrian governor, shot by William Tell, which laid the foundation of Swiss liberty, 1375. The Swiss state was then a province of Germany, and governed by praefects, but the Cantons having been treated with great rigour by the emperor, Ury, Schweitz and Underwalt threw off their yoke, and entered into a confederacy to support their freedom for ten years; this led the way to others doing the same.

- Gristmills, the invention of the Irish, 214.

- Groats and half groats were the largest silver coin, 1351.

- Gronville and Caius college, Cambridge, founded by De Gronville, 1348. (26 fellows.)

- Grosvenor, of Eaton, Barony of, created 1761. (name Grosvenor.)

- Guardaloupe, discovered by Columbus, 1493; taken from the French by the English, 1759; almost destroyed by a hurricane, when great numbers perished, Oct. 11, 1780.

- Guelfs and Gibbelins, party names, from Hiewelf and Hiegibelin, names of towns, two watch-words given by opposite armies, during the civil wars in Germany, 1140; began in Italy, 1154; the Guelfs were for the pope, the Gibbelins for the emperor: 100,000 Guelfs were slain in Italy in opposition to the empire of Germany, 1319.

- Guernsey reduced, 1339. See Jersey.

- Guienne. The French made themselves masters of all this province, except Calais; after its being in the possession of the English 300 years, April 1451.

- Guildhall, London, built 1410.

- Guildford castle, built before the Conquest; town chartered by Henry I. and VII. free school established, 1551; canal to Weybridge began, 1650, on which were erected the first looks in England

- Guildford, Earldom of, created 1752. (name North.)

- Guinea fowls. See Turkeys.

- Guineas current for 30s. 1688; reduced to 21 s. 1717. See Coin.

- Gunpowder, found out by one Swartz of Cologne, 1400; some say the Chinese knew the secret long before; first made in England, 1561.

- Gunpowder-plot discovered, November 5, 1605. See Faux.

- Guns, Small, invented by Swartz, a German, about 1378; brought into use by the Venetians, 1382; great ones, first used at the battle of Cressy, 1346; first used in England at the siege of Berwick, 1405; first cast in England, 1544; used in shipping by the Venetians, about 1539; before they were only used to batter Walls. See Artillery.

- Gyrwi, or Garrow monastery, Durham, founded, about 684.

- Gysburg priory, Yorkshire, founded 1119.

H.

- HABEAS Corpus act passed, May 27, 1679: bill ordered to suspend it, 1722.

- Hackendown banks, Kent, formed, 853.

- Haddington, Scots earldom of, created 1619. (name Hamilton.)

- Hadley-castle, Essex, built before Henry III.

- Haghmon priory, Salop, built, 1100.

- Hales abbey, Glocestershire, built, 1246.

- Hales-Owen abbey, Shropshire, of the Praemonstratensian order, founded by John, 1204.

- Halkerton, Scots barony, created 1647. (name Falconer.)

- Hallifax, woollen manufactory established there in Henry VIIth's time.

- Halling-house, Kent, built before 1183.

- Hamburgh company incorporated in England, 1569.

- Hamilton cathedral, Scotland, founded, 1451.

- Hamilton, Scots dukedom of, created 1643. (name Hamilton.)

- Hamilton, Duke of, earl of Holland, and lord Capel, beheaded for taking part with Charles I. in the civil wars, March 9, 1649.

- Hamilton, Duke of, and lord Mohun, killed in a duel in Hyde-Park Nov. 15, 1712.

- Hamilton, of Hameldon, Barony of, created 1776. (name Campbell.)

- Hampden, Viscount, title of, created 1776. (name Hampden.)

- Hampton Court palace finished by cardinal Wolsey, and given by him to Henry VIII. 1525.

- Hanbury's charities, Church Langton, established March 14, 1765.

- Hand-in-hand fire office erected, 1697.

- Hanover, which had hitherto been but a village, obtained the privileges of a city, 1178; made the 9th electorate, 1692: treaty with France, &c. 1725.

- Hanover, Princess Sophia of, mother to George I. youngest daughter of Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia, who was the daughter of James I. of course first cousin to James II. declared heir to the crown of England, 1700; died of an apoplexy, June 8, 1714, aged 83.

- Hans towns, England's quarrel with, ended 1473.

- Hanseatic league, a commercial combination of the cities round the Baltic, took place about 1190; it continued till about 1300. Hence the Hans-towns. It at one time comprised 68 cities.

- Harborough, Earldom of, created 1719. (name Sherard.)

- Harcourt, Earldom of, created 1749. (name Harcourt.)

- Hardicanute, king of Denmark, third son of Canute, by Emma, seized the crown of England on the death of his brother, Harold I. 1039; died suddenly, at the marriage feast of a Danish lord, at Lambeth, 1041; buried at New Winchester, and was succeeded by his half-brother, Edward the Confessor, Ethelred's first son by Emma, Alfred's brother.

- Hardwicke, Earldom of, created 1754. (name York.)

- Harfleur taken from the French by Henry V. 1415.

- Harlach-castle, Merionethshire, rebuilt, 877.

- Harley, Robert, earl of Oxford, born 1661; stabbed, while at the council-board, by Guiscard, a French refugee, who was brought there for examination on a charge of high treason, March 8, 1711; died 1724.

- Harold I. second and natural son of Canute, succeeded his father on the throne, 1036; by force of arms, and in order to extirpate the English royal family, he forged a letter from Emma to her two sons Alfred and Edward, who had fled to Nor¦mandy, inviting them to England to take the crown; when here, he ordered Alfred's eyes to be put out; but Edward escaped, and was afterwards king; died April 14, 1039; buried at St. Clement Danes, London, and was succeeded by his younger brother, Hardicanute, king of Denmark.

- Harold II. son of earl Godwin, took possession of the throne on the death of Edward the Confessor, Jan. 1066; defeated his brother Tosti, and the king of Norway, who had invaded his dominions at Standford, Sept. 25, ditto; was killed by the Normans at the battle of Hastings, October 14, following; and succeeded by William, duke of Normandy, the Conqueror.

- Harpers and the Bards, who always preceded the onsets of the Welch in battle, abolithed by Edward I.'s conquest of Wales. See Bards.

- Harpies were supposed to be locusts only.

- Harrington, Earldom of, created 1741. (name Stanhope.)

- Harrison received 20,000 l. for his time-piece, 1764.

- Harrowby, Barony of, created 1776. (name Ryder.)

- Harrowgate mineral spring discovered, 1571.

- Harwich, Barony of, created 1756. (name Hill.)

- Harwich chartered by James I.

- Harwood nunnery, Bedfordshire, built, 1150.

- Hastings-castle, Kent, built before 1100.

- Hastings, Sussex, incorporated at early as Edward the Confessor; burnt by the French, 1377.

- Hastings, Lord, put to death in the Tower, by order of Richard duke of Glocester, for plotting against him, June 13, 1483.

- Hat (the man's) invented at Paris by a Swiss, 1404; first worn in England in Henry VIIth's time; first manufactured at London by Spaniards, 1510; before this, both men and women generally wore close-knit woollen caps. High-crowned hats worn by the men in Elizabeth's reign.

- Hautboy, The, supposed to be invented by Mercury.

- Havannah taken, Aug. 13, 1762.

- Havard college, New England, incorporated May 31, 1650, burnt and rebuilt, 1764.

- Haverfordwest-castle, built in the reign of William III.

- Havre de Grace put into the Hands of the English, by the French protestants, 1562.

- Hawarden-castle, Flintshire, built before 1281; demolished, 1648.

- Hawke of Towton, Barony of, created 1776. (name Hawke.)

- Hawkers and pedlars, act for licensing them passed, 1697.

- Hawley of Donamore, Irish barony, created 1646. (name Hawley.)

- Haxey, in Axholm, Lincolnshire, burnt (50 houses) March 4, 1744.

- Hay, of Pedwarden, Barony of, created 1711. (name Hay)

- Haymarket. Charing-Cross, London, established for the sale of Hay, 1664.

- Headboroughs. See Tithing.

- Healths, the custom of drinking them, in fashion so early as 1134 before Christ.

- Hearth-money, the origin of the window-tax, established, 1662; abolished, 1689.

- Hebrew points first invented, 475.

- Hegira, the aera of the Arabians and Mahometans commenced, 622. It owed its origin to the flight of Mahomet, who, being persecuted at Mecca, returned to Medina, July 26, 622.

- Helcaesaites, who taught that we might verbally renounce the faith, so we kept it in the heart, appeared, 250.

- Helena, The island of, taken by the English, 1673.

- Helioscope, invented by Christ. Scheiner, 1625.

- Hell-fire clubs suppressed by order of council, 1724. There were three. The members assumed the names of the patriarchs, prophets, and martyrs, in derision, and ridiculed the Trinity, and other christian doctrines.

- Hell-kettles, Durham. See Rem. occur. anno 1179.

- Helston, Cornwall, incorporated, 27th Elizabeth.

- Hemsted, Herts, incorporated by Henry VIII.

- Hengist and Horsa, two brothers, heads of the Saxons who came into Britain, landed in the isle of Thanet with 5000 men, 449; Hengist murdered 300 English noblemen, whom he had invited to a festival at Stonehenge, 475; died 480, after reigning king of Kent 31 years, and was succeeded in the monarchy by Ella. Hengist was the founder of the English monarchy, and was succeeded by Ella. Horsa was slain in battle at Ailsford, soon after his arrival in England.

- Henrietta, Charles I.'s queen, died in France, 1669.

- Henry I. third son of William I. succeeding his brother William H. was crowned, Aug. 5, 1100; married Matilda, daughter of Malcolm III. king of Scots, by the sister of Edgar Atheling, thus restoring the Saxon family, 1100; made peace with his elder brother Robert duke of Normandy, who invaded his kingdom, and claimed the crown, 1101; invaded Normandy, 1105; conquered it, 1106, and took his brother prisoner, who died a prisoner 28 years after in Cardiff castle; betrothed his daughter Maude to the emp. of Germany, 1109; invaded the Welch, 1114; challenged by Lewis le Gros, king of France, 1117; buried his queen, 1118; wounded at the attack at Andeley in France, 1119; his only son, aged 18, shipwrecked and lost, when coming from Barfleur, 1120; married Adelais, daughter of the duke of Lovaine, 1121; gave his daughter, on the death of the emperor, to the duke of Anjou's son, 1127; surfeited himself at Lions near Rome, with eating lampreys, and died Dec. 1, 1135, aged 68; was buried at Reading, Berks, and succeeded by his nephew Stephen, son of his sister Adela, by the earl of Blois. See Maude, Normandy, duke of.

- Henry II. the first of the Piantageners, grandson of Henry I. by his daughter Maude, born 1133; in¦trigued with Rosamond, 1149; again, 1153; succeeded his cousin Stephen, in exclusion of Stephen's son, Oct. 1154; arrived in England, Dec. 8; crowned with his queen Eleanor at London, Dec. 10; dispossessed his brother Geoffrey of Anjou, 1156; crowned again at Lincoln, 1158; married his son Henry to the king of France's daughter, both infants, 1159; crowned at Worcester the same year; quelled the rebellion at Maine, 1166; determined his son Henry should associate with him in the royalty, and crowned him, 1170; invaded Ireland, and conquered it, 1172; did penance, and was lashed by the Monks, at Becket's tomb, to make atonement for his murder, July 8, 1174; took the king of Scots prisoner, and made him give up the independency of his crown, the same year; reduced all the rebels in England, ditto; named his fourth son, John, then 11 years old, king of Ireland, 1177; buried his son Henry, June 11, 1183; agreed with Philip of France to go to the holy war, 1188; died abroad, with grief, at the altar, cursing his sons for rebelling against him, July 6, 1189, and was succeeded by his second son, Richard I. This prince possessed Guienne, Poitou, Xantongue, Auvergne, Limousin, Perigord, Angoumois, Anjou, Maine, Touraine, Normandy and Bretagne in France. See Eleanor, Maude, Clarendon.

- Henry III. son of John, born Oct. 1, 1207; succeeded his father, and was crowned at Glocester, by his father's adherents, Oct. 28, 1216; made peace with Lewis of France, 1217; received homage from the king of Scotland, at Northampton, 1218; crowned again at Westminster, after Christmas, 1219; quelled the insurrections of the mutinous barons, 1222; barons threaten to elect another king, but were subdued, 1233; married Eleanor, daughter of the count of Provence, Jan. 24, 1236; had an interview with the king of Scots, at York, 1237; obliged by the barons to submit to certain regulations in government, 1238; pledged his plate and jewels, when he gave his daughter, Margaret, in marriage to the king of Scots, 1252: resigned Guienne, Ireland, and Wales, to his son Edw. 1254; accepted the Sicilian crown from the pope, for his son Edm. 1255; obliged by the barons to resign his sovereign power, and sell Normandy and Anjou to the French, 1258; shut himself up in the Tower, for fear of the barons, 1261; taken prisoner with his son and brother Richard, king of the Romans, at the battle of Lewes, 1264; wounded in the shoulder at the battle of Evesham, while in the custody of the earl of Leicester, when the barons were defeated, 1265; died with age at St. Edmundsbury, Nov. 16, 1272, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Edward I. See Evesham, battle of.

- Henry IV. duke of Lancaster, grandson of Edward III. born 1367; succeeded his first cousin Richard II. and crowned Oct. 13, 1399; conspired against by Richard's party, Jan. 5, 1400; challenged by the duke of Orleans, in revenge for the death of Richard, which ended in abusive language, 1403; married Joanna, widow of the duke of Bretagne, Feb. 1404; conspired against by the earl of Northumberland, 1404; imprisoned James I. of Scotland, who landed in Norfolk in his way to France, December, 1406; died in the Jerusalem chamber, Westminster, March 20, 1413; was buried at Canterbury, and succeeded by his son Henry V. by his first wife, daughter of the earl of Hereford.

- Henry V. eldest son of Henry IV. born 1388; committed to prison, when prince of Wales, for striking chief justice Gascoigne on the bench, before whom one of his companions was indicted for a riot, 1412; succeeded his father on the throne, April 9, 1413; conspired against, in favour of the earl of March, his third cousin, a descendant from the duke of Clarence, Edward IIId's second son, 1415; landed at Havre de Grace, with 56,000 men, and took Harsteur August following, and fought the battle of Azincourt, Oct. 25, 1415; invaded Normandy, August 1417; renewed his claim to the crown of France; entrusted with the government of France, and declared heir to the crown, the Dauphin having been disinherited for the murder of the duke of Burgundy, May 21, 1420; married the princess Catherine of France, May 30, 1420; pledged his crown, jewels, &c. for 20,000 l. 1421; died of a fistula, at Roan, Aug. 31, 1422, was buried at Westminster, and succeeded by his son Henry VI.

- Henry VI. only son of Henry V. born at Windsor, Dec. 6, 1421; succeeded his father on the throne, Aug. 31, 1422, Humphry, duke of Glocester, regent; proclaimed king of France, but opposed by the disinherited Dauphin, who had near 15,000 Scots in his army, ditto; crowned at Westminster, Nov. 6, 1429; crowned at Paris, Dec. 17, 1430; the French made themselves masters of Paris, after it had been possessed by the English 17 years, 1436; married to Margaret of Anjou, Nov. 1444; conspired against by Richard duke of York, nephew to the late earl of March, and descended from the second son of Edward III. 1450; taken prisoner by the duke of York at the battle of St. Alban's, May, 1455; made the duke of York protector, Nov. 1455; resumed the government, Feb. 1456; taken prisoner again, at the battle of Northampton, by the earl of Warwick, 1460, when it was settled that the duke of York should succeed to the throne after the death of Henry; deposed by Edward IV. son of the duke of York, the duke being slain at the battle of Wakefield (which see), March 5, 1461; escaped to Scotland soon after; returned to England, 1463, and was taken in Lancashire, and sent to the Tower; restored to his throne, 1470; taken prisoner again by Edward, April 11, 1471; died in the Tower (supposed to be murdered by the duke of Glocester) May following, buried at Windsor, and was succeeded by his fifth cousin, Edward IV. See York, Edward IV. Margaret.

- Henry VII. earl of Richmond, grandson of Owen Tudor, descended from the duke of Lancaster, Edward III.'s third son, succeeded, by conquest, his fifth cousin, Richard III. whom he killed in battle, and who was descended from the duke of York, Edward III.'s second son, August 22, 1485; crowned Oct. 30 following; married Elizabeth, Edward IV.'s daughter, and heiress of the house of York, Jan. 18, 1486, and thus settled the contest between the two families; lost his queen in childbed, Feb. 11, 1503; gave his eldest daughter, Margaret, in marriage to James IV. of Scotland, December 1503; died consumptive at Richmond, April 22, 1509, aged 51; buried at Westminster, and was succeeded by his 2d son, Henry VIII. See Arthur, Gaunt.

- Henry VII.'s chapel, its first stone laid, January 18, 1503.

- Henry VIII. the first king of England, that was stiled Dread Sovereign, second son of Henry VII. born June 28, 1491; compelled by his father to marry his brother Arthur's widow, Catherine, June 3, 1509; succeeded his father on the throne, June 24 following; invaded France in person, 1513; was a competitor with Charles V. for the empire, 1519; had an interview with Francis I. of France, at Ardres, June 7, and with Charles V. emperor of Germany at Gravelines, July 10, 1520; received from the pope the title of Defender of the Faith, for having written a book against Luther, 1521; in leaping a ditch with a pole, he pitched head foremost into some clay, and without help would have been suffocated, 1527; gave up the claim of the English monarchs to the crown of France for a pension of 50,000 crowns to him and his successors, Aug. 18, 1527; stiled by the clergy, head of the church, 1531; divorced from queen Catherine, and married Anne Bulleyn, a maid of honour, May 23, 1533; excommunicated by pope Paul, for beheading Sir Thomas More, and others, for refusing to take the oath of supremacy to the king. Aug. 30, 1536; put Anne to death, on a charge of adultery and incest, and married Jane Seymour, a maid of honour, May 20, 1536; lost this queen in childbed, when Edward VI. was born, Oct. 24, 1537; disputed publicly in Westminster-hall, on religious matters, with John Lambert, 1538; married Anne, sister to the duke Cleves, December, 1539; divorced from her, on a plea of a pre-contract, July 10, 1540; married Catherine Howard, the duke of Norfolk's niece, Aug. 8, following; put her to death for adultery, February 12, 1543; married Catherine Parr, widow of Lord Latimer, daughter of Sir Thomas Parr, July 12, following; died, Jan. 28, 1547; was buried at Windsor, and succeeded by his son Edward VI. He was the most learned king we ever had; he drew many of the statutes himself. See Reformation, Titles Royal.

- Henry III. king of France, murdered, Aug. 1, 1589, aged 38.

- Henry IV. emperor of Germany, dethroned by his son, and reduced almost to want bread, 1106.

- Henry IV. king of France, made a prisoner three three years for countenancing the massacre at Paris, 1572; killed by Ravillac, May 14, 1610.

- Henry, prince of Wales, eldest son of James I. died of a lax, Nov. 6, 1612, aged 18.

- Heptarchy, the Saxon, commenced in the sixth century, and continued till 800, when Egbert reigned alone.

- 1. Kingdom of Kent, containing only that county. It began 457, and ended 834.

- 2. The South Saxons, containing Sussex and Surrey. It began 491; ended about 600.

- 3. The West Saxons, containing Cornwall, Devonshire, Dorsetshire, Wiltshire, Hampshire, and Berkshire. It began, 519; ended, 1066.

- 4. The East Saxons, containing Essex, Middlesex, and part of Hertfordshire. It began 527; ended 747.

- 5. Northumberland, containing Lancashire, Yorkshire, the bishopric of Durham, Cumberland, Northumberland, and part of Scotland, as far as Edinburgh Frith. It began 547; ended about 792.

- 6. The East Angles, containing Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire. It began 575; ended 793.

- 7. Mercia, containing Glocestershire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Warwickshire, Leicestershire, Rutlandshire, Northamptonshire Lincolnshire, Huntingdonshire, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Staffordshire, Shropshire, Nottinghamshire, Cheshire, and part of Hertfordshire. It began, 582; ended, 874.

- N. B. The Saxons, notwithstanding this division of the kingdom, were subject to one monarch, who was called king of Britain: the monarchy was not then hereditary, but that person succeeded who had the greatest power. Hengist was the first Saxon monarch. See Hengist.

- Heraldry, the marks to distinguish different colours, invented by the Chevalier de la Colombierre, 1639. See Arms.

- Heralds College, instituted in England, 1340; office built by the first earl of Derby for his residence; given up to the crown, 1552; incorporated by Edward VI.

- Hereinian forest, The, in the time of Caesar, covered all Germany; it was 60 days Journey in length, and 9 days in breadth; Schwarts-wald, or the black forest is part of it.

- Herculaneum, first suffered by an earthquake, Feb. 5, 63; totally overwhelmed with Pompeium, by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, Nov. 1, 79, in the first year of the emperor Titus.

- Hercules, The fable of, taken by the Greeks, as supposed, from the history of Sampson.

- Hereford founded in the Heptarchy; made a bishopric, 680; archdeaconry erected about 1100; cathedral built, 1107; deaury, chancellorship, and treasurership erected, about 1140; precentorship, 1150.

- Hereford, Viscount, title of, created 1549. (name Devereux.)

- Heresy. The cruel statute for burning heretics passed, 1401; and William Sawtree, rector of St. Osyth's, London, was the first that suffered; repealed, 1677.

- Heretable jurisdiction• in Scotland abolished, 1747; they were valued at 164,232 l.

- Heriots, and military services, established by the Saxons.

- Hermione, a Spanish galleon, taken, March 21, 1762.

- Hermits, their order established, 1157. See Monastery.

- Herod began to reign in Judea, 55; put his wife, Mariamne, to death, and his mother-in-law Alexandria, 28; began to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem, 18; his two sons put to death by order of the Jewish council, 6; died Nov. 25, 4 before Christ, that is, four years before the common aera. See Jesus.

- Heron. See Game.

- Herrings, the first invention of preserving them, by pickling, discovered about 1390, which gave rise to the herring fishery. See British Herring.

- Hertford, rebuilt 913, incorporated by James I.

- Hertford College, Oxford, founded by Dr. Newton, 1740. (4 fellows.)

- Hertford, Earldom of, created 1750. (name Conway.)

- Hertlebury-castle, Worcestershire, built, 1268.

- Hesse, Landgrave of, visited England, 1611; troops brought over, 1756.

- Hessian troops arrived in England, 1758.

- Hever-castle, Kent, built, 1340.

- Hicks's Hall, London, erected, 1612.

- Hieracians. See Hierax, Vol. II.

- High and low church, two distinct parties, occasioned by the prosecution of Sacheverell for seditious sermons, 1710; his abettors were called High Church, his opponents Low Church. See Sacheverell.

- High Treason. See Rem. Occur. annis 1531, 1540.

- Higham Ferrars college, Northamptonshire, built, 1422.

- Hillsborough, Irish earldom of, created 1751. (name Hill.)

- Hinchinbrook priory, Hunts, built, 1074.

- Hindon, Wilts, burnt (150 houses) July 2, 1754.

- Hindostan. See Mogul empire.

- Hispaniola, Columbus first landed at, when he discovered America, 1498.

- Hitchen, Herts, burnt (20 houses) Sept. 11, 1762.

- Holdenby-house, Northamptonshire, built, 1585.

- Holderness, Earldom of, created 1682. (name D'Arcy.)

- Holland priory, Lancashire, founded, 1319.

- Holland. See United Provinces.

- Holland, Barony of, created 1762. (name Fox.)

- Holm Cultram abbey, Cumberland, built, 1115.

- Holstein given up by Russia to the Danes, Nov. 16, 1773.

- Holt mineral spring discovered, 1728.

- Holy-cross church, Tipperary, Ireland, built by O'Brien, king of Limerick, in 1169.

- Holy Ghost, Descent of, May 24, 33.

- Holy Ghost chapel, Hampshire, built early in Henry VIII.'s reign.

- Holyhead church, built before 1291.

- Holyrood-house abbey, Edinburgh, founded by David I. 1128.

- Holy-water, first used in churches, 120.

- Homage. See Kissing.

- Home, Scots earldom of, created 1604. (name Home.)

- Homilies drawn up by archbishop Cranmer, 1547.

- Honey, Discovery of the use of, attributed to Bacchus as a succedaneum for wine. See Mead.

- Honiton, Devonshire, chartered 19th Edward I.; burnt (140 houses) July 19, 1747.

- Hoods, Ladies, came into fashion at the end of Charles II's reign.

- Hops introduced into England, 1524; the parliament petitioned against them, as a wicked weed, 1528.

- Hopton, Scots earldom of, created 1703. (name Hope.)

- Horatii and Curiatii, Combat between the, 667 before Christ.

- Horsa slain by Vortimer, at the battle of Eglesford, 455. See Hengist.

- Horse-guards instituted, 1550.

- HOSPITALS in ENGLAND.

- Asylum instituted, 1758.

- Bethlehem founded by Edward VI. 1553; present building erected, 1676.

- Bridewell, before a palace, founded by Edward VI. 1553, and given to the city.

- British Lying-in instituted, Nov. 1749.

- Brownlow street, Lyingin, founded, 1749.

- Christ's founded by Edward VI. 1552.

- Foundling incorporated, 1739.

- French protestants, ditto, 1718.

- Guy's ditto, 1722.

- Lock instituted, 1746.

- London ditto, 1740; incorporated, 1758.

- London Lying-in, founded, March 30, 1750.

- London Workhouse ditto, 1611.

- Magdalen instituted, 1758.

- Middlesex ditto, 1745.

- St. Bartholomew's founded, by Henry VIII. 1539.

- St. George's instituted, Oct. 19 1733.

- St. Luke's founded, 1751.

- St. Thomas's ditto, by Edward 6, 1553

- Sick and wounded Seamen's incorporated, June 24, 1747.

- Small Pox instituted, Sept. 26, 174•.

- Westminster Infirmary, ditto, 1720.

- Westminster Lying-in ditto, 1765.

- HOSPITALS in IRELAND.

- Blue Coat, incorporated 1670.

- Charitable Infirmary opened, 1728.

- Charitable Loan instituted, 1757.

- Dublin Hospital opened, 1762.

- Dublin Workhouse established, 1728.

- Incurables opened, 1753.

- Kilmainham incorporated, 1683.

- Lock Hospital instituted, 1755.

- Lying-in established, 1745; incorporated, 1757.

- Mercers incorporated, 1750.

- St. Nichlas's opened, 1753.

- St. Patrick's founded, 1745; incorporated, 1746.

- Smith's School incorporated, 1669.

- Stevens's Hospital, ditto, 1730.

- Venereal opened, 1758.

- See Charities, Society.

- Hospitality, in the middle ages, was a duty enforced by statutes; the laws of the Slavi ordained, that the moveables of an inhospitable person should be confiscated, and his house burnt; they even allowed landlords to steal for the support of their guests.

- Hotham, Sir John, and his son, beheaded, 1645.

- Hotspur, Henry Percy, duke of Northumberland's son, called so, from his great courage, slain at the battle of Shrewsbury, July 21, 1403. He conspired against Henry IV. to dethrone him.

- Howard, Sir Edward, son of earl Surrey, attacked Prejeant, a French admiral, off Brest, and was defeated and slain, April 25, 1513.

- Howden church, Yorkshire, built before 1266.

- Howe, Irish viscount, title of, created 1701. (name Howe.)

- Howth, Irish earldom, created 1767. (name St. Lawrence.)

- Hudson's Bay, discovered by captain Hudson, 1610; company's charter granted, 1670.

- Hugh de Beauvois, with 40,000 foreigners, coming over from Calais, to assist John against the barons, perished in a storm, 1215.

- Huguenots, Protestants first called so in France, from a German word, signifying 'allied by oath,' 1560; massacre of them at Paris, August 24, 1572. See League.

- Hull, Yorkshire, incorporated by Henry VI.; citadel built, 1681.

- Hume of Berwick, Barony of, created 1776. (name Campbell.)

- Hundreds, Division of, a Danish institution, first made in England by king Alfred. See Tithing.

- Hungary, the Pannonia of the ancients, was subject to the Romans, 11 before Christ; conquered by the Huns under Attila, when the kingdom of began, 433; annexed to Germany, under Charlemagne, but became independent, 920; the Turks contended with the Germans for it, from 1540 to 1739, when, by the treaty of Belgrade, it was ceded to the latter; conquered by the Abares in the 6th century, and by the Turks or Magiars, 889, the immediate ancestors of the modern Hungarians (see Huns); Lewis, king of, killed in battle against the Turks, 1526; kingdom united with Bohemia, 1612. See Naples.

- Huns, savage inhabitants of that part of Siberia, now occupied by the Mongous, commenced, 1210; their kingdom founded, 230; at war with the Chinese, 201; kingdom taken and divided, 43 before Christ; embraced Christianity, 416; conquered Scythia and Germany, about 460; the kingdom destroyed soon after the death of Attila, 453. See Attila.

- Hunting, an invention of the Thebans.

- Huntingdon, Earldom of, created 1529. (name Hastings.)

- Huntingdon-castle built, 921.

- Huntly, Earl of, trod to death in a battle against the earl of Murray, Oct. 28, 1562.

- Hurricane. See Storm, Tempest.

- Hurst-castle, Hants, built by Henry VIII. about 1539.

- Hurstmonceux-castle, Sussex, built before 1066.

- Husbandry. See Agriculture, Bacchus.

- Hyde abbey, near Winchester, founded, 1130.

- Hydrostatics first taught by Archimedes, 200 before Christ.

- Hylton-castle, Durham, built, 930.

- Hyndford, Scots earldom of, created 1701. (name Carmichael.)

I.

- IAMBIC Verse. See Archilochus, Vol. II.

- Iceni. See England.

- Iconoclasters, or Image-breakers, a sect that appeared about 722, supported by the emperor Leo I. They destroyed both pagan and christian images, which caused great insurrections and divisions among the christians, from 740 to 780, when images were again erected in churches, and the worship of them confirmed by the Roman church.

- Ides, with the Romans, were 8 days in every month, so called being the 8 days succeeding the Nones. In March, May, July and October, these 8 days begin at the 8th day of the month, and continue to the 15th; in other months, they begin the 6th day, and last to the 13th. The last of these days only is called 'The Ides,' the first being called 'The Eighth Ides,' the 2d day the 7th, the 3d the 6th, and so on; i. e. the 8th, 7th, and 6th days before the Ides. Thus the Ides of any month implies the 15th or 13th of that month. See Nones, Calends.

- Idolatry introduced by Ninus, king of Assyria; first abolished, from Kent, by Ercombert, who began his reign, 640.

- Ilchester, Earldom of, created 1756. (name Fox.)

- Ilium, built 1359 before Christ; 64 years before the voyage of the Argonautae. See Troy.

- Images and reliques, Worship of, commenced, 448; tried to be abolished by the emperor Leo Isauricus, 727; images moved out of churches, 1548. See Iconoclasters.

- Impeachment, the first of a chancellor, and the first by the commons, 1386.

- Impostors. One Aldebert, in the 8th century, pretending to have a letter from Jesus Christ, which fell from heaven, at Jerusalem, seduced multitudes to follow him into woods and desarts, and to live in imitation of John the Baptist.

- Two men were crucified for giving out that they were both of them the Messiah; and two women were executed for pretending one to be the Virgin Mary, the other, Mary Magdalen, 1221.

- Gonsalvo Martin, burnt by the Inquisition in Spain, for pretending to be the angel Michael, 1360.

- Elizabeth Barton, called the Holy Maid of Kent, was spirited up, by the Popish party, to obstruct the Reformation, foretelling the speedy death of Henry VIII. if he divorced Catherine, and married Ann Boleyn; she and her confederates were hanged at Tyburn, 1534.

- In the first year of queen Mary's reign, after her marriage with Philip, Elizabeth Croft, a girl of 18 years of age, was secreted in a wall, and with a whistle, made for the purpose, uttered many seditious speeches against the queen and prince, for which she was sentenced to stand on a scaffold, at St. Paul's Cross, during sermon time, 1553; she was called the Spirit of the Wall.

- George David, a waterman's son, at Ghent, called himself a nephew of God, said he was sent into the world to adopt children for heaven; he denied the resurrection; preached against marriage, in favour of a community of women, and taught that the body only could be defiled by sin; he had many followers, and died at Basle, in Switzerland, 1566.

- One Hachet personated our Saviour, and was executed for blasphemy, 1592.

- A Friar, of the order of St. Bazil, pretended to be the son of the Czar of Muscovy, whom the usurper Boris had put to death; but, according to his account, another child had been substituted in his place: supported by Poland, he was invited by the Russians to the throne, and the reigning Czar Fedor, and all his family, were put into his hands, whom he cruelly put to death; but his imposition was discovered, and he was assassinated in his palace 1606.

- James Naylor, a quaker, whipped, and his tongue burnt through on the pillory, by an order of the House of Commons, for personating our Saviour, December 4, 1656.

- Mr. Mompesson, a magistrate of Tedworth, Wilts, having punished an idle fellow, who beat a drum about the country, under the authority of a feigned pass, and taken away his drum, which he deposited in his own house, his house was beset for 2 or 3 years with a continual drumming; the drummer was tried at Salisbury for a wizard, and transported, 1661.

- Greatrakes, the Irish impostor, pretending to cure all diseases, by stroking the patient, occasioned very warm disputes in Ireland, 1665, and in England, where it fell into disrepute, in 1666, on his examination before the Royal Society.

- Sabbati Levi, a Jew of Smyrna, amused the Turks and Jews a long time at Constantinople, by personating our Saviour, 1666.

- Dr. Titus Oates, an infamous clergyman, and others, made discovery of an intended plot of the Papists to kill the king, and introduce popery, Sept. 6, 1678; they swore away the lives of many Roman Catholic clergymen; Oates was whipped, 1685, and sentenced to be imprisoned for life; but was afterwards pardoned, and pensioned by king William, 1689.

- One Fuller, a prisoner in the King's Bench, for debt, forged a sham plot against William III. for which he was fined and pilloried, 1691.

- Young, a prisoner in Newgate, forged the hands of the earls of Marlborough, Salisbury, and other nobility, for a pretended association for restoring king James; the lords were imprisoned; but the imposture being detected, Young was fined 1000l. and pilloried, 1692.

- Three French refugees pretended to be prophets, and declared, that Dr. Emms would rise out of the grave, 1706. See prophets.

- Mary Tofts, of Godalming, Surry, pretended that she bred rabbits within her, and so imposed on Mr. John Howard, of Guildford, and Mr. St. André, surgeon to the king, as to prevail on them to espouse her cause, 1726.

- Elizabeth Canning, whose story is well known, convicted of perjury, and transported, 1753.

- The story of the Cock-lane Ghost, by William Parsons, his wife, and daughter, 1762; the parents were pilloried and imprisoned.

- See Warbeck, Simnell.

- Impropriations. Before the destruction of the monasteries, by Henry VIII. 1539, many livings were in their possession; the great tithes they kept themselves, allowing the small tithes to the vicar or substitute that served the church. On the suppression of the monasteries, Henry VIII. disposed of these great tithe: among his favourites. Hence they came into lay hands.

- I•c•i•uin, Irish earldom of, created 1654. (name O'Bryen.)

- Independents, such as hold the independency of the church, or that each congregation may govern themselves in religious matters. Preshyterians and Anabaptists are now agreed with them; the anabaptists always were. Their first meeting-house founded in England was that by Mr. Henry Jacobs, about 1616.

- India stock sold from 360 to 500 per cent. 1683.

- Indictions, were revolutions of 15 years, by which the Romans reckoned time; they are still preserved in the pope's bulls. See Olympiads.

- Indies, East, first discovered by the Romans; discovered by the Portuguese, 1487; conquered in 1500, and settled by them in 1506. The first settlement was Goa. The English company established, 1600; their stock consisting of 72,000 l. they fitted out four ships, and meeting with success, have continued ever since. A new company established, 1698; the old one re-established, 1700; agreed to give government 400,000 l. a year, for five years, so they might continue unmolested, Feb. 1769; India bill passed, 1773; Dutch East India company established, 1594; East India company at Copenhagen established, 1612. See Judges.

- Indostan. See Mogul Empire.

- Indulgences, money first given for them in the 12th century. Pope Clement V. was the first that made a public sale of them, about 1313.

- Injections, Ana omical, first made by Ruisch, 1726.

- Inns of Court instituted as a university to teach the law, soon after the Court of Common Pleas was fixed in Westminster Hall. (see Common Pleas) The degrees were Barristers and Serjeants. See Lincoln's Inn, Temple, &c.

- Inoculation first tried on criminals, 1721.

- Inquisition, Popish, begun by pope Gregory IX. 1204; established at Tholouse, 1229; committed to the direction of the Dominicans, 1233; 133 heretics were burnt, in Champagne, in France, in the presence of 18 bishops, 1239; its first establishment in Spain, 1482. See Jews.

- Institutions. See Charities, Hospitals, Societies.

- Insurance of ships first practised in the reign of Caesar, about 45; in general custom throughout Europe, 1194; Insurance Offices first set up in London, 1667.

- Insurrection of the poor in many parts of England, owing to the dearness of provisions, 1766. See Riot, Rebellion.

- Interdicts, National, were an improvement on the custom of the ecclesiastic censures on whole families, which took their rise about 320.

- Interest of money, 45 per cent. 1307; established by law at 10 per cent. 1546; 9 l. 16 s. 1604; 8 l. 1622; 6 l. 1660; reduced to 5 l. per cent. 1714.

- Interim, a provisional regulation in favour of the Lutherans, relating to the articles of faith necessary to be believed, 'till the decision of a general council, published by Charles V. of Germany, 1548.

- Inundation.

- There happened such a flood in Gloucestershire, that all the country was overflowed by the Severn, and several persons were drowned in their beds, 1483. The waters did not abate for ten days, which hindered the duke of Buckingham's passing that river into Wales, to join the Welchmen who were risen against the king, and occasioned his misfortune and death.

- One at Newcastle on Tyne, when upwards of 120 persons were drowned, 1633.

- One in Gascoyne, when the water spouted from the sides of an adjacent mountain, in jets, 1678.

- One in Yorkshire, in which a rock visibly opened, and water was thrown into the air, to the height of an ordinary church steeple, 1686. Philos. Trans.

- One in the north of England, Nov. 1771.

- See Dort, Petersburgh, Zealand.

- Invasion, vide England and Ireland.

- Iphigenia, The fable of the sacrifice of, taken by the Greeks, as supposed from the history of Jephtha.

- Ipswich west-gate built, 1430; college built, 1524; town incorporated by Charles II.

- Ireland, originally called Ierne, Hibernia, and Scotia.

- The first conquest of this island was the Milesian.

- Ith landed here from Galicia in Spain, and died of the wounds he received from the natives, 1071 before Christ, when the island was divided as at present.

- From 323, to 103 before Christ, there were but two kings but what were killed by their successors.

- King Cormac O'Con wrote a book called 'Advice to Kings,' about 254.

- Ulster was colonized by the Scots, who in the 3d century covered the island.

- Began to receive the Christian faith, about 430.

- Invaded by Fitz-Stephen, near Wexford, May, 1170, who settled there the first colony of British inhabitants in that town.

- Conquered by Henry II. who appointed first a viceroy, 1172; all the Irish were ordered home, 1423; the kings of England were called lords of Ireland, till 1542; when Henry VIII. took the title of king.

- Erected into a kingdom by a bull from pope Paul IV. 1555.

- Invaded by the Spaniards, 1582.

- Again, by ditto, at Baltimore, 1601.

- All the principal woods cut down by order of Cromwell; linen trade opened, Dec. 23, 1779.

- See Hospital, Dublin, Society.

- Iron discovered by the burning of Mount Ida, 1432 before Christ; first cast in England at Backstead, Sussex, by Ralph Page and Peter Baude, 1544; Iron was not drawn by mills (an invention of Germany) till 1563. See Iron Mills.

- Iron-mask, a state prisoner in France, so called from an iron mask that he had fixed on his face, to conceal him, with steel springs, to admit of his feeding; was supposed to have been some prince, and was treated as such; a discovery of himself would have occasioned his death: he died 1704, after 43 years confinement.

- Iron Mills, first erected in England, by Godfrey Box, of Liege, 1590. See Iron.

- Irrelagh Friary, Ireland, founded 1440, rebuilt 1602.

- Isaiah began to prophecy 786; put to death by Hezekiah 696 before Christ.

- Israel, the seat of the kingdom transferred from Tirzah to Samaria, by Omri, 924; kingdom of, finished by the taking of Samaria (by Salmanaser) 721 before Christ. See Judah.

- Israelites departure out of Egypt, Tuesday, May 5, 1491; fed with manna from Heaven, Thursday, June 4, the same year; passed over Jordan, with Joshua, Friday, April 30, 1451 before Christ.

- Isthmian games; or, combats in the Isthmus of Athens, instituted by Sysiphus, king of Corinth, in honour of Neptune, 15 years after the rape of Ganymede, 1326 before Christ.

- Italy, the order of Crosiers there founded, before 1169. Several cities bought their present immunities of the emperor of Germany; Lucca gave 12,0•0 crowns; Florence, Genoa, and Bologna, 6000 each, 1286.

J.

- JACOB, the patriarch, went to Haran, to his uncle Laban, 1759; returned into the land of Canaan, 1739; went with his family into Egypt, 1706; died 1689 before Christ, aged 147.

- Jacobites, a party called by that name, from the revolution to 1746, viz. those who expressed their wishes to restore the family of James II.

- Jail distemper. See Accidents.

- Jamaica discovered, by Columbus, 1494; settled by the Spaniards, 1509; taken from the Spaniards by Admiral Penn, May 7, 1655; terrible earthquake at, June 7, 16•2; dreadful hurricane, August 20, 1722; another, Sept. 1, 1734; another, October, 1744; another dreadful one, August 10, 1751; again, with an earthquake, when Savannah le Mar was overflowed by the sea, and destroyed, Oct. 2, 1780.

- James I. king of Scotland, succeeded his father John, 1423; his father being at war with the English, he was taken by them, and remained a prisoner till 1424, when he was released, (on paying £. 40,000, and consenting to marry Joanno, grand-daughter to Edward III.) by John duke of Bedford, regent, during the minority of Henry VI. to whom he paid homage for his crown: murdered in his bed by assassins, by order of his uncle, the earl of Athol, Feb. 19, 1437, whom he had punished for mal-administration, during his imprisonment. He was succeeded by his son James II.

- James II. king of Scotland, son of James I. succeeded his father 1437, being then 7 years old: killed at the siege of Roxburgh, by the bursting of a cannon, 1460, aged 29, and was succeeded by his son James III.

- James III. of Scotland, son of James II. aged 7 years, succeeded his father 1460; seduced by astrology, to which he was addicted, he arrested his two brothers John and Alexander, caused John to b• assassinated; Alexander escaped, raised an army against him, and took him prisoner, but generously set him at liberty; his subjects however rebelled against him for his tyranny, and he fell by them in battle 1488; he was succeeded by his son James IV.

- James IV. of Scotland, son of James III. aged 16, succeeded his father 1488; married Margaret, daughter of Henry VII. of England, December, 1503; subdued his rebellious subjects, but afterwar•s assisting Louis XII. of France, against Henry VIII. of England; he was killed at the battle of Floudon-field, 1531, aged 41, and succeeded by his son James V. James IV. always wore a chain round his body, in penance for his father's murder.

- James V. of Scotland, son of James IV. succeeded his father 1531, then only 18 months old, his mother Margaret being regent; when of age, he assisted Francis I. of France, against Charles V. and married Francis's eldest daughter 1535; buried his queen 1537, and marred Mary, of Lorraine, daughter of Claude, duke of Guise, and widow of Louis d'Orleans, by whom he had only one child. Mary, born 8 days before his death, which happened Dec. 13. 1542; he was succeeded by this daughter. See Mary, Queen of Scots.

- James VI. of Scotland, and I. of England, son of Mary, queen of Scots, grand-daughter of Margaret, Henry VIIIth's sister, by Lord Darnley, born at Edinburgh, June 19, 1566; crowned king of Scotland, on his mother's being deposed, the earl of Murray regent, July 29, 1567; took the reins of government, 1578; went to Norway, October 22, and married Ann, princess of Denmark, Nov. 24, 1589; returned to Scotland, May 1, 1590; seized by the earl of Bothwell, 1593; was near being murdered by Gowrie, and his brother, at Perth, August 5, 1600; succeeded Elizabeth on the throne of England, March 24, 1603; arrived in London, May 7, following; conspired against, in favour of Arabella Stuart, his second cousin, July following; stiled himself king of Great Britain, 1606; created his son Henry prince of Wales, May 1610; created 90 baronets to raise money, May 1611; created his son Charles prince of Wales, on the death of his son Henry, Nov. 1616; went into Scotland, March 4, 1617; returned Sept. following; lost his queen in a dropsy, March 1, 1619, aged 45; tore a protestation out of the Journals of the House of Commons, December 11, 1621; died of an ague at Theobald's, March 27, 1625; and was succeeded by his second son, Charles I.. See Gunpowder-plot; Henry, James's son; Mary, queen of Scots; Gowrie; Hanover Princess of.

- James II. brother of Charles II. born October 30, 1633; entered into the Spanish service, 1658; married Ann Hyde, the lord chancellor's daughter, Sept. 3, 1660; made lord high admiral, 1664; lost his wife, March 31, 1671, aged 30; married the princess of Modena, Nov. 21, 1673; a bill passed the House of Commons to exclude him from the succession, 1680; succeeded Charles II. on the throne, Feb. 6, 1685; crowned April 23, following; received the Pope's Nuncio, 1687; fled, on the prince of Orange's being invited over, Dec. 12, 1688; seized at Feversham, and brought back to Whitehall, December 16; left England, by order of prince William, Dec. 23, 1688; and was succeeded by his daughter Mary, and William III. her husband; landed with an army at Kinsale in Ireland, March 22, 1689; returned to France, June, 1690; died at St. Germain's, August 6, 1701. See Monmouth; Orange, prince of; William III. Pretender; Rem. Occur. anno 1688.

- James's palace, St. built 1530. See Park.

- Jane Sevmour, Henry the VIIIth's third wife, died in childbed with Edward VI. Oct. 1537.

- Japan, Empire of, founded by Jerotimo, 1188; first discovered by the Portuguese, 1549; christianity proscribed there, 1586.

- Jarrow monastery. See Gyrwi.

- Java, 30,000 of the Chinese massacred at, by the Dutch, 1740.

- Jericho, walls of, fell, 1454.

- Jeroboam set up two golden calves at Dan and Bethel, to prevent his subjects going to worship at Jerusalem, 975 before Christ.

- Jersey, earldom of, created, 1697. (name Villiers.)

- Jersey, Guernsey, Sark, and Alderney, were appendages of the duchy of Normandy, and united to the crown of England, by the first princes of the Norman line.

- Jerusalem, Templ• of, built, 1094; city taken by Nebuchadnezzar, after a siege of 18 months, June 9, 587; the second temple finished, under Darius, March 10, 515 before Christ; destroyed by Titus, August 31, 70; pillaged by the Persians, and 90,000 inhabitants killed, 613; taken by the Saracens, 637; taken by Godfrey of Boulogne, who was there elected king of it, July 5, 1100; finally conquered by Saladin, 1187; now subject to the Turks.

- Jester's court, abolished in France by Louis XIV• in Germany, 1719.

- Jesuits, society of, established by Ignatius Loyola, 1536; expelled England, 1604; Venice, 1606; France, 1764; Spain, 1767; and Naples, 1768; suppressed by the Pope, 1773.

- Jesus Christ was born, Monday, Dec. 25, in the year of the world, 4005; in that of Rome, 752, four years before the common aera; his first ministry in 30; baptised by John, 30; celebrated his last passover, and instituted the sacrament in it• stead, Thursday, April 2; crucified, April 3, at three in the afternoon; rose, April 5; ascended. Thursday, May 14; all in 33, or in 29, allowing his birth to have happened 4 years before the common aera.

- Jesus college, Oxford, founded by queen Elizabeth, 1571. (19 fellows.)

- Jesus college, Cambridge, founded by the bishop of Ely, 1496. (16 fellows.)

- Jewels. Agnes Sorel was the first woman that wore any, 1434.

- Jews, the seventy years captivity of, began 606 before Christ.

- Those about Cyrene, headed by one Andrae, murdered near 200,000 Greeks and Romans; they eat their entrails, and covered themselves with the skins of those whom they assassinated, 115.

- Five hundred and eighty thousand of them destroyed by the Romans, 135.

- The first known in England, were invited over by William I. 1067.

- Twelve thousand slain in Germany, by those of the Crusade, 1096.

- They, thinking to invoke the Divine clemency, at the solemnization of the passover at Paris, sacrificed a young lad of twelve years old, the son of a rich tradesman, by first whipping his flesh from his bones, and then crucifying him; for which cruelty the criminals were executed, and the rest were banished the kingdom, 1180. From this circumstance, the Jews have been ever since held in detestation.

- Massacred, Sept. 3, 1189, at the coronation of Richard I.

- In Henry IIId's reign, they all wore badges on their upper garments.

- Seven were condemned to pay the king 20,000 marks, or suffer perpetual imprisonment, for circumcising a Christian child, at Norwich, and and attempting to crucify him, 1235.

- Two hundred and two were apprehended for crucifying a child at Lincoln, 18 of whom were hanged, the rest heavily fined, 1255.

- Seven hundred were slain in London, because a Jew would have forced a Christian to pay him more than two shillings per week for the loan of twenty, 1262.

- Every Jew who lent money upon usury, was commanded to wear a plate upon his breast, signifying that he was a usurer, or to quit the realm, 1274.

- Two hundred and sixty-seven were hanged and quartered, for clipping, 1277.

- The same year, the Jews crucified a child at Northampton, for which 50 were drawn at horses tails, and hanged.

- All the Jews synagogues were ordered to be destroyed, 1282.

- All the Jews in England were apprehended in one day, their goods and chattels consiscated to the king, and they, to the number of 15,060, banished the realm, having only sustenance money allowed, 1287. They remained banished 364 years, till Oliver Cromwell restored them.

- A general massacre of them at Verdun, by the peasants, who, from a pretended prophecy, conceived the Holy Land was to be recovered from the Infidels by them; 500 of these Jews took shelter in a castle, and defended themselves to the last extremity; when, for want of other weapons, they threw their children at the enemy, and then killed each other, 1317.

- Driven out of France, 1394.

- Ditto out of Spain, to the number of 150,000, 1492; they retired to Africa, Portugal, and France. It was against them that the inquisition was there first established.

- There was not a Jew in this Island from 1610, to 1624.

- Act passed here to naturalize them, 1753; repealed, on the petition of all the cities in England, 1754.

- Four executed, for murdering Mrs. Hutchins's servant, Dec. 9, 1771. See Massacre, Naturalization Bill, Rem. Occur. anno 800.

- John, fourth son of Henry II. born at Oxford, 1166; married his cousin Avisa, daughter of the earl of Glocester, 1189; aimed at the crown during his brother Richard's confinement, 1193; excluded from the succession, 1194; pardoned by his brother Richard I. 1195, and appointed by him his successor, 1199, in exclusion of Arthur, son of his next brother Geoffrey; crowned May 27, 1199; divorced Avisa, on a plea of being too near of kin, and married Isabella, daughter of the count of Angoselme, contracted to the comte de la Marche, whom, on the death of John, she married, 1200; crowned again with his queen, 1200; and again at Canterbury, 1201; went to Paris soon after, besieged Mirabel, vanquished his nephew Arthur, and took him prisoner, August 2, 1203, and caused him to be murdered, then about 20 years old; cited to Paris, to answer for the crime, but did not attend, of course was deprived of his dominions in France; crowned again in England the same year; the kingdom put under an interdict, for his opposing the Pope's nomination to the see of Canterbury, 1208; excommunicated for nonsubmission, 1209; landed with an army in Ireland, June 8, 1210, and quelled the revolt; deposed by the Pope, 1212, and the king of France employed to put the sentence in execution; submitted, and surrendered his crown to the Pope's legate, May 25, 1213, and was absolved, July 20, following; resigned the crown again to the Pope, and the interdict was taken off, 1214; compelled to sign Magna Charta, at Runny Mead, 1215; the barons offered the crown to Louis, the king of France's son, who accepted it, 1215; Louis landed in England with a large army, 1216; John retired with his crown, &c. from Lynn to Lincolnshire, and lost all his treasure and baggage, as he passed through the marshes; sickened at this, and died of a fever at Newark-castle, October 28, 1216; was buried in Worcester-cathedral, and succeeded by Henry III. his son, by his first wife. See Henry II; De Courcy; Louis.

- John of Gaunt's house, near Lincoln, built, 1397.

- John's, St. college, Cambridge, founded by Henry VIIth's mother, 1508. (50 fellows.)

- John's, St. college, Oxford, founded by Sir Thomas White, 1557. (50 fellows.)

- Johnson, Reverend Samuel, degraded and whipped from Newgate to Tyburn, for a libel, Dec. 1, 1686.

- Jona monastery, in the Hebrides, Scotland, built by St. Columba.

- Jongleurs, The, in France, were those who sung the pieces of the Troubadours; but the professions were sometimes united. See Troubadours.

- Joseph sold, 1728; tempted by P•tiphar's wife, 1718; governor of Egypt, 1715; sent for his father Jacob, 1706; bought all the lands of Egypt, and let them out at a fifth part of their produce, 1702; died in Egypt, 1635 before Christ, aged 110.

- Joseph and Mary, with Jesus, returned to Nazareth, in 3 before the common aera.

- Juan Fernandes, discovered by the English, 1709.

- Jubilee among the Christians at the end of every century, instituted by pope Boniface VIII. 1300: this was celebrated afterwards every 50 years, by order of Clement VI. Urban VI. reduced it to every 33d year, and Paul II. to every 25 years, at which period it is now sixed. One was held in England, 1376, being the 50th year of Edw. III.'s reign. Cloths of gold and silver were then worn.

- Juda and Israel, The kingdoms of, divided 795 before Christ. See Israel.

- Judges appointed, 1176; appointed for life, 1762; sent to India, 1773. Vide Circuits.

- Jugurtha, War with, 111 before Christ.

- Julius Agricola, a Roman general, totally subdued Britain, 78.

- Julius Caesar, emperor of Rome, born July 10, 100; invaded Britain, landing at Deal, August 26, 55; killed in the senate-house, March 15, 44 before Christ, after having fought 50 battles, slain above 1,192,000 men, and taken, by assault, 1000 towns.

- Jury. Trial by 12 judges introduced first into Denmark, by Regnerus, who began to reign 820; the institution borrowed here by Ethelred, and juries established, as at present, 979; the custom of keeping them from food, till after their verdict, took its rise from the fear of bribery, it being customary for the plaintiff and defendant to feast them.

- Justices of peace first instituted, 1344; their power enlarged and settled as at present, 1590. See Conservators.

- Justs. There were royal ones in Smithfield, between the earl of H•inault, and certain Hanoverians, challengers, and the earl of Somerset, and an equal number of Englishmen, defendants, 1408; the victory was on the Englishmen's side.

K.

- KAMSCHATKA discovered by the Russians, 1739.

- Kelly, Scots earldom of, created 1619. (name Erskine.)

- Kendal, Westmoreland, incorporated by James I.

- Kenelworth-castle built, 1120; priory built about 1122.

- Kenred succeeded his uncle Ethelred, as 13th king of Britain, 704; reigned and turned monk, 708, and was succeeded by his cousin, Ceolred, son of Ethelred, last king but one.

- Kenric succeeded his father Cerdic, as 4th king of Britain; crowned king of the West-Saxons, 534; died 560, and was succeeded in the monarchy by his elder son Ceaulin.

- Kensington, Irish barony, created 1776. (Edwardes.)

- Kent, Earl of, brother to Edward II. beheaded March 19, 1330, for conspiring against Edw. III. See Edward III.

- Kent, The maid of. See Impostors.

- Kenulf, king of Mercia, succeeded Egfrid as 18th king of Britain, 798; built Winchcomb monastery, Glocestershire; died 819; buried at Winchcomb, and succeeded by Egbert, king of Wessex.

- Keppel, Hon. Admiral, tried for not doing his utmost to destroy the French fleet, July 27, 1778, and honourably acquitted.

- Ker of Wakefield, Earldom of, created 1722. (name Ker.)

- Kerry, Irish earldom of, created 1722. (name Fitz-Maurice.)

- Kent, the tanner, hanged at Norwich, for rebelling, 1549. See Rebellion.

- Ket's Coity-house, Kent, erected over the grave of Catigern, 445.

- Kew-bridge built, 1759.

- Kildare, Earl of, and his five uncles, executed in London, for attempting to raise a rebellion in Ireland, Feb. 3. 1537.

- Kilkenny, The statute of, passed, 1364.

- Kilmarnock and Balmerino, Lords, beheaded on Tower-hill, August, 1746, for taking part in the rebellion of 1745.

- Kilmorey, Irish viscount, Title of, created 1625. (name Needham.)

- King of Oakham, Barony of, created 1723. (name King.)

- Kingdoms, Origin of, by Nimrod. See Babylon.

- King's speech, The first, delivered, 1107, by Hen. I.

- King's college, Cambridge, founded by Henry VI. 1441. (58 fellows.)

- King's evil was supposed to be cured by a touch of the kings of England; the first who touched for it was Edward the Confessor, 1058; his sanctity procured belief, and his successors continued it as part of their grandeur. It was dropped by George I.

- King's Lynn, Norfolk, Bailiffs of, first made mayors, 1204.

- Kingston, Duchess of, tried for bigamy, and convicted, April 22, 1776.

- Kingston, Irish earldom of, created 1768. (name King.)

- Kingston on Thames chartered by king John.

- Kingston, Dukedom of, created 1715. (name Pierpont.)

- Kinnaird, Scots barony of, created 1682. (name Kinnaird.)

- Kinnoul, Scots earldom of, created 1633. (name Hay.)

- Kinsale fort, Ireland, erected in Charles II.'s reign.

- Kircudbright, Scots barony, created 1633. (name Maclellan.)

- Kirkby and Wade, sea-captains, shot at Plymouth for desertion, April 14, 1703.

- Kirkham priory, Yorkshire, built, 1122.

- Kirkstall abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1147.

- Kirkstead abbey, Lincolnshire, built, 1139.

- Kissing the Pope's toe, took its rise from the custom of kneeling to sovereigns, introduced by Diocletian; thence also the custom of a vassal's kneeling to his lord, in homage.

- Kit-cat club, a society of noblemen and gentlemen, about 30 in number, established 1703, for the purpose of promoting the protestant succession in the house of Hanover: the club took its name from one Christopher Kat, a pastry-cook, who lived near the tavern where they met in King-street, Westminster, and who served them.

- Knee ordered to be bent at the name of Jesus, 1275.

- Kneeling to sovereigns. See kissing.

- Knight-errantry. See Duelling.

- Knighthood, (derived from ancient chivalry, which took place on the Continent, when in a state of anarchy, for the defence of the women) a military institution of the Romans, who after their union with the Sabines, created three centuries of knights, about 750 before Christ; first instituted in England 540; during the heptarchy, it was conferred by the priest at the altar, after confession and consecration of the sword. The first knight made by the sovereign was Athelstan, by Alfred, 900: the custom of ecclesiastics conferring this honour was suppressed, 1100; all persons possessing an annual income of ten pounds, were obliged to be knighted, or pay a fine, 38 Hen. III. 1254. See Rem. Occur. anno 1508. In France, it was an association to protect the women from the violence of marauders, and was instituted about 1050.

- Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. See Malta.

- Knights Hospitalers. See Malta, Knights Templars.

- Knights Banneret, Title of, first given by Conan who commanded the Roman legions in England, 38•.

- Knights Templars, a religious order instituted, 1119; flourished in England during the reign of Henry II; all of them arrested in France, in one day; they were charged with great crimes and great riches; 59 of them were burnt alive at Paris, Oct. 13, 1307; their order destroyed by Philip of France, 1311, and their wealth given to the knight hospitalers, which see; abolished throughout Europe, 1312. See Knighthood, Teutonic.

- Knitting, an invention introduced from Spain, early in Elizabeth's reign.

- Knives first made in England, 1563. This was the first branch of cutlery made here.

- Known-men, a name given to the Lollards, by Smith, bishop of Lincoln, 1500. See Lollards.

L.

- LACOCK nunnery, Wilts, built, 1233.

- Lacteals, The, discovered by chance, in opening a dog, by Asellius, July 23, 1622; in birds, fish, &c. by Mr. Hewson, surgeon of London, 1770. Vide Thoracic Duct.

- Ladies first introduced at court by the queen of Louis XII. about 1500; much later in England.

- Ladrone and Philippine Islands; the first European discoverer of them was Ferdinand Magellus, 1520.

- Laity and clergy, Distinction of, established before 150.

- Lakenheath, Norfolk, infinite damage done there by a sand-flood, 1667.

- Lamb, Dr. murdered in the streets of London, 1628.

- Lambert, burnt in Smithfield, 1538.

- Lambeth palace built, 1184; college and chapel founded by Hubert, archbishop of Canterbury, about 1196.

- Lancaster castle built by Edward III.; town incorporated by king John.

- Lancaster, Plantagenet, Earl of, grandson to Hen. III. beheaded 1321, for conspiring against the Spencers, favourites of his first cousin Edward II.

- Lancaster, Duchy court of, London, erected 1370; made a county Palatine, 1376.

- Lancastrian family, The first king of, was Henry IV. See York, the Crown.

- Land let in general for 1 s. an acre throughout England, 1544. Rental of England, including land, houses, and mines, was computed at six millions. about 1600; 12 years purchase was then the value of land. About 1690, the rental amounted to 14 millions, and land was worth 18 years purchase. It rose to 35 years purchase in 1778, but fell in 1779 to 24 years.

- Landaff bishopric, founded about 490; cathedral built, 982; chancellorship and precentorship erected about 1200.

- Landcheap. See Malden.

- Land-tax collected very early in tenths, fifteenths, scutages, &c. but settled as it now stands, 1692; established on places, 1760. See Military services.

- Lanercost priory, of the Augustine order, Cumberland, founded, 1169.

- Lanerk-castle, Scotland, founded by Robert Bruce, 1314.

- Lanesborough, Irish earldom of, created 1756. (name Butler.)

- Langdale of Home, barony of, created 1657. (name Langdale)

- Langford, Irish viscount, title of, created 1766, (name Rowley.)

- Languard fort, Essex, built by James I.

- Languedoc, The parliament of, erected by Charles VII. 1441.

- Lantherns, the invention of king Alfred, 890.

- Lantphey court, Pembrokeshire, built before 1335.

- La Ramie, hanged at Paris, for personating the son of Charles IX. 1596.

- Latin ceased to be spoken in Italy, about 581; in France, in the 9th contury; abolished in processes at law, 1731.

- Latins, The, reduced to the subjection of the Romans, 339 before Christ.

- Latium, City of, built by Latinus, king of the Latins, 904 before Christ. See Aborigines.

- Lauderdale, Scots earldom of, created 1623. (name Maitland.)

- Launceston castle, Cornwall, built by the Romans; town built about 900; incorporated 1555.

- Laureate. See Poet.

- Law Burrows, in Scotland, an ancient security to keep the peace.

- Laws, and a tribunal of justice first established in the kingdom of Argos, by Phoroneus, son of Inachus, 1808 before Christ (see Inachus). Roman law collected by Theodosius the younger, 438; the code completed under Justinian, about 533; the Saxon code by Ina, 709; Alfred's body of laws made, 890; those of Edward the Confessor composed, 1065; Oleron, or maritime laws, made by Richard I. when at the isle of Oleron. See Canon, Molmutian.

- Lawyers excluded parliament in Henry IVth's time, See Parliament.

- Layer, counsellor, hanged for enlisting men into the Pretender's service, March 17, 1722.

- Lazaro, St. order of, instituted, 1119; confirmed, 1255.

- Lazarus, raised from the dead, 33; died Dec. 17, 63.

- Leadenhall, built as a storehouse for the poor, 1446.

- League of the beggars (for so were the Protestants called) to oppose the inquisition in Flanders, 1560; of the Huguenots, or French Protestants in France, which occasioned a civil war, 1576; in Scotland, against episcopacy, 1638.

- Lear, king of Britain, began to reign in 900. He built the city of Leicester, where he was buried, 840 before Christ, leaving his youngest daughter Cordelia, queen, who after reigning five years, being taken prisoner by her sister, slew herself.

- Leather, a duty first laid on it, 1339.

- Ledbury hospital, Hereford, founded 1232; refounded by queen Elizabeth, 1580.

- Le Despenser, barony of, created 1231. (name

- Leeds castle, founded about 857; built 1071; rebuilt in the 11th century; chartered by Charles I. anew by Charles II.

- Leeds, dukedom of, created 1694. (name Osborne.)

- Lees priory Essex, built, 1306.

- Leiburn castle, Kent, built about 1190.

- Leicester, built by Lear, (vide Lear) abbey built, 1143; town incorporated by king John.

- Leigh of Stoneleigh, barony of, created 1643. (name Leigh)

- Leinster, Irish dukedom of, created 1766. (name Fitz-Gerald.)

- Leinster, viscount, title of, created 1745. (name Fitz-Gerald)

- Lenox, Scots dukedom of, created 1675. (name Lenox.)

- Lent, the fast of, instituted 140; first established here in Kent, by Ercombert, 640.

- Leo. See Pope.

- Leominster, Herefordshire, chartered by queen Mary.

- Lesbos, Isle of, began to be peopled about 1045 before Christ.

- Leskard, Cornwall, incorporated 1580.

- Lestwithiel, Cornwall, incorporated by 33 Edw. I.

- Letters invented by Memnon the Egyptian, 1822; first brought by Cadmus from Phoenicia to Greece, and afterwards introduced among the savages of Europe, about 1500 before Christ; carried by the Europeans to America about 1500. See Memnon.

- Letters of Slanes, are a discharge in old Scots law given to a murderer, by the relations of the person murdered, on his paying a certain fine.

- Levant trade commenced 1511; scon dwindled, but revived, 1510. See Turkey Company.

- Leven and Melvile, Scots earldom of, created 1641. (name Lesley.)

- Lewellin, the last prince of the Welch, defeated, and slain by the English, and his head put on the Tower of London, 1284.

- Lewes priory founded, and castle built, 1078; archdeaconry erected, 1180.

- Leyden jubilee instituted, 1675. See Universities.

- Liberty of the subject. See Rem. Occur. anno 1679.

- Library, first public one founded at Athens, by Hipparchus, 526 before Christ; first private library, the property of Aristotle, 334 before Christ; first large one at Rome, built by Theophrastus; Alexandrian, consisting of 400,000 valuable books, burnt, 47 before Christ; the Vatican at Rome, founded 1446.

- Lie, The great affront of giving the, arose from the words 'Thou liest,' in the oath taken by the defendant in judicial combats before engaging, when charged with any crime by the plaintiff. See Combats.

- Lifford, Irish viscount, created 1780. (name Hewit.)

- Light and colours, Theory of, given by Sir Isaac Newton, 1666.

- Lightning, &c. so dreadful as to throw down several churches, Feb. 1222.

- It thundered 15 days together, with rain and floods, that destroyed the fruits of the earth, 1233.

- As the king and queen were talking together in their bedchamber, a flash of lightning passed by them, and killed two of their servants who were waiting on them, but did them no hurt, 1285.

- Destroyed many men and beasts, and burnt many houses, &c. 1360.

- St. Paul's steeple, and that of Waltham cross, were fired by lightning, Candlemas-day, 1443.

- Vide Rem. Occurrences, 1703.

- Lights in churches first introduced about 50. The original institution was at the religious assemblies of Christians, to avoid the scandal occasioned by their meeting in the dark, at night, during the times of persecution.

- Lights of the Zodiac, first observed by an Englishman, 1659.

- Ligonier of Clo•mell, Irish earldom, created 1776. (name Ligonier.)

- Ligurians. See Genoa.

- Lilleshul priory, Salop, built, 1104.

- Limburg, Barony of, added to Prussia, 1713.

- Limerick, siege of, 1691.

- Lincluden abbey, Scotland, founded in the reign of Malcolm IV. who died 1165.

- Lincoln once a Roman colony; castle built by the Romans; cathedral built, 1070; bishopric formed by uniting Sidnachester and Dorchester, 1086; deanery, archdeaconry, chancellorship, and precentorship erected, 109; subdeanery, ditto, 1140; city burnt, 1123; Newportgate a Roman building.

- Lincoln college, Oxford, founded by the bishop of Lincoln, 1427. (12 fellows.)

- Lincoln's inn, London, the palace of the bishop of Chichester, about 1226; converted into an inn about 1310. See Inns of Court.

- Lindisfarne monastery, Northumberland, founded before 651; present one built, 1104. It was formerly a bishop's see, till removed to Chester.

- Lindores, Scots barony, created 1600. (name Lesley.)

- Linen first made in England, by Flemish weavers, 1253; till then woollen shirts were worn, as now by the Mountaineers in Wales: linen weavers, a company of, from the Netherlands, established in London, 1368; staining of linen first known here, 1579; linen trade, Ireland, began by Lord Wentworth, 1634; British linen company erected, 1746.

- Lisbon custom-house burnt, May 31, 1766. See earthquake, Academies.

- Lisburne, Irish earldom, created, 1776. (name Vaughan.)

- Lisle, Irish barony, created 1758. (name Lysaght.)

- Litanies first used in churches, 443; the first in English, 1343.

- Litchfield bishopric founded by Oswy, king of Mercia, 656; united with Coventry, 1086; precentorship erected, 1130; treasurership and deanery, ditto, 1140; chancellorship, ditto, 1222; cathedral built, 667; rebuilt, 1148.

- Literary property, statute in favour of, passed, 1710; adjudged not perpetual, 1774.

- Literature was so little known from the 9th to almost the 14th century, that few men of eminence in church and state could either read or write. See Signing, Books.

- Liturgy first read in Scotland, July 23, 1637.

- Liverpool castle built, and town chartered by king John.

- Llanstephen castle, Caermarthonshire, built, 1138.

- Llanvylliny, Montgomeryshire, chartered by Edw. III.

- Loadstone, virtues of, known in France before 1180.

- Locusts, swarms of them settled on the ground about London, and consumed the vegetables, 1748.

- Logarithms, for the use of seamen, invented by baron Neper, a Scotchman. See Neper.

- Lollards (a term of reproach equal to that of fanatics) were those who diffented from the church o England, before she renounced popery. They sprung from William Lollard, who began to propagate his opinions, 1315, and was burnt at Cologne, 1351; after his death the disciples of Wickliffe were called Lollards; proscribed by parliament, 1406; many Lollards executed about 1414. See Oldcastle.

- Lombardy, Kingdom of, began 573. The Lombards were a detachment of Alcmans from Brandenburg, invited into Italy by Justinian, to serve against the Goths. As a reward for their services, the emperor gave them part of Upper Pannonia, now a part of Lower Austria, 548, from whence they passed into Italy, and their chief was proclaimed king by his army at Milan, 570. This kingdom made considerable conquests 'till 771, when Desiderius, their last king, was taken by Charlemagne, and their territories annexed to the German empire.

- London, formerly called Augusta, founded by the Romans, 49; walled, and a palace built, 368; made a bishopric in 653; deanery erected before the conquest; archdeaconry before 1136; chancellorship, 1150; treasurership, 1160; precentorship, 1203; city repaired by Alfred, 885; burnt to the ground, about 912; nearly destroyed by fire, 1077; again, 1130; the chief magistrate, in William I•'s time, was called Port-reeve; Richard I. ordained two bailiffs, but King John changed them to a mayor; obtained their first free charter for electing their own magistrates, 1208; common hunt first appointed, 1226; most of the houses were thatched, 1246; all built with wood, 1300; privileges of taken away, but restored on submission, 1386; aldermen elected annually till 1394; charter declared forfeited, 1683; taken away, 1688; charter given again, 1689; gates of the city taken down, 1760; the common council ordered to wear blue silk gowns at court, Sept. 14, 1761; discontinued the practice, 1775; Newgate taken down, 1776; city remonstrated, on the king's paying no attention to their petition for a redress of grievances, and was censured, 1770. See Building; and Rem. Occur. annis 1558, 1580.

- London bridge built about 1098; built new with timber, 1165; finished with stone after 33 years labour, 1209; built with stone, 1212; houses took fire at both ends, the people thinking to suppress it, were hemmed in, and leaping over into boats and barges, several sunk, and 300 persons were drowned, 1214; its waterworks invented and begun, 1582; a great fire on it, Feb. 11, 1632; houses taken down, 1756; temporary bridge burnt, April 11, 1758.

- London Stone, Cannon-street, first placed there by the Romans, 15 before Christ.

- Londonderry, 210,000 acres there granted to the city of London, 1610; town besieged, April 20, 1689.

- Longbeard, William Fitz-Osborn, a lawyer, so called, hanged at Tyburn, for stirring up the people to sedition, 1197.

- Longford, Irish brony, created 1756. (name Pakenham.)

- Longitude. Harrison's time-keeper invented, 1763; Le Roi, of Paris, invented a watch that keeps time better, 1766.

- Lord High Steward, the first appointed for a coronation, was Thomas, second son of Henry IV.; the first for a trial of a peer, was Edward earl of Devon, on the arraignment of John earl of Huntingdon, in the same reign.

- Lord Steward of the Household, so called since 1540; before he was stiled grand master of the household.

- Lord lieutenants of counties instituted, July 24, 1549.

- Lord Mayor's show, London, the first, 1453.

- Lords, House of. See Parliament, Peers.

- Lorraigne given by the emperor Lotharius to his second son, as an independent duchy, about 851; it continued under its princes till 1670, when it was seized by Louis XIV. of France, and annexed to that crown, though the empty title is retained by another.

- Lothian, Scots marquisate, created 1701. (name Kerr.)

- Lotteries, Public, first established in England, 1569.

- Loudon, Scots earldom of, created 1633. (name Campbell.)

- Loughborough, Barony of, created 1780. (name Wedderburne.)

- Louis XV. king of France, stabbed by Damien, but not mortally, January 5, 1757.

- Louis, son of Philip II. of France, laid claim to the crown of England, from the pope's nomination, and landed with an army in the isle of Thanet, May 23, 1216. See John, king.

- Louisbourg taken by the English, June 1745; given up to the French, 1749; retaken July 22, 1758.

- Louisiania discovered by the French, 1633; settled by them, 1718; ceded to England, east of the Mississippi, 1763.

- Louth park abbey, Lincolnshire, built, 1139.

- Love-feasts established in the first century.

- Lovel and Holland, barony of, created 1762. (name Percevall)

- Low Countries, the country of the ancient Belgae, conquered by Julius Caesar, 47 before Christ; passed into the hands of France, 412; governed by earls, subject to that crown, from 864 to 1369; by marriage they then came into the House of Austria, but were yielded to Spain, 1556; shook off the Spanish yoke, 1572, and by the treaty of Vi•a, were annexed to the German empire, 1725. That part now held by Faance was annexed to France, 1748.

- Lowth, Irish carldom of, created 1759. (name Birmingham.)

- Lubeck, City of, burnt to ashes, 1209; again 1276.

- Lucan of Castlebar, Irish barony, created 1776. (name Bingham.)

- Lucca, its republic founded, 300; purchased its independency of the Emperor for 10,000 crowns.

- Lucern brought into the Palatinate, about 1575; into England soon after.

- Ludlow, Irish earldom of, created 1760. (name Ludlow.)

- Ludlow-castle, Salop, built soon after the conquest.

- Lulworth-castle, Dorset, built 1610.

- Lumley, Irish viscount, title of, created 1628. (name Saunderson.)

- Lungs, vesicles of, discovered by Malpighi, 1681.

- Lupercalia, The festival of, whose origin had preceded the foundation of Rome, was continued in February, till the reign of pope Gelasius, who abolished it about 480. The rites of this festival were expressive of an early state of society, before the invention of arts and agriculture.

- Lutgershall-castie, Wilts, built before 1199.

- Lydia, an ancient kingdom, under a long dynasty of kings, the last of whom was the rich Croesus, who was conquered by Cyrus, 544. It continued part of the Persian empire 'till that was conquered by Alexander, and about 283 it became part of the new kingdom of Pergamos, till Attalus bequeathed it to the Romans, 133 before Christ. It was at last taken from the eastern empire by the Turks, 1326.

- Lyme-castle, Kent, built long before 1379.

- Lyme-regis, Dorsetshire, chartered by Edward I.

- Lyons, France, founded by Lucius Plan•us, 43 before Christ. See Academies.

- Lyons-inn, London, established, 1420. See Inns of Court.

M.

- MACARTNEY of Lissanoure, Irish barony, created 1776. (name Macartney.)

- Maccabees, Government of Judea under, which continued 126 years, 163 before Christ. See Antiochus.

- Macclesfield, Earldom of, created 1721. (name Parker.)

- Macdonald of Slate, Irish barony, created 1776. (name Macdonald.)

- Macedon, Kingdom of, began under Caranus, 814; ended by the defeat of Perseus, and became a Roman province, 168 before Christ. (name Macdonald.)

- Mackrell allowed to be cried through London on Sundays, 1698.

- Macmahone, Lord, hanged for treason, 1644.

- Madagascar, first seen by the Portugueze, 1506.

- Madeira, Islands of, discovered by the Portugueze, 1419.

- Madrass peopled, and Fort St. George built by the English, 1620.

- Madrid built 936 before Christ. See Academies.

- Magdalen college, Cambridge, founded by the duke of Buckingham, 1516. (16 fellows.)

- Magdalen college, Oxford, founded by the bishop of Winton, 1549. (40 fellows.)

- Magic lanthorn, first constructed by Roger Bacon, 1260.

- Magna Charta, (a body of laws, the great barrier of English liberty) granted by king John to England, June 19, 1215; to Ireland, Nov. 12, 1216.

- Magnifying glasses, round, invented by Roger Bacon, 1252.

- Maiden rents. See Rem. Occur. 1057.

- Maidenhead incorporated by Edward III.

- Maidstone, Kent, St. Mary and All Saints college, founded, 1396; town incorporated by queen Elizabeth.

- Maintainance in litigation condemned by the Mosaic law, Exod. xxiii. 3.

- Maire, Le, Streights of, discovered, 1616, by le Maire, a Dutchman, who died 1622.

- Majesty, The title of, first given to Louis XI. of France: before this time, kings were satisfied with the appellation of Highness, or Grace; first given in England to Henry VIII. See Titles.

- Majorca reduced by the Spaniards, 1715.

- Malacca, gold mines discovered there, 1731. See Summatra.

- Malaga, Spain, built by the Phoenicians. See Cadiz.

- Malden, Essex, built 28 before Christ, rebuilt 919; the custom of Landcheap settled, by a grant from the bishop of London, 1403.

- Malmsbury abbey founded in 642; castle built, 1134.

- Maloes, St. English attempt upon it, June 8, 1758.

- Malt tax established, 1697; encreased, 1760; new modelled, 1766.

- Malta, Knights of, alias Knights Hospitallers, alias Knights of St. John, of Jerusalem; the foundation of that order laid by opening a house for the reception of pilgrims at Jerusalem, 1048; became a regular monastic order, 1099, and a military order, 1118; took Rhodes, and were called Knights of Rhodes, 1310; being expelled from thence by the Turks, the emperor Charles V. gave them the island of Malta, 1523, and they were called Knights of Malta; expelled England, 1540; did great exploits against the Insidels, 1595; conspiracy at Malta, to destroy the whole order, for which 125 Turkish slaves suffered death, June 26, 1749. See Rhodes.

- Malton, Irish earldom of, created 1750. (name Wentworth.)

- Man, Isle of, formerly subject to Norway, then to John and Henry III. of England, and afterwards to Scotland; conquered by Henry IV. and by him given to the earl of Northumberland, on whose attainder it was granted to Sir John de Stanley, 1406; in this family it continued till 1594, when it was seized by the queen; granted to William earl of Derby, 1608; fell by inheritance to the duke of Athol, 1735; christianity first established there by Sts. Patrick and Andrew, about 440; episcopal see established, 447; conquered from the Scots, by Montacute earl of Sarum, 1314, to whom Edward III. gave the title of king of Man; first Tynwald meeting, about 1418; the proprietors first called Lords of Man, 1521 (before they were kings); the bishopric annexed to the province of York, 1541; island of, annexed to the crown of England, having been purchased of the duke of Athol for 70,000l. 1765.

- Manchester, Dukedom of, created 1719. (name Montague.)

- Manchester navigation opened, June 17, 1761.

- Manicheans, a sect in Persia, who believe two deities, one good, one bad; arose under Manes, 275. See Gnostics.

- Manilla, an island in the East Indies, taken by the English from the Spaniards, July 27, 1757.

- Manna. See Purgatives.

- Manno, T. burnt in Smithfield for heresy, 1512.

- Manorbeer castle, Pembrokeshire, built about the time of William II.

- Manors. See Villenage.

- Mansfield, of Nottingham, Earldom of, created 1776. (name Murray.)

- Mansion-house, London, founded Oct. 23, 1739; inhabited 1752.

- Mantua independent till 1•03, when it was seized by the house of Austria; order of the Rede•mer instituted, 16•3. See Academies.

- Maps and globe, invented by Anaximander; mapand sea charts first brought to England by Barth• lemew Columbus, 1499.

- Marble, art of staining it, known before 1644.

- Marches, in Wales, were districts in which great mischiefs were committed in the fourteenth century. One George Boarn, a famous Moss-trooper, cosfessed that he had murdered seven Englishmen, and ravished forty women.

- Marcheta, Custom of. See 〈◊〉. Occur. anno 1057

- Marchmont, Scots earldom, created 1697. (name Hume.)

- Margaret of D'Anjou, daughter of the king of Naples, queen to Henry VI. with her son, taken prisoner at the battle of Tewkibury, May 4, 1471. See Henry VI. Gloucester.

- Marigalante, Isle of, discovered by Columbus, 1493; settled by the French, 1691.

- Marise, William, a nobleman's son, drawn, hanged and quartered, for piracy, 1241; the first punishment of that kind.

- Markets. See Fairs.

- Marl, The use of, in husbandry, was known to the people of this island before Pliny.

- Marlborough, Dukedom of, created 1702. (name Spencer.)

- Marlborough, Statutes of, enacted Nov. 18, 1267.

- Marleyhill, Hereford, removed itself, 1573.

- Marloe, Christopher, dram. writer, killed by his rival, 1593.

- Marquis, Title of, first given to Vere, earl of Oxford, called marquis of Dublin, 1386.

- Marriage, The first institution of, by ceremony, is ascribed to Cecrops, king of Athens, 1556 before Christ; celebration of it in churches first ordained by Pope Innocent III. about 1200; before which, the only ceremony was that of a man's leading his bride home to his house; in Lent forbidden, 364; forbidden the priests, 1015; addresses of love to married women were customary about 1150; publication of banns instituted, about 1210; seven bishops deprived for being married, 1554; act passed for solemnizing it by justices of the peace, 1653; last marriage act passed, June, 1753. See Rem. Occur. anno 1571.

- Marseilles is said to have been a town 500 before Christ. See Academies.

- Marshals first instituted in France, 1436.

- Marshalsea, a Palace Court, erected 1630.

- Martinico, taken by the English, together with St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and the Grenada Islands, February, 1762; Pierre town burnt (700 houses), October, 1752.

- Mary, mother of Christ, died in 45, aged 60; feast of, instituted 695; feast of her nativity first observed in France, 1007.

- Mary, Queen, daughter of Henry VIII. by his first wife, born 1516; declared illegitimate on account of the illegality of her father's marriage, 1536; restored by parliament to her right of succession, 1544; that right set aside in favour of lady Jane Grey, June, 1553; succeeded however her half brother Edward VI. July 19, 1553; crowned September 30, following; her legitimacy confirmed by parliament, Oct. following; married Philip, prince of Spain, son of Charles V Jan. 19. 1554; Philip allowed to take the title of king during her life, Sept. 29, following; died of a dropsy, Nov. 17, 1558, and was succeeded by her half sister Elizabeth. See Grey, Lady Jane, Philip II.

- Mary, queen of Scots, grandaughter of Margaret, Henry VIIIth's sister, born Dec. 1542; succeeded her father at eight days old, the earl of Arran guardian; married to the dauphin Francis, son of Henry II. of France, April 24, 1558; buried her husband, then king, 1560; refused a passage through England on her return to Scotland, 1561; made her public entry into Edinburgh, Sept. 1, 1561; lord Leicester proposed to her in marriage by queen Elizabeth, 1564; married her cousin-german, lord Darnley, 1565; is said to have murdered her husband, Feb, 10, 1567, for putting Rizzio to death, (see Rizzio); murried the earl of Bothwell, May 15, for which her subjects rebelled and deposed her, July 20, following; crowning her son James VI. then 13 months old, the earl of Murray regent; (see Murray); escaped from the castle of Lochlevin, May 2, where she was confined, and fled to England, May 16, 1563, her cause examined into at a conference at York, Oct. 4, 1568; imprisoned in Tutbury-castle, Jan. 1569; conspired against the life of Elizabeth, 1586; removed to Fotheringay-castle the same year, and sentenced to die, October 25, following; for the French ambassador having bribed an assassin to murder Elizabeth, the people demanded Mary's death, and she was beheaded at Fotheringay-castle, Feb. 8, 1587; buried at Peterborough, but removed by her son James I. to Westminster, 1612. See Elizabeth, Bothwell, Darnley, Scotland.

- Mary, William IIId's queen, daughter of James II. by Ann Hyde, born April 30, 1662; married to the prince of Orange, Oct. 23, 1677; on her father's abdicating the crown, proclaimed, with her husband, queen of England, Feb. 13, 1689; died of the small-pox, Dec. 28, 1694, leaving her husband on the throne, and was buried at Westminster. See William III. Orange, Prince of.

- Maryland settled by lord Baltimore, 1633. See America.

- Masks. See Fans.

- Masque de fer. See Iron-mask.

- Mass, Prostration at the elevation of, ordained 1201. See Rem. Occur. anno 1688.

- Massachuset's bay colony, old charter granted, 1627; royal patent, 1628; first settlement at Salem, 1629; government removed to New England, 1630; division of into four townships, 1643; present colony established by the consolidation of four others, 1691.

- Massacre at Alexandria, of many thousand citizens, by order of Antoninus, 213.

- Of Thessalonica, when upwards of 7000 persons, invited into the Circus, were put to the sword by order of Theodosius, 390.

- Of 35,000 persons at Constantinople, 532.

- Of the Jews (some few pressing into Westminster-hall, at Richard 1st's coronation, were put to death by the people, and a false alarm being given, that the king had ordered a general ma•∣sacre of them, the people in many parts of England, from an aversion to them, flew all they met; in York, 500 who had taken shelter in the castle, killed themselves, rather than fall into the hands of the people), 1189.

- Of the Huguenots, or French protestants, at Paris, by order of Charles IX. when 70,000 were destroyed, June 12, 1418.

- Of the Swedish nobility, at a feast, by order of Christian II. 1520.

- At Paris, when the king led the way, and slew near 10,000 protestants, August 24, 1572.

- Of the Christians, in Croatia, by the Turks, when 65,000 were slain, 1592.

- Of the English factory, by the Dutch, at Amboyna, 1623, in order to dispossess them of the Spice Islands.

- Of the Irish, at the island of Magee, when 40,000 English protestants were killed in the rebellion under Sir Phel. O'Niel, Oct. 1641.

- Of the Macdonalds, at Glencoe, in Scotland, for not surrendering in time, according to King William's proclamation, though without the king's knowledge, 1692.

- See Mithridates, Jews, Protestants, Vespers Sicilian.

- Massarene, Irish earldom of, created 1756. (name Skeffington.)

- Massey of Duntryleague, Irish barony, created 1776. (name Massey.)

- Mathematics first taught to the Jews and Egyptians by Abraham, 1950 before Christ.

- Matilda, daughter of Eustace, count of Boulogne, Stephen's queen, crowned Easter-day, 1136; died May 3, 1151, at Henningham-castle. Essex, and buried in a monastery at Feversham.

- Matthews and Lestock, admirals, suffered the French and Spanish squadrons from Toulon, to escape, February, 1746.

- Matthews, John, hanged for a treasonous libel, 1716.

- Matthias, St. Feast of, instituted, 1091.

- Maude, daughter to Henry I. married to Henry V. emperor of Germany, 1109; afterwards to Geoffrey, eldest son of the count of Anjou, 1127, by whom he had Henry II.; her right to succeed her father sworn to by the barons, 1127; set aside from the succession, in favour of her first cousin Stephen, 1136; expelled with her husband from the government of Normandy, 1136; landed in England with an army, and claimed her right to the crown, Sept. 1139; crowned, but soon after defeated at Winchester, 1141, and escaped to Gloucester in a bier; fled from a window in Oxford-castle by a rope, in the winter, 1142; retired to France, Lent, 1147; came-to England, and made a lasting peace with Stephen, 1153; died abroad, Sept. 10, 1167, aged 67. See Stephen. Plantagenet.

- Maunday Thursday, ceremony instituted in Edward IIId's jubilee year, by Pope Innocent VI. 1362.

- Mauritania. See Fez.

- Mauritius island, discovered by the Dutch, 1598.

- Mausoleum. See Artemisia, Vol. II.

- Maxentius defeated by Constantine, and drowned in the Tyber, which occasioned a great change almost throughout the world, 333. See Constantine.

- Maximilian I. emperor of Germany, enlisted as a captain under Henry VIII. when he invaded France, 1513; died, 1519, aged 60.

- Maxtoke priory, Warwickshire, built, 1337; castle built, 1346.

- May-games much in fashion, 1515; soon after grew into disuse, owing to a riot at such a time.

- Maynard, of Wicklow, Irish barony of, created 1620. (name Maynard.)

- Maynard, of Estaines, Earldom of, created 1766. (name Maynard.)

- Mayors and bailiffs of corporations were Port-reeves in the time of the Saxons

- Mead, a liquor of luxury, 1642. See Honey.

- Meal-tub plot, (so called from the place where some papers concerning it were found) 1679. It was a sham plot to accuse Oates of perjury and sodomy, and to charge some great men with conspiring against the life of the king. Dangerfield was the principal actor: but it came to nothing. See Oates.

- Measures, vide Weights.

- Meat ordered to be sold by weight, 1532.

- Meath, Irish earldom of, created 1627. (name Brabazon.)

- Media, was once a province of the Assyrian empire; it revolted 711; became independent, and conquered Persia; but Cyrus having vanquished Darius, the Mede, 536 before Christ, it was from this time united with the Persian empire, and shared its fate.

- Mediterranean. See Rhodians, Phrygians, Pelasgi.

- Medway. See Rem. Occur. anno 1113.

- Melcomb Regis, Dorsetshire, chartered by James I.

- Melefount abbey, Ireland, founded by O'Carrol, prince of Orgial, 1142.

- Melons, cucumbers, and many other like productions were in Edward IIld's time, and afterwards dropped, till the reign of Henry VIII.; for during the wars between York and Lancaster, nothing of this kind could be attended to.

- Memory, the art of assisting it, by getting by heart, invented by Simonides, 503 before Christ.

- Mennonites, who taught that Christ did not partake of the nature of his mother, arose under Menno, 1645.

- Mercer's chapel, London, built, 1187.

- Merchant adventurer's company incorporated, 1272.

- Merchant Taylor's company first called so by Henry VII. who was of that company, as were several kings of England, and great part of the nobility, 1503; school, London, founded, 1568.

- Merchants, an attempt was made to exclude them from s•ing in the House of Commons, 1711.

- Mercury discovered to be a specific in venereal cases, by Carpus, an Italian surgeon, who flourished about 1522.

- Merioneth, Archdeaconry of, erected before 1280.

- Merry Andrew, The character of, arose from Andrew Borde, a droll physician, who used to attend markets, and harangue the people, 1547.

- Merton priory founded, 1117.

- Merton college, Oxford, founded by Merton, bishop of Rochester, 1274. (24 fellows.)

- Messalians, The sect of, arose, 363.

- Messenian war with the Lacedemonians, the first, 743, lasted 19 years; second, 685 before Christ, lasted 14 years; it ended in the conquest of the Messenians, who rather than submit to the Lacedemonian yoke, flew to Sicily.

- Messina, in Sicily, built by the Messenians, 667 before Christ. See Messenian War.

- Methodism took its rise, 1734. See Whitfield.

- Methuselah, the longest liver, died a little before the flood, in 1656 of the world, aged 969.

- Mettingham college and castle, Suffolk, built, 1335.

- Mexborough, Irish earldom of, created 1766. (name Savile.)

- Mexico conquered by Spain, 1521. See Montezuma.

- Microscopes first used in Germany, 1621; with two glasses, invented by Drebbel, 1624; solar invented by Lieberkuk, 1740.

- Middleham castle, Yorkshire, built about 1190.

- Middlesex, Archdeaconry of, erected, before 1138.

- Middleton monastery, Dorset, built by Athelstan, 926.

- Middleton, Irish viscount, title of, created 1717. (name Brodrick)

- Middleton, Barony of, created 1711. (name Willoughby.)

- Milan, anciently Liguria, the residence of the Roman empire, 303; conquered by the Goths in the fifth century, who were dispossessed by the Lombards, 572; subdued by the emperor Charlemagne, 800; afterwards it became independent; the French expelled from it by Charles V. of Germany, about 1525, who gave it to his son Philip II.; taken by the Imperialists, 1706; recovered by France and Spain, 1743, but restored to Austria, on Naples and Sicily being ceded to Spain, 1748. See Goths, Academies.

- Milbourne, of Kilmore, Irish viscount, created 1780. (name Lamb.)

- Milford, Irish barony, created 1776. (name Philipps.)

- Military services, for lands, established by the Saxons; escuage, or money first paid in lieu of them, under Henry II. which gave rise to the subsidies, granted by parliament and the present landtax. See Feudal Law.

- Militia, introduced into Ireland, by K. Cormac O'Con, about 254; Fingal was the general; a national one first settled by king Alfred, and continued till James I.; revived under Charles II.; the last militia bill passed, 1757; improved, 1764.

- Millennium, Doctrine of, (which supposed the world would end at the expiration of the seven thousandth year from the creation, and that the last thousand years Christ and the saints would reign upon the earth,) universally inculcated during the third century; it was propagated by Papias.

- Milltown, Irish earldom of, created 1763. (name Leeson)

- Milton, Barony of, created 1762. (name Damer.)

- Milton, Irish barony, created 1753. (name Damer.)

- Milton-abbas abbey founded, 933.

- Minehead, Somersetshire, chartered by queen Eliz.

- Minerva's temple, at Athens, burnt, 406 before Christ.

- Minims, their order instituted, 1440.

- Ministers, Presbyterian, 2000 resigned their livings, rather than submit to the act of uniformity, which obliged them to conform to the church of England, 1662.

- Minerea conquered by general Stanhope, August, 1708; surrendered to the French, June, 1756; given up to England, 1763.

- Minster Monastery, Shepey Isle, instituted, when Ercombert was king of Kent.

- Minstrels, in history, were, originally, pipers appointed by lords of manors, to divert their copyholders whilst they were at work for them, as is the custom now in the Highlands of Scotland; they probably owed their origin to the Gleemen, or Harpers of the Saxons; they continued till about 1500. Female harpers were not uncommon in Britain, 680. See Bards, Harpers.

- Mint, London, established 1066. See Privileged Places.

- Minutia, the vestal, on suspicion of unchastity, burnt alive, 337 before Christ.

- Mirrors, the first were made in silver by Praxiteles.

- Mississippi scheme, in France, ceased, 1720; trade began, Nov. 28, 1716.

- Mitford castle, Northumberland, built soon after the Conquest.

- Mithridates, king of Pontus, ordered all the Romans (80,000) that were in Asia, to be put to death, 88 before Christ.

- Modena erected into a duchy, 1451.

- Modern history. See Professorship.

- Mogul empire. The first conqueror was Jenghis Khan, a Tartarian prince, who died 1226; Timur Bek became Great Mogul, by conquest, 1399; the dynasty continued in his family till the conquest of Tamerlane, in the 15th century, whose descendants have kept the throne ever since; but Kouli Khan, the famous Sophi of Persia, considerably diminished the power of the Moguls, carried away immense treasures from Delhi, and since that event many of the Nabobs have made themselves independent. See Kouli Khan.

- Mohocks, a set of disorderly people, who went about London streets at night, and took pleasure in wounding and dissiguring the men, and indecently exposing the women, 1711; one hundred pounds reward was offered, by royal proclamation, for apprehending any one of them.

- Moira, Irish earldom of, created 1762. (name Rawdon.)

- Molesworth, of Swords, Irish viscount, title of, created 1716. (name Molesworth.)

- Molesworth, Lady, and her three children, burnt, 1764, by her house being set on fire.

- Molinists. See Quietists.

- Molmutian laws, were those made by Dunvallo Molmutius, the sixteenth king of Britain, who began his reign above 400 before Christ, and were famous in this kingdom till the time of William the Conqueror, who was the first king that established laws in Britain.

- Mona of the Romans, The, was the isle of Anglesey.

- Monarchy, The first universal, ended, and the MedoPersian, or second, began, 538 before Christ.

- Monastery, The first, founded, where the sister of St. Anthony retired, 270. The early converts to a monastic life, lived in caves and deserted places, till regular monasteries were founded. See Priories, Monkery.

- Money, Gold and Silver, first coined, by Phydon, tyrant of Argos, 894 before Christ. See Gold, Silver, Shillings, Copper, Coins, Sovereign, Pound.

- Money; no declaratory statute to prevent its being raised for the king's use, without the express consent of the States, till 23 Edward I.: from 1065 to 1189, 1l. was equal to 15l. now.

- Monk, the first is said to have been Paul of Thebais, who fled into the desarts, to avoid the Decian persecution, about 250. See Monastery, Monkery.

- Monkery, pretty well established about 330; it began in Egypt and Persia; in Egypt alone there were 96,000 monks. St. Anthony was the first example of a monastic life, 305, and established the first monastery on Mount Colzim, near the Red Sea. Athanasius introduced the monastic life into Rome, 3•1. See Monastery, Monk.

- Monntouth, James, duke of, natural son of Charles II. by Luty Walters; his illegitimacy declared by the king, 1679; conspired against the king, and pardoned, but ordered to depart the kingdom, 1683; invaded England, at Lyme, Dorsetshire, June 11; proclaimed king, at Taunton, June 20; defeated near Bridgewater, and taken, July 5; beheaded on Tower-hill, July 15, aged 35, all in 1685.

- Monson, of Burton, Barony of, created 1728. (Monson.)

- Montacute priery, Somersetshire, built, 1070.

- Montagu, Dukedom of, created 1766. (Montagu.)

- Montagu, viscount, Title of, created 1554. (Browne.)

- Monothelites (who taught, that in Jesus Christ there was but one operation, or will), arose under Theodore, 540.

- Montem. The triennial custom of the Eton scholars parading to Salt-hill, and distributing salt, originated in the early days of Monkish superstition, when the friars used to sell there consecrated salt, for medical purposes.

- Montfort, Barony of, created 1741. (name Bromley.)

- Montgomery castie rebuilt, 1093; town chartered by Henry III.

- Months, their names given them by Charlemagne, emperor of Germany.

- Montrose, Scots dukedom of, created 1707. (Graham.)

- Montrose, Marquis of, hanged at Edinburgh, for taking part with Char. I. May 21, 1650, aged 37.

- Montserrat, in the West-Indies, d•covered by Columbus, 1493.

- Monument, London, begun 1671; finished 1677.

- Moorfields, London, made into walks, 1614; planted, 1740.

- Moors. The, driven out of Spain, by an edict of Philip III. after they had continued there 900 years, 1620, for attempting to free themselves from the inquisition; they were in number above 900,000.

- Moravians, or Unitas Fratrum, appeared in Bohemia, 1457; in England, 1737. They are a respectable episcopal church; their doctrines not contrary to the articles of the church of England. See Zinzendorf.

- Morea taken from the Venetians, 1715.

- Morley, Lord, tried at Westminster-hall, for murder, 1666.

- Mornington, Irish earldom of, created 1760. (name Wellesley.)

- Morocco, Empire of, anciently Mauritania, first known, 1008; possessed by the Romans, 25 before Christ, and reduced by them to a province, 50; from this time it underwent various revolutions, till the establishment of the Almoravides; the second emperor of this family built the capital Morocco; about 1116, Abdalla, the leader of a sect of Mahometans, founded the dynasty of Almahides, which ended in the last sovereign's total defeat in Spain, 1212; at this period, Fez and Tremecen, then provinces of the empire, shook off their dependance. Morocco was afterwards seized by the king of Fez, but the descendants of Mahomet, about 1550, subdued and united the three kingdoms again, and formed what is called at present the empire of Morocco.

- Morpeth-castle, Northumberland, built in Edward IIId's reign.

- Mortality, great one, 1094; again, among men, cattle, and fowis, 1111; among youth, 1398; among men at Oxford, 1471; at York, when 11,000 persons died, August, 1691.

- Mortars, vide Bombs.

- Mortimer, Roger, earl of March, intrigued with Edward IId's queen, 1325; hanged at Tyburn for it, 1330.

- Mortmain-act passed, May 20, 1736.

- Morton-castle, Scotland, demolished by David II.

- Morton, Scots earldom of, created 1458. (name Douglas.)

- Moscow burnt, 30,000 houses were destroyed, 1739; again, 2000 houses, July 25, 1773. See Russia.

- Moses born, 1571; sent the 10 plagues of Egypt, 1491; Ceparted from Egypt with upwards of 60,000 Israelites, which completed the 430 years of sojourning, the same year, 1491; about the same time brought water out of the rock; saw the burning bush the same year; received the tables of stone on Mount Sinai, May 4, 1491; wrote the Pentateuch in the land of Moab, 1452; died 1451 before Christ.

- Most christian king, Title of, first given to Louis XI. of France, by Paul II. 1469; others say, the title may be traced as far back as Pepin, Charlemagne's father.

- Mote's bulwark, Dover, built, about 1539.

- Motto, Royal, Dieu et mon droit, first used by Richard I. on his obtaining a victory over the French at Gysors, 1193; not we, says he,, but "God and our right" has conquered; the Bohemian crest, viz. three ostrich feathers, and the motto, Ich dien, i. e. "I serve," first adopted by Edward the black prince, at the battle of Cressy, in memorial of the victory, the king of Bohemia being slain in the action, 1346; Semper eadem ordered by the queen to be used as her motto, Dec. 14, 1702.

- Mount Cashel, Irish earldom of, created 1780. (name Moore.)

- Mount Morres, Irish viscount, Title of, created 1763. (name Morres.)

- Mount St. Michael, in the bay of Avranches, The abbey of, built by Richard II. duke of Normandy, 966; completed under William the Conqueror, 1070.

- Mountaineers, viz. the Arabs, Tartars, Highlanders, &c. though just to a proverb among themselves, not having the same opportunity of receiving civilized laws, are great pilferers.

- Mountgarret, Irish viscount, Title of, created 1550. (name Butler.)

- Mountrath, Irish earldom of, created 1660. (name Coote.)

- Mourning, in white, then the general custom, last in use in Spain, 1495.

- Muffs. See Fans.

- Muggletonians sprung from L. Muggleton, a journeyman taylor, 1657; they have some particular notions respecting the authority of scripture, and the state of the dead.

- Mughouse-riot, in Salisbury-court, Fleet-street, for which five persons were hanged, July 23, 1716.

- Mulberry trees first planted in England, 1609.

- Mulgrave, Irish barony of, created 1767. (name Phipps.)

- Murderers were punished, during the Heptarchy, only by fines; the Persians never punished the first offence; were allowed benefit of clergy, 1503; and in Henry VIIIth's time, in Wales, murders were compounded for, and still are so in Saxony; in Italy, murder is passed by with some degree of impunity, as also in Spain and Portugal, and the criminal is allowed to plead, that the deceased was his enemy; in Turkey, the next of kin may compound, death not being thought a sufficient atonement. See Rem. Occur. annīs 1407, 1414.

- Murray, Earl of, regent of Scotland, assassinated, by Hamilton, of Bothwellhaugh, 1570.

- Murray, Alexander, esq. fled from imprisonment of the House of Commons, 1751.

- Muscovy. See Peter.

- Museum, The, established, 1753. See Sloane.

- Music invented by Jubal, i. e. he reduced shepherds songs to some principles, 1800; vocal chorusses invented, 508 before Christ; notes invented by Gui D'Arezzo, 1025; coanterpoint brought to perfection by Pala•rini, about 1515; the Italian style of composition introduced, about 1616. See Gamut, Church music.

- Muskerry, Irish barony, created 1780. (name Tilson Deane.)

- Muslin first worn here, 1670.

- Musquets introduced into our army generally, and bows and arrows laid aside, 1521.

- Mures are supposed to have originated in the East, that they might not speak when serving at table; it being held impious, says Quintus Curtius, to speak at meals.

- Mycene, Kingdom of, began under Perseus, 1313 before Chr•t.

- Myth•y, Ancient, took its rise, about 1458 before Christ.

N.

- NAAS, Irish viscount, created 1776. (name Bourke.)

- Nantz, Edict of, passed by Henry IV. by which protestants enjoyed toleration in France, 1598; revoked by Louis XIV. 1635; by this bad policy 50,000 French protestants left France and came to England; some thousands settled in Spitalfields, London, and carried on the silk manufactory, where their descendants still remain; others brought over the art of making chrystal glasses, for watches and pictures; and others brought jewelry to the greatest perfection.

- Napier, Scots barony of, created 1627. (name Napier)

- Naples, anciently Capua and Campania, Kingdom of, began, 1020; given by the Pope to the com•e D'Anjou, in exclusion of the right heir Conradi• who was taken prisoner, and beheaded, aged 16, 1266; Charles, king of Naples, being invited by the Hungarians, to the crown of Hungary, was, when there, crowned; murdered by order of the queen Regent, in her presence, who, for this, was soon after taken out of her carriage, and drowned in the river Boseth, 1386; Alphonsus, of Arragon, united Sicily to it, and the kings have been since called King of the Two Sicilies, 1442; taken from the French, and annexed to Spain, 1504; continued with the Spaniards, till 1706, when it was taken by the Emperor; conquered by the Spaniards again, 1734, and settled on Don Carlos, the king of Spain's son, 1736; he resigned it to his third son Ferdinand, 1759; order of the crescent founded, 1464. The king of Naples now succeeds always to the crown of Spain. See Universities.

- National debt. The first instance of debt contracted on parliamentary security occurs in Henry VIth's reign; the present debt commenced, and was 5 millions, 1697; was 46 millions, in 1714; 64 millions, in 1747; 74 millions, in 1757; 110 millions, in 1762; 127 millions, in 1772; and upwards of 200 millions, in 1780. See Bank Stock, Funds.

- Naturalization-bill passed, 1753; repealed, 1754.

- Navarre conquered by Ferdinand, and annexed to Spain, 1512, given up to France, 1590. See Spain.

- Naval engagements. See Sea Fight.

- Navigation, Art of, owes its origin to the Phoenicians more than 1500 before Christ; act of passed, 1651, which prevents any merchandize being imported into England but in English ships, except it be in the ships of that European country, of which the merchandize is the growth or manufacture. See River Lee.

- Navy of England, first established by king Alfred; Edgar had a fleet of 400 sail, 937; king John, a fleet of 500; Edward III. one of 700; but Henry VII. was the first that began to build a royal navy; in the reign of Elizabeth, ships of war were commanded by the nobility; navy board established, 1625; navy office sounded, Dec. 4, 1644. See Ships, Salute.

- Naworth-castle, Cumberland, built, before 1394.

- Naylor, the quaker, whipped and pilloried. See Impostor•.

- Nazarenes, a sect of Jews, converts to christianity, disappeared the beginning of the 4th century.

- Neath-castle, Glamorganshire, built, 1090; abbey built, 1150.

- Nebuchadnezzar, king of Assyria, 606; died 562 before Christ, aged 42.

- Neckcloths, of lace, came in fashion in Charles IId's reign, and continued in the two following reigns.

- Necromancy was so much encouraged by Catherine of Medicis, mother of Henry III. of France, that there were supposed to be 30,000 in that kingdom addicted to this study, 1. 72. See Witchcraft.

- Needles first made in London, by a negro, from Spain, in the reign of Mary; but he dying without teaching the art, it was lost till 1566, when it was taught by Elias Grorose, a German.

- Negrees adjudged to be free, whilst in this country, 1772; declared free in Scotland, Jan. 15, 1778. See Slaves.

- Nemaean games, instituted by Adrastus, 1226 before Christ.

- Neper's bones, invented by lord Neper, of Scotland, who died, 1617, aged 67.

- Nero, emperor of Rome, murdered his mother, in 55; slew himself, 68, aged 32.

- Nether-hall, Essex, built, before 1280.

- Netley-abbey, Hants, built, 1239.

- Nettleville, of Douth, Irish viscount, title of, created 1622. (name Nettleville.)

- Newark castle, Nottinghamshire, built, 1140.

- Newark on Trent, chartered by Edward IV.; anew by Charles II.

- Newark priory, Surrey, built, between 1189 and 1199.

- Newark, Scots barony, created 1660. (name Lesley.)

- Newborough, Irish barony, created 1776. (name Wynn.)

- Newborough, Scots earldom of, created 1660. (name Radcliff.)

- Newcastle, Dukedom of, created 1756. (name Clinton.)

- Newcastle on Tyne, founded, and castle built by Robert, son to William the Conqueror, 1080; Blackfriars founded, 1251; burnt by accident, 1349.

- Newcastle under Line, its castle built in Henry IIId's reign.

- New-college, Oxford, founded by William, bishop of Winton, 1375. (70 follows.)

- New-England, first discovered by captain Gosnoll, 1602; settled by the Plymouth Company, 1614; the patent purchased by the English Brownists from Holland, who built New Plymouth, 1620; Salem built, 1628; and Boston, 1630. See America, Havard.

- New-Exchange, Strand, London, taken down, 1737.

- Newfoundland discovered by Cabot, about 1500, began to be settled by the English, 1520; the fishery began to flourish, 1577, though England had then the least share of it; but about 1625, Devonshire alone employed 150 ships, and 8000 persons, at Newfoundland, for six months in the year; in 1676 the value of the fish and oil was computed at 386,400l. See America.

- Newhaven, of Carrick Mayne, Irish barony, created 1776. (name Mayne.)

- New-Holland discovered, 1628.

- New-inn society established, 1485. See Inns of Court.

- New-Jersey relinquished by the Dutch, and granted to the duke of York, 1674; settled, 1682; proprietary government surrendered, 1702.

- Newport Isle of Wight, chartered by James I.

- New-river brought to London by Sir Hugh Middleton, 1614. See Water.

- New-Spain, or Mexico, discovered, 1518.

- Newspapers, it is said, owe their origin to the Journal des Savans, a French paper, first published in 1665, though one was printed in England, under the title of the "Public Intelligencer," by Sir Roger L'Estrange, 1663, which he dropped, on the publication of the first London Gazette; newspapers and pamphlets prohibited by royal proclamation, 1680. See Gazette.

- Newsted abbey, Nottinghamshire, built, 1160.

- New York first settled by the Dutch, who were dispossessed by the English, 1664; granted to the duke of York, and settled, 1665; divided into twelve counties, 1691. See America.

- New-Zealand, in the South Seas, first discovered by Abel J. Tasman, 1642; visited next by Captain Cook, 1769.

- Niagara taken by the English from the French, 1759.

- Nicene creed, first appointed to be read by Pope Marcus, 336.

- Nicka, a Gothic demon, who was supposed to inhabit the water, and strangle persons that were drowning. Hence "Old Nick."

- Nicolaites, The, appeared, 68; they denied the divinity of Christ, and taught, that all things, even women, should be common among christians.

- Nightmare, derived from Mara, a spectre of the night, in Runic Theology, in time of the Goths, which was supposed to seize persons in their sleep, and deprived them of speech and motion.

- Nineveh, Foundation of, laid, 2233; taken, after three years siege, by Arbaces, which finished the kingdom of Assyria; Sardanapalus burnt himself to death, and the kingdom was subdivided, 820 before Christ; destroyed by the Medes, 612.

- Ninus. See Assyria.

- Nithsdale, Lord, escaped from the Tower, Feb. 23, 1716.

- Noah directed to build the ark, 1536 of the world, 120 years before the flood; died 1998 before Christ, aged 949.

- Nobility, Patents of, were first granted by Philip I. of France, to persons having no estates, 1095, which was followed by other kings.

- Non-conformists: the Puritans took this name after the act of Uniformity passed, when 2000 ministers left the established church, not chusing to conform to the 39 articles. See Puritans.

- Nones, The, of every month, are the 7th of March, May, July, and October, and the 5th of all the other months. By the Roman account, the Nones in the afore-mentioned months are the 6 days next following the first day, or the Calends; and of the other months, the 4 days next after the first. The last of these days is properly called the Nones, for the others are reckoned backwards, as distant from them, and accounted the third, fourth, or fifth Nones, &c. They received their name from their beginning the 9th day before the Ides. See Ides, Calends.

- Norbertines, Order of, instituted by St. Norbet, 1120.

- Norfolk, Archdeaconry of, erected, before 1124.

- Norfolk, Dukedom of, created 1483. (name Howard.)

- Norfolk, Thomas, duke of, beheaded, May 8, 1572, for conspiring to marry the queen of Scots, and depose Elizabeth.

- Norham-castle, Durham, built, 1100; the feast of Sr. Cuthbert's translation first observed there, 1104.

- Normandy invaded on all hands, 1117. Vide Rollo.

- Normandy, Robert, duke of, died, prisoner in Cardiff castle; 1133. See Henry I.

- Normandy erected into a dukedom, 876; ceded to France by Henry III. May 20, 1259.

- Normans massacred at Durham, 1069.

- Northampton, earldom of, created 1618. (name Compton.)

- Northampton, St. Sepulchre's church, built by the knights Templars; archdeaconry of, erected, 1092; town burnt, Sept. 3, 1675.

- Northamptonshire navigation opened, Aug. 7, 1761.

- Northesk, Scots earldom of, created 1647. (name Carnegie.)

- Northington, earldom of, created 1761. (name Henley.)

- Northumberland, Dukedom of, created 1766. (name Percy.) See Alnwick, Battle of.

- Northumberland, Dudley, duke of, son of Edmund Dudley, father-in-law to lady Jane Grey, beheaded 1553, aged 51, for attempting to put lady Jane on the throne. See Dudley, Edmund.

- Northumberland, Earl of, killed by the mob, in an insurrection, 1488.

- Northumberland, Earl of, beheaded at York, for heading a party in favour of Mary, queen of Scots, against Elizabeth, 1572.

- Northumberland, Earl of, brother to the above, being confined in the Tower, on a charge of taking part against Elizabeth, shot himself, 1585.

- Norton priory, Cheshire, built, 1210.

- Norway, the ancient Scandinavia, including Sweden, united with Denmark, by the princess of Denmark's marrying the king of Norway, and afterwards becoming, by succession, queen of Denmark; the first king, 998. Vide Denmark.

- Norwich, burnt by Sweyn, king of Denmark, 1004; cathedral finished. 1088; bishopric formed by uniting Elmham and Dunwich, 1091; worsted manufactory established there, 1340; chief magistrate first stiled mayor, 1419; deanery erected, 1538.

- Notaries public, originally appointed by the fathers of the christian church, to collect the acts or memoirs of martyrs in the first century; since changed into a commercial employ.

- Nottingham built, 924; castle built, 1068; town burnt to ashes, 1140; archdeaconry erected, about 1174.

- Nova Scotia charter granted, and settled by the Scotch, under Sir William Alexander, 1621; it was afterwards in the possession of the French, but ceded to England, 1748; peopled from England, 1749. See America.

- Nova Zembla discovered by captain Hugh Willoughby, 1553.

- Nugent, Irish earldom, created 1776. (name Nugent.)

- Numantine war, between the Romans and Numantines, commenced, 141 before Christ.

- Numidia. See Algiers.

- Nuneaton nunnery, Warwickshire, built, 1170.

- Nunnery; the first founded in France was near Poictiers, by the sister of St. Martin, 360; the first English one, erected at Folkstone, by king Eadbald, 630.

- Nutley abbey, Bucks, built, 1162.

- Nuyt's land, New Holland, discovered by the Dutch, 1627.

O.

- OADES, the quaker, riot against him, by his sons, 1718.

- Oak sawdust found to be useful in tanning, 1765.

- Oakham-castle, Rutland, built, about 1060.

- Oates, Dr. Titus, whipped, 1685. See Impostors.

- Oath, in civil cases of high antiquity. See Exodus xxii, 10.; swearing on the gospels first used, 528; oath first administered here in judicial proceedings, by the Saxons, about 600; that of a judge settled, 1344; that of supremacy ratified by parliament, 1535; the words "so help me God and all saints," concluded an oath, till 1550; present oath of allegiance first framed and administered, 1606, the ancient oath having continued near 600 years; that of abjuration first required, 1701. See Affirmation, Coronation.

- Occasional conformity, bill thrown out by the lords, 1703.

- Odiam-castle, Hants, built, before 1199.

- Offa succeeded his uncle Ethelbald I. as 16th king of Britain, 757; he was born lame, deaf, and blind, which continued till he arrived at manhood; built St. Albans Monastery; died at Offley, 798; buried at Bedford, and succeeded by his son Egfrid.

- Offa's dyke made, 774.

- Offerings first instituted by pope Pelagius II. 588.

- Oil was the staple commodity of Attica, and a jar of oil was the prize at the Panathanean games.

- Okehampton castle, Devon, built, before 1060.

- Old Testament, history of, ceased, 430 before Christ.

- Old Nick. See Nicka.

- Oleron. See Laws.

- Olives, first planted in Italy, 562 before Christ.

- Olveston priory, Lincolnshire, built, 1160.

- Olympiads. These were games instituted at Olympia, by Pelops, in honour of Jupiter, 1307; they were revived by the Greeks, (who computed time by them, celebrating them every 4th year) about 400 years after the destruction of Troy, and continued till the reign of Theodosius the Great, when a new mode of reckoning began, by indictions, or from the victory of Augustus Caesar at Actium, when he became emperor of the Romans; the first Olympiads began July 23, 776; Coraebus being then the Olympic victor; 2d, 772; 3d, 768; 4th, 764; 5th, 760; 7th, 752; 10th, 740; 13th, 728; 15th, 720; 16th, 716; 17th, 712; 21st, 696; 23d, 688; 24th, 684; 25th, 680; 27th, 672; 28th, 668; 29th, 664; 39th, 624; 43d, 608; 46th, 566; 55th, 560; 56th, 556; 59th, 544; 60th, 540; 61st, 536 before Christ; the last ended about 440.

- Olympic games. See Olympiads, Daicles.

- Ongley, of Oldwarden, Irish barony, created 1776. (name Ongley.)

- Onslow, Barony of, created 1716. (name Onslow.)

- Operas. See Theatre.

- Ophites, a sect that held the serpent that tempted Eve to be a God, appeared, 187.

- Oracles, Sibylline, were prophecies of certain Sibyls, to which great respect was paid, early in the history of Rome; their authority continued almost as long as Paganism. Honorius, emperor of the West, gave the finishing stroke to this Roman idolatry, by throwing the oracles into the fire, 394.

- Orange, William I. prince of, assassinated, June 30, 1584.

- Orange, Title of, first in the Nassau family, by the marriage of Claude de Chalons, the prince of Orange's sister, with the count of Nassau, 1530; prince of, son of James IId's sister, born Nov. 4, 1650; created stadtholder, July 3, 1672; married the princess Mary of England, 1677; was applied to by England, for assistance against his uncle, James II. 1688; landed at Torbay, in England, with an army, November 5, 1688; took on him the government, at the invitation of the lords; declared king of England, February 13, 1689. See Will. III.; Mary, his queen.

- Orange, Prince of, married Anne, George IId's daughter, March 14, 1734.

- Oransey abbey, Scotland, founded by St. Columba, about 567.

- Orbits of the planets, first settled by Doerfel, a Saxon clergyman, 1681.

- Ordeal, by fire and water, Trial of, known to the ancient Greeks; in use among the Saxons; abolished by Henry III. 1261; that by fire was confined to the upper class of people; that of water, to the lower; hence the expression of "going through fire and water to serve another;" these being allowed to be performed by deputy.

- Orford, Earldom of, created 1741. (name Walpole.)

- Orford castle, Suffolk, built about 1066; town chartered by Henry III.

- Organs first introduced into churches, by Pope Vitalian I. 683; into the Western churches, 826.

- Oriel college, Oxford, founded by Edward II. 1337. (18 fellows.)

- Orkney islands, sold by the king of Denmark to James III. of Scotland, 1468.

- Orkney, Scots earldom of, created 1695. (name O'Brien.)

- Orleans, Duke of, assassinated at Paris, by order of the duke of Burgundy, Nov. 23, 1407; the duke of Burgundy was afterwards murdered himself. See Burgundy, Rem. occur. annis 1407, 1414.

- Orleans, The siege of, May, 1428; again, 1563, when the duke of Guise was killed.

- Orrery, The, invented by Charles earl of Orrery, which see.

- Osborne, Barony of, created 1776. (name Osborne.)

- Osnaburgh, Bishopric of, founded by Charlemagne, 780.

- Osiris and Isis, (i. e.) the sun and moon, The ancient Egyptian religion of, tho' venerable in its origin, was a mixture of ridiculous superstition in the time of Cyrus; became contemptible under the Ptolemys, and fell with the Romans.

- Ostend attempted to be taken by the French, but the scheme miscarried with great loss to them, owing to the minister having been d•ceived by his agents, 1658; India company chartered, 1722; suppressed by the treaty at Vienna, 1731; made a free port, June 15, 1781.

- Ostentation. See Rem. Occur. anno 1250.

- Ostrogoths; their kingdom began in Italy, 476; ended, 554.

- Oswald, third king of Northumberland, succeeded his uncle Edwin, as ninth king of Britain, 633; slain in battle, 642, and was succeeded by his half-•rother Oswy, fourth king of Northumberland.

- Oswy succeeded his half-brother Oswald, as tenth king of Britain, 642; died, 670, and was succeeded by Wulfer, king of Mercia.

- Osyth's (St.) monastery built, 1120.

- Otaheite, or George IIId's island, in the South Sea, discovered June 18, 1767, by captain Wallis; it is supposed to be the same as the Spaniard Quiros touched at in 1606.

- Ottery priory, Devon, built, 1060.

- Ottoman, or Turkish empire, founded by Constantinople, by Othman I. on the total destruction of the empire of the Eastern Greeks, 1300.

- Ouin, Peter, conspired to kill the king of France, 1598.

- Overbury, Sir Thomas, poisoned by an envenomed clyster, in the Tower, at the instigation of lord Rochester, for opposing his marriage uith the countess of Essex, Sept. 15, 1613, aged about 32.

- Oxford university, derived its first origin so early as about 1180 before Christ; founded by Alfred, 886; its castle built, 1071; archdeaconry erected, 1092; Beaumont palace finished, about 1128; chancellor's court established, 1244; bishopric taken from Lincoln and founded, 1541; first public lecture in Ara•ic read there, 1636; new theatre built, 1669; a terrible fire at, 1644; again, 1671. See Rem. Occur. anno 1340.

- Oxford, Earldom of, created 1711. (name Harley.)

P.

- PADUA built, 1269 before Christ. See Evander, Academies, Universities.

- Paganism finally overthrown in the Roman empire, in the reign of Theodosius, between 388 and 395.

- Paget, of Beudefert, Barony of, created 1550. (Paget.)

- Pain's castle, Radnorshire, rebuilt by Henry III.

- Painting, The art of, first introduced at Rome, from Hetruria, 291 before Christ; the first excellent pictures were brought from Corinth to Rome, 146 before Christ; painting in oil invented at Bruges, by Van Eick, 1410; the first picture was an Ecce Homo, 1455. See Anthony of Messina, Chiaroobscuro.

- Paisley monastery, Scotland, founded, 1160; five persons burnt there for witchcraft, 1697.

- Palace court. See Marshalsea.

- Palatine, Prince, of the Rhine, visited England, 1612, and married Henry VIIth's daughter.

- Palatines; 7000 families of these poor protestants were driven, by the French, from their habitations on the banks of the Rhine, and came to England; they were encamped on Blackheath and Camberwell Common; a brief was granted, to collect alms for them; 500 families went, under the protection of government, to Ireland, and the rest were sent out to New-York and Hudson's Bay: but not being well received by the people there, they were to Pensylvania, where they settled, 1709. See Pensylvania.

- Palmerston, Irish viscount, title of, created 1722. (name Temple.)

- Palmyra, a city of great opulence, before 273, now a wretched village; its ruins first discovered by an English traveller, about 1699.

- Pandects, or a system of laws, a copy of Justinian's, accidentally discovered at Amalphi, in Italy, 1137, which was so much admired as to favour the revival of the Roman law.

- Panmure, Irish earldom of, created 1743. (Maule.)

- Pannonia. See Hungary.

- Pantheon, at Rome, built by Agrippina, 25 before Christ.

- Pantomime dancers introduced on the Roman stage, by Bathyles and Pylades, 22 before Christ; at that period, pantomimes were considered as the first degree of difficult acting, speaking by gesture; but modern times have degraded them into farces.

- Papal usurpation took place, 607.

- Paper credit established at the Revolution. See Banks, Bills of Exchange, Credit.

- Paper first invented in the time of Alexander the Great; made of cotton, 1000, when books became cheaper, and learning encreased; made of linen, about 1300; the manufactory first established here at Dar•ford, 1588.

- Paraguay discovered by the Spaniards, 1515.

- Parchment, for writing on, the invention of king Attalus of Pergamus, about 198 before Christ; hence its latin name pergamina charta: till this time they wrote on the bark of trees.

- Pardon, General, first proclaimed at coronations, 1327.

- Paris made the capital of France, 510; the city of, consumed by fire, 588; barricadoes of, 1588, to oppose the entry of the duke of Guise; again, August 27, 1648, in opposition to the regency; first parliament there, 1302; old parliament recalled, Nov. 25, 1774. See France, Academies.

- Parishes first marked out in England, 643. See Patronage.

- Park, St. James's, received its name from Hen. VIII. when it was a wild wet field; improved and planted by Charles II. and the game of Mall was there played by the nobility, 1668; improved by George III. 1775. See St. James's Palace.

- Park, ground first inclosed for one at Woodstock, 1123; tho' Spelman says, they are of higher antiquity; they were certainly in use in the Eastern countries.

- Parliaments, or general councils, coeval with the kingdom itself; but the parliament, as it now stands, was instituted 1215.

- No speaker appointed till 1259; others say Peter de la Mare was the first chosen, 1377.

- The epoch of the house of commons, in England, January 20, 1265; of lords and commons expresly mentioned, 1337. They met at Eltham; the building is now a barn.

- In Henry IVth's time, lawyers were excluded parliament, the king apprehending opposition from them; that parliament was therefore called indoctum.

- The journals of the lords began in the reign of Henry VIII. 1509; those of the commons, not till that of Edward VI.

- First parliament in Ireland, by general representation, 1613.

- That in England, remarkable for the epoch, in which were first regularly formed the parties of Court and Country, June 16, 1621.

- The long one met, 1640, and passed an act for abolishing the house of lords, March 19, 1649, but was violently dissolved by Cromwell, April 20, 1653; a part however met again, May 8, 1659, and was called the Rump.

- Bill passed for triennial ones, Nov. 1694.

- The first British one met, Oct. 24, 1707.

- Act passed for septennial ones, 1716.

- See •eers, Privilege, Barebone, Lawyers, Provisions, Rump, Praise-god, Rem. Occur. anno 1679.

- Parry, Dr. William, a Roman-catholic gentleman, notwithstanding he had been pardoned for a capital crime, determined, under the authority of the pope, to assassinate queen Elizabeth; but the design was discovered, and he was executed, 1585.

- Parthenian games first instituted, 1262 before Christ.

- Parthia, a small territory between Hyrcania and Medea, now part of Korasan, in Persia; rescued by Arsaces, its first king, from Antiochus, king of Syria, 250 before Christ; Artabanus, the last king, was dethroned by Artaxerxes, a Persian, 226. See Arsaces, Artabanus, Persian Empire.

- Partition treaty, The first, signed, 1698.

- Pasquinade took its rise from the public, at Rome, pasting their sarcasms on an antient statue, standing at a corner of one of the streets, originally the trunk of a carved gladiator, but nicknamed Pasquin, from being found near the house of one Pasquin, a professed wag, who with his neighbour Marforio, used to divert himself at the public expence.

- Passover instituted, Monday, May 4, 1491 before Chr.

- Patronage of churches took place, 402; such lords of manors, as erected churches in their royalties, were allowed the nomination of the rector, subject to his examination by the bishop; tithes, before this time, were paid to the diocesan, to be distributed among the clergy of the diocese in general; but on the erection of a church, the lord had a power of appropriating the tithes in his manor to the support of that church, whether the lands lay all contiguous or not; hence the intermixture of parishes.

- Paul, St. converted, 33; caught up into the 3d heaven, 44; visited Athens and Corinth, 50; wrote his first epistle to the Corinthians, and that to the Galatians, 51; returned to Ephesus, 52; wrote his first epistle to the Thessalonians, 52; his second 53; put into bonds, and brought to Rome, 55; wrote his second epistle to the Corinthians, and that to the Romans, 58; those to the Philippians, Ephesians, Colossians, and to Philemon, 62; that to the Hebrews, 63; his first to Timothy, and that to Titus, 65; his second to Timothy, 66; died, June 29, 67. See Peter.

- Paul's, St. London, was built by Ethelbert, king of Kent, on the foundation of an old temple of Diana, 596; burnt, 964; rebuilt and consecrated, 1240, having been 150 years building; rebuilt, having been burnt down, 1631; first stone of the present building laid, 1675; finished, 1710, at 1,000,000l. expence.

- Paul's, St. school. See Colet.

- Paulists, a race of robbers, who lest Brazil, and formed a republic in South America, about 1590.

- Pauper act first passed by Henry VII. See Poor.

- Paving act, for London, passed, 1761.

- Pawnbroker, The first, established at Perouse, 1457.

- Peace. See War.

- Pears. See Cherries.

- Peele castle, in the isle of Man, built, before 1245.

- Peele castle, Lancashire, built, 1140.

- Peerage, State of, in 1603, viz. 1 marquis, 16 earls, 2 viscounts, and 40 barons; peerage bill rejected by parliament, 1719.

- Peers were often executed, without trial, long after magna charta; created by patent in the reign of Richard II; lord Beauchamp, of Holt, was the first, who was afterwards put to death for high treason, 1382; their eldest sons first permitted to fit in the house of commons, 1550. See Parliament, Peerage, Rem. Occur. annis 1477, 1585, 1649.

- Pelasgi, the descendants of Peleg, became a maritime power, and were the second that ruled the Mediterranean, 1057 before Christ. See Mediterranean.

- Pelham of Laughton, Barony of, created 1756. (name Pelham.)

- Peloponesian war, between the Athenians and Lacedemonians, which continued 27 years, began 431 before Christ, and ended in the ruin of the Athenian republic.

- Pelsart's voyage performed, 1628.

- Pembroke, Earl of, chosen protector of England, Nov. 11, 1216; died May following.

- Pembroke, Earl of, and his brother, beheaded by the rebels, 1469.

- Pembroke-hall, Cambridge, founded by the countess of Pembroke, 1343. (17 fellows.)

- Pembroke college, Oxford, founded by Thomas Tesdale, &c. 1620. (14 fellows)

- Pembroke, Earldom of, created 1551. (name Herbert.)

- Penal laws were enacted, about 1381, in consequence of tenants threwing off their services to their lords, which occasioned the insurrection of Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, (who set fire to the jury courts), and the opposition to John a Gaunt, duke of Lancaster.

- Penance first inflicted as a punishment, 157.

- Pendragon castle, West•oreland, destr•yed, 1341; repaired, 1660.

- Penitents, an order of nuns, founded, 1494.

- Penmon castle, Anglesea, built, 540.

- Penrith castle, Cumberland, built, as supposed, on the ruins of a Roman fortress.

- Penryn, Cornwall, incorporated, 1619.

- Pensioners, Band of, established, 1590.

- Pensylvania relinquished by the Dutch, and granted to the duke of York, 1664; settled, 1674; sold by him to the Penn family, 1682; this colony flourished particularly, by near 7000 families settling here from the banks of the Rhine, who invited over some thousands of German and Swiss Protestants. See Palatines, America.

- Pentateuch, or the five books of Moses. See Moses.

- Pentecost established, about 68.

- Persecution by the Jews, the first in 33; second, 44. First general of the christians, under Nero, 64; second ditto, under Domitian, 93; third ditto, under Trajan, 107; fourth ditto, under M. Aurelius, 164; fifth ditto, under Severus, 202; sixth ditto, under Maximinus, 235; seventh ditto, under Decius, 250; eighth ditto, under Valerian, 257; ninth ditto, under Aurelian, 272; tenth ditto, under Dioclesian, 302; eleventh ditto, by the Arians, under Constantius, 337; twelfth ditto, under Julian the apostate, 361.

- Persian empire began under Cyrus, on his conquering Medea, (which see) 536; ended in the conquest of Darius, about 330; a new empire, called the Parthian, was, however, formed upon its ruins, by the the Persians under Arbaces, 250 before Christ, but took its original name under Artaxerxes, 229; the Saracens, however, in 651, put an end to that empire, and Persia became a prey to the Tartars, and a province of Hindostan, till the emperor Kouli Khan once more raised it to a powerful kingdom. Emperor assassinated by his relations, 1747. See Parthia, Rem. Occur. anno 424.

- Persian trade began, 1569; opened, through Russia, 1741.

- Peru first known, 1532, and conquered by Spain. See New Spain.

- Peruke, The first, made at Paris, 1620; worn here soon after 1660.

- Pestilence, so severe a one in France and Germany, that it killed almost all the inhabitants, 825; another, that raged in Germany from June to December, 1679; in Vienna alone it destroyed 49,487 persons. See Dearth. Rem. Occur. annis 1315, 1348, 1353.

- Peter, St. baptized Cornelius, and established a bishoprick at Antioch, 37; established the see of Rome, 41; imprisoned the same year; wrote his first epistle, 60; his second, 66; died, 67; feast of Peter and Paul ordained, 813.

- Peter the Great began to reign in Russia, 1696; came over here, and worked as a common shipwright, in Deptford yard, to get the art of shipbuilding, 1698; died, 1725, aged 53.

- Peter III. czar of Muscovy, deposed and murdered. July 16, 1762.

- Peterborough founded, 633; monastery built, 659; cathedral built, 1200; bishopric taken from Lincoln and founded, and deanery erected, 1541; city chartered by Henry VIII; burnt, 1117.

- Peterborough, Earldom of, created 1627. (name Mordaunt.)

- Peterpence, a tribute of one penny per house, given to Rome by Inas, king of the West Saxons, 720; usually collected on the feast of St. Peter, being August 1; it was prohibited by Edward III. and abolished in 1533, but revived 1552; totally abolished, 1558. See Ethelwolf.

- Peter's, St. college, Cambridge, founded by Hugo de Balsham, 1257. (22 fellows.)

- Petersburgh, city of, founded, 1703; burnt, (2000 houses) August 12, 1736; hurricane at, that occasioned a dreadful inundation, Sept. 14, 1777. See Academies.

- Petersfield, Hants, incorporated by queen Elizabeth.

- Petre, of Writtle, barony of, created 1603. (name Petre.)

- Pevensey castle, Sussex, of great antiquity; apparently a Roman building.

- Pharos of Alexandria, built, 282 before Christ.

- Pheasants brought into Europe by the Argonautes, 1250 before Christ.

- Phenicians, The, established colonies in Spain, about 1000 before Christ. See Spain, Cadiz.

- Philadelphia taken by the king's troops, Sept. 26, 1777.

- Philip II. king of Spain, son of the emperor Charles V. born about 1526, married Mary queen of England; was crowned king of Naples and Sicily, on the resignation of his father, 1554, and was allowed to be called king of England during her life; the crown of Spain resigned to him by his father, 1555; lost the 17 provinces of Flanders which belonged to Spain, 7 of which form the republic of Holland; the other ten are subject to France and Austria, 1579; united Portugal to Spain, 1580 (see Portugal); landed 600 men in Ireland to assist the Catholics, who were driven off, 1581; died, 1598.

- Philippa, Edward IIId's queen, died at Windsor, August 15, 1369, and was buried at Westminster.

- Philippine islands. See Ladrone.

- Philipsburgh; the Spaniards became masters of it, 1633; the French, 1634; the Imperialists, 1635; the French again, 1644; the Imperialists, 1676; the French, 1734.

- Phipps, Captain (now lord Mulgrave), sent to explore the North pole, 1773

- Phocaean, or sacred war, 357 before Christ.

- Phosphorus, Artificial fire of, discovered by Brand, 1675.

- Phrygia Minor, became part of the Lydian empire under Croesus, and shared its fate, about 560 before Christ,

- Phrygians, The, were the fifth who acquired the maritime power of the Mediterranean, and held it 25 years, 893 before Christ. See Mediterranean.

- Physic garden, the first cultivated in England, by John Gerrard, surgeon of London, 1567; that at Oxford, endowed by the earl of Danby, 1652; that at Cambridge began, 1763.

- Physic, The practice of, was confined to Ecclesiasticks, from about 1206 to about 1500.

- Physicians, College of, founded, 1519.

- Picton castle, Pembrokeshire, built, before 1066.

- Picts first mentioned in history, 284; kingdom of, began in Scotland, 823; extirpated by the Scots, 840.

- Picts wall, between England and Scotland, built, 123.

- Pilate made governor of Judea, 27; slew himself, 40.

- Pin-money, derived from a very ancient tax in France, for providing the queen with pins.

- Pins first used in England, 1543; before which the ladies used skewers.

- Pipes of lead for conveying water, The casting of, invented by the reverend Robert Brock, 1539.

- Piquet, and several other games on cards, invented by Jaquemin, for the amusement of Charles VI. of France, about 1390; cards were little known before.

- Pistols first used by the cavalry, 1544.

- Pitt's Streights, in the East-Indies, discovercd, April 30, 1760.

- Placemen. See Rem. Occur. anno 1679.

- Plague, almost the whole world visited by one, 767 before Christ.

- In Rome, which carried off 10,000 persons in a day, 78.

- A terrible one all over Europe, Asia, and Africa, that lasted near 50 years, 557.

- In England, that carried off 34,000, 772.

- In Scotland, wherein died 40,000, 954.

- In England, 1247.

- Again, 1347.

- In Germany, which cut off 90,000 people, 1348.

- In Paris and England, very dreadful, when 57,374 died in England, 1362.

- Again, 1379.

- In England, which killed 30,000 in London, 1407.

- Again, when more were destroyed than in 15 years war before, 1477.

- Again, when 30,000 died in London, 1499.

- Again, in England, when half the people died, 1517.

- Again, 1548.

- Again, 1594.

- Again, which carried off in London 30,578 persons, 1604.

- At Constantinople, when 200,000 persons died, 1611.

- Again, at London, whereof died 35,417, 1625.

- At Lyons, in France, where died 60,000, 1632.

- Again, at London, which destroyed 68,000, 1665.

- At Marseilles, fatal to 18,000 persons, 1720.

- At Bassora, in Persia, when 80,000 persons died, 1773.

- Plagues, Ten, of Egypt, 1494 before Christ.

- Plantagenet, Geofrey, earl of Anjou, married the empress Maud, 1127; invaded Normandy, 1137. See Maude.

- Plaster of Paris, The method of taking a likeness in, discovered by Andrew Verocchio, 1470.

- Plate. See Silver-handled.

- Platonism. See Pletho, Vol. II.

- Playhouse bill passed, obliging pieces to be inspected before performed, 1737. See Theatre.

- Pleadings introduced, 786; changed from French to English, as a favour from Edward III. to his people, in the 50th, or jubilee year, 1362; there was an ordinance of Cromwell's for the same, and that the entries should be in English.

- Plough, Use of, brought from India by Bacchus.

- Plunket, Oliver, popish archbishop of Armagh, hanged at Tyburn, with Edward Fitzharris, July 1, 1681; the first for a conspiracy, carried on with France, for an insurrection in Ireland, the latter for a libel against the king.

- Plural number, We, instead of I, first used by John, 1199, to communicate part of the merit to the council who gave their advice; it continued till the accession of George III.

- Pluralities. See Pope.

- Plymouth burnt by the French fleet, 1377.

- Plymouth, Earldom of, created 1612. (name Windsor.)

- Poaching. See Game.

- Poet Laureat; the first mention of one is in Edward IVth's reign, tho' the present office under this title is derived from the king's versifier, of whom we hear in 1251.

- Poetry. Orpheus is the earliest author, and by many deemed the inventor, 1249 before Christ; Archilochus introduced iambic verse, 700 before Christ. See Andronicus Livius, Thoulouse.

- Poland, once the country of the Vandals, who left it to invade the Roman empire; it was made a duchy, 694; kingdom of, began, by favour of Otho III. emperor of Germany, under Boleslaus, 999; Red Russia added to it, 1059; Pomerania, that had been separated 180 years, again united with it, 1465; embraced christianity, 965; order of the white eagle instituted, 1705; Augustus vacated his throne, 1707; endeavoured to recover it, 1709; pacification treaty, 1717; king o, carried off by the confederates, and wounded, Nov. 3, 1771; seized and divided between Prussia, Russia, and Germany, 1773. So late as the 13th century, the Poles retained the custom of killing old men when past their labour, and such children as were born imperfect. This crown is elective. See Sobieski, Warsaw, Protestants.

- Poligamy; the first public law against it in the empire of Rome, was about 393; allowed to be agreeable to scripture by our first reformers; the custom of lending wives was general in the first ages of christianity; continency and abstinence from marriage was held the surest way to heaven among the fooleries of the 6th century. See Gnostics.

- Politicians, the term first used in France, 1569.

- Poll-tax first levied by act of parliament, 1380; reimposed, according to the station and riches of the person, 1513.

- Pomfret, Earldom of, created 1721. (name Fermor.)

- Pondicherry taken from the French, 1761.

- Ponsonby, of Sysonby, Barony, created 1739. (name Ponsonby.)

- Pontefract castle, Yorkshire, built, 1069; town chartered by Richard III.

- Pontus, The kingdom of, shook off the Macedonian yoke, 300; grew renowned under the dynasty of Mithridates, till the Romans subdued it, 64 before Christ; a new empire of the Greeks was founded at Trebisond, in Pontus, 1204, which continued till destroyed by the Turks, in 1459.

- Pool, Dorsetshire, chartered, before the 14th of Edward III.

- Poor, first English statute respecting them, 1496; they subsisted on private benevolence till Henry VIIIth; present laws formed on the 39th and 43d of Elizabeth. See Pauper Act, Rem. Occur. anno 1571.

- Pope, The title of, formerly given to all bishops, but Boniface III. 606, procured the emperor Phocas to confine it to the bishops of Rome, and now their power began; Hygenus was the first bishop of Rome that took the title, 138.

- Leo I. elected, May 10, 440; died, 461.

- The pope's supremacy over the christian church first established by Boniface III. 607.

- The custom of kissing the pope's toe introduced, 708.

- The pope's temporal grandeur commenced, 755.

- Sergius II. was the first pope that changed his name on his election, 844.

- John XIX. a layman, made pope, by dint of money, 1024.

- The first pope that kept an army was Leo IX. 1054.

- Pope Gregory obliged Henry IV. emperor of Germany, to stand three days, in the depth of winter, bare-footed, at his castle-gate, to implore his pardon, 1077.

- The pope's authority first introduced into England, 1079; abrogated by parliament, 1534.

- The pope demanded an annual sum from every cathedral and monastery in Christendom, but refused, 1226; collected the tenths of the whole kingdom of England, 1226.

- Residence of the popes removed to Avignon, where it continued 70 years, 1308.

- Their demand on England refused by parliament, 1363.

- Leo X. made a cardinal at 14 years old; elected pope, March 11, 1513, aged 36; died, 1521.

- Clement VII. began to reign, who brought pluralities to their consummation, making his nephew Hippolito, Cardinal de Medicis, commendatory universal, granting to him all the vacant benefices in the world for six months, and appointing him usufructuary from the first day of his possession, 1523.

- Rome sacked, and Clement imprisoned, 1527.

- The word Pope struck out of all English books, 1541.

- Sixtus Quintus elected pope, 1585, died, 1590.

- The power of the popes declined, about 1600.

- See Urbin VI. Jubilee, Crown.

- Popery, Acts against, repealed, May 28, 1778. See Riot.

- Pork religiously forbidden to the Jews and Arabs, as having been exceedingly scarce, owing to the want of food for hogs in Arabia and Palestine, and it being the flesh of an animal that perspires but little, and impedes the perspiration of other meats; of course, pernicious in hot climates, where the leprosy, a cutaneous disorder, was prevalent.

- Portchester, Barony of, created 1780. (name Herbert.)

- Portchester castle, Hampshire, said to be built, 380 before Christ.

- Porte, the court of the grand Signior, so called, from the custom of great men attending at the prince's gate, a custom introduced by Cyrus I. 535 before Christ.

- Porteus, Captain, hanged by the mob at Edinburgh, Sept. 7, 1736. He commanded a guard attending the execution of a smuggler, and being hissed by the populace, without the previous formalities of law, he ordered his men to fire, which killed several; for this he was tried and condemned; but being pardoned, the mob broke open the prison, and hanged him; for which Edinburgh was fined 2000l.

- Portland, Dukedom of, created, 1716. (name Bentinck.)

- Portland Isle castle built by Henry VIII.

- Portmore, Scots earldom of, created 1703. (name Collier.)

- Portobello taken from the Spaniards by admiral Vernon, Nov. 22, 1739.

- Port-reeves. See Mayors.

- Porto Rico discovered, 1497.

- Portsmouth burnt, 1265; again, by the French, 1377; dock burnt, 1760; again, July 27, 1770; again, Dec. 1776.

- Portsmouth, Earldom of, created 1743. (name Wallop.)

- Portugal, formerly called Lusitania, with the rest of Spain, became subject to the Moors, 713, and continued so till conquered by Alphonso, 1093; who became the first king, 1139; taken by the Spaniards, 1580; revolted from Spain, and the duke of Braganza sat on the throne, under Philip IV. of Spain, and IIId of Portugal, 1640; king of, shot at, Sept. 3. 1758, for which several of the nobility suffered, and the Jesuits were expelled; orders, of Avis founded, 1147; of Christ instituted, 1319; of St. James founded, 1310, and confirmed, 1640. See Ourigues, Battle of.

- Post, method of carrying letters, invented by the university of Paris, about 1470; general postoffice established, 1643; as at present, Dec. 27, 1660; took place in Scotland, 1695; penny post established, 1683. See Franking.

- Postchaise tax passed, 1779; improved, 1780.

- Post-horses first established in the time of the Romans; established in Germany, 1641.

- Potatoes first brought from America by Sir Francis Drake, 1586; introduced into Ireland, 1610; into England, 1650.

- Poulet, Earldom of, created 1706. (name Poulet.)

- Pound, The, sterling, in the time of the Saxons, consisted as now of 240 pence, which 240 pence weighed a pound.

- Powderham castle, Devon, built, 970.

- Powdering the hair took its rise from some of the ballad-singers at the fair of St. Germain, whitening their heads to make themselves ridiculous, 1614.

- Powerscourt, Irish viscount, Title of, created 1743; (name Wingfield.)

- Powis castle, Montgomeryshire, built, about 1110.

- Powis, Earldom of, created 1748. (name Herbert.)

- Poyning's law (so called, from its passing during the deputyship of Sir Edward Poynings), passed at Drogheda, 1495; granting a power to the crown of originating every act, and leaving the Irish senate a power only of refusing upon recognition.

- Praetorian guards finally abolished at Rome, 312.

- Pragmatic sanction, for limiting the power of the popes, re-establishing the liberty of the church, and settling the German empire in the house of Austria, first took place, 1439; ratified by England and other powers, 1740.

- Prague founded by the emperor Charles IV. of Germany, 1361.

- Praise-God Barebones, a parliament so called, from the name of one of the members, met July 4, 1653. This parliament consisted of 144 members, summoned by Cromwell, who were to sit 15 months, and then to chuse a fresh parliament themselves.

- Praying towards the East ordered by the pope, 532; praying for the dead, first introduced into the christian church, about 590.

- Preambles of the acts of parliaments, before Henry VI. were not always the foundations of those acts.

- Predestination established by Lucidus, a priest of Gaul, 470.

- Presbyterian meeting-house, the first in England, established at Wandsworth, Surry, Nov. 20, 1572, by the Puritans; presbyterianism set up in Scotland, 1638. See Episcopacy, Ministers.

- Press, The last act for restraining the liberty of, expired, 1694, since which it has been free; though from the first introduction of printing till that time, government exercised the power of licensing books.

- Pressing supported by custom, as far back as records can be found, the king being entitled to every man's service; but it is a hardship which necessity only can justify; 1000 men were pressed for land service, 1596, and it was then held to be legal; the first commission to press seamen, 29 Edward III. 1355. See Rem. Occur. anno 1544.

- Preston Guild established, 1172; town chartered, 1684.

- Pretender, Edward, The, son of James II. of England, born June 10, 1688; married, 1719; died, 1766; Charles, son of the former, born, March 20, 1720.

- Primogeniture, Right of, came in with the feudal law, 1070.

- Prince George ship of war burnt off Lisbon, April 3, 1758; 485 persons perished.

- Prince of Wales, Title of, first given to the king's eldest son, 1286.

- Printing, Chinese mode of, on tablets, invented, 930; first performed with wooden blocks, and almost immediately after with separate wooden types, by L. Koster, at Harlaem, 1430; with metal types, by John Geinsfleich his brother, Guttenburgh of Mentz, and Faust, 1144; Peter Schaeffer found the method of casting types, 1452; printing introduced at Oxford, with wooden types, by Fr. Corsellis, from Harlaem, 1459; brought into England, by William Caxton, a mercer, of London, 1471, who had a press in Westminster till 1494, when he died; Aldus Mauntius cast the Hebrew, Greek, and Italic characters; the first Greek book printed, 1476; Hebrew book ditto, 1478; the number of master printers in London and Westminster limited by the Star-chamber, 1638. See Press, Faust.

- Priories, 110, suppressed by order of council, 1414; totally suppressed by Henry VIII. 1539. See Monastery, Rem. Occur. anno 700.

- Prisoners of war, the custom of enslaving them, totally abolished in the 13th century.

- Privilege of parliament, respecting their servants' debts, relinquished, 1770.

- Privileged places in London for debtors, as the Mint in White-friars, abolished, 1•96.

- Privy council instituted by Alfred, about 896. See Cabal.

- Proceedings at law. Ours are very similar to those made use of by the Egyptians, many years before Christ.

- Professorships of history, divinity, and all sciences that do not require experimental explanation, seem to have been instituted in the universities, &c. on account of the scarcity of books at that period; those of modern language and modern history established by George I. 1724.

- Promissory notes made assignable by act of parliament, 1705.

- Prophets, Several French, offered to submit to death, saying, they would rise again before the people. They were put in the pillory, 1706.

- Prostration at the elevation of the mass first enjoined, 1201.

- Protectorate. That of the earl of Pembroke, began Oct. 1216; ended, by his death, the same year.

- Of the duke of Bedford, began 1422; ended, by his death. Sept. 1435.

- Of the duke of Gloucester, began April, 1483; ended, by his assuming the royal dignity, June, 1483.

- Of Somerset, began 1547; ended, by his resignation, 1549.

- Of Oliver Cromwell, began December, 1653; ended, by his death, 1658.

- Of Richard Cromwell, began 1658; ended, by his resignation, April, 1659.

- Protestantism, first tolerated in Germany, 1624; ditto in Bohemia, 1707.

- Protestants, Name of, began, from the diet of Spires, when several of the German states protested against a decree of the diet, to support the doctrines of the church of Rome, April 19, 1530; bloody execution of, at Thorn, 1724, when great numbers were put to death, under a pretended legal sentence of the chancellor of Poland, for being concerned in a tumult, occasioned by a Popish procession.

- Provisions of Oxford passed, in which was the first sketch of a house of commons, 1258.

- Prussia, anciently possessed by the Venedi, whose kings were descended from Arthirius, first king of the Hiruli, on the Baltic, 320 before Christ. The Venedi were conquered by the Borussi, who inhabited the Riphaeen mountains. Thence the country was called Burussia, or Prussia, which was subdued by the Mercian knights, sent by the emperor Frederic II. 1215; weary of the extortions of their governors, they revolted to Jagello, king of Poland, 1219. The grand master of the Teutonic order conquered the Poles, and kept possession till 1700, when he was made a king; order of the black eagle instituted, 1701; order of merit ditto, 1730; king of, visited England, 1744. See Berlin, Limburg, Poland.

- Public houses, a power of licensing them, first granted to Sir Giles Montpesson, and Sir Francis Michel, for their own emolument, 1621.

- Pulvis fulminans, first known to Roger Bacon, 1290.

- Pumps first invented, 1425.

- Punic war. The first commenced, 264; the second, 218; the third, 149 before Christ.

- Purgatives, of the mild kind, particularly cassia, manna, and senna, first discovered by a Greek physician, 1245. Drastics had done great harm in medicine before.

- Purgatory invented, 250; introduced, 511.

- Purification of the blessed Virgin, Feast of, established, 552.

- Puritans, protestants who fled to Germany in queen Mary's reign, and returned in that of Elizabeth. They were called Puritans by way of reproach, for attempting a purer form of worship than even the protestants had made use of; yet still they did not separate from them, but remained in communion, and submitted to episcopacy. See Presbyterian.

- Purple, discovery of it, about 500 before Christ.

- Purple, The, given to the cardinals by Paul II. 1465.

- Pygmies, were a race of men four feet and a half high, formerly in Lapland.

- Pythian games instituted at Delphos in honour of Apollo, about 626 before Christ.

Q.

- QUADRANTS, Solar, introduced at Rome, 290 before Christ.

- Quadruple alliance between Germany, France, Holland, and Great-Britain concluded, July 22, 1718.

- Quakers, Sect of, founded by George Fox, 1664; sixty transported to America by order of council, 1664. Notwithstanding their affirmation was adopted by act of parliament for an oath, in 1696; the election of John Archdale, chosen a member of parliament, was made void, for his refusing to take the oaths, 1698.

- Qualification act for members of parliament, passed 1711.

- Quebec taken from the French, September 13, 1759, when general Wolfe was slain. See Canada.

- Queen's college, Cambridge, founded by Henry VIth's queen, 1548. (19 fellows.)

- Queen's college, Oxford, founded by R. Eglesfield, 1340. (16 fellows.)

- Queensbury, Scots dukedom of, created 1684. (name Douglas.)

- Quicksilver, its use in refining silver discovered, 1540.

- Quietists, or Molinists, a sect who taught that future happiness consisted in the annihilation of the functions of the soul, arose under Molinos, a priest of Saragossa, 1685.

R.

- RAAB, Hungary, taken by the Turks, 1594; retaken, 1598.

- Raay, Scots barony, created 1628. (name Mackay.)

- Rabbit-woman, The affair of, 1726. See Impostors.

- Raby castle, Durham, built, 1020.

- Radnor chartered by queen Elizabeth.

- Radnor, Earldom of, created 1765. (name Bouverie.)

- Raid of Ruthven, The, when James I. was seized by the nobles of Scotland, August 22, 1582.

- Rainbow, Theory of, given by Dedominis, 1611.

- Raine's charity took place, to give marriage portions to four women annually, 1758.

- Ramsey abbey, in Hunts, built, 969; 100 houses burnt, May 21, 1763.

- Ranas, in Enzie, Scotland, burned down, May 7, 1759.

- Ranelagh, Irish viscount, Title of, created 1628. (name Jones.)

- Ransoms, formerly paid by prisoners, were appropriated, by great men, to build their castles, 1423. They were generally taxed at a year's income.

- Ranza castle, Arran Isle, Scotland, built, before 1380.

- Ravishing of women made a capital offence, 1279.

- Ratcliffe, Mr. beheaded, Dec. 8, 1746, for taking part in the rebellion.

- Ratisbon built, 1187 before Christ.

- Ravensworth, Barony of, created 1747. (Liddel.)

- Reading abbey, Berks, built, 1121.

- Rebellion, of the English, against William II. in favour of his brother Robert, 1088; extinguished 1090.

- Of the Welch, who defeated the Normans and English, 1095.

- In England, in favour of the empress Maude, 1139; ended, 1153.

- Of the Barons, April, 1215; compromised by the grant of Magna Charta, June 15 following.

- Of ditto, 1262; ended, 1267.

- Under Wat Tyler, 1381, which took its rise from some tax-gatherers ill-treating the daughter of a blacksmith in Essex, (when collecting the poll-tax) who knocked out the tax-gatherer's brains with his hammer. The action was applauded, the neighbourhood joined in the sedition, and the flame spread in an instant over the whole country. See Tyler, Penal Laws.

- In Ireland, when Roger earl of March, the viceroy, and presumptive heir to the crown, was slain, 1399. See Richard II.

- Against Richard, 1399; ended with the death of the king. See Richard II.

- Of the English and Welch, 1400; ended, 1407.

- Under the earl of Northumberland, who was defeated at Bramham-moor, and slain, 1408.

- Of Jack Cade, in favour of the duke of York, June 1, 1450. See Cade.

- In favour of the house of York, 1452, which ended in the imprisonment of Henry VI. and seating Edward IV. of York, on the throne, 1464. See Henry VI; Edward IV.

- Of the English, in Yorkshire, owing to some encroachments respecting St. Leonard's hospital, in York, 1469.

- Under Warwick and Clarence, 1470, which ended with the expulsion of Edward IV. and the restoration of Henry VI. the same year. See Edward IV.

- Under Edward IV. 1471, which ended with the death of Henry VI. See Henry VI.

- Of the earl of Richmond, against Richard III. 1485, which ended with the death of Richard. See Richard III; Henry VII.

- Under Lamb. Simnel, who pretended to be Richard IIId's nephew, 1487, which ended the same year, in discovering that Simnel was a baker's son: he was pardoned. See Simnel.

- Under Perkin Warbeck, 1492, which ended in the execution of Warbeck, 1499. See Warbeck.

- Under Flammoc, 1497, owing to taxes, which ended with the battle of Blackheath. See Blackheath.

- Of the English, on account of destroying the monasteries, 1536; ended the same year.

- Of ditto, in the West, owing to inclosures and oppressions of the gentry, June, 1549; suppressed the same year.

- Of ditto, in Norfolk, headed by Ket the tanner, but soon suppressed, August, 1549. See Ket.

- In favour of lady Jane Grey, against queen Mary, 1553, which ended in the death of lady

- Jane. See Grey Lady Jane, and Mary.

- Of Sir Thomas Wiat, against the queen's marriage with Philip of Spain, &c. 1554.

- Of the Roman Catholics against queen Elizabeth, 1559; suppressed the same year.

- Of the Irish, under the earl of Tyrone, 1599; suppressed 1601.

- Under the earl of Essex, against Elizabeth, 1600, which ended in his death, 1601. See Elizabeth; Essex.

- Against Charles I. 1639; ended with his death, 1649. See Charles I.

- Of the Irish, under Roger More, Sir Phelim O'Niel, &c. against the English in Ireland, 1641; ended 1651.

- Under the duke of Monmouth, 1685, which ended in his death. See Monmouth.

- Of the Scotch, under the old Pretender, 1715; quelled 1716.

- Of the Scotch, under the young Pretender, 1745; quelled 1746.

- Of the Americans, on account of taxes, 1775.

- See Tea, Conspiracies, York Archbishop of.

- Recolets, The, established in France, 1584.

- Reculver abbey, Kent, built, 669.

- Redwald, succeeded Ethelbert, as 7th king of Britain, 616; established Edwin on the throne of Northumberland, 617; died, 624; and was succeeded in the monarchy by Edwin.

- Reformation, The, first set on foot by John Wickliffe, 1370 (see Wickliffe); begun in England by Henry VIIIth's casting off the Pope's supremacy, and introducing the Protestant religion into this country, 1534; completed by Edward VI. 1547. See Rem. Occur. anno 1351.

- Registers, Parochial, first appointed, 1538; of deeds, &c. in Yorkshire, 1703.

- Relicks. See Images.

- Religious houses dissolved by Henry VIII. 1537.

- Remonstrants. See Arminianism.

- Restoration, or the restoring of Charles II. to the crown of England, after an Interregnum of eleven years, 1660.

- Revolution in Great-Britain took place, by the prince of Orange's taking possession of the throne, Nov. 5, 1688.

- Rhode Island, New England, settled, 1637, 1644; charter granted, 1662; vacated by order, 1684; re-assumed, 1689.

- Rhodes, an island of the Turks, peopled from Crete, 916; the republic however not completed till 480; the city built, 432 before Christ; taken by the Saracens, and the Colossus sold, which weighed 720,000lb. 652; taken from the Turks, 1308; retaken by them, from the knights of Jerusalem, 1523. See Malta, Chares.

- Rhodians, The, were the fourth who acquired the maritime power of the Mediterranean, and held it for 23 years, 916 before Christ. See Mediterranean.

- Rhudland castle, Flintshire, rebuilt, soon after 1063.

- Rice first noticed in South Carolina, growing naturally, 1702.

- Richard I. for his valour called Caeur de Lion, second son of Henry II. born at Oxford, 1157; invested with the duchy of Guienne and Poictou, in his father's life-time; prevailed on by his mother to rebel against his father, 1173; submitted to him, 1183; excommunicated by the pope's legate, for being the chief spring of discord, and interrupting the Crusade, 1189; a new breach with his father the same year; succeeded him on the throne, Sept. 3, ditto; set out on the Crusade, and joined Philip of France on the plains of Vezelay, June 19, 1190; took Messina the end of the year; married Berengaria, daughter of the king of Navarre, she being with him, May 12, 1191; defeated the Cyprians, and took their king prisoner, 1191; taken prisoner near Vienna, on his return home, by the duke of Austria, who confined him, and loaded him with irons, Dec. 20, 1192; ransomed for 300,000l. Feb. 4, 1194; returned to England, March 20, following, and crowned again; invaded France the next month; wounded in the shoulder with an arrow at the castle of Chaluz, near Limoges, of which he died, April 6, 1199, and was succeeded by his brother John. See Henry II.

- Richard II. son to Edward the Black Prince, born at Bourdeaux, Jan. 6, 1367; made guardian of the kingdom, August 30, 1372; created prince of Wales, 1376; succeeded his grandfather, Edward III. on the throne, June 21, 1377, crowned July 16 following; married Anne, sister to the empress of Germany, Jan. 14, 1382; dethroned, 1387; resumed the government, 1389; buried his queen, August 3, 1394; affianced to Isabella, daughter of France, then only seven years old, autumn, 1396; on the death of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, seized the Lancastrian estate, 1399; went to Ireland the same year to revenge the death of his cousin, the earl of March, heir to the crown, there slain in opposing a rebellion; in the mean time, Henry, the duke of Lancaster's son, came over to England in July, and raised an army to recover his estate, and was joined by all the people: on Richard's return, he was taken prisoner by Henry, and sent to the Tower, Sept. 1, 1399; resigned his crown to Henry, Sept. 28, following, and was succeeded by this Henry IV. duke of Lancaster, grandson to Edward III. Richard was condemned to perpetual imprisonment, October 16; but on a conspiracy to restore him, was murdered by eight assassins, January, 1400, in Pomfret castle, and buried at Langley, but removed to Westminster; 16 of the conspirators were executed. See Merkes.

- Richard III. brother to Edward IV. married Ann Nevil, the widow of Edward, Henry VIth's son, (whom he had murdered; see Edward) 1471; elected king, on his nephew, Edward Vth's being deposed, June 20, 1483; crowned July 6, following; again at York, Sept. 8; buried his son Edward, April, 1484; poisoned his queen the same year; his dominions invaded by his fifth cousin, Henry, earl of Richmond, who gave him battle at Bosworth, where Richard was slain, August 22, 1485, aged 32; he was buried at Leicester, and succeeded by the victor Henry VII. Many circumstances have come out to prove, that Richard was a genteel well-made man, and a good king. See Grey, Edward, Henry VIth's son, Henry VII. Gloucester, Duke of, Edward V.

- Richborough castle, Kent, built in the time of the Romans.

- Richmond castle, Yorkshire, built in William Ist's reign.

- Richmond palace, Surrey, built by Henry VII. (and called Richmond from his title) on the spot where the old Sheen palace stood, 1498; park, ditto, enclosed by Charles I.; bridge began building, August 23, 1774.

- Richmond, Dukedom of, created 1675. (name Lenox.)

- Ridley, bishop of London, burnt at Oxford, for heresy, October 16, 1555.

- Rights, Bill of, passed, 1628, which secured to the subject the privileges of Magna Charta.

- Rio de la Plata first entered by Diaz de Solis, 1515; a Vice-roy appointed there by Spain, 1776. See Buenos Ayres.

- Riot act passed 1 George I. 1714, owing to the riots between the Whig and Tory mobs, called Ormond and Newcastle, when great mischief was done.

- Riot in St. George's Field, May 10, 1768, on account of Wilkes's imprisonment: that under the name of the Protestant Association, when 20,000 persons attended lord George Gordon to the House of Commons, to petition for a repeal of the bill that took off the restrictions on the Roman catholics; the mob burnt 4 prisons, several Romish chapels, 72 houses, June 2, 1780, for which many were hanged, besides near 70 killed by the soldiers in suppressing them.

- Rippon monastery, in Yorkshire, built, 677; town chartered by James J.

- Rivaulx abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1132.

- River Lee, Herts; act passed to make it navigable; the first for an inland river, 1425.

- River, New, brought to London, 1614.

- Rivers, Earl of, father to Edward IVth's queen, beheaded by the mutineers in Northamptonshire, a few days after the battle of Banbury, 1469.

- Rivers, Earl of, maternal uncle to Edward V. beheaded at Pontefract, by order of Richard duke of Gloucester, for taking arms in defence of his nephew the young king, June 13, 1483.

- Rivers, of Stratfield-say, Barony of, created 1776, (name Pitt.)

- Rizzio, a musician, the favourite and paramour of Mary, queen of Scots, murdered in the queen's presence, by her husband, lord Darnly, and his party, March 9, 1366.

- Robert, eldest son of William I. succeeded his father in the duchy of Normandy, 1087; mortgaged his duchy to William II. for 10,000 marks to enable him to go on the Crusade, 1096; in his absence his younger brother, Henry, mounted the English throne, vacant by the death of William II. 1100; invited by the English to take their crown, and came over with an army for that purpose; but when in sight of his brother's forces, he resigned his pretensions to him for a pension of 3000 marks, 1101; taken prisoner by his brother Henry, when he conquered Normandy, 1106; confined in Cardiff castle, where he died, 1134, after 27 years imprisonment. See Henry I. William I. and II.

- Robin Hood and little John, great robbers, in 1189; Robin Hood died, 1247. They infested Sherwood forest, and thence made incursions into many parts of England for booty.

- Roch abbey, Yorkshire, founded, 1147.

- Rochelle, France, besieged by the duke of Anjou, before which he lost near 24,000 men, 1573.

- Rochester walled in, and the priory and church began building, about 600; first bishop was Justus, 604; castle built by William the Conqueror, about 1070; bridge built, 1392; cathedral rebuilt, 1080; archdeaconry erected, about 1089; deanery, about 1541; city burnt, 1137.

- Rochford, Earldom of, created 1695. (name Nassau de Zuleistein.)

- Rockingham castle, Northamptonshire, built, 1070.

- Rockingham, Marquisate of, created 17•6. (name Watson Wentworth.)

- Roden, Irish earldom of, created 1771. (name Jocelyn.)

- Rokeby, of Armagh, Irish barony, created 1777. (name Robinson.)

- Rollo, first duke of Normandy, conquered that country from the crown of France, 876.

- Rollo, Scots barony, created 1630. (name Rollo.)

- Roll's chapel, London, founded by Henry III. 1233, for the purpose of ordaining any Jewish Rabbies who might be converted to christianity, and who were maintained and lodged in the Rolls buildings. On the banishment of the Jews, the chief house and chapel was annexed. by patent, to the keeper of the Rolls. All public records, from Rich. III. are kept in this chapel; those before that time are in the Tower.

- Romances and French poetry derived their origin from the Crusades.

- Romans, The• quitted Britain for good, 426. See Julius Caesar, Xantippus, Cimbri.

- Roman empire, The, comprehended Spain, Portugal, France, Savoy, Switzerland, England, the four Electorates of the Rhine, Liege, Luxemburgh, Hainault, Flanders, Brabant, Italy, Naples, the Mediterranean Isles, Bavaria, Austria, lower Hungary, Sclavonia, Turkey, Thrace, Macedonia, Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Phoenicia, Palestine, and the Western parts of Africa, above 2000 miles in breadth, and 3000 in length.

- Till the first Punic war (which see), the Romans never carried their arms beyond Italy, nor encountered their enemies by sea.

- Pompey and Caesar, contending for supreme power over the Commonwealth, produced a dreadful civil war, 59 before Christ.

- The republic changed to an empire, and Augustus made the first emperor, 27 before Christ. The annual revenue of the empire was then about 40 millions of our money.

- The empire was bought by auction, by Didius Julianus, 193.

- About 222 it began to sink under its own weight; the Barbarians from the North began their irruptions, and the Goths had an annual tribute not to molest it.

- Divided into four parts, between two emperors, Dioclesian and Constantius, the basis of its dissolution, 292.

- Divided again into Eastern and Western, 379.

- The Western empire totally destroyed and sunk into the kingdom of Italy, under Odoacer, 476.

- Constantine, that founded Constantinople, was the first christian emperor.

- Theodosius was the first that embraced the Trinity, 380.

- See Rome, Dioclesian, Paganism, Goths, Vandals.

- Roman highways made in Britain, 415.

- Rome, City of, founded April 20, 753 before Christ, in the year of the world 3251, in the 4th year of the 6th Olimpiad. (Sir Isaac Newton says 627 before Christ.) Romulus was the first king.

- The Romans seized the Sabine women at a public exhibition, and detained them for wives, 750 before Christ. See Sabines.

- The Romans and Albans contending for superiority, chose three champions on each side to decide it, viz. the Horatii and Curatii; the Horatii conquering, Alba submitted, and was united to Rome, 669 before Christ.

- The Circus, containing 150,000 people, built, 605 before Christ.

- Tarquin's son having ravished Lucretia, the Tarquins were expelled; the monarchy abolished; and its consular government began, viz. a republic, under the direction of two consuls, 500 before Christ.

- The populace discontented, retired to the Mons Sacer, but returned December 10, at the persuasion of Menenius Agrippas, when a dictator was first appointed, 493 before Christ.

- Number of inhabitants able to bear arms, were 132,419 men, 459; in 294, the number was 270,000; 338,214, in 159; 320,000, in 50 before Christ.

- Decemviri appointed to form laws, which were completed 451 before Christ.

- Sacked by Brennus, 390 before Christ.

- The Tribunes, Aediles, &c. divested of all power, 450 before Christ. See Tribunes, Aediles.

- Censors created, 443 before Christ.

- Patrician Tribunes chosen instead of consuls, 421; consulship restored, 418 before Christ.

- Three Quaestors elected, 410 before Christ.

- Roman soldiers first paid, 406 before Christ.

- City burnt by the Gauls, 388 before Christ.

- Praetor, one first appointed, 365 before Christ.

- Silver money, called Moneta, from the temple where it was coined, first made, about 269 before Christ.

- Capitol and temple of Janus built, 207 before Christ.

- After a siege of three years, the Romans took Carthage and destroyed it, 146 before Christ. See Carthage.

- Marius made his triumphal entry with the spoils of Numidia, and graced by Jugurtha its king, and his two sons, in chains, 103 before Christ. See Teutones.

- The capitol burnt, 83 before Christ; rebuilt by Domitian.

- The city was 50 of our miles round, and contained 6,900,000 people, 48.

- The Carthusian church and part of the baths built in Diocletian's reign.

- The seat of the empire removed from Rome to Constantinople, by Constantine, 330.

- Rome taken and plundered by the Goths, 410; by the Vandals, 455; by the Heruli, 476; recovered for Justinian by Belisarius, 537; retaken by the Goths, 547; re-conquered by the emperor, 553; revolted from the Greek emperors, became free, and was governed by a senate, 726. See Belisarius.

- The senate and people acknowledged Charlemagne, king of France, as emperor of the West, who surrendered the city to the Pope, reserving the sovereignty, 800; the Popes afterwards made themselves and the city independent. Its territories are, at this day, the ecclesiastical states.

- St. Peter's built by Pope Julius II. who died, 1512. Bramante was the architect.

- Orders founded as follow: Holy Ghost, 1198; St. George, 1498; St. Peter, 1520; St. Paul, 1540; Loretta, 1587; St. Mary, 1618.

- See Roman Empire, Goths, Vandals, Praetorian, Academies. Rem. Occur. annis 331 before Christ, 48, 74, 195, 291, 389, 1540.

- Romney, Barony of, created 1716. (name Marsham.)

- Rosamond, mistress to Henry II. 1172; shut up at Woodstock, 1189; died soon after.

- Rose, White and red, were distinctions given to the houses of York and Lancaster.

- Roseberry, Scots earldom of, created 1703. (name Primrose.)

- Rose-trees first planted in England, 1522.

- Rostrum, or pulpit of the Tribunes, so called from the Romans adorning those stands with the beaks of ships, 338 before Christ.

- Rothes, Scots earldom of, created 1457. (name Pepys.)

- Rothesay castle, Bute Isle, Scotland, built before 1263.

- Rouen, City of, taken, when the king of Navarre was slain, 1562.

- Rougemont castle, Exon, said to be built by Julius Caesar.

- Roxana, widow of Alexander the Great, and her son Alexander, killed by Cassander, 311 before Christ.

- Roxburgh, Scots dukedom of, created 1707. (Ker.)

- Royston, Cambridgeshire, burnt (36 houses), Aug. 23, 1747.

- Ruffs were first worn in the reign of Edward VI.; invented by a Spanish or Italian lady, to hide a wen, In the reign of Elizabeth, some wore their swords so long, and ruffs so large, that the queen appointed officers to break every man's sword, and clip all ruffs beyond a certain length.

- Rumsey abbey, Hants, built, 972.

- Rump parliament met, 1659; so called from an allusion to the Rump of a fowl, it consisting only of a few of the old parliament.

- Russel, Lord William, son of the earl of Bedford, beheaded in Lincoln's-inn Fields, for being concerned in the Rye-house plot (which see), July 21, 1683, aged 44.

- Russia, anciently Sarmatia, and inhabited by the Scythians. Christianity introduced there, 955; not renowned till the natives attempted to take Constantinople, 864; conquered by the Crim Tartars, 1240; and governed by lords tributary to them, till 1300; the non-payment of the tribute occasioned wars, which ended in their independency, 1462. The first Czar, 1553; about this time they conquered Siberia; the Tartars surprized Moscow, and killed 30,000 inhabitants, 1571; established as an empire, 1721; a revolution in favour of Elizabeth, 1740; another, in favour of the present empress, 1762; the emperor John, an infant, deposed, 1741; put to death, 1763; the punishment of the Knout abolished, 1752; order of St. Andrew instituted, 1698; St. Alexander, 1700; St. Catherine, ditto, 1715. See Peter the Great, Peter III.

- Russia company established in England, 1555.

- Ruthven, Scots barony, created 1651. (Ruthven.)

- Rutland, Dukedom of, created 1703. (Manners.)

- Rye first sent members to parliament, 1368; burnt by the French, 1377; harbour opened, July 14, 1762.

- Rye-house plot (a plot to assassinate Charles II. at a place called Rye-house, in his way to Newmarket), prevented, by the king's house at Newmarket accidentally taking fire, which hastened him away eight days before the plot was to take place, March 22; discovered, June 12, 1683. See Russell.

S.

- SABBATARIANS kept the seventh day holy instead of the first; Sabbatarian Baptist, a mixture of the Baptist and Sabbatarian.

- Sabbatical year, The first, 1444 before Christ.

- Sabines, The rape of the, by the Romans, to people their new kingdom, 750 before Christ. See Rome.

- Sacheverel, Reverend Dr. silenced for three years, March 23, 1700, for inveighing against administration in a sermon at St. Paul's; died, 1724. See High Church.

- Sackville of Drayton, Viscount, created 1782. (name Germain.)

- Sacramentarians, a sect that first (after John Scott, who flourished in 878), opposed the doctrine of the real presence, appeared under Berenger, 1048. (See Berenger) The Berengarians afterwards taught the free use of the female sex, married or not.

- Sacred first added to the king's title, 1603.

- Sacrifice, the first offered to God, by Abel, 3875 before Christ. This kind of worship being typical, ceased with the sacrifice of Christ.

- Saddles in use, 304. See Side-Saddles.

- Saffron-Walden, first chartered by Edward VI.

- Saffron plant brought to England in Edward IIId's reign.

- Sail-cloth first manufactured here, 1599.

- Sailors first registered in France, about 1670.

- St. Agatha monastery, near Richmond, Yorkshire, founded, 1151.

- St. Albans, Dukedom of, created 1683. (name Beauclerk.)

- St. Alban's monastery built by Offa, king of Mercia. (See Offa.) Town chartered by Edward VI.

- St. Andrew's university founded, 1412; St. Leonard's college founded, 1524; united to St. Salvator's, 1736; New college, founded, 1536.

- St. Asaph bishopric founded, about 560; archdeaconry erected, before 1127; deanery, before 1239.

- St. Christopher's settled by the French and English, 1626.

- St. David's an archbishopric, 519; removed from Caerleon, 577; became a suffragan, 1148; archdeaconry erected, before 1128; cathedral built, 1180; precentorship founded, 1225; treasurership, 1259; chancellorship, 1287; palace built, 1335.

- St. Edmund's Bury monastery, Suffolk, built, 1028.

- St. George of Hatley, Irish barony, created 1763, (name St. George.)

- St. Germans priory, Cornwall, built, 937; town incorporated by 5th of Elizabeth.

- St. Helena first taken possession of by the English, 1600; taken by the Dutch, 1673; retaken by the English the same year.

- St. Ives, Cornwall, incorporated, 1641.

- St. James's palace, formerly an hospital, made a palace by Henry VIII. 1531.

- St. John of Bletsoe, Barony of, created 1558. (name St. John.)

- St. Michael, Feast of, instituted by Pope Felix III, 487.

- St. Michael's Mount monastery, Cornwall, erected 1030.

- St. Simon and St. Jude, Feast of, instituted, 1091.

- Saints, Tutelar. St. George of England, St. Andrew of Scotland, St Patrick of Ireland, St. David of Wales, St. Dennis of France, St. James of Spain. See George St. Spain, Patrick St.

- Salic law, by which women were excluded from inheriting, confirmed in the reign of Pharamond of France, 424.

- Salisbury, Richard Neville, earl of, wounded, and taken prisoner at the battle of Wakefield, and beheaded at Pontefract, 1461.

- Salisbury, Countess of, niece to Richard III. the last of the Plantagenets, beheaded, for taking part with cardinal Pole, against the reformation, May 27, 1540.

- Salisbury, Earldom of, created 1605. (name Cecil.)

- Salisbury bishopric formed, by uniting those of Sherborne and Wilton, 1071; deanery erected, about 1091; cathedral finished, 1258; town chartered by Henry III; hospital for clergymen's widows founded, 1683. See Church Service.

- Salt duties formed, June 15, 1702.

- Salt mines, Staffordshire, discovered 1670.

- Saltash, Cornwall, incorporated by 35th Charles II.

- Salton, Scots viscount, Title of, created 1445. (name Fraser.)

- Saltwood castle, Kent, first built by the Romans.

- Salute, Naval; that of other nations lowering the topsail to a British ship of war, first enjoined by king Arthur; it has continued ever since.

- Samnite war ended, 272 before Christ, having continued 71 years.

- Sampson pulled down the temple of Dagon, and destroyed 3000 Philistines, 1117 before Christ, having been the avenger of Israel 20 years.

- Sanctuaries, or places privileged for the safety of offenders, were first granted by king Lucius, to our churches and their precincts. (See Lucius). St Johns, of Beverley, Yorkshire, was thus privileged in the time of the Saxons; St. Buriens, in Cornwall, also, by Athelstan, 935; Westminster, by Edward the Confessor; and St. Martin's le Grand, London, 1529; abolished, 1534; totally, 1548.

- Sandal castle, Yorkshire, built, 1317.

- Sandford castle, Dorsetshire, built, 1540.

- Sandgate castle, Kent, built, 1540.

- Sandown castle, near Deal, erected by Henry VIII.

- Sandwich, Earldom of, created 1660, (name Mountague.)

- Sandwich built, 957; seaport destroyed by an earthquake, 1580.

- Sandys, of Ombersley, Barony of, created 1743. (name Sandys.)

- Saracens conquered Spain, 713; 70,000 slain i• battle by Ramirus king of Spain, 844; empire of, finished, by Bagdad's being taken by the Tartars, 1258.

- Sardinia conquered by the Spaniards, 1303, in whose possession it was till 1708, when it was taken by an English fleet, and given to the duke of Savoy, with the title of king. The first king was Victor, who abdicated the throne, in favour of his son, 1730, and died in a prison, 1732. See Savoy.

- Sardis, City of, burnt by the Athenians, 504 before Christ.

- Sark island conquered by the English in queen Elizabeth's reign. See Jersey.

- Sarum. See Church Service.

- Satellites first discovered by Galileo, 1608.

- Saturn, Temple of, founded, and the festivals called Saturnalia, instituted at Rome, Dec. 497 before Christ See Saturnalia.

- Saturn; four of its satellites discovered by Simon Mayer, 1609; ring discovered by Huygens, 1634; the fifth Satellite discovered by Huygens, 1655.

- Saturnalia festivals instituted at Rome, in December, 407 before Christ. The source and origin of the Christmas festivals.

- Savoy, part of Gallia Narbonensis, which submitted to the Romans, 118 before Christ. The Alcman• seized it in 395; the Franks, 496. It shared the revolutions of Switzerland till 1040, when Conrad, emperor of Germany, gave it to Hubert, with the title of Earl. Amadeus VIII. earl of Savoy, solicited Sigismund, emperor of Germany, to erect his dominions into a duchy, which he did at Cambray, Feb. 19, 1417. The late duke having taken Sicily in 1713, by the assistance of the English, was made king of that country, but, by the peace of Utrecht, changed it for Sardinia, 1714. The dukedom of Savoy is now the king of Sardinia's second title. Order of Annunciade instituted, about 1355; of St. Maurice, ditto, 1572. See Sardinia.

- Sawley abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1147.

- Sawmills first erected near London, 1633, but afterwards demolished.

- Saxo Grammaticus wrote the Danish history, 1170.

- Saxons, The ancient, were pirates, and inhabited three small islands at the mouth of the Elbe, and some part of the shores of the Baltic; arrived in England, 449, having been invited over by the Britons; for they applied to Rome for aid against the Scots, and were refused.

- Say and Sele, Barony of, created 1624. (name Twisleton.)

- Scaevola, Mutius, burnt his right hand before Porsenna, for having accidentally killed his secretary, when he designed to have slain him; 508 before Christ.

- Scales, Lord, murdered by a ferryman, August 19, 1460.

- Scales were first hung in such a manner, that the buyer, in the reign of Henry III. had an advantage of 10 or 12lb. in the 112lb.

- Scandinavia; that part of Europe now Sweden, Denmark, and Norway.

- Scarborough castle built, 1140; rebuilt, 1170.

- Scarborough, Earldom of, created 1690. (name Lumley.)

- Scarlet, Art of dying, invented, 1000; colour said to be first found by Drabel, about 1624.

- Scarsdale, Barony, created 1761. (name Curzon.)

- Scenes first introduced into theatres, 1533.

- Schomberg, Duke of, a Dutch general, came over with William III. landed in Ireland with an army, August 13, 1689; killed at the battle of the Boyne, 1690.

- Scio, anciently Chios, sold by the Greek emperor to Geona; in the possession of the Turks, 1566.

- Scot. See Sacramentarians.

- Scotch money the same as in England, till 1354.

- Scotland, anciently Caledonia, History of, began, 328 before Christ, when Fergus I. was sent over by the people of Ireland; received the Christian faith, about 203; united under one monarchy by Keneth II. the 6•th king, and called Scotland, 838; divided into baronies, 1032; invaded by the king of Norway, near Loch Lomond, 1263; on the death of Alexander III. was disputed by 12 candidates, who submitted their claims to the arbitration of Edward I. of England, 1285, which gave him an opportunity to conquer it; it was not entirely recovered by the Scots till 1314; its regalia and crown taken and brought to England, with the coronation chair, now in Westminster abbey, 1296; first general assembly of the church held, Dec. 20, 1560; earl of Murray regent, 1567; earl of Lenox regent, July 12, 1570; earl of Mar regent, Sept. 6, 1571; earl of Morton regent, Nov. 24, 1572. See Union, Mary Queen of Scots, James I. &c. Murray, Lenox, Morton, Scots.

- Scots (which, in Celtic, implies vagrants), and Picts, two tribes, divided Britain, as early as the reign of Constantine; the Scots inhabited the hills, the Picts the plains. See England.

- Scribes and Pharisees, Sect of, commenced 31 before Christ.

- Sculpture supposed to be invented, about 1900 before Christ. See Carving.

- Scutage, the first tax levied in England, to pay an army, 1159.

- Scythians, The, were the ancient people of Tartary.

- Sea-fight, with the French, when 200 of their ships were taken, laden with wine, 1297.

- On the coast of Britain, between the English, under Sir Thomas Knevet, and the French, under Primauget, when both the admirals ships were burnt, 1512.

- Between the English, under Sir Edward Howard, and the French under Prejeant, when the former were beaten, and Howard slain, April 25, 1513.

- Off Calais, between the English and the Spanish Armada, 1588. The Spaniards beaten, with the loss of 17 ships, and 5000 men.

- In Dover road, between the English, under Blake, and the Dutch, under Tromp, June 29, 1652; the English beaten, and 6 ships lost.

- Near Portland, with the Dutch, under the same admirals, when the Dutch were beaten, with the loss of 11 ships of war, and 30 merchant ships, Feb. 18, 1653.

- Again, near the coast of Flanders, when the Dutch were beaten, and lost 17 ships, June 2, 1653.

- Again, to the loss of the Dutch, when Tromp was killed, and 30 ships lost, July 29, 1653.

- Off Cadiz, between the English, under Blake, and the Spaniards, when 2 galleons were taken, worth two million pieces of eight, Sept. 1656.

- One hundred and thirty sail of Dutch merchantmen were taken by the duke of York, before war was declared, Nov. 1664.

- Between the English, under the duke of York, and the Dutch, under Obdam, when the English conquered, and the Dutch lost 19 ships, the English only one, June 3, 1665.

- Between the English, under the duke of Albemarle, and the Dutch and French joined, which lasted four days, June 1, 1666.

- At the mouth of the Thames, between the English, under prince Rupert, and the Dutch, under Ruyter, So sail each, when the former were victorious; the Dutch lost 24 men of war, and 3 admirals killed, July 25, 1666.

- Dutch fleet sailed up the Medway, almost as far as Chatham, and destroyed great part of the English fleet. June 11, 1667.

- Near Martinico, with the French, when their ships were burnt, June 25, 1667.

- Twelve Algerine pirates destroyed by Sir Edward Spragg, 1671.

- At Solebay, between the English and French joined, under the duke of York and Marshal D'Etrèes, and the Dutch, under Ruyter, when the Dutch retired, May 28, 1672.

- Again, on the coast of Holland, between the combined fleets, under prince Rupert and D'Etrées, and the Dutch, under Ruyter, May 28, 1763.

- Again, under the same commanders, June 4, 1673.

- At the mouth of the Texel, under the same commanders, Aug. 11, 1673.

- English and Dutch, under lord Torrington, beat by the French, off Beachy head, June 30, 1690.

- French beat, off La Hogue, by Rook, May 19, 1692. They lost 21 of their largest ships of war.

- Off St. Vincent, when the English and Dutch were beaten by the French, June 16, 1693.

- Spaniards and French beat, with the loss 20 ships, by the Dutch and English, under Sir George Rook, near Vigo, Aug. 15, 1702.

- Off Carthagena, between the French and English, under admiral Benbow, Aug. 19, 1702.

- Between the French and English, when the former were defeated, Aug. 24, 1704.

- At Gibraltar, when the French lost 5 men of war, Nov. 5, 1704.

- Off the Lizard, when the English were defeated, Oct. 9, 1707.

- Near Carthagena, when admiral Wager destroyed a fleet, May 28, 1708.

- Spanish fleet destroyed, by Sir George Byng, off Cape Passaro, in the Mediterranean, Aug. 11, 1718.

- Off Toulon, between the combined fleets of France and Spain, and the English, under admiral Matthews, Feb. 9, 1744.

- Off Cape Finisterre, when the French fleet was taken by admiral Anson, May 3, 1747.

- The Alcide and Ly•, French ships, taken by Capt. Howe, off Newfoundland, June, 1755.

- De la Clue, French admiral, defeated by Boscawen, off Ceuta, 1759.

- Off Belleisle, between the English, under Hawke, and the French, under Conflans, when the latter were beaten, Nov. 1759.

- On Lake Champlain, between the English and Americans, when the latter were beaten, Oct. 11 and 13, 1776.

- Off Brest, between the English, under Keppel, and the French, under the duke of Chartres, when the latter were beaten off, July 27, 1778.

- Off Cape St. Vincent, between 18 sail of English, under Sir George Rodney, and 13 sail of Spanish ships, under Langara, when the latter were beaten; 5 sail of the line taken, one blown up, and two destroyed, Jan. 16, 1780.

- Off Martinico, between the English, under Sir George Rodney, with 21 sail, and the French, under Comte de Guichen, with 25 sail, when the French were beaten, April 17, 1780. The English had 120 killed, 153 wounded.

- Off ditto, between ditto, May 15 and 19, 1780, when the English had 68 killed, and 293 wounded.

- At St. Jago, between the English, under Commodore Johnson, and the French, under Mons. de Suff•ein, when the latter were beaten, April 16, 1781.

- Off Martinico, between the English, under Sir Samuel Hood, and the French, under De Grasse, April 29, 1781.

- Off Dogger Bank, between the English, under Parker, and the Dutch, under Zoutman, when near 400 were killed on each side. The Dutch had one ship sunk, August 5, 1781.

- Off Cape Henry, near Cheasapeak Bay, in America, between the English, under Graves, and the French, under Du Barras, Sept. 5, 1781.

- Sealing of writings is very ancient. (See 1 Kings, 21, Daniel 6, Esther 8, Jer. 21.) First introduced here, 1085. See Seals.

- Seals not much in use with the Saxons, but they signed parchments with the cross; (the illiterate do so now); impressions of lead being affixed. There was a seal of king Edward's at Westminster, about 1188. Coats of arms were not introduced into seals, till 1218. (see sealing of writings, signing a deed.) Great seal of England first used to crown grants, &c. 1050.

- Secretary of states office began, 1530.

- Sedan chairs introduced by the duke of Buckingham, about 1581.

- Sefton, Irish earldom of, created 1771. (name Molyneux)

- Sejanus, the wicked minister of Tiberius, put to death, for aspiring to the empire, 31.

- Seleucia, 40 miles from Babylon, built by Seleucus, 293 before Christ. See Seleucus.

- Seleucus became master of Babylon, 312 before Christ, from which time is reckoned the Jewish era of the Seleucidae, or contracts. See Seleucia, Era.

- Self murder was sashionable in the reign of Tiberius, numbers putting themselves to death, to avoid the persecution of the emperors, from 20 to 34.

- Selkirk, Scots earldom of, created 1646. (name Douglas.)

- Semiramis, queen of Assyria, put to death, by order of her son, 1173 before Christ.

- Semple, Scots viscount, Title of, created 1488. (name Semple.)

- Seneca, the Stoic philosoper, uncle to Lucan, and preceptor to Nero, born at Cordova; put to death, by order of Nero, 64, aged 63.

- Senegal taken by the English, from the French, May 1, 1758.

- Sengenneth castle, Glamorganshire, supposed to be built by Edward I.

- Sennacherib, 185,000 of the army of, slain by an angel in one night, 710 before Christ.

- Sepulchre St. Order of, instituted, before 1104.

- Serapis and Isis, The temple of, demolished, by order of the Roman senate, 52 before Christ; but after the death of Caesar it was restored, at the public expence.

- Serene Highness, from serenitas, originally an Eastern title, given to the emperors, savouring of the indolence inspired by the climate. Such also were the ancient titles of Mansuetudo and Tranquillitas.

- Serjeant. See Inns of Court.

- Sermons penned in a canting style, about 1662.

- Servant act passed, laying a tax on men servants, 1777; improved, 1781.

- Sessions, Lords of, in Scotland, first appointed by James V. of Scotland, 1532.

- Sesterce, The Roman, equal to a little more than two-pence English; the larger sesterce was equal to eight guineas and a half.

- Sethians, a sect who held Seth to be the true Christ, arose, 190.

- Settlement, Irish act of, passed, 1662; repealed, 1689.

- Severn, The, turned from its channel, by a great piece of land moving from its place, and crossing the current, near Bildewas bridge, Shropshire, May 27, 1773.

- Sewdley castle, Gloucestershire, built, 1442.

- Sewin's Land, New Holland, discovered by the Dutch, 1622.

- Seymour, Sir Thomas, lord high admiral, who married Catherine Parr, Henry VIIIth's widow, and brother to the protector, beheaded on Tower-hill, for caballing against his brother, March 20, 1549.

- Shaftesbury, Dorsetshire, built by Alfred, 897; incorporated by Elizabeth.

- Shafterbury, Earldom of, created 1672. (name Cooper.)

- Shannon, Irish earldom of, created 1756. (name Boyle.)

- Shap monastery, Westmoreland, founded, about 1189.

- Sharp, archbishop of St. Andrew's, Scotland, born, 1618; shot in his coach, by the presbyterians, July 9, 1679.

- Sheffield, of Dunamore, Irish barony, created 1780. (name Holroyd.)

- Shelburne, Irish earldom of, created 1753. (name Petty.)

- Shepherd, James, a coachmaker's apprentice, hanged for plotting to take away the life of George I. March, 1717.

- Sherard of Letrim, Irish barony, created 1727. (name Sherard.

- Sherborne, Dorsetshire, made a bishop's see, from Winchester, by Ina, 705; united to Wilton, 1071; both translated to Old Sarum soon after, thence to Salisbury, 1218; castle built, 1107, church rebuilt between 1459 and 1504.

- Sheriffs of counties first nominated by William the Corqueror, 1079; the present mode of appointing them has been followed since about 1461. Anciently, in England, ladies were sheriffs. In 1414, on account of the wars, there were not respectable persons enough to serve the office. Fifty sheriffs of London appointed in one day; 35 of whom paid their fines, July 2, 1734.

- Shillings first coined in England, 1505; among the English Saxons, a shilling implied 5d. afterwards 16d. and often 20d.

- Ship. The first seen in Greece, arrived at Rhodes from Egypt, 1485 before Christ; the first double decked one built in England was of 1000 tons burden, by order of Henry VII. 1509; it was called the Great Harry, and cost 14,000l.; before this, 24 gun ships were the largest in our navy, and these had no port-holes, the guns being on the upper decks only. Port-holes and other improvements were invented by Decharges, a French builder at Brest. See Navy.

- Shipbroke, Irish earldom, created 1777. (name Vernon.)

- Ship-money, a tax to equip a fleet, first levied, 1007; demanded by Charles I. 1632, which gave rise to all his troubles; declared illegal, 164•.

- Shoes of the present fashion first worn here, 1633; the buckle not used till Charles IId's reign. See Rem. Occur. anno 1467.

- Shoplifting act passed 11 William IIId, 1699.

- Shore, Jane, mistress to Edward IV. did penance at St. Paul's for adultery, 1483.

- Shoreham, Borough of, disfranchised, for bribery, 1770.

- Shoulderknots were worn in Charles IId's reign.

- Shrewsbury monastery founded, 1033; castle built, 1084; archdeaconry of, erected, about 1140; town burnt (50 houses), April 1, 1774.

- Shrewsbury, Earldom of, created 1442. (name Talbot.)

- Shrove Tuesday was observed as a festival, before 1440.

- Shuldham, Irish barony, created 1776. (Shuldham.)

- Sicily. First peopled from Italy, 1292 before Christ The ancient inhabitants of this island were the Sicani and Etruscans. A prince of Arragon took possession of this isle, and thus formed a kingdom of it, distinct from Naples, 1286. See Phal• Agathocles.

- Side-saddles first used in England, 1388. See Saddles.

- Signals at sea contrived by James II. when duke of York, 1665; afterwards improved by the French commander Tourville, and admiral Balchen, who was lost in the victory.

- Signing a deed, The term of, was used instead of subscribing, from the general state of ignorance in the 9th century, when kings and persons of great eminence not being able to write their names, signed their charters, &c. with the cross.

- Silesia ceded to Prussia, by the treaty of Breslaw, 1742.

- Silesia loan subscribed, 1734.

- Silk, Raw, first made by a people of China, called Seres, 150 before Christ; first brought from India, 274; a pound, at this time, was worth a pound of gold; the manufactory of, introduced into Europe from India, by some monks, 551; first •ern in dress, 1455; first silk manufacture in France, 1521; first worn by the clergy in England, 1534; broad silk manufactured from raw silk in England, 1620; brought to perfection by the French refugees in London, 1687.

- Silk-throwing mill invented and fixed at Derby, by Sir Thomas Loombe, 1719.

- Silk-worms eggs first brought into Europe, 527.

- Silver first coined in Rome, 269 before Christ.

- Silver-handled knives, spoons, and cups, a great luxury, and but little plate of any sort, 1298.

- Silures. See England.

- Simnel, Lambert, a baker's son, was made to personate the earl of Warwick, Richard IIId's nephew: he went over to Ireland, and there so imposed on the people, that he was crowned king, under the title of Edward VI. 1486; but the king ordering Warwick, who was then a prisoner in the Tower, to be publicly shewn, the imposture was discovered; but not till Simnel had invaded England with an armed force, which he did, and gave the king battle at Stoke, 1487, where Simnel was taken prisoner; he was too contemptible to excite Henry's resentment, he therefore pardoned him, and made him one of his scullions.

- Simon, St and St. Jude, Feast of, instituted, 1091.

- Singing established in churches, 67.

- Sion abbey, Middlesex, built, 1414.

- Sion college founded by Dr. Thomas White, 1623; incorporated, 1664.

- Sir-names, The use of, introduced by the Normans, to distinguish families; first used among the nobility, 1200; many of the most common, such as Johnson, Thompson, Wilson, Dickson, &c. were taken by the Flemings, who were naturalized here, 1435.

- Sisters of the society of Jesus, an order, chiefly to attend the sick, established in France, 1626.

- Sixteen, Faction of, at Paris, arose in 1587.

- Skipton castle, Yorkshire, built, soon after the conquest.

- Slanes. See Letters of Slanes.

- Slaves, The laws of, settled by Ina, king of the West Saxons, 692; slave trade, epoch of the, with the Pertuguese, 1443; with the English, 1562. See African Company, Negroes.

- Sleepers, Seven, their fabulous resurrection placed, in 425. These were seven young men, who, in the times of Paganism, were supposed to have been shut up in a cavern in Africa, by order of the emperor Decius, and to have slept 187 years, till the cave was accidentally opened in the days of Christianity, when the sleepers were reported not to be sensible of having slept more than a few hours. Many very respectable writers suppose this story to be true.

- Slingsby, Sir Henry, governor of Hull, with Dr. Huet, beheaded on Tower-hill, for conspiring against Oliver Cromwell, June 8, 1658.

- Smerwick haven, Ireland, fortified, 1578.

- Smyrna built, by the people of Cumae, 1050 before Christ; destroyed by an earthquake, 1040; again, 1688.

- Sneezing. The custom of saluting those who sneeze very ancient, even in the time of Aristotle.

- Snow for eleven days, 1672.

- Society, American philosophical, instituted, Jan. 2, 1769.

- Amicable, English, charter•d, 1706.

- Antiquarian incorporated, Nov. 2, 1751.

- Artists, ditto, Feb. 26, 1764.

- Arts and sciences instituted, 1753.

- Clergymens widows, Ireland, established, 1749.

- Dublin society incorporated, 1750.

- Humane, England, instituted, 1774.

- Irish working schools incorporated, Oct. 1733.

- Marine, England, established, 1756.

- Promotion of christian knowledge established, 1699.

- Propagation of the gospel incorporated, 1701.

- Ditto, NewEngland, ditto, Feb. 7, 1662.

- Reformation of manners formed, 1698.

- Royal instituted, Dec. 30, 1660; incorporated, 1663.

- Royal accademy established, Dec. 10, 1768.

- Seamens widows incorporated, Oct. 13. 1732.

- See Charities, Hospitals, Academies.

- Socinus, founder of the Socinians, who deny the divinity of our Saviour, 1555; born, 1525; died, 1562.

- Sodom burnt, 1897 before Christ; Lot aged 64.

- Sodomy is said to have been brought into England by the Lombards. See Lombardy.

- Sodor and Man bishopric founded, 447. See Man.

- Solar year found to consist of 365 days, 5 hours, and 49 minutes, by Dionysius, of Alexandria, 285; introduced by Julius Caesar, 45 before Christ.

- Soldiers forbidden, by act of Parliament, to be quartered in private houses, Sept. 1679.

- Solomon born, 1033; succeeded his father David on the throne, 1015; laid the foundation of his temple, May 21, 1012; finished it, 1005; dedicated it, Friday Oct. 30, 1000; finished his palace, 991; wrote his Ecclesiastes, 981; died 975 before Christ.

- Solomon's islands discovered by Alvarez de Mendoca, 1527.

- Solon, who gave laws to Athens, and the seven wise men, flourished in Greece, 620; Solon died, 558 before Christ, aged 80.

- Solway Moss, Cumberland, began to flow, Nov. 15, 1771.

- Somers isles discovered, 1503; named and settled, 1609.

- Somerset, Dukedom of, created 1546. (Seymour.)

- Somerset, Henry Beaufort, duke of, beheaded at Hexham, May 15, 1464, for joining Henry VIth's queen against Edward IV; his son beheaded at Tewkesbury for the same offence, May 6, 1471.

- Somerset, Edward, duke of, maternal uncle to Edward VI. chosen protector, 1547; deprived, for taking the whole administration of affairs into his own hands, and sent to the Tower, 1549; pardoned, 1550; committed again, 1551, for a plot against the life of Dudley duke of Northumberland, who succeeded him in the protectorate; beheaded, Jan. 22, 1552.

- Somerton castle, near Newark, Lincolnshire, built, 1305.

- Somerville, Scots barony of, created 1436. (name Somerville.)

- Sondes, Barony of, created 1760. (name Watson.)

- Sorbonne. See Academies.

- Southam, Warwickshire, burnt (40 houses), March 25, 1742.

- Southampton, Barony of, created 1780. (Fitzroy.)

- Southampton old town destroyed, 1338; Watergate built soon after; east gate and walls built, 1338; west gate, ditto, 1532.

- South-sea company began, 1710; act passed, May 6, 1716; its bubble, 1720, when, by an artifice, 100l. Stock rose, in July, to 1000l. Every person of property became Stock-jobbers, and many thousands were ruined.

- Southwark annexed to London, 1550; the monastery, St. Saviour's, built, 1098; fair abolished, 1762.

- Southwell mins•er, Neots, founded, 630.

- Southwell palace, Newark, Notts, built, 1518.

- Southwell, of Castle Mattress, Irish viscount, created 1776. (name Southwell.)

- Sovereign, a piece of English gold coin, value 20s. 1532; value 24s. 1550; value 30s. 1552.

- Spain was first civilized by the Phoenicians, who possessed great part of it; these called in the Carthaginians; it was afterwards invaded by the Rhodians; the Carthaginians however made new conquests, 239; and after the destruction of ancient Tyre, became the most powerful in this country.

- Conquered by the Romans, 206 before Christ.

- Grenada and Andalusia was the Boetica of the Romans, and the rest of Spain the province of Tarragona.

- The several provinces now subject to the crown, were once independent kingdoms.

- The Goths and Vandals overturned the Roman power, 409, and continued possession of it, till it was conquered by the Moors, in 712.

- The Moors kept possession, till the small kingdoms were swallowed up in Castile and Arragon, 1492.

- Primacy of Toledo founded, 680.

- St. James, the Tutelar saint of Spain, since the finding of the apostle's body, in the 9th century.

- Holy brotherhood instituted, 1260.

- Kingdom of, founded, by the union of the two crowns of Castile and Arragon, the queen of Castile having married the king of Arragon, 1504, who assumed the title of Catholic Majesty.

- By the conquests of Navarre and Grenada, Ferdinand put a complete end to the dominion of the Moors in this country, 1512.

- Escurial began building, 1562.

- Fuero Juzgo code of laws enacted by Chindasvindus, 612; that called Les usages, formed by the count of Barcelona, 1060; Fuero de Castilla, by Alphonso IX. 1211; Fuero real, by Alfonso X. 1254; Siete partidas, by Alfonso XI. 1347; Recopilacion, by Philip II. 1567; Nueva ditto, by Philip IV. 1665; Novissima ditto, by Philip V. 1723; who resigned his crown to his son, Dec. 1724; on his son's death he reassumed it.

- Orders: — of Calatrava, instituted, 1154; confirmed, 1164; of St. Jago, instituted, about 1175; of Alcantara, 1176; of Truxillo, 1227; military order of Montesa, by James II. of Arragon, 1317; of St. George, 1318; of La Scama, 1420; Golden Fleece, by Philip, duke of Burgundy, 1429.

- See Milan, Naples, Vandals, Moors, Hamilcar, Catalonia, Valencia, Grenada, Inquisition, Cordova, America, Rem. Occur. anno, 1760.

- Spain, New. See America.

- Spalatro, in Dalmatia, The cathedral church of, part of the palace of Dioclesian, who retired there, 305. See Dioclesian.

- Sparta founded by Spartus, son of Phoroneus, king of Argos, 1718; its name changed to that of Lacedemon, 1488; became a Roman province, 71 before Christ; but now belongs to the Turks.

- Speaker of the House of Commons. See Parliament.

- Spectacles invented by Spina, 1299.

- Spencer, Earldom of, created 1765. (name Spencer.)

- Spensers. Father, son, and grandson, noblemen.— The father hanged at Bristol by the rebellious barons, aged 90, Oct. 1326; the son, favourite to Edward II. hanged at Hereford, by the same party, Nov. 24, following; the grandson beheaded at Bristol, for conspiring against Henry IV. 1400.

- Sphere, The, invented by Archimedes.

- Spinning-wheel invented at Brunswick, by Jurgen, 1530. See Distaff.

- Sponsors. See Baptism.

- Sports allowed on Sunday evenings, 1617; Charles I. published a book on this occasion, 1633; which was burnt by the hangman, 1643.

- Spurs in use, before 1400.

- Stadium, The Roman, was equal to a furlong, the 8th of a mile.

- Stadtholdership made hereditary in the Orange family, 1747.

- Stafford, Sir Humph. for rebelling against Henry VII. beheaded at Tyburn, 1486.

- Stafford castle built by William the Conqueror.

- Stair, Scots earldom of, created 1633. (name Dalrymple.)

- Stamford, Earldom of, created 1628. (name Grey.)

- Stamford, Lincolnshire, once a city and university; castle built, 922; chartered by Edward IV.

- Stamp duties instituted, June 28, 1693; encreased, 1756; again, 1776; began in Ireland, March 25, 1771; stamp-act, America, repealed, March 18, 1766.

- Standing while the gospel is read, ordained, 406.

- Stanhope, Earldom of, created 1718. (name Stanhope.)

- Stanley, Lord chamberlain, who put the crown on Henry VIIth's head at Bosworth, and others, beheaded, Feb. 15, 1495, as abettors of Warbeck's imposture. See Warbeck.

- Staples-inn, London, established, 1415. See Inns of Court.

- Stapleton, bishop of Exon, murdered in London, by an insurrection of the people, for siding with the court, 1326.

- S•ar castle, Scilly, built, 1593.

- Star chamber, Court of (when causes were tried by the privy council), instituted, 1487; abolished, 1641. The number of judges of this court was from 26 to 42; the lord chancellor presided, and had the casting voice.

- Starching of linen first brought into England by Mrs. Dinghen, of Flanders, 1554.

- Stationers company, their first charter, 1556; second, 1558.

- Statuary. Daedalus was the first among the Greeks, about 1200 before Christ; the art perfected by Phidias.

- Statutes, The, first printed, and in English, 1483; prefixing titles to them first took place, 1487. See Preambles.

- Stawel, Barony of, created 1690. (name Legge.)

- Steam engine, for raising water, &c. invented, 1618.

- Stephen, King, third son of Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror, by Stephen, earl of Blois, succeeded his uncle Henry I. and crowned Dec. 1135, in the absence of Maude; reduced Normandy, 1137; summoned by his brother, the bishop of Winton, to appear before a synod at Westminster, August, 1139; defeated, and taken prisoner at Lincoln, by the earl of Gloucester, Maude's brother, 1141, and put in irons, in Bristol prison, but released, on an exchange for Gloucester, who was taken at Winchester; made peace with Henry, Maude's son, 1153; died of the piles, Oct. 25, 1154, aged, 49; was buried at Feversham, and succeeded by his second cousin, Henry II. duke of Normandy, son of Maude, by the earl of Anjou. See Matilda, Maude.

- Stephens, Mrs. rewarded for her medicine for the stone, 1738.

- Stews, Public. See Brothels.

- Stirling, Scots earldom of, created 1633. (name Alexander.)

- Stockholm, City of, began to be built, 1253; burnt (1000 houses), 1751; again (250 houses), August 31, 1759. See Sweden, Academies.

- Stocking-frame invented by the reverend Mr. Lee, about 1589.

- Stockings, Silk, first worn by the French king, 1543; first worn in England by queen Elizabeth, 1561; the fashion of rolling them over the knees left off in France, 1716.

- Stonehenge, supposed to be built by Amb. Aurelius, 461.

- Stoney Stratford burnt (50 houses), April 19, 1736; again (150 houses), May 6, 1742.

- Stops not invented till the 15th century; the colon not being used till 1580; the semicolon not till 1599.

- Storm in several parts of England, wind S. W. especially at Winchelscomb, Glouceste shire, where the steeple of the church was thrown down by thunder and lightning, and the crucifix, with the image of the virgin broken to pieces, Oct. 5, 1091. During the above, a thick smoke darkened the sky.

- Another, wind S. W. that threw down 500 houses in London, and unroofed Bow church, Oct. 17, 1091. At Old Sarum, the steeple and many houses were blown down.

- One, that blew down the chimney of the chamber where the queen and her children lay, at Windfor, and her whole apartments were shaken and torn. Oaks in the park were torn up by the roots, and all was accompanied with such thunder and lightning, as had not been known in the memory of man, 1251.

- At Christmas, a westerly wind overthrew several houses and public buildings, tore up trees by the roots, &c. 1330.

- When king Edward was on his march within two leagues of Chartres, a most dreadful hurricane •ose, with thunder and lightning, and hailstones so large, as killed instantly 6000 of his horses, and 1000 of his best troops, 1359.

- A hurricane threw down many houses, destroyed cattle, and rooted up trees, 1380; this was preceded with a great mortality, especially among youth, and after that a famine.

- A gust of wind blew off the leads of the Grey Friar's church, London, and almost beat down the whole side of a street called the Old Exchange, Nov. 25, 1438.

- The day Oliver Cromwell died, there arose one so dreadful, that it extended all over Europe, and seemed to threaten a wre•k of nature, 1658.

- One, 1662.

- So dreadful a one, as frightened the whole kingdom: the houses in London shook, and many fell. The water rose to a great height in Westminsterhall, and London bridge was choaked up with wrecks; ten ships of war were lost, and 1500 seamen. The damage at London was computed at one million sterling, Nov. 26, 27, 1703.

- One, 1716.

- One, Nov. 1, 1740.

- One at Charlestown, South Carolina, that overflowed the town, and almost destroyed it and the neighbourhood, Sept. 15, 1752.

- An uncommonly dreadful one at Malta, that killed and wounded near 200 persons, Oct. 29, 1757.

- One at the Havannah, when 96 public edifices, and 4048 houses were destroyed, and 1000 persons lost their lives, Oct. 25, 1768.

- Very dreadful one in the Caribbee islands, Aug. 31, 1772.

- One in the North of England, when three of the Dublin pacquets foundered at sea, Oct. 19, 1775.

- Another violent one, off the coast of Holland, Nov. 14, 1775.

- One, in the West Indies, that did incredible mischief to St. Lucia, Barbadoes, and other West Indian Islands, Oct. 10, 11, 1780. See Jamaica, Tempest.

- Stormont, Scots viscount, Title of, created 1621. (name Murray.)

- Stourton, Barony of, created 1448. (name Stourton.)

- Stow, Archdeaconry of, erected, about 1213.

- Strabane, Irish viscount, Title of, created 1701. (name Hamilton.)

- Strafford, Thomas, earl of, fell a sacrifice to unpopularity, and was beheaded, May 12, 1641, aged 48.

- Strange, Barony of, created 1299. (name Murray.)

- Strangford, Irish viscount, Title of, created 1628. (name Smythe.)

- Stratflour abbey, Cardiganshire, built, 1164; rebuilt, 1238.

- Stratford upon Avon incorporated by Edward VI; burnt, August 1, 1614; monastery built, in 1700; Jubilee, Sept. 6, 1769.

- Strathmore, Scots earldom of, created 1606. (name Lyon.)

- Straw used for the king's bed, 1234.

- Straw, Jack. See Penal Laws.

- Streatham, Surry, Mineral spring of, discovered, about 1659.

- Struensee and Brandt, Counts, beheaded at Copenhagen, April 18, 1772, for intriguing with their queen.

- Stucco work, an invention of the ancients, and brought to perfection by the Romans, revived, 1550.

- Sturgeon. The custom of presenting to the king such as are caught in the Thames, is supposed to arise from its being a royal fish, and the Thames sturgeon being the king's property.

- Style altered at Rome, by adding January and February to the other ten months, and making the year consist of 365 days, 709; again, by Augustus Caesar's ordering leap-year to be but once in four years, and the month Sextilis to be called Augustus, 8 before Christ; the year began to be reckoned from Lady-day, 1265; style altered again, at Rome, by taking 12 days off the calendar, 1582; the Gregorian style received at Paris, by taking off 10 days, Dec. 15, 1582; again, at London, by taking 11 days off the calendar, September 2, 1752. The Russians still adhere to the Julian year. See the Preface.

- Succession, The bill of, passed, that excludes Roman Catholicks from the throne, 1689; settled on the house of Hanover, June 12, 1700.

- Sudbury, archbishop of Canterbury, beheaded by the rebels on Tower-hill, June 14, 1381.

- Sudbury, Archdeaconry of, erected, about 1126.

- Suetonius, Paulinus, in the reign of Nero, invaded the isle of Anglesea, the Mona of the Romans, and burnt the Druids, 59; defeated Boadicea, queen of the Iceni, who headed the Britons, burnt London, then a flourishing Roman colony, and slew 70,000 Britons the same year. See Boadicea.

- Suevi, anciently the people of Lusace, in Upper Saxony; took the name of Visigoths, on settling in Spain, to distinguish themselves from the Ostrogoths, established in Italy, 419.

- Suffolk, Archdeaconry of, created, before 1127.

- Suffolk, Earldom of, created 1603. (name Howard.)

- Suffolk, William de la Pole, duke of, whose son was the first husband of Henry VIIth's mother, murdered in his passage to France, for being an enemy to his country, May 2, 1450.

- Suffolk, Edm. de la Pole, nephew to Richard III. beheaded, 1513, for conspiring against Henry VII.

- Suffolk, Duke of, father to lady Jane Grey, beheaded, for attempting to set his daughter on the throne, Feb. 17, 1554.

- Sugar was first discovered in the East Indies; no mention of it till 625; first •ought into Europe, about 1150; an attempt was made to grow it in Italy, but not succeeding, the Spaniards and Portuguese carried it to America, about 1510; first resined in England, 1659.

- Sumatra and Malacca discovered by the Portugueze, 1511; visited by the Spaniards, 1521.

- Sun stood still at the command of Joshua, 1454 before Christ; spots of, first discovered by Christopher Scheiner, 1611; total eclipse of, April 22, 1715; a spot, more than thrice the earth's size, passed its centre, April 21, 1766.

- Sun-dials invented, 558; the first erected at Rome, when time was divided first into hours, 293 before Christ.

- Sundridge, Barony of, created 1766. (name Campbell.)

- Sun•fire-office first projected, 1707.

- Superior courts established in France, Feb. 22, 1771.

- Superstition triumphant through the whole Christian world, about 1000.

- Supremacy. The first prince that shook off the yoke of Rome, and settled the supremacy in himself was Henry VIII. 1533. See Oath.

- Surat, India, built, 1660; taken, 1759.

- Surgeons exempted from serving on juries, out of respect, 1513. This gave rise to the opinion, that they were excepted against, on account of the barbarity of their profession. See Barbers.

- Surinam an English settlement, from 1654; exchanged with the Dutch for that of New-York, 1667.

- Surplice first worn by Pagan priests, brought into the church of Rome by pope Adrian, 796.

- Surry, Hen. Howard, earl of, beheaded on Towerhill, Jan. 19, 1547, on a false charge of aspiring to the crown; the duke of Norfolk, his father, was also condemned, but the death of Henry VIII. saved him.

- Sussex, Earldom of, created 1717. (Yelverton.)

- Sutherland, Scots earldom of, created 1457. (name Sutherland.)

- Sutton-Colfield, Warwickshire, chartered by Henry VIII.

- Survey of England made, by order of Alfred; again, by William the Conqueror, 1080.

- Swansea castle, Glamorganshire, built, about 1113.

- Sweating sickness, a native of Great Britain. It first began, 1485, in Henry VIIth's army, when he landed at Milford Haven. It raged in London from September 21 to the end of October. Happened again, 1506; again, so that in some towns half the people died; in others, a third, 1517, it carried off the patient in three hours; again, 1528, when people died in six hours; again, 1529; again, 1551.

- Sweden, anciently Scandinavia; kingdom of began, 481; united to the crown of Denmark and Norway in 1394, till 1525, when Gustavus Vasa expelled the Danes, and till which time the crown was elective; christianity introduced there, 829; no nobility there before 1500; nobility massacred, Nov. 8, 1510; Lutheranism established there by Gustavus Vasa, about 1525, popery abolished, and the crown declared hereditary, 1544; Christina, queen of, born, 1626; began her reign, 1632; founded the order of Amarante, 1645; resigned the crown, 1654; died at Rome, 1689; Charles XII. began his reign, 1700; king of, made prisoner by the Turks at Bender, after three years protection there, 1713; conspiracy for altering the government, when counts Brahe and Horne were beheaded, 1756; revolution in the government of, and made absolute, August 13, 1772; order of Seraphims founded, 1334; of Brician, 1366; of Amarante, 1645. See Gustavus Adolphus, Stockholm.

- Sweyn, king or Denmark, invaded England, and drove Ethelred II. out, 1013; he was proclaimed king of England, but died Feb. 2, 1014, at Gainsborough, and was buried at York.

- Switzerland inhabited formerly by the Helvetii, who were subdued by Caefar, 57 before Christ; it remained subject to the Romans, till again conquered by the Al•mans from Germany, 395; these were driven out by Clovis I. of France, 496; became part of the kingdom of Burgundy, 888; given by the last king of Burgundy to the emperor of Germany, 1032, to which it belonged, till the Swiss Cantons were formed, 1307; their form of government made perpetual by themselves, 1315, and ratified by other powers, 1649; Swiss soldiers first in the pay of France. 1480; order of the Bear founded, 1213; six of the Cantons are protestants, the rest Roman catholicks. See Grisler.

- Swords consecrated by Pope Sergius V. 1009. See Ruffs.

- Sybils, certain women, who foretold future events, flourished, about 715 before Christ. See Oracles.

- Sydney college, Cambridge, founded by F. Sydney, countess of Sussex, 1598. (13 fellows.)

- Sydney of Leix, Irish barony, created 1768. (name Cosby.)

- Sympathetic powder, for stopping the blood, discovered by Sir K. Digby. Vide Digby.

- Synagogue, The great, consisting of 120 elders, first appointed, at the return from the Babylonish captivity, 537 before Christ.

- Synod, The famous, when deputies were sent from all the reformed churches in Europe to Dort, in Holland, to adjust the difference between the doctrines of Luther, Calvin, and Arminius, 1618.

- Syracuse, The city of, founded by Archias, a descendant of Hercules, about 761; taken by Marcellus, 212 before Christ.

- Syria was a powerful nation, about 900, and continued so, till the king of Assyria took Damascus, and made the people subject to his empire, 740; conquered by Alexander the Great, 322, and became again independent, about 312, till it was made a province of Rome by Pompey, 65 before Christ; conquered by the Saracens, 640; by the Turks, 1517.

- Sysigambis, mother of Darius, on hearing of the death of Alexander, starved herself, 320 before Christ.

T.

- TAAFFE of Corren, Irish viscount, Title of, created, 1628. (name Taaffe.)

- Tabernacle of the Lord's supper, Feast of, instituted by Moses at Shiloh, 1443 before Christ.

- Tail, Creating estates in, act passed for, 1279. See Estates.

- Tainistry and Gavelkind, Ireland, abolished, 1604. By the custom of gavelkind, upon the death of any one, his land was divided among all the males of his family, legitimate or not; and after partition made, if any of the family died, his portion was not shared out among his sons, but the chieftain, or tainist, made a new partition at his discretion, of the lands of the deceased among the surviving brothers. It was introduced into England in the time of the Saxons.

- Talbot, Earldom of, created 1761. (name Talbot.)

- Talent, The Euboic or Phcenician, was equal to about 400l. sterling; the Egyptian, about 20l. sterling.

- Tale-tellers, a species of poetical historians, in the North of Ireland, employed to lull people asleep with romantic stories, supposed to descend from the Irish bards, who flourished 558.

- Talmud, The, made, 117 before Christ.

- Tamorisk plant brought first here from Germany by archbishop Grindal, 1560.

- Tamworth castle, Warwickshire, built, 914; town chartered by queen Elizabeth.

- Tangiers given by Portugal to Charles II. as a dowry with the Infanta, 1662; destroyed, by order of Charles II. the expence being too great to keep it up, October, 1683. See Bombay.

- Tankerville, Earldom of, created 1714. (name Bennet.)

- Tapestry invented by Sir Francis Crane, 1255; first manufactory of the kind here established, 1620.

- Tara, The psalter of, a register established in Ireland, 769 before Christ; wherein was recorded every event in the kingdom.

- Tartary. The first Cham was Jenghes Khan, 1206, whose descendants held the empire till 1582, when the Mungls revolted to the Manchew Tartars, in China. The Eluths became a separate state about 1400.

- Tar-water, Virtues of, first discoved by bish•p Berkley, 1744.

- Tasman's voyage into the South Seas, performed, 1642.

- Tatien. See Abstinents.

- Taunton, Somersetshire, Archdeaconry of, erected, 1106; precentorship ditto, 1135; Town charter given by Charles I; taken away and re-chartered by Charles II.

- Tavistock-monastery built, 961.

- Taxes, The origin of, is from those levied by Solon at Athens, 540 before Christ. The first paid in money here were in 1067, though subsidies in kind continued till 1377. See Scutage.

- Tea first brought into Europe by the Dutch EastIndia company, early in the 17th century; a quantity of it brought from Holland by lord Arlington and lord Ossory, 1666. It from this time became universal, and sold for 60s. per lb. Americans refused to receive it with a duty on it, 1773, which occasioned the civil war.

- Telescope invented by Zach. Jansen, a spectacle-maker, at Middleburgh, 1590; the first reflecting one made on Newton's principles, 1692.

- Temeswaer taken by the Imperialists, 1716.

- Tempest. See Rem. Occur. annis 1381, 1541, 1649, and Storm.

- Temple, Earldom of, created 1749. (name Temple.)

- Temple, London, founded by the Knights Templars, 1185; church founded, 1185; present one built, 1240; Hall, middle Temple, rebuilt, 1572. See Inns of Court.

- Temples first erected to the gods by the Egyptians; the Chinese have them at present, so have the people of Peru.

- Templetown, Irish barony, created 1776. (name Upton.)

- Tenby castle, Pembrokeshire, built, 1079.

- Tenterden, Kent, chartered by queen Elizabeth.

- Terceras isles discovered by the Spaniards, 1583.

- Terms and vacations in law introduced from Normandy, 1079; the long vacation being adapted to the time of the vintage.

- Terra firma conquered by Spain, 1514.

- Test act passed against the Papists, (which obliges all persons that hold offices under government to take the sacrament, according to the church of England), and resented by the duke of York, 1673.

- Testudo. See Battering Ram.

- Teutones and Ambrones, 200,000 of them killed, and 80,000 taken prisoners by the Romans, under Marius, near Aiz, 100 before Christ. See Cimbri.

- Teutonic knights, in Germany, their order originated at Jerusalem, 1099; was confirmed by Pope Celestin III. 1191.

- Tewkesbury monastery built, 715.

- Teynham, Barony of, created 1616. (name Roper.)

- Thames rose so high at Westminster, that the lawyers were brought out of the hall in boats, 1235; again, 1736; conservation of, given to the mayors of London, 1489; its channel was so shallow in the summer, that a man might ride over it near London bridge, 1592; made navigable to Oxford, 1624; ebbed and flowed twice in three hours, 1658; again, three times in four hours, March 22, 1682; again, twice in three hours, Nov. 24, 1777. See Tide, Transportation, Rem. Occur. anno 1113.

- Thane, a Scotch title, altered by Malcolm III. to that of earl, 1057.

- Thanet, Earldom of, created 1628. (name Tufton.)

- Thavies Inn, London, established 1549. See Inns of Court.

- Theatins, their order founded, 1524; established at Paris, 1644.

- Theatre; that of Bacchus at Athens, the first ever erected, built by Philos, 420 before Christ. The ruins still exist.

- The first royal licence for one here was to Shakespere, &c. 1603, to act plays at the Globe, Bankside, or in any part of England; but long before his time, miracles were represented in the open fields, where the devil appeared in person on the Stage, shearing the bristles of hogs: thence the old proverb, "Great cry and little wool."

- Plays were opposed by the Puritans, 1633, and suspended till 1660, when Charles II. licensed two companies, Killegrew's and Davenant's; the first at the Bull, Vere-street, Clare-market, which in a year or two was removed to Drury-lane, as now; the other in Dorset-gardens. Tiil this time, boys performed womens' parts.

- Sir William Davenant introduced operas, and both companies united, 1684, and continued together till 1694; when, from the reduced salaries given to the performers, the principal of them under Betterton obtained a licence, and withdrew to Lincoln's-inn theatre in the summer, 1695.

- See Comedy, Tragedy, Playhouse Bill.

- Theban war, 1225 before Christ.

- Thebes founded, 1571; citadel built by Cadmus, 1493; flourished as a republic, 820; destroyed by Alexander, with the slaughter of 120,000 persons, when he left only Pindar the poet's house standing, 335; rebuilt by Cassander, 315 before Christ.

- Theft, in the time of Homer, was rather an honour to a man's character; Lycurgus, in his body of laws, encouraged it; first made capital under Edmund the Saxon; confirmed by Henry I. See Hospitality.

- Theists, a sect that came in with the Restoration (of which the king was one), and taught a union with all men who believed in one God, but who rejected public worship, &c. and declared, that this religion was older than that given by God to the Hebrews.

- Theobalds, king James's palace, near Waltham abbey, what remained of it, pulled down, 1763.

- Thermometers invented by Corn. Drebbel, a Hollander, 1620; improved by Reaumur, 1730; and since improved by Farenheit, a German.

- Thetford monastery founded, 1070; town incorporated by queen Elizabeth.

- Thistle, Order of the, founded, 812; ribband exchanged from blue to green, 1703.

- Thomas, St. Feast of, commenced, 1130.

- Thomond, Irish earldom of, created 1756. (name O'Brien.)

- Thoracic duct discovered in a horse, by Eustachius, 1563; in the human body, by Oliver Rudbeck, a Swedish anatomist, Thomas Bartholine, of Copenhagen, and Dr. Joliffe, of England, 1653. Vide Lacteals.

- Thorn. Vide Protestants.

- Thornbury castle, Gloucestershire, built, before 1511; town chartered, 1670.

- Thorney abbey built, 970.

- Thornton college, Lincolnshire, built, 1174.

- Thorp, speaker of the House of Commons, and lord Scales, governor of the Tower, murdered by the London mob, 1460, in the disturbances respecting Henry VI.

- Thoulouse, France, City of, founded, about 615 before Christ.

- A dreadful tribunal established there to extirpate heretics, 1229; dissolved, 1645.

- The Troubadours, or Rhetoricians of, had their origin about 1150, and consisted of a fraternity of poets, whose art was extended throughout Europe, and gave rise to the Italian and Spanish poetry. See Troubadours.

- The flower sports instituted, 1323.

- See Rem. Occur. anno 1250.

- Thrace, a considerable part of ancient Greece, annexed to Macedon, by Philip and Alexander, about 355, till conquered by the Romans 168. Byzantium was its capital, on the ruins of which, Constantinople was built. Taken by the Turks, 1453.

- Throgmorton, Francis, executed, for conspiring against queen Elizabeth, in favour of Mary, queen of Scots, 1583.

- Thurlow of Ashfield, Barony of, created 1778. (name Thurlow.)

- Thurot, Captain, attempting to invade Ireland, killed by Capt. Elliot, Feb. 1760.

- Ticonderoga taken by the English, 1759.

- Tide ebbed and flowed three times in one hour at Lyme, in Dorset, May 31, 1682. See Thames.

- Tides, Theory of, first given by Kepler, 1598.

- Tiles first used in England, 1246.

- Tilts and tournaments instituted by Henry I. of Germany, 919; forbidden by the council of Rheims, 1131; in fashion here in the 11th and 12th centuries; abolished in France, 1560, Henry IId having been killed in one; and with these fell the ancient spirit of chivalry. See Justs, Bullfights.

- Time was anciently divided into three portions, "obscure, fabulous, and historical." The first includes the space from the creation to the deluge of Deucalion; profane history has no historian in that portion; the second began with that deluge, and continued to the Olympiads; during which time, the history of events is very uncertain; the third portion took place with the Olympiads; first computed from the Christian aera, 516; in history, 748. See Deluge, Olympiads, and the Preface.

- Tin mines first discovered in Germany, 1240; till then, those in England were the only ones in Europe.

- Tindale, William, hanged at Augsburgh, for translating the scriptures, 1536.

- Tintern abbey, Monmouthshire, founded, 1131.

- Titchfield house, Hants, built in Hen. VIIIth's reign.

- Tithes given first by Moses to the tribe of Levi, 1490 before Christ; established in England by Ethelwolf, 844; established in France under Charlemagne; established by law, by the Lateran council, 1215. See Patronage.

- Tithing, a district inhabited by ten freeholders, who were responsible to the king for the conduct of any one among them, first settled by Alfred; the principal man in each tithing was called the headborough; ten tithings formed a hundred. See Hundreds.

- Titles, First creation to, by patents, 1344; titles royal, — the following is the succession in which the royal titles swelled in England. Henry IV. had the title of "Grace" conferred on him; Henry VI. that of "Excellent Grace;" Edward IV. that of "High and Mighty Prince;" Henry VII. "Highness;" Henry VIII. "Majesty" (and was the first and last that was stiled "Dread Sovereign"); and James I. that of "Sacred," or "Most Excellent Majesty." That of "Majesty" was first given to Louis XI. of France; before, it was the title only of Emperors: the kings of Arragon, Castile, and Portugal had the title only of "Highness;" those of England, "Your Grace;" these of France, "Your Despotism." See Majesty.

- Tiverton castle, Devonshire, built, 1110; town incorporated, 1615; burnt, 1598; again, 1612; again, 1731, 200 houses.

- Tobacco, Plant of, found by the Spaniards in the island of Jucatan, 1520; introduced into France, by Nicot, 1560; first brought into England, by Ralph Lane, 1583; planted in many parts of England, till prohibited by an act of Charles IId; allowed to be cultivated in Ireland, 1779.

- Tobago taken by the French, June 2, 1781.

- Tobit born, 749; cured by his son of blindness, 690; died, 645 before Christ.

- Toleration act passed, 1689, which exempts the dissenters from suffering the penalties of former acts. See Popery.

- Toll instituted in England for mending the highways, in Edward IIId's reign. See Turnpikes.

- Tonnage and poundage granted to the kings of England for life, 1465.

- Torphichen, Scots barony, created 1563. (name Sandilands.)

- Torrington, viscount, Title of, created 1721. (name Byng.)

- Torrington, Devonshire, incorporated by Mary I.

- Tory. See Whig.

- Torture was occasionally used in England so late as 1558, and in Scotland till 1690; abolished in Sweden, 1773. It is continued in most countries in Europe, except Prussia. See Ascue Ann.

- Totton, Exon, Archdeaconry of, erected, before 1143.

- Tournaments. See Tilts, Justs.

- Tourniquet, The, invented by one Morell, at the s•ge of Besançon, 1674; Petit of France invented the screw tourniquet. 1718.

- Tower of London began to be built, 1078.

- Townshend, viscount, Title of, created 1682. (name Townshend.)

- Tracton of Tracton abbey, Irish barony, created 1780. (name Dennis.)

- Tracy of Rathccole, Irish viscount, Title of, created 1624. (name Tracy.)

- Trade and plantation office formed, Nov. 7, 1660.

- Tragedy, First, acted at Athens on a waggon, by Thespis, 535 before Christ.

- Trajan's pillar set up at Rome, 114.

- Transfiguration, Festival of, first observed, 700.

- Transfusion of blood first practised in France, by drinking it, 1483; the idea of conveying it into the blood by the veins, communicated by Wreen, an Oxonian, 1659; first tried at Paris, 1667, but soon after exploded.

- Transportation first inflicted as a punishment by 39th Elizabeth, c. 4. Before this act passed, executions were very numerous. Hollingshed says, that 72,000 criminals were executed in Henry VIIIth's reign. The act passed to make felons work on the Thames, 1776.

- Transubstantiation introduced as an article of faith, about 840; opposed by the English church, about 1000.

- Transylvania given to the house of Austria, 1699.

- Traquair, Scots earldom of, created 1633. (name Stewart.)

- Treason punished in England, by banishment only, till after Henry I.

- Treaties, Commercial, the first made by England with any foreign nation, was with the Flemings, 1272; the second, with Portugal and Spain, 13•8.

- Tregoney, Cornwall, incorporated, 1620.

- Trematon castle, Cornwall, built, before 1066.

- Tresilian, Sir R. chief justice, and others, hanged at Tyburn, 1388, for giving the king advice contrary to the opinion of the Gloucester Faction.

- Tribunes of the people, Two, instituted at Rome, 495; military ones, with consular power, created, 445 before Christ. See Rome.

- Tribute of wolves heads paid in England, 971; paid by the English to the Danes in one year 48,000l. 979. See Edgar.

- Trinidad discovered, 1498; taken by Sir Walter Raleigh, 1595; by the French, 1676.

- Trinitarians, Order of, instituted, 1198.

- Trinitarians, Barefooted, in Spain, instituted, 1594.

- Trinity, The word, first applied to the persons of the Godhead, by Theophilus, of Antioch, about 150.

- Trinity college, Cambridge, founded by Henry VIII. 1546. (60 fellows.)

- Trinity college, Oxford, founded by Sir Thomas Pope, 1555. (12 fellows.)

- Trinity hall, Cambridge, founded by the bishop of Norwich, 1350. (12 fellows.)

- Trinity house, London, founded by Sir Thomas Spert, 1515; incorporated by Henry VIII; confirmed, 1685.

- Trinity Sunday, Feast of, instituted by Pope Gregory IV. about 828; appointed to be held on the present day, by John, 1334.

- Tripoli and Tunis were formerly the republic of Carthage. Carthage stood nearly where Tunis stand now. Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli are called the piratical states of Barbary. Tunis is subject to Morocco; the other two, to the Turks.

- Tritheites, a sect who believed three Gods, arose under Philoponos, 560.

- Trojan war commenced, 1193 before Christ. See Helen.

- Troops, Disciplined, first mentioned to be kept in Edgar's reign. See Yeomen.

- Troubadours (i. e. inventors), poets that inhabited the southern parts of France, in the 12th and 13th centuries. See Thoulouse, Jongleurs.

- Troy, Kingdom of, began by Scamander, from Crete, 1546; city built, 1255; burnt, June 11, 1184 before Christ, when an end was put to the kingdom.

- Trumpets first sounded before English kings, by order of Offa, 790; speaking ditto invented by Kirchier, a Jesuit, 1652.

- Tuam. See Armagh.

- Tulip roots first brought into England, from Vienna, 1578.

- Tunbridge castle, built, 1090; priory built, 1094.

- Tunis besieged by Louis IX. of France, 1270. It remained under African kings, till taken by Barbarossa, under Solyman the Magnificent: Barbarossa expelled by Charles V. but it was recovered by the Turks, under Selim II. since which, it has been tributary to the Grand Signior; taken, with great slaughter, by the emperor Charles V. when 10,000 christian slaves were set at liberty, 1535; the Dey of, first appointed, 1570. See Tripoli.

- Tupholme priory, near Lincoln, built, 1160.

- Turkey company incorporated, 1579. This company arose out of the ruins of the Barbary merchants, who were incorporated by Henry VII. It first traded with Venice; then with Turkey; furnishing England that way with East India commodities. Vide Levant.

- Turkeys and Guinea fowls, brought into England, 1524.

- Turkish empire, Foundation of, began, about 998; Ottoman was the first emperor at Constantinople, 1268.

- Turks, a nation of adventurers from Tartary, took Persia, 1065; first entered Europe, 1352. See Bithynia.

- Turnpikes, or toll-gates, first in England, 1350. See Toll.

- Tuscan war commenced with the Romans, 312 before Christ.

- Tuscany, the ancient seat of the Etruscans, belonged to Germany, till 1240; order of St. Stephen instituted by the first duke, 1561; title of Grand Duke conferred by Pope Pius V. 1570.

- Tutbury, Staffordshire, Bull-running at, instituted, about 1374.

- Tuxford, Nottinghamshire, burnt down, 1702.

- Tweedale, Scots marquisate of, created 1694. (Hay.)

- Tychfield abbey, Hants, built, 1232.

- Tyler, Wat (a fellow who took that name, and headed an insurrection), killed in Smithfield, while in conference with the king, by Walworth, mayor of London, 1381. See Rebellion, Penal Laws.

- Tylney, of Castlemaine, Irish earldom of, created 1731. (name Tylney.)

- Tynemouth priory and castle, Northumberland, standing, 700.

- Tyrawley, Irish barony of, created 1706. (O'Hara.)

- Tyrconnel, Irish earldom of, created 1761. (name Carpenter.)

- Tyre rebuilt under Ninus; taken by Nebuchadnezzar, after a siege of 13 years; God gave him Egypt for his wages, 572; it became subject to the Romans, 64 before Christ, but is now in possession of the Turks. Vide Assyria.

- Tyrone, Irish earldom of, created 1746. (Beresford.)

U.

- UBIANS, The, were allies of the Romans, and in the reign of Tiberius XIV. inhabited the country, now the electorate of Cologne.

- Ubiquarians, a sect, that believe the body of Christ to be every where, arose under Brentius, 1540.

- Ulverscroft priory, Leicestershire, built, 1167.

- Unction, Extreme, practised in the first century, became general, 450.

- Uniformity, Act of, took place, 1662, which obliges all the clergy to subscribe the 39 articles, and use the same form of worship.

- Uniforms, Military, the first introduced in France, by Louis XIV.

- Union fire-office established, 1715.

- Union of the two kingdoms, England and Scotland, attempted, 1604; again, 1670; took place, May 1, 1707, and the island called Great-Britain.

- Unitarians, who denied the Trinity, and conceived Christ to be a mere man, arose under Servetus, 1553.

- United Provinces were formerly subject to Spain, whose yoke they shook off, 1579, and became a republic; acknowledged independent, 1609. There is no power here to pardon, if there be no Stadtholder. See Indies, Philip II. Egmont.

- University college, Oxford, founded by king Alfred, 872. (12 fellows.)

- Universities allowed to send members to parliament, by James I. (See Degrees.) The several in Europe founded, as follow:

- Aberdeen, Scotland, 1477.

- Alba Julia, Transylvania, 1629.

- Altorf, Franconia, 1581.

- Andrews, St. Scotland, 1411.

- Anjou, 1349.

- Avignon, France, 1388.

- Basle, Switzerland, 1459.

- Besançon, France, 1564.

- Bolog•a, Italy, 423.

- Bourges, France, 1464.

- Caduris, France, 1320.

- Caen, ditto, 1452.

- Cambridge, 915.

- Cambridge, New England, projected, 1630.

- Cologn, Germany, 1389.

- Compostella, Spain, 1517.

- Conimbria, Portugal, 1306.

- Constantinople, 425.

- Copenhagen, 1497.

- Cordova, Spain, 968.

- Cracow, Poland, 700; enlarged, 1402.

- Dijon, France, 1722.

- Dillingen, Swabia, 1564.

- Dola, France, 1426.

- Douay, ditto, 1562.

- Dresden, Saxony, 1694.

- Dublin, 1591.

- Edinburgh, 1580.

- Erfurt, Thuringia, 1392.

- Evora, Portugal, 1451.

- Ferrara, Italy, 1316.

- Florence, ditto, 1438.

- Francker, Friesland, 1585.

- Francfort on Oder, 1506.

- Friberg, Germany, 1460.

- Geneva, 1365.

- Glasgow, Scotland, 1450.

- Gottingen, Hanover, 1734.

- Grenada, Spain, 15•7.

- Gripswald, 1547.

- Groningen, Holland, 1614.

- Heidelburg, Germany, 1346.

- Helmstadt, Brunsw. Wolf. 157.

- Jena, Thuringia, 1548.

- Ingoldstadt, Bavaria, 1573

- Koningsburg, Prussia, 1544

- Leyden, Holland, 1575.

- Leipsic, Saxony, 1409.

- Louvain, Flanders, 926; enlarged, 1427.

- Lyons, 830.

- Marpurg, Hesse Cassel, 1526.

- Mechlin, Flanders, 1440.

- Mentz, 1482.

- Montpelier, 1196.

- Moscow, 1754.

- Munster, 1491.

- Naples, 1216.

- Orleans, France, 1312.

- Oxford, 886.

- Paderborn, 1617.

- Padua, Italy, 1221.

- Papia, 791; enlarged, 1361.

- Paris, 792.

- Perusia, Italy, 1290.

- Petersburgh, 1747.

- Pisa, Italy, 1339; enlarged, 1542.

- Poictiers, France, 1430.

- Prague, Bohemia, 1361.

- Regmont, Prussia, 1544.

- Rheims, France, 1145; enlarged, 1560.

- Rostoc, Mecklenberg, 1419.

- Salamanca, Spain, 1249.

- Saragossa, Arragon, 1474.

- Seville, Spain, 1517.

- Strasburg, Germany, 1538

- Thoulouse, France, 809.

- Toledo, Spain, 1518.

- Tubingen, Wirtemberg, 1477.

- Turin, 1412.

- Valence, Dauphiny, 1475

- Venice, 1592.

- Vienna, 1236.

- Upsal, Sweden, 1477.

- Utrecht, Holland, 1636.

- Wittemburg, Saxony 1502

- Wurtsburg, Franconia, 1403.

- Urine, The inhabitants of London, &c. commanded by proclamation, to preserve it throughout the year, for the purpose of making saltpetre, 1626.

- Ursulins, an order of nuns, established, 1198.

V.

- VAILS to servants abolished among people of fashion, 1764.

- Valencia conquered by the Moors, under Abdallah Ciz, and lost by them, 1094; •elinquished to the Moors again, by the king of Castile; soon after taken again, by James I. of Arragon, 1238; and, with Arragon, united in Spain, 1492. See Spain.

- Valentia, Irish viscount, Title of, created 1621. (name Annesley.)

- Valet was a term anciently applied to the king's eldest son. Hence the valet, or knave, follows the king and queen in a pack of cards.

- Valle Crucis abbey, Denbighshire, built, 1200.

- Vandals, The, inhabited Germany, and embraced christianity, 400; began their kingdom in Spain, 411; invaded and conquered the Roman territories in Africa, under Genseric, 430; sacked and pillaged Rome, June 15, 455.

- Vane, Sir Henry, beheaded, for taking a lead in the republican parties in the civil wars, June 14, 1662. He was the last who suffered in this cause.

- Vane, Irish viscount, Title of, created 1720. (name Vane.)

- Vegetables were imported from the Netherlands, about 1509, there being no kitchen-gardens in England. Before this time, sugar was eaten with meat, to correct its putrescency.

- Venables's expedition to America, Dec. 4, 1654.

- Venality. The suffrages of parliament do not appear to have been influenced by secret pensions, till the reign of Charles II.

- Venereal disease, The, was first brought from America into Spain, in the fleet of Columbus; it was thence carried to Italy, and broke out in the French army, in Naples, 1493; others say, it is of older date, and was known by another name.

- Venice. The first inhabitants of this country were the Veneti; conquered by the Gauls, and made a kingdom, about 356; conquered for the Romans by Marcellus, 221 before Christ. The islands, on which the city stands, began to be inhabited by Italians, about 421; the first house was erected on the morass, by Entinopus, who fled from the Goths; the people of Padua took refuge there also, and were assisted by Entinopus in building the 80 houses, which formed the first city, 413; first governed by a Doge, 697; but its republic was not independent till 803; reduced to ashes, 1101; nearly destroyed by the league of Cambray, 1509; the conspiracy on which Otway's play is founded, 1618; its university founded, 1592; order of St. Mark founded, 830; revived, 1562; of Calza, instituted, 1368; restored, 1562. See Alexander III.

- Venner, a wine-cooper, ringleader of the enthusiasts, called the 5th monarchy-men, in the Interregnum, executed, with others, Jan. 20, 1661.

- Ventilators invented by the Rev. Dr. Hales. See Hales, Vol II.

- Venus, her transit over the sun, June 3, 1769.

- Vere, Barony of, created 1730. (name Beauclerk.)

- Verney, Irish earldom of, created 1742. (name Verney.)

- Vernon of Kinderton, Barony of, created 1762. (name Vernon.)

- Versailles, Palace of, finished, 1687.

- Vespers, Sicilian, when the people of Sicily massacred all the French throughout the island, on Easter-day, 1282; the first bell at Vespers being the signal.

- — Fatal one at Blackfriars, London, Oct. 16, 1623; when 100 persons were killed, at the house of the French ambassador, by the floor of a room giving way where a Jesuit was preaching.

- Vestments, worn at the altar, adopted by pope Stephen I. 257.

- Vesuvius, Eruptions of, 79; 203; 272; ejected flames that were seen at Constantionople, they obscured the sun at noon day, and ravaged all Campania, 472; 512; 685; 993; 1036; 1043; 1048; 1136; 1506; (1538, that at Puzzole); 4000 persons lost their lives, and a large tract of land destroyed, 1631; 1660; 1682; 1694; 1701; 1704; 1712; 1717; 1730; 1737; 1751; 1754; 1760; 1766; 1767; 1770; 1771; 1779.

- Victory ship of war. See Balchen.

- Victualling office instituted, Dec. 10, 1663.

- Vienna besieged by the Turks, July, 1683.

- Vigo, Galleons, taken by the English, Oct. 12, 1702.

- Villenage commenced soon after the conquest, when all who came over with William I. were rewarded according to their deserts. To honourable men he gave lordships, manors, lands, &c. and all the inhabitants there dwelling, whose property was thenceforth at the will of the lord, and they were called his bondmen; hence the rise of manors. For certain indulgences from the lord, certain quit-rents, heriots, fines, &c. were paid; hence the rise of copyhold tenures, viz. holding estates by a copy only of the lord's Court-roll; such estates as the lord thought proper to make free, were named Freeholds. In 1574, queen Elizabeth commissioned lord Burleigh and sir Walter Mildmay to enquire into the property of her bondmen in Cornwall, Devon, Somersetshire, and Gioucestershire, and made such as were born bondmen compound for their freedom. See Feudal Law.

- Vincent, St. taken by the French, 1779.

- Vines grew wild in Sicily in Homer's time.

- Violins not known in England till Charles IId's time. There were fiddles before; of course, fidlers were not violin players.

- Virginia discovered by Cabot, 1497; first settlement, 1585; second, 1587; third, broke up, 1589; two colonies settled by patent, 1606; planted, 1608; second charter, 1610; third, 1612; reverted to the crown, 1626. This was the first British settlement in North America. See America.

- Virginius killed his daughter, that she might not fall a sacrifice to the lust of Claudius, 449 before Christ.

- Viscount, Title of, first given in England to John Beaumont, by Henry VI. 1440; but of older date in Ireland and France.

- Visigoths. See Suevi.

- Vision, True theory of, first given by Kepler.

- Volsci, The, after a war of 70 years, were obliged by Camillus to submit to the Romans, 389 before Christ.

- Vortigern made king of Britain, 447; forced to make his son Vortimer a partner in his government, 455; Vortimer died, 475; Vortigern deposed by Ambrosius, 475; burnt, with his queen, in a castle in Wales, 485.

- Vortimer. See Vortigern.

- Votes of the House of Commons first printed, 1681.

- Vulgate edition of the bible discovered, 218. See Bible.

W.

- WADHAM college, Oxford, founded by N. Wadham, Esq. 1613. (15 fellows.)

- Wakes, or vigils, were instituted as festivals on the days of dedication of the churches, or on those saints' days to whom the buildings were devoted, and commenced on the evenings preceding those days. The first institution was religious, but now is degenerated into a day of festivity. See Fairs.

- Waldgrave, Earldom of, created 1729. (Waldgrave.)

- Wales. The first king was Edwall, 690; conquered and divided by William I. among the conquerors 1091; Griffith, the last king, died, 1137; the sovereign, from that time, was a prince only, Owen was the first, 1137; completely conquered and annexed to the crown of England, 1283; an act passed, to admit it to a communication of our laws, and to enable it to send members to parliament, 1535; it sent 100. See Lewellin, Edward II. England, Copyholds, Marches.

- Wallace, Sir William, regent of Scotland, hanged and quartered, as a traitor to Edward I. 1305.

- Wallingford, Berks, incorporated by James I. The castle had a collegiate church, which was dissolved in 1549.

- Wallis, Capt, set sail to go round the world, July 26, 1766; returned, May 20, 1768.

- Walls. One built by Adrian, between Newcastle and Carlisle, 121; one under Antoninus, between Clyde and Forth, 138; one by Severus, where Adrian's was, 210; one by Probus, 200 miles long, from the Rhine to the Danube, 276; one by Carausius, between Clyde and Forth, in Scotland, 290; one by Theodosius, in the same place, 36•; one with stone, between Tinmouth and Solway Frith, 426. These walls were built to defend the Roman colonies from the Caledonians.

- Walmer castle, Kent, built, 1539.

- Walpole of Woolterton, Barony of, created 1756. (name Walpole.)

- Walfingham, Barony of, created 1780. (name De Grey.)

- Walfingham priory, Norfolk, built, 1070.

- Waltham, Irish barony, created 1762. (name Olmius.)

- Waltham High Cross monastery built, 1025.

- Waltham, Hants, Bishop's house, built, long before 1404; demolished in the civil wars.

- Walton bridge, built by Samuel Dicker, Esq. 1750.

- Wandesford, Irish earldom of, created 1758. (name Wandesford.)

- Wapentakes, a Northern name for hundreds (which see.)

- War, Civil, between the emperors Constantine the Great and Maxentius, 312; Philips's war with the Indians, North America, 1675; no war between England and Denmark since their invasion, in the time of the Saxons.

- War, among many others, with Scotland, 1068.

- Peace with ditto, 1091.

- — with France, 1113.

- War with France, 1116.

- Peace with ditto, 1118.

- — with Scotland, 1139.

- War with France, 1161.

- Peace with France, 1186.

- War with France, with success, 1194.

- Peace with ditto, 1195.

- War with France, 1201.

- — ended, 1216.

- — with ditto, 1224.

- War ended, 1243.

- — with France, 1294.

- — with Scotland, 1296.

- Peace with France, 1299.

- — with Scotland, Mar. 30, 1323.

- War with Scotland, 1327.

- — ended, 1328.

- — with Scotland, 1333.

- — with France, 1339.

- Peace with France, May 8, 1360.

- War with France, 1368.

- — with Scotland, 1400.

- Peace with France, May 31, 1420.

- War with France, 1422.

- Peace with France, Oct. 1471.

- War with France, Oct. 6, 1492.

- Peace with ditto, Nov. 3, 1492.

- — with Scotland, 1502.

- War with France, Feb. 4. 1512.

- — with Scotland, 1513.

- Peace with France, Aug. 7, 1514.

- War with ditto, 1522.

- — with Scotland, 1522.

- Peace with France, 1527.

- — with Scotland, 1542.

- War with Scotland directly after.

- Peace with France and Scotland, June 7, 1546.

- War with Scotland, 1547.

- — with France, 1549.

- Peace with both, Mar. 6, 1550.

- War with France, June 7, 1557.

- — with Scotland, 1557.

- Peace with France, April 2, 1559.

- — with Scotland, 1560.

- War with France, 1562.

- Peace with ditto, 1564.

- War with Scotland, 1570.

- — with Spain, 1588.

- Peace with Spain, Aug. 18, 1604.

- War with Spain, 1624.

- — with France, 1627.

- Peace with Spain and France, April 14, 1629.

- War with the Dutch, 1651.

- Peace with ditto, Apr. 5, 1654.

- War with Spain, 1655.

- Peace with ditto, Sept. 10, 1660.

- War with France, Jan. 26, 1666.

- — with Denmark, Oct. 19 following.

- Peace of Breda with the French, Danes, and Dutch, August 24, 1667.

- — with Spain, Feb. 13, 1668.

- War with the Algerines, Sept. 6, 1669.

- Peace with ditto, Nov. 19, 1671.

- War with the Dutch, Mar. 1672.

- Peace with the Dutch, Feb. 28, 1674.

- War with France, May 7, 1689.

- Peace of Ryswick, General, Sep. 20, 1697.

- War with France, May 4, 1702.

- Peace of Utrecht, July 13, 1713.

- War with Spain, Dec. 1718.

- Peace with ditto, 1721.

- War with Spain, Oct. 19, 1739.

- — with France, Mar. 31, 1744.

- Peace with France, &c. Oct 18, 1748.

- War with France, 1756.

- — with Spain, Jan. 4, 1762.

- Peace with France and Spain, Feb. 10, 1763.

- War with France, 1778.

- — with Spain, 1779.

- — with Holland, Dec. 21, 1780.

- See Rebellion.

- Warbeck, Perkin, the son of a renegado Jew, to whom Edward IV. had stood godfather, was persuaded by Margaret, duchess of Burgundy, sister to Richard III. to personate her nephew Richard, Edward Vth's brother, which he did first in Ireland, where he landed, 1492; the imposture discovered by Henry VII. 1493; made an attempt to land in Kent with 600 men, when 150 were taken prisoners, and executed, 1495; recommended by the king of France to James IV. of Scotland, who gave him his kinswoman, lord Huntley's daughter, in marriage, the same year; James IV. invaded England in his favour, 14•6; left Scotland, and went to Bodmin, in Cornwall, where 3000 joined him, and he took the title of Richard IV. 1497; taken prisoner by Henry VII. 1498; set in the stocks at Westminster and Cheapside, and sent to the Tower, 1499; plotted with the earl of Warwick to escape out of the Tower, by murdering the lieutenant, for which he was hanged at Tyburn, 1499. See Henry VII; Warwick, earl of.

- Ward. See Dudley.

- Ward, John, Esq. expelled the House of Commons, for forgery, May 16, 1726.

- Wardrobe, Great, established, 1485.

- Wareham, Dorset, Dreadful fire at (130 houses burnt), July 26, 1762.

- Warrants, General, declared illegal, Oct. 21, 1765.

- Warreston, Laird, hanged at Edinburgh, July 24, 1663.

- Warwick, Earldom of, created 1746. (name Greville.)

- Warwick, Earl of, made sole governor of king Henry VI. 1427; died, 1440.

- Warwick, Richard Neville, earl of, called the Kingmaker, conspired against Edward IV. 1466; slain at the battle of Barnet.

- Warwick, Edward Plantagenet (the last of the name and house of York), earl of, son to the duke of Clarence, and nephew to Richard III. beheaded on Tower-hill, for pl•tting, as was said, with Warbeck, to escape out of the Tower, Nov. 21, 1499. See Warbeck.

- Warwick, Guy, earl of, the romance composed after the Crusades, to which it alluded.

- Warwick, supposed to be founded about 20, castle built, before 91•; city burnt, 1694.

- Washington, General, made, by the Congress, dictator of the American colonies, 1777.

- Watches are supposed to be invented by Peter Hele, at Nuremberg. 1490; though Robert king of Scotland had one, about 1310; this is in the possession of George III. first used in astronomical observations by Purbach, 1500; first brought into England from Germany, 1597; in Lever's museum there is one dated 1541; with pendulums, invented by Hugens, of Zulichem, 1657; spring pocket watches, the invention of Hooke, 1658; repeaters invented, 1676. See Clocks.

- Water conveyed to London, by leaden pipes, after 50 years labour, 1285. See New River.

- Waterford, Ireland, built, 1162; besieged, August, 1171; incorporated, 1463.

- Waterford, Irish earldom of, created 1661. (Talbot.)

- Watermills to grind corn, invented by Bellisarius, 529.

- Waverley abbey, Surry, built, 1128.

- We, used by kings. See Plural Number.

- Weavers, Spitalfields, A rising of the, May, 1765.

- Weights and measures invented by Phydon, tyrant of Argos, 894 before Christ; fixed in England, 1257. Weights originally taken from grains of wheat, the lowest of which is called, "a grain."

- Welles of Dungannon, Irish barony, created 1780. (name Knox.)

- Welles, Sir Robert, beheaded, for taking arms against Edward IV. March, 1470.

- Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, 800 houses burnt, July 28, 1738.

- Wells cathedral built, 704; bishopric erected, 905; archdeaconry, ditto, 1106; deanery, chancellorship, sub-deanery, and treasurership erected, 1135. See Bath.

- Wenlock monastery, Salop, founded, 680; abbey built, 1081.

- Wenman of Tuam, Irish viscount, Title of, created 1628. (name Wenman.)

- Wentworth, viscount, Title of, created 1762. (Noel.)

- West Cowes castle built, about 1539.

- West Indies discovered by Columbus; St. Salvador was the first land he made, Oct. 11, 1492.

- West Loo, Cornwall, incorporated, 1574.

- West Malling abbey, Kent, founded, 1090.

- Westbury, Wilts, chartered by Henry IV.

- Westcote of Balamare, Irish barony, created 1776. (name Lyttelton.)

- Westenhanger-house, Kent, built, before 1246.

- Westham abbey, Essex, founded, 1134; water works company chartered, 21 George II.

- Westmeath, Irish earldom of, created 1621. (name Nugent.)

- Westminster made a bishopric, by Henry VIII. 1541. It continued only nine years.

- Westminster abbey built by Sebert, king of Essex, on the spot where the temple of Apollo had once stood, about 600; its monastery consecrated by Edward the Confessor, 1065; rebuilt and consecreated, 1269; turned into a collegiate church, 1560. See Westminster.

- Westminster bridge begun, Jan. 1739; opened, November 17, 17•0; cost 389,500l.

- Westminster fire-office erected, 1717.

- Westminster hall built, about 1098; courts of law established there by king John; rebuilt, 1399.

- Westminster school founded, 1070; again, by queen Elizabeth, 1560.

- Westmorland, Earldom of, created 1624. (Fane.)

- Wetherhall priory, Cumberland, built, 1086.

- Weymouth castle built, by Henry VIII. about 1539.

- Weymouth, viscount, Title of, created 1682. (name Thynne.)

- Whale fishery carried on for the oil only, 1578, the use of whale-bone not being then known; taken up by the English, 1598. See Greenland.

- Whalley abbey, Lancashire, built, 1187.

- Wheels, Duty laid on, March 25, 1747; increased, 1776.

- Whig and Tory, The epoch of, 1680. The first was a name of reproach given by the court party to their antagonists for resembling the principles of the Whigs, or fanatical conventiclers in Scotland; and the other was given by the country party to that of the court, comparing them to the Tories, or Popish robbers in Ireland. See Parliament.

- Whirlwind. One known by the term Typhones, passed down Ashley river, South Carolina, and fell on the shipping in Rebellion-road with such fury, as to lay bare the channel of the river, fink five vessels, and damage many others, May 4, 1774.

- Whitby monastery, in Yorkshire, founded, 1075. The custom of setting a hedge in the river on Ascension eve had its origin, 1159; certain abbey lands are there held by this, it being enjoined by the monk of Whitby, as a penance on three persons who occasioned his death, by wounding him.

- Whitehall palace, great part burnt, April, 1690; totally consumed, Jan. 5, 1698.

- Whitehall preachers appointed, March, 1724.

- Whitsunday. See Pentecost.

- Wight, Isle of, conquered by Vespasian, 23; taken by the French, July 13, 1377.

- Wigmore castle, Herefordshire, built, 1074.

- Wigton, Scots earldom of, created 1605. (Fleming.)

- Wildfire invented by Callinicus, a Greek, 680; gunpowder was not then part of its composition.

- William I. natural son of Richard, duke of Normandy, by a tanner's daughter of Falaise, became duke of Normandy, and was promised by Edw. The Confessor to be appointed, in his will, successor to the crown of Engl. 1051; claimed the crown of Harold after Edward's death, who refused it, 1066; invaded England at Pevense•, Sussex, with a large army, Oct. 1066; flew Harold, and conquered this kingdom at the battle of Hastings: Edgar Atheling, nephew to Edward the Confessor, the only their to the crown, resigned it to him, December following, and he was crowned Dec. 25; returned to Normandy, but hastened back to England, December, 1067; crowned his wife Matilda, 1068; invaded Scotland, 1072; subverted the English constitution, 1074; wounded by his rebel son, Robert, at Gerberot, in Normandy, 1079; buried his queen, 1083; invaded France, 1088; soon after this, he fell from his horse, and contracted a rupture, of which he died, at Hermentrude near Roan, Sept. 1088, aged 63; was buried at Caen, and succeeded in Normandy by his eldest son, Robert, and in England by his second son, William II. See Robert, duke of Normandy.

- William II. called Rusus, from his red hair, second son of William I. succeeded his father, and crowned Sept. 27, 1088; invaded Normandy, with success, 1090; subdued Wales, 1093; killed with an arrow accidentally by Sir Walter Tyrrel, as he was hunting in the new forest, August, 1100, aged 40; buried at Winton, and succeeded by his brother, Henry I. See Robert, duke of Normandy.

- William III. crowned with his queen, April 11, 1689; landed at Carrickfergus to oppose king James, June 14, 1690; wounded in the shoulder, while reconnoitring the enemy at the Boyne; defeated K. James at the battle of the Boyne; returned to England, Sept. 6, 1690; plot laid for assassinating him, Feb. 1696; fell from his horse, and broke his collar bone, Feb. 21; 1702; died Mar. 8, aged 51; buried April 12 following, and was succeeded by his wife's sister, Anne. See Orange, Prince of; Mary, Queen.

- Willoughby de Broke, Barony of, created 1492. (name Verney.)

- Willoughby of Eresby, Barony of, created 1780. (name Burrell.)

- Willoughby of Parham, Barony of, created 1546. (name Willoughby.)

- Wills are of very high antiquity (see Genesis, c. 48); Solon introduced them at Athens (see Solon). There are many regulations respecting wills in the Koran; the Romans had this power, so had the native Mexicans, of course, it prevailed at least in three parts of the globe; lands were devisable by will before the Conquest; privilege of making wills, granted by Henry I. in 1100.

- Winchcomb monastery, Gloucestersh. founded, 800.

- Winchelscomb, Gloucestershire. See Storm.

- Winchelsea, Earldom of, created 1628. (Finch.)

- Winchelsea old town swallowed up by the sea, 1250; the present town built in Edward Ist's time; Grey friars monastery built, before Edward III. castle built by Henry VIII. chartered, 1543.

- Winchester. The first cathedral founded by Kingil, king of the West Saxons, who began to reign, 612; bishopric founded, 636; city burnt, 1102; archdeaconry erected, before 1114; present cathedral began, about 1073; finished, 1366; college founded, 1387.

- Wind guns invented, 1648.

- Windmills invented, 1299.

- Window tax established, 1695. See Hearth Money.

- Windows, of some kind, were glazed, so early as the third century, if not before, though the fashion was not introduced here, till by Bennet, 680, nor did it become general, till 1180. See Glass.

- Winds, their names given them by Charlemagne, emperor of Germany.

- Windfor incorporated by 5 Edward I. castle built by Edward III.

- Wine, the art of making it, brought from India, by Bacchus; none produced in France in the time of the Romans; sold by apothecaries as a cordial, 1300; licences for vending it established, 1661. See Bacchus.

- Winefred's, St. well, as ancient as 660.

- Wingfreld castle, Suffolk, built, before 1066.

- Winterton, Irish earldom of, created 1766. (name Turnour.)

- Wire invented by Rudolph, of Nuremberg, 1410.

- Wire mills invented by the Germans, 1563. Before, it was drawn by Hand. See Iron.

- Wirtemberg, Earldom of, erected into a duchy, 1496.

- Witcherast. Six hundred condemned as wizards, and most of them burnt, in France, 1609.

- Grandier, parish priest of Loudun, France, burnt, on the supposition of having bewitched a whole convent of nuns, 1634.

- Twenty old women in Bretagne, France, put to death, for this supposed crime, 1654.

- Nine old women were burnt at Kalisk, in Poland, charged with having bewitched, and rendered unfruitful, the lands belonging to a gentleman in that palatinate, 1775. See Necromancy.

- Witham, Essex, built, by Edward the elder, 913.

- Wizard. See Witchcrast.

- Woburn abbey, in Bedfordshire, founded, 1145; town burnt, 1724.

- Wolsey, the son of a butcher at Ipswich, being a clergyman, became chaplain and favourite of Henry VII; appointed minister to Henry VIII. 1513; made archbishop of York, 1514; cardinal and chancellor, 1515; legate, 1518; indicted for obtaining Bulls from Rome, without the king's consent, Oct. 9, 1529; the seals taken from him, Oct. 18; stripped of all his places, Nov. following, but pardoned; arrested, for corresponding with the Pope, at his house in Yorkshire, and died on the road as they were bringing him to London, Nov. 28, 1530, aged 59. He was the first clergyman in England that wore silk and gold.

- Wolsey's college, Ipswich, founded, 1529.

- Wolverhampton cathedral founded, 996.

- Wood cuts (a kind of engraving), invented by Rust, a German, 1•60.

- Wood's patent, for coining halfpence for Ireland and America, granted, Jan. 1723.

- Woodstock, Oxford, a royal seat in the days of Alfred.

- Wool manufactured in England, 1185; not in any quantity, till 1331, when weaving it was first introduced; manufactory prohibited in Ireland, 1698. See Blaize, Burying.

- Worcester built, 255; bishopric founded by Ethelred king of Mercia, and taken out of Litchfield, 679; Edgar's tower uilt, 975; cathedral built, 1055; Archdeaconry erected, 1089; deanery ditto, 1542.

- Worcester college, Oxon, founded by Sir Thomas Cookes, 1713. (8 fellows.)

- Worksop abbey, Notts, built, 1103.

- Worms, Edict of, by which Luther was proscribed as a heretic, 1521.

- Worshipping images first introduced into England, 763.

- Writing said to be originally taught to the Latins, by Europa, daughter of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, 1252 before Christ.

- Wulfer, king of Mercia, put two of his sons to death for heresy, 659; succeeded Oswy as 11th king of Britain, 670; died, 674; buried at Peterborough, and succeeded by his brother Ethelred, king of Mercia.

- Wyat, Sir Thomas, executed for rebellion, 1554.

- Wycombe, Barony of, created 1760. (name Petty.)

- Wymondham monastery, Norfolk, founded, 1105.

Y.

- YARD. See Ell.

- Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, incorporated by James I.

- Yarmouth, Norfolk, chartered by Henry I.

- Year books begun in Edward IId's time.

- Yeomen of the guards, 50, first instituted, 1486, being the first permanent military band instituted in England. See Troops.

- Yew-trees encouraged in churchyards, (as being fenced from cattle), for the making of bows, 1482. Hence their generality in churchyards.

- York, Richard, duke of, father to Edward IV. made protector of the kingdom, March 27, 1454; took Henry VI. prisoner at St. Albans, 1455; declared right heir to the crown, 1460; slain at the battle of Wakefield, 1460.

- York, The crown restored to the family of, in Edward IV; the houses of York and Lancaster united in Henry VIII. See Lancaster.

- York built, 1223 before Christ; made an archbishopric, about 625; city and cathedral burnt by the Danes, 1069; deanery, chancellorship, precentership, treasurership, and archdeaconry of the West Riding erected, about 1090; archdeaconry of the East Riding ditto, about 1130; subdeanery ditto, 1329; monastery founded, 1072; cathedral rebuilt, about 1075; St. Mary's abbey built, 1088; city burnt again, with 39 churches, 1179; Ouse bridge rebuilt, 1566.

- York, Archbishop of, who headed a rebellion in the North, taken and executed, which was the first instance of a clergyman's suffering by the civil laws, July, 1406.

- York buildings water company, London, incorporated, 1691.

Z.

- ZANZALEENS, or Jacobites, a sect in Syria, that arose under Zanzale in 535, and taught, that water baptism is of no efficacy; that it is necessary to be baptized with fire, and the application of a red hot iron.

- Zealand, The sea broke the dykes at, and overflowed large tracts of land, 1530; again 1568, when almost all Friesland was covered with water, 72 villages overflowed, and above 20,000 person; lost their lives.

- Zodiac, Signs of, invented by Anaximander.

END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.

CHRONOLOGY; OR, THE Historian's Vade-Mecum. WHEREIN EVERY REMARKABLE OCCURRENCE IN ENGLISH HISTORY, WITH THE Principal EVENTS of other HISTORIES, both Ancient and Modern, are alphabetically recorded, and the Dates affixed;

TOGETHER WITH A Chronological List of the most EMINENT MEN in all Ages of the World.

By the Rev. Dr. JOHN TRUSLER.

This Work gives a more enlarged View of ENGLISH HISTORY than can be comprized in the smailer Edition; exhibits the Dates of Creation of all the PEERAGES; the Invention and Progress of the several ARTS; and also a List of the KINGS of every Country, &c. and the STATE-OFFICERS, BISHOPS, &c. for many Years back.

IN TWO VOLUMES.

VOL. I.

For the LIBRARY and the USE of SCHOOLS.

THE TENTH EDITION, With the Additions of Five Years close reading.

LONDON: Printed for the AUTHOR, and sold by R. BALDWIN, No. 47, Pater-noster Row; where may be had, Price 1s. 6d. The Pocket Edition

[Price of the Two Volumes •s. sewed.]

TO THE Rising Generation, TO WHOM THIS WORK IS MORE PARTICULARLY SERVICEABLE, IT IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED, BY THEIR SINCERE WELLWISHER,

J. TRUSLER,
Cobbam, Surrey, 1782.

PREFACE.

SINCE the first publication of this work, the author has annually enlarged and improved it. It must occur to every one, that time only, and continual reading, can add to the collection; which makes every new edition more valuable than the last. It has been the author's study to examine into the accuracy of dates, and reconcile the difference of historians, who vary in nothing more than in the times when events happened, owing to different commencements of the year with different people. The Jews began the year with the month of March; the Athenians, with June; the Macedonians, with the 24th of September; the Christians of Egypt and Ethiopia, with the 29th or 30th of August; the Persians and Armenians, with the 11th of the same month; but most christians of the Western world reckon from the 1st of January. Indeed, from the Roman Conquest to Bede, time seems to have been computed from Christmas day. The Saxon chronicle begins the year from the birth of our Lord. At the beginning of the 13th century, some computed from the Annunciation, some from the Nativity, some from the Circumcision, and others from the Passion of our Lord; of course, there was no fixed rule of computation in Gervase of Canterbury's time. Matt. Paris, Matt. Westminster, Ralph de Diceto, and Polydore Virgil, place the Coronation of William I. on Christmas day, 1067. Hence it appears, that they began the year on that day. Walsingham and Brompton refer it to Christmas day, 1066, which proves, that they did not begin the year till after that day. At the Reformation, the year was appointed to begin on the 25th of March; but others say, in 1265; that being supposed by some, to have been the day when the world was created, and when Christ was conceived: it thus continued till 1752, when it was brought back to the 1st of January. The Scots, from time immemorial, observed the 25th of March as the first day of the year, till Nov. 27, 1599; when the 1st of January was ordered, by proclamation, to be the beginning of the year there.

From these variations in the computation of time, respecting the commencement of the year, &c. we may account for the difference of dates in the several historians. It has been the study, therefore, of the Author of this work, as far as possible, to reconcile them; and he has happily succeeded in a thousand instances, and in all he is as correct, as a work of this kind (which consists chiefly of figures) is capable of; he flatters himself, therefore, it will be found superior to other books of chronology, where no such attention has been paid. He has industriously thrown out, also, all unimportant matter, and given the Reader only such occurrences as he must wish to be acquainted with.

This work being found highly proper to be put into the hands of youth, chronology being one of the chief branches of the belles lettres; to adapt it for the purpose, this edition is published; wherein the author has given a more enlarged view of English history, and flatters himself he has thus rendered it a complete school-book. It is already received at Westminster, Eaton, Winchester, Marybone, &c. &c. and all other great schools, as well for boys as for girls.

☞ A small edition of this work, so contrived as not to exceed the size of a pocket almanack, may be had of all the booksellers, price 1s. 6d.

ADVERTISEMENT.

THE events of different reigns, as they arose, may be found, by turning to the respective kings one after another.

With respect to dates, no notice is taken of the Old Stile, but they are regulated according to the New; thus January 1741/2, is called January, 1742.

As to ages, this rule is observed; if a person at his death had entered only in his 40th year, he is recorded to have died, aged 39.

Names to which St. is prefixed, if not found by the first letter of the name, may under the word Saint.

The times in which such writers lived, as were bishops, if not found in alphabetical order, may be seen by turning to the list of bishops.

Where no distinction of country is made to the peerages, that of England is implied.

Where references are made to Rem. Occur. it means to those remarkable occurrences at the beginning of the Second Volume, which could not be so well thrown into alphabetical order.

This volume serves as a complete Index to all the Histories of England extant, by referring to the years in which occurrences happened. The years are generally marked in the margins of the various histories.

Several historical facts will be found, by referring to particular names in Vol. II.

The author will be very thankful for any corrections, additions, or improvements left with his publisher, R. BALDWIN.

KINGS of ENGLAND since the HEPTARCHY.

Began to reign.

NAMES.

800

Egbert, king of Wessex.

838,

Ethelwolf.

857,

Ethelbald.

860,

Ethelbert.

866,

Ethelred.

872,

Alfred.

900,

Edward the Elder.

925,

Athelstan.

942,

Edmund I.

946,

Edred.

955,

Edwy.

959,

Edgar.

975,

- Edward the martyr.

- Simeon, Usurper.

1016,

Edmund II.

DANISH KINGS.

Began to reign.

NAMES.

1017,

- Canute the Dane.

- Harold, Usurper.

1039,

Hardicanute.

ENGLISH SAXONS RESTORED.

Began to reign.

NAMES.

1041,

Edward the Confessor.

1065,

Harold.

NORMAN KINGS.

Began to reign.

NAMES.

1066,

William the Conqueror.

1087,

William II.

1100,

Henry I.

1135,

Stephen.

The FAMILY of PLANTAGENET, or the SAXON Line restored.

Began to reign.

NAMES.

1154,

Henry II.

1189,

Richard I.

1199,

John.

1216,

Henry III.

1272,

Edward I.

1307,

Edward II.

1327,

Edward III.

1377,

Richard II.

House of LANCASTER.

Began to reign.

NAMES.

1399,

Henry IV.

1413,

Henry V.

1422,

Henry VI.

The House of YORK.

Began to reign.

NAMES.

1461,

Edward IV.

1483,

Edward V.

1485,

Richard III.

YORK and LANCASTER united under the House of TUDOR.

Began to reign.

NAMES.

1485,

Henry VII.

1509,

Henry VIII.

1547,

Edward VI.

1553,

Mary.

1558,

Elizabeth.

HOUSE of STUART.

Began to reign.

NAMES.

1603,

James I.

1625,

Charles I.

- The COMMONWEALTH▪ from 1649 to 1660. Cromwell, Usurper.

Began to reign.

NAMES.

1649.

Charles II.

1685,

James II.

1689,

William and Mary.

1702,

Anne.

The BRUNSWICK Family.

Began to reign.

NAMES.

1714,

George I.

1727,

George II.

1760,

George III.

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Title statement

Chronology; or, the historian's vade-mecum: Wherein every remarkable occurrence in English history, ... are alphabetically recorded, and the dates affixed; ... By the Rev. Dr. John Trusler. ... In two volumes. ... [pt.1]

Trusler, John, 1735-1820.

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http://ota.ox.ac.uk/id/4772

ID [isbn10]

1106017714

ID [isbn13]

9781106017710

ID [TCP]

K075501.001

ID [BIBNO]

CW3300566814

ID [ECHG]

0186401601

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— Chronology; or, the historian's vade-mecum: Wherein every remarkable occurrence in English history, ... are alphabetically recorded, and the dates affixed; ... By the Rev. Dr. John Trusler. ... In two volumes. ..., Trusler, John, 1735-1820.. The tenth edition, with the additions of five years close reading.. 2v. ; 12⁰. London :: printed for the author, and sold by R. Baldwin,. [1782]. [Dedication signed: J. Trusler. 1782.] [Reproduction of original from the British Library.] [English Short Title Catalog, ESTCT93486.] [Electronic data. Farmington Hills, Mich. : Thomson Gale, 2003. Page image (PNG). Digitized image of the microfilm version produced in Woodbridge, CT by Research Publications, 1982-2002 (later known as Primary Source Microfilm, an imprint of the Gale Group).]

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